müttersterblichkeit: die vermeidbare krise

8/2/2019 Müttersterblichkeit: Die vermeidbare Krise

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Glxj~`lk Hjlxm Xmj Luidhlnkj F~dvdv

< D`x~ihzfxdi`

Z~cj`x Hjkduj~tGlxj~`lk Hjlxm?

Xmj Luidhlnkj F~dvdv




Fi`xj`xv D`x~ihzfxdi` 8

GVE invxjx~df r~ic~lgv :

Xmj f~dxdflk gigj`x? hjkduj~t 3

Xmj flzvjv i glxj~`lk hjlxm =

Figrkdflxdi`v d` fi`dfx 4

Dui~t Filvx <2

Lcml`dvxl` <<

Viglkdl <>

R~jc`l`x i` xmj ~z`+ l~ ~ig migj <6

Aj`tl <8

^jrznkdf i Fi`ci <:

@lxz~lk hdvlvxj~? Vrixkdcmx i` Mldxd <5

E~lcdkj mjlkxm vtvxjgv <4

Fj`x~lk L~dfl` ^jrznkdf >2

Vizxm Vzhl` ><

Hjgif~lxdf ^jrznkdf i Fi`ci >>

Rladvxl ̀ >6

Smj` glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt dv xmj jgj~cj`ft >:

Nz~z`hd >5

@dcj~dl >3

> Fi`xj`xv




8 D`x~ihzfxdi`

Glxj~`lk Hjlxm?

Xmj Luidhlnkj F~dvdv

Juj~t hlt+ lrr~i}dglxjkt <222 sigj` hdj d`

fmdkhnd~xm i~ ~ig l r~jc`l`ft'~jklxjh figrkdflxdi`.<

Glxj~`lk hjlxm fl` iffz~ lx l`t xdgj d` r~jc`l`ft+

nzx hjkduj~t dv nt l~ xmj givx hl`cj~izv xdgj i~

nixm xmj gixmj~ l`h xmj nlnt. Xmj ulvx gloi~dxt i

xmjvj hjlxmv fl` nj r~juj`xjh d lffjvv xi jgj~cj`ft

invxjx~df fl~j dv j`vz~jh.

J}rj~dj`fj vmisv zv xmlx lx kjlvx <: rj~fj`x i lkk

r~jc`l`x sigj` si~khsdhj j`fiz`xj~ l kdj'xm~jlxj`d`c

figrkdflxdi`. D` l fi`dfx i~ l f~dvdv+ r~jc`l`x sigj`

l~j juj` gi~j uzk`j~lnkj njflzvj mjlkxm vj~udfjv mluj

fikklrvjh+ l~j d`lhj|zlxj i~ `i`'j}dvxj`x. Nzx xmjvj

sigj` `jjh lffjvv xi |zlkdxt jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j

smjxmj~ xmjt kduj d` l fi`dfx i`j+ d` l ~jzcjj flgr i~

z`hj~ rklvxdf vmjjxd`c lxj~ l hjulvxlxd`c jl~xm|zlaj.

D` lfx+ xmjt ̀ jjh xmj vlgj mjkr xmlx lkk r~jc`l`x sigj`

lfd`c l figrkdflxdi` ̀ jjh? lffjvv xi lrr~ir~dlxj gjhdflk

lvvdvxl`fj ‖ vadkkjh gjhdflk vxl+ h~zcv l`h j|zdrgj`x ‖xi vluj xmjd~ kdj l`h xmj kdj i xmjd~ nlnt.

Gähjfd`v Vl`v E~i`xdí~jv -GVE$ glajv dx l r~di~dxt xi r~iudhj

kdj'vlud`c+ jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j d` nixm lfzxj l`h

fm~i`df mzgl`dxl~dl` f~dvjv. D` xmj i~cl`dvlxdi`—v jgj~cj`ft

lfxdudxdjv+ xjlgv vx~duj xi lhh~jvv xmj uj gld` flzvjv i

glxj~`lk hjlxm? mljgi~~mlcj+ vjrvdv+ z`vlj lni~xdi`+

mtrj~xj`vduj hdvi~hj~v l`h invx~zfxjh klniz~.

Xmj r~iudvdi` i jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j dv lx xmj i~j~i`x

i GVE—v si~a d` vj}zlk l`h ~jr~ihzfxduj mjlkxm. Lhhdxdi`lk

gjhdflk fl~j r~iudhjh xi sigj` nt GVE d`fkzhjv l`xj`lxlk

l`h rivx`lxlk fl~j+ lgdkt rkl``d`c+ lvvdvxl`fj xi vj}zlk

udikj`fj vz~udui~v+ vxzkl x~jlxgj`x+ rivx'lni~xdi` fl~j+ l`h

r~juj`xdi` i gixmj~'xi'fmdkh x~l`vgdvvdi` i MDU.

Xmdv n~dj`c rlrj~ hjxldkv GVE—v lrr~ilfm xi hjkduj~d`c |zlkdxt

jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j d ̀uj hdj~j`x xtrjv i f~dvjv?

Fi`dfx

Rirzklxdi` hdvrklfjgj`x

E~lcdkj mjlkxm vtvxjgv

@lxz~lk hdvlvxj~

Glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt jgj~cj`ft

Fi`dfx+ jrdhjgdfv+ `lxz~lk hdvlvxj~v+ i~ xmj figrkjxj

n~jlahis` i l fiz`x~t—v mjlkxm vtvxjg l~j f~dvjv lfjh nt

GVE—v gdkkdi`v i rlxdj`xv l~iz`h xmj si~kh juj~t hlt.

Nzx l glxj~`lk hjlxm? xmlx—v xmj luidhlnkj f~dvdv.

< Z`kjvv vxlxjh ixmj~sdvj+ lkk vxlxdvxdfv -j}fjrx i~ GVE lfxdudxdjv$l~j viz~fjh ~ig xmj Si~kh Mjlkxm I~cl`dlxdi`.




Gähjfd`v Vl`v E~i`xdí~jv

invxjx~df r~iojfxv

Lcml`dvxl`

Nz~z`hd

Fj`x~lk L~dfl` ̂ jrznkdf

FmlhFikigndl

Hjgif~lxdf ̂ jrznkdf i Fi`ci

Jxmdirdl

Czd`jl

Mldxd

D`hdl

D~l|

Aj`tl

Kdnj~dl

Glklsd

@dcj~

@dcj~dl

Rladvxl`

Rlrzl @js Czd`jl

^jrznkdf i Fi`ci

^zvvdl` Ejhj~lxdi`

Vdj~~l Kji`j

Viglkdl

Vizxm Vzhl`

V~d Kl`al

Vzhl`

Zcl`hl

Tjgj`

/ nlvjh i` >2<2 hlxl ‖ r~iojfxv sdxm

gi~j xml` <22 hjkduj~djv rj~ tjl~

GVE r~iudhjv invxjx~df fl~j

d` l~iz`h 62 fiz`x~djv.

D` >2<2+ GVE xjlgv hjkduj~jh

gi~j xml` <:2+222 nlndjv.

^zvvdl` Ejhj~lxdi`

Mldxd

Fikigndl

Lcml`dvxl`

Rladvxl`

D`hdl

Nz~z`hd

Jxmdirdl

Vzhl`

Aj`tl

Vizxm Vzhl`

Zcl`hl

Glklsd

Viglkdl

@dcj~ Tjgj`

D~l|

Czd`jl


^jrznkdf i Fi`ci

@dcj~dl

Hjgif~lxdf ^jrznkdf i Fi`ci

Fmlh

Kdnj~dlVdj~~l Kji`j V~d Kl`al

Rlrzl @js

Czd`jl

: GVE invxjx~df r~ic~lgv




= D`x~ihzfxdi`= Xmj flzvjv i glxj~`lk hjlxm3 Xmj f~dxdflk gigj`x? hjkduj~t

Xmj f~dxdflk

gigj`x? hjkduj~t

Vjrvdv -D`jfxdi`$ <:*

Lv gl`t lv :.> gdkkdi` ̀ js flvjv i

glxj~`lk vjrvdv iffz~ l``zlkkt l`h

l` jvxdglxjh 5>+222 glxj~`lk hjlxmv

sdkk ~jvzkx ~ig xmj fi`hdxdi`.< D`

i~hj~ xi r~juj`x d`jfxdi`v+ dx dv

jvvj`xdlk xmlx sigj` hjkduj~ d`

l mtcdj`df jùd~i`gj`x l`h d

d`jfxdi` hijv iffz~+ nj x~jlxjh sdxm

l`xdndixdfv. D` lhhdxdi` xi xmj xm~jlx

xi sigj`—v kdujv+ xmj fi`hdxdi` dv

lkvi lvvifdlxjh sdxm gi~j xml` i`j

gdkkdi` ̀ ji`lxlk hjlxmv l`h fl` lkvi

kjlh xi ki`c xj~g fi`vj|zj`fjv i~

xmj sigl` vzfm lv d`j~xdkdxt.

Mtrj~xj`vduj Hdvi~hj~v

-R~j'Jfklgrvdl)Jfklgrvdl$ <>*

R~j'jfklgrvdl dv l r~jc`l`ft'd`hzfjh

mtrj~xj`vduj hdvi~hj~ iffz~~d`c

hz~d`c klxj r~jc`l`ft+ klniz~+ i~ lxj~

fmdkhnd~xm. Xmj klvx vxlcj ‖ jfklgrvdl

‖ dv fml~lfxj~dvjh nt vjdz~jv. Gdkh

r~j'jfklgrvdl fl` nj gi`dxi~jh hz~d`c

r~jc`l`ft nzx vjuj~j r~j'jfklgrvdl

i~ jfklgrvdl ~j|zd~jv z~cj`x fl~j d`

l mivrdxlk. Smdkj nkiih r~jvvz~j fl`

nj kisj~jh nt xmj zvj i vrjfdf

l`xdmtrj~xj`vduj h~zcv l`h z~xmj~

vjdz~jv fl` nj r~juj`xjh sdxm

glc`jvdzg vzkrmlxj+ xmj i`kt ”fz~j—

i~ xmj fi`hdxdi` dv xmj hjkduj~t i xmj

nlnt+ smdfm gzvx nj hi`j lv |zdfakt

lv rivvdnkj+ jdxmj~ nt ulcd`lk hjkduj~t i~

fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`.

Z`vlj Lni~xdi` <6*

Si~khsdhj+ `jl~kt mlk i lkk d`hzfjh

lni~xdi`v l~j rj~i~gjh z`hj~ z`vlj

fd~fzgvxl`fjv1 4= rj~fj`x i xmjvj z`vlj

lni~xdi`v iffz~ d ̀hjujkird`c fiz`x~djv.

^jhzfd`c xmj `zgnj~ i sigj ̀htd`c

lv l ~jvzkx i l ̀z`vlj lni~xdi ̀~j|zd~jv

l gzkxd'lfjxjh lrr~ilfm. Lrr~ir~dlxj

fl~j gzvx nj luldklnkj xi lkk sigj ̀smi

r~jvj`x xi l mjlkxm lfdkdxt j}rj~dj`fd`c

figrkdflxdi`v -d`figrkjxj lni~xdi +̀

vjrvdv+ mljgi~~mlcj$ ikkisd`c l ̀z`vlj

lni~xdi .̀ D ̀i~hj~ xi r~juj`x z`vlj

lni~xdi`v iffz~~d`c d ̀xmj ~vx rklfj+

sigj ̀`jjh lffjvv xi lgdkt rkl` d̀`c

l`h jgj~cj`ft fi`x~lfjrxdujv xi ~jhzfj

xmj `zgnj~ i z`sl`xjh r~jc`l`fdjv+

l`h lkvi xi vlj lni~xdi ̀fl~j rj~i~gjh

nt vadkkjh gjhdflk si~aj~v d ̀vlj l`h

mtcdj d̀f lfdkdxdjv.

Invx~zfxjh Klniz~ =*

Invx~zfxjh klniz~ fl ̀nj xmj ~jvzkx i lsigl —̀v rjkudv njd`c xii ̀ l~~is i~ xmj

nlnt—v mjlh xi rlvv xm~izcm hz~d`c nd~xm+

nt xmj nlnt njd`c d ̀xmj s~i`c rivdxdi`

i~ nt d`lhj|zlxj zxj~d`j fi`x~lfxdi`v.

Sdxmizx l ̀lrr~ir~dlxj gjhdflk

d`xj~uj`xdi +̀ l sigl ̀glt vrj`h l

`zgnj~ i hltv d ̀klniz~ l`h juj`xzlkkt

hdj i figrkdflxdi`v i l ~zrxz~jh zxj~zv.

Figgi k̀t+ xmj nlnt dv vxdkkni~ ̀i~ hdjv

vii ̀lxj~ nd~xm. Vadkkjh gjhdflk si~aj~v

fl ̀gl`lcj gl`t i xmjvj r~inkjgv

nji~j klniz~ njfigjv invx~zfxjh i~

~jfic d̀vj vkis r~ic~jvv l`h ~jj~ l

sigl ̀i~ l ̀d`vx~zgj`xlk hjkduj~t i~

fljvl~jl ̀vjfxdi .̀ D l sigl ̀vz~udujv l

r~iki`cjh invx~zfxjh klniz~+ vmj glt nj

kjx sdxm l ̀invxjx~df vxzkl -vjj rlcj >5$.

L glxj~`lk hjlxm< fl` iffz~ lx l`t

xdgj hz~d`c r~jc`l`ft i~ zr xi 8>

hltv lxj~ fmdkhnd~xm+ nzx hjkduj~t dv

nt l~ xmj givx hl`cj~izv xdgj i~

nixm xmj sigl` l`h mj~ nlnt. Xmj

gloi~dxt i glxj~`lk hjlxmv iffz~

ozvx nji~j+ hz~d`c+ i~ ozvx lxj~

hjkduj~t+ ixj` ~ig figrkdflxdi`v

xmlx fl`ìx nj r~jhdfxjh. Lx xmdv

f~dxdflk gigj`x+ l sigl` ̀ jjhv

lffjvv xi |zlkdxt jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df

fl~j? vadkkjh gjhdflk si~aj~v smi

fl` dhj`xdt figrkdflxdi`v+ l`h h~zcv

l`h j|zdrgj`x ̀ jfjvvl~t xi xlaj

r~igrx lfxdi` xi vluj mj~ kdj l`h xmj

kdj i mj~ nlnt.

Xlad`c xmj jgj~cj`ft gjhdflk

lrr~ilfm? Xl~cjxd`c xmj ujgld` adkkj~v

Smj` klz`fmd`c l` jgj~cj`ft

~jvri`vj xi l f~dvdv+ GVE fi`fj`x~lxjv

ji~xv i` gjhdflk lfxdudxt xmlx

hd~jfxkt lhh~jvvjv xmj gld` flzvjv

i glxj~`lk hjlxm. Iuj~ =2 rj~fj`x

i glxj~`lk hjlxmv l~j hzj xi hd~jfx

invxjx~df figrkdflxdi`v xmlx l~j jdxmj~

r~juj`xlnkj i~ x~jlxlnkj. Xmj uj gld`

adkkj~v ‖ mljgi~~mlcj+ vjrvdv+ z`vlj

lni~xdi`+ jfklgrvdl l`h invx~zfxjh

klniz~ ‖ lffiz`x i~ lkgivx xm~jj

|zl~xj~v i lkk glxj~`lk hjlxmv.

D ̀i~hj~ xi mluj xmj givx dggjhdlxj

dgrlfx i ̀~jhzfd`c glxj~`lk hjlxm

hz~d`c lfzxj l`h fm~i d̀f mzgl d̀xl~dl`

f~dvjv+ GVE mlv dùjvxjh vdc d̀fl`xkt

d ̀hjujkird`c xmj xjfm d̀flk l`h

kicdvxdflk flrlfdxt xi r~iudhj kdj'vlud`c

jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df l`h `ji`lxlk

fl~j. Xmdv fl~j dv r~iudhjh nt l vadkkjh

lxxj`hl`x+ vzfm lv l gdhsdj+ invxjx~dfdl`

i~ hifxi~+ smi dv x~ld`jh d ̀r~igrxkt

dhj`xdtd`c l`h gl`lcd`c figrkdflxdi`v.

GVE r~iudhjv kdj'vlud`c fl~j sdxmvadkkjh vxl lx?

L nlvdf z`dx ‖ r~iudhjv lrr~ir~dlxj

h~zcv i~ x~jlxd`c d`jfxdi`+ jfklgrvdl

l`h mljgi~~mlcj+ gl`zlk ~jgiulk

i rklfj`xl l`h ~jxld`jh r~ihzfxv+

d`vx~zgj`xlk hjkduj~t vzfm lv ulfzzg

j}x~lfxdi` l`h fl~j i~ xmj `jsni~`.

GVE lkvi gl`lcjv l mdcmj~ kjujk i

fl~j d` mivrdxlkv+ xi smdfm sigj`

fl` nj ~jj~~jh lv ~j|zd~jh?

L figr~jmj`vduj z`dx ‖ r~iudhjv lkk

i xmj lniuj lv sjkk lv vz~cj~t vzfm

lv fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`v+ vlj nkiih

x~l`vzvdi` l`h fl~j i~ vdfa l`h kis

nd~xm sjdcmx ̀ jsni~`v.

< L glxj~`lk hjlxm dv xmj hjlxm i l sigl`smdkj r~jc`l`x i~ sdxmd` 8> hltv i fmdkhnd~xm i~ xmj xj~gd`lxdi` i r~jc`l`ft+d~~jvrjfxduj i xmj hz~lxdi` l`h vdxj i xmjr~jc`l`ft+ ~ig l`t flzvj ~jklxjh xi -hd~jfx$i~ lcc~lulxjh nt -d`hd~jfx$ xmj r~jc`l`ft i~dxv gl`lcjgj`x+ nzx ìx ~ig lffdhj`xlk i~

d`fdhj`xlk flzvjv -Si~kh Mjlkxm I~cl`dlxdi`$.

Xmj flzvjv i

glxj~`lk hjlxm

Si~kh Mjlkxm I~cl`dlxdi`+

Si~kh Mjlkxm ̂ jri~x >22:

< Mzvvjd` jx lk ->2<<$+ L ~judjs ie mjlkxmvtvxjg dèjfxdi` fi`x~ik gjlvz~jv d`hjujkird`c fiz`x~djv? smlx fl` njkjl~`jh xi ~jhzfj glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt+Ckinlkdvlxdi` l`h Mjlkxm+ 3?<8.

Mljgi~~mlcj >8*

Mljgi~~mlcj -vjuj~j nkjjhd`c$lffiz`xv i~ lrr~i}dglxjkt l |zl~xj~

i lkk glxj~`lk hjlxmv l`h fl` adkk juj`

l mjlkxmt sigl` sdxmd` xsi miz~v.

Xmj gloi~dxt i mljgi~~mlcj flvjv

iffz~ dggjhdlxjkt lxj~ hjkduj~t l`h

fl` nj r~juj`xjh l`h x~jlxjh sdxm

vdgrkj gjlvz~jv. Ei~ j}lgrkj+ l`

dòjfxdi` i i}txifd` cduj` dggjhdlxjkt

lxj~ fmdkhnd~xm dv j}x~jgjkt jjfxduj

d` ~jhzfd`c xmj ~dva i rivxrl~xzg

mljgi~~mlcj. D` vigj flvjv+ xmj

z~cj`x gl`zlk ~jgiulk i xmj rklfj`xl

dv ~j|zd~jh+ l`h vigj sigj` ̀ jjh

l nkiih x~l`vzvdi` l`h)i~ l vz~cdflk

d`xj~uj`xdi`. Mljgi~~mlcj fl` ~jvzkx d`

vjuj~j l`ljgdl d` xmj ki`cj~ xj~g.

Ixmj~

hd~jfx

flzvjv

=*

D`hd~jfx

flzvjv

>2*

Glxj~`lk Hjlxm Xmj Luidhlnkj F~dvdv Glxj~`lk Hjlxm Xmj Luidhlnkj F~dvdv




<2 Figrkdflxdi`v d` fi`dfx

Dui~t Filvx

Smj` Dui~t Filvx hdvvikujh d`xi l

udikj`x rikdxdflk f~dvdv ikkisd`c xmj

Ifxinj~ >2<2 ̀ lxdi`lk jkjfxdi`v+

r~jc`l`x sigj` d` xmj fiz`x~t—v

kl~cjvx fdxt+ Lndhol`+ lfjh l f~dvdv

i xmjd~ is`. Edj~fj cmxd`c i~fjh

xmj fkivz~j i gl`t mjlkxm lfdkdxdjv

l`h l mzcj `zgnj~ i mjlkxm

r~ijvvdi`lkv jh xmj fdxt d` vjl~fm

i vljxt+ kjlud`c sigj` d` `jjh

i jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j d` l

hl`cj~izv rivdxdi`.

Lx xmj mjdcmx i xmj fi`dfx d`

Ejn~zl~t >2<<+ GVE njcl ̀r~iudhd`c

jgj~cj`ft gjhdflk fl~j xi xmizvl`hv

i siz`hjh rlxdj`xv d` l Gd`dvx~t

i Mjlkxm mivrdxlk d` Lnini+ i`j i

xmj l~jlv i Lndhol` givx ljfxjhnt mjlut cmxd`c. Fi``jh xi xmj

mivrdxlk c~iz`hv njflzvj dx slv xii

hl`cj~izv xi kjluj+ gjhdflk vxl lfjh

l hiznkj jgj~cj`ft? gzkxdrkj d`z}jv

i rlxdj`xv vzj~d`c ~ig lfzxj x~lzgl

vzfm lv nzkkjx l`h vm~lr`jk siz`hv1

l`h lx xmj vlgj xdgj+ mz`h~jhv i

sigj` l~~dud`c lx xmj mivrdxlk hii~v

`jjhd`c l rklfj xi hjkduj~ xmjd~ nlndjv

vljkt. Vigjxdgjv iuj~smjkgjh nt zr

xi =2 hjkduj~djv l hlt+ GVE vxl sj`x i`

xi lvvdvx <822 hjkduj~djv d` ozvx :5 hltv.

Fl~ikd`j Vjczd`+

Jgj~cj`ft Fii~hd`lxi~ d`

Lnini mivrdxlk+ Lndhol`

‛D` Lnini+ xmj rirzklxdi` mlh ì

lffjvv xi mjlkxm vj~udfjv njflzvj

lkk xmj mjlkxm vx~zfxz~jv mlh fkivjh

njflzvj i xmj cmxd`c. Lx xmj mjdcmx

i xmj jgj~cj`ft+ xmj vfj`j d` xmj

mivrdxlk slv l gjvv. Xmj jgj~cj`ft

~iig -J^$ slv zkk i siz`hjh rlxdj`xv

l`h sj mlh xi x~jlx rjirkj izxvdhj

xmj J^+ i` xmj ii~. Lx xmj vlgj xdgj+

xmj glxj~`dxt sl~h slv zkk i sigj`

hjkduj~d`c. Xmj fi`hdxdi`v sj~j uj~t

hdefzkx njflzvj sj sj~j vmi~x i

vigj jvvj`xdlk h~zcv l`h xmj~j sj~j

kixv i jgj~cj`fdjv lx xmj vlgj xdgj.

Nzx xmj xjlg slv ~jlkkt r~izh xi mjkrsigj` cduj nd~xm d` xmj gdhhkj i lkk

xmj cmxd`c l`h hjlxm.

Dx slv ~jlkkt ml~h xi gl`lcj xmj x~lzgl

l`h invxjx~df jgj~cj`fdjv lx xmj

vlgj xdgj. Sj i`kt mlh i`j irj~lxd`c

xmjlx~j lx xmj njcd``d`c l`h juj` lxj~

sj irj`jh lìxmj~ i`j+ dx slv vxdkk ̀ ix

jìzcm. Sj mlh xi r~di~dxdvj xmj flvjv.

Vigj hltv sj mlh xi hjlk sdxm vjuj`

i~ jdcmx fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`v rkzv xmj

x~lzgl vz~cj~t l`h h~jvvd`c fml`cjv

i~ xmj siz`hjh.

Xmj vjfz~dxt vdxzlxdi` slv f~dxdflk ‖

vigjxdgjv xmj mivrdxlk slv zkk i

l~gjh gj` ~ig xmj gdkdxl~t l`h D mlh

xi flkg xmjg l`h lva xmjg xi kjluj

xmj mivrdxlk. Vigjxdgjv sj ~jfjdujh

nzkkjxv d`vdhj xmj mivrdxlk figd`c

~ig xmj vz~~iz`hd`c cmxd`c. Smj`

xmj cmxd`c d` Lnini slv xii xj`vj+

dx slv xii hl`cj~izv i~ sigj` xi

f~ivv xmj fmjfa rid`xv l`h luidh xmj

nzkkjxv+ vi gl`t sigj` fizkh ̀ ix

~jlfm xmj mivrdxlk l`h xmjt hjkduj~jhlx migj. Vigj sigj` flgj xii

klxj l`h l~~dujh d` l nlh fi`hdxdi`

vi zì~xz`lxjkt vigjxdgjv sj mlh

glxj~`lk hjlxmv. Nzx sj sj~j xmj

i`kt i`jv hjlkd`c sdxm figrkdflxjh

hjkduj~djv vi sdxmizx GVE—v vj~udfjv+ l

kix gi~j sigj` sizkh mluj hdjh.‗

Hjkduj~d`c fl~j d` xmjvj uiklxdkj l`h

d`vjfz~j fi`xj}xv dv d`mj~j`xkt hdefzkx

l`h ~j|zd~jv l j}dnkj l`h r~lcglxdf

lrr~ilfm. Dx dv ìx lksltv jlvdnkj xi

r~iudhj l figr~jmj`vduj rlfalcj i

vj}zlk l`h ~jr~ihzfxduj mjlkxmfl~j+

rl~xdfzkl~kt hz~d`c xmj d`dxdlk rmlvj

i l` jgj~cj`ft+ vi GVE ifzvjv i`

xmj vj~udfjv xmlx sdkk mluj xmj givx

vdc`dfl`x l`h dggjhdlxj dgrlfx i`

gi~xlkdxt. J}xj`vduj izx~jlfm lfxdudxdjv

glt ìx nj rivvdnkj hzj xi d`vjfz~dxt+

vi GVE zxdkdvjv xmj vglkk irri~xz`dxdjv

xmlx j}dvx xi ~jlfm izx l`h kjx sigj`

aìs lnizx xmj ~jj glxj~`lk mjlkxm

vj~udfjv xmlx l~j luldklnkj lx GVE

lfdkdxdjv. I`fj xmj vdxzlxdi` mlv

vxlndkdvjh+ dx dv rivvdnkj xi dgrkjgj`x

gi~j sdhj'~l`cd`c l`h l~'~jlfmd`clfxdudxdjv+ vzfm lv mjlkxm jhzflxdi`+

figr~jmj`vduj rivx`lxlk ikkis zr

l`h lgdkt rkl``d`c.

Lgdhvx xmj hjlxm l`h hjulvxlxdi` i

l~gjh fi`dfx+ xmj ftfkj i juj~thlt

kdj fi`xd`zjv l`h dx dv ixj` r~jc`l`x

sigj` ‖ xmj d`hd~jfx udfxdgv i l

fi`dfx ‖ smi kk GVE—v jgj~cj`ft

~iigv. Ozvx kdaj r~jc`l`x sigj`

l`tsmj~j d` xmj si~kh+ xmjt ̀ jjh

lffjvv xi |zlkdxt jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df

fl~j d` xmj juj`x i l figrkdflxdi`. Nzx

smdkj xmjd~ ̀ jjhv l~j i~hd`l~t+ xmjd~

fd~fzgvxl`fjv l~j ̀ ix.

Vjfi`hl~t kjujk mjlkxm fl~j dv i`j i xmj

~vx flvzlkxdjv i l~gjh fi`dfx? mjlkxm

vx~zfxz~jv l~j ixj ̀hlglcjh+ hjvx~itjh

i~ vmzx his +̀ vzrrkdjv i gjhdfd`jv l`h

j|zdrgj`x l~j fzx i+ l`h gl`t vadkkjh

gjhdflk r~ijvvdi`lkv jj xmj l~jl xi vjja

~jzcj. D`vjfz~dxt lkvi glajv dx hl`cj~izv+

d ìx dgrivvdnkj+ i~ sigj ̀`jjhd`c

jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j xi lffjvv xmj

mjlkxm lfdkdxdjv xmlx l~j vxdkk z`fxdi d̀`c.

Figrkdflxdi`v

d` fi`dfx

Dui~t Filvx

Lcml`dvxl`

Viglkdl




Glxj~`lk Hjlxm Xmj Luidhlnkj F~dvdvGlxj~`lk Hjlxm Xmj Luidhlnkj F~dvdv

Mlsl—v vxi~t

Mlsl+ l >< tjl~ ikh sigl`+ mlh njj`

d` klniz~ i~ xm~jj hltv nji~j vmj

slv `lkkt ~jj~~jh xi GVE—v mivrdxlk d`

Oisml~+ <= adkigjx~jv ~ig mj~ udkklcj.

Vmj slv j}lgd`jh nt gjhdflk vxl

l`h hdlcìvjh sdxm invx~zfxjh klniz~

hzj xi fjrmlkizv'rjkudf hdvr~iri~xdi`

sdxm ijxlk hdvx~jvv. L` jgj~cj`ft

fljvl~jl` vjfxdi` slv rkl``jh+ nzx

fi`vj`x fizkh ìx nj r~iudhjh nt mj~

mzvnl`h njflzvj mj slv xii tiz`c

xi cduj dx. Xmj~ji~j Mlsl—v n~ixmj~

slv lvajh nzx ~jzvjh xi r~iudhj dx

njflzvj mj xmizcmx xmj fmdkh—v kdj

vmizkh ìx xlaj r~di~dxt iuj~ Mlsl—v.

Eikkisd`c lhudfj l`h fiz`vjkkd`c

~ig hifxi~v l`h gdhsdujv+ xmj ikhj~

n~ixmj~ fi`vj`xjh l`h xmj fljvl~jl`

vjfxdi` slv rj~i~gjh ‖ l hdvx~jvvjh

nlnt nit slv hjkduj~jh l`h `jjhjh

~jvzvfdxlxdi`+ nzx i~xz`lxjkt Mlsl

l`h mj~ nlnt vz~udujh xmjj`xd~j i~hjlk.

Viglkdl

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fdudk sl~ fignd`jh sdxm ~j|zj`x

h~izcmx+ Viglkdl gld`xld`v dxv vxlxzv

lv i`j i xmj si~kh—v givx d`x~lfxlnkj

mzgl`dxl~dl` f~dvjv. D` lhhdxdi` xi

xmdv i`cid`c jgj~cj`ft+ juj~t hlt+

l Viglkd sigl` gzvx lfj vxl~xkd`c

vxlxdvxdfv? xmj fiz`x~t mlv vigj

i xmj mdcmjvx glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt

~lxjv d` xmj si~kh lx xsdfj xmj ckinlk

luj~lcj l`h l sigl` mlv l i`j d`

xmd~xjj` kdjxdgj fml`fj i htd`c lv l

~jvzkx i r~jc`l`ft i~ fmdkhnd~xm.

Xihlt+ Viglkdl dv i`j i xmj givx

figrkj} rklfjv smj~j GVE dv

hjkduj~d`c lvvdvxl`fj. L fi`xj}x i

mdcm d`vjfz~dxt r~juldkv xm~izcmizx

givx ~jcdi`v+ kjlhd`c xi dggj`vj

fmlkkj`cjv d` vljkt l`h jefdj`xkt

r~iudhd`c mzgl`dxl~dl` ldh. Lffjvv

i~ d`xj~`lxdi`lk xjfm`dflk vzrri~xvxl dv vxdkk kl~cjkt ~jvx~dfxjh hzj xi

xmj kjujk i vjfz~dxt ~dva l`h lkvi hzj

xi dgrivjh ~jvx~dfxdi`v+ vi r~iojfxv

l~j ~z` r~dgl~dkt nt Viglkd vxl+

vzrri~xjh nt xjlgv i vrjfdlkdvx

vxl nlvjh d` @ld~ind smi udvdx xmj

r~iojfxv smj` rivvdnkj. Xmj i`cid`c

fi`dfx mlv flzvjh mjlkxm vj~udfjv

xi f~zgnkj+ kjlud`c xmj ulvx gloi~dxt

i xmj fiz`x~t sdxmizx lffjvv xi

nlvdf vj~udfjv. Jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df

vj~udfjv l~j kdgdxjh i~ ì`'j}dvxj`x d`

xmj gloi~dxt i xmj fiz`x~t+ l`h dx dv

~j|zj`xkt z`vlj i~ sigj` xi x~lujk

xi lffjvv fl~j+ kjlud`c xmivj smi

Lcml`dvxl`

Lcml`dvxl` dv i`j i xmj givx

hl`cj~izv rklfjv d` xmj si~kh i~

l sigl` xi cduj nd~xm. Hjflhjv i

fi`dfx fi`xd`zj xi xlaj l mzcj xikk

i` xmj luldklndkdxt l`h |zlkdxt i

gjhdflk vj~udfjv d` xmj fiz`x~t1 xmj

rirzklxdi` vzj~v ~ig l cj`j~lk

klfa i lffjvv xi gjhdflk x~jlxgj`x+

rl~xdfzkl~kt xi vjfi`hl~t kjujk

mjlkxm fl~j+ d`fkzhd`c jgj~cj`ft

invxjx~df vj~udfjv. D`vjfz~dxt gjl`v

xmlx gl`t sigj` l~j mjvdxl`x

xi glaj xmj ki`c+ hl`cj~izv

l`h ixj` j}rj`vduj oiz~`jt xi

mjlkxm lfdkdxdjv ij~d`c |zlkdxt

glxj~`lk mjlkxmfl~j. Xmj r~dulxj

mjlkxmfl~j vjfxi~ d` Lcml`dvxl` dv

sdhjvr~jlh+ nzx dx dv z`li~hlnkj

i~ gl`t Lcml`v+ l`h xmj |zlkdxt

i fl~j i` ij~ dv |zjvxdi`lnkj.

Xmj fiz`x~t lkvi lfjv l vmi~xlcj

i |zlkdjh jglkj vxl l`h xmjvzrrkt i h~zcv l`h gjhdflk

glxj~dlk fl` nj d`fi`vdvxj`x.

vzj~ figrkdflxdi`v hz~d`c r~jc`l`ft

l`h klniz~ j}x~jgjkt uzk`j~lnkj.

I`j i xmj ~jcdi`v smj~j GVE dv

~jvri`hd`c xi xmdv f~dvdv dv Gdhhkj

Vmlnjkkj+ d` fj`x~lk Viglkdl. Xjlgv l~j

r~iudhd`c l figr~jmj`vduj rlfalcj

i glxj~`lk mjlkxmfl~j xm~izcm l

`jxsi~a i iz~ mjlkxm fj`x~jv+ d` xmj

~z~lk hdvx~dfxv i Oisml~ l`h Nlkflh.

Xm~izcm gindkj l`h }jh fkd`dfv+

vxl lkvi ij~ cj`j~lk mjlkxmfl~j+

x~jlxgj`x i~ glk`zx~dxdi` l`h l`

j}xj`hjh dggz`dvlxdi` r~ic~lg. Lkk

vj~udfjv l~j r~iudhjh ~jj'i'fml~cj.

I`j i GVE—v inojfxdujv dv xi j`vz~j

xmlx sigj` hi ̀ ix l~~duj xii klxj

xi hjkduj~ lx xmj mivrdxlk. D` >2<<+ xmj

GVE xjlg ~jcdvxj~jh uj glxj~`lk

hjlxmv i sigj` smi hjkduj~jh d`

xmj figgz`dxt nzx flgj xi Oisml~

Mivrdxlk xii klxj sdxm figrkdflxdi`v.D` xmdv mivrdxlk+ 42 adkigjx~jv ̀ i~xm i

Giclhdvmz+ <=68 sigj` hjkduj~jh

xmjd~ nlndjv+ d`fkzhd`c >4< smi

z`hj~sj`x figrkdflxdi`v. Vigj <>5

sigj` hjkduj~jh nt fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`.

Xmj x~drkd`c i xmj rirzklxdi` i xmj

flrdxlk Alnzk iuj~ xmj klvx xj` tjl~v

~jjfxv l gdc~lxi~t x~j`h xisl~hv

z~nl` l~jlv+ l`h d`fkzhjv hdvrklfjh

rj~vi`v jjd`c fi`dfx d` gi~j

d`vjfz~j ~jcdi`v d` Lcml`dvxl` l`h

~jxz~`jjv ~ig ~jzcjj flgrv d`

Rladvxl`. D` Lmglh Vmlm Nlnl+ l

c~isd`c hdvx~dfx i` xmj izxvad~xv i

jlvxj~` Alnzk+ GVE si~av lki`cvdhj

j}dvxd`c mivrdxlk vxl xi r~iudhj

mjlkxmfl~j d` lkk l~jlv i xmj mivrdxlk+

d`fkzhd`c l figr~jmj`vduj glxj~`lk

mjlkxmfl~j rlfalcj xmlx d`fkzhjv

l`xj`lxlk+ hjkduj~t+ jgj~cj`ft

invxjx~df+ rivx`lxlk l`h ̀ ji`lxlk fl~j.

<> Figrkdflxdi`v d` fi`dfx<< Figrkdflxdi `v d` fi`dfx

`jx Aloicd+ Gjhdflk Eiflk Rid`x )

xd`c jkh fii~hd`lxi~+ Lmglh

lm Nlnl mivrdxlk+ Alnzk

ig iz~ mivrdxlk+ sj fl ̀~jlfm l ndc

~x i xmj rirzklxdi` i Alnzk vi xmlx

igj ̀hi ìx mluj xi glaj ki`c

~`jtv xi ~jlfm gjhdflk fl~j. Xmj lfx

lx lkk gjhdflk fl~j dv figrkjxjkt ~jj

iz~ mivrdxlk gjl`v xmlx sj lkvi ~jlfm

gj i xmj rii~jvx rjirkj smi fl`—x

i~h j}rj`vduj r~dulxj fkd d̀fv+ smdfm

gl`t dv xmj i`kt ixmj~ irxdi` d` xmdv

l. Sj l~j x~td`c xi ~jlfm lkk sigj ̀i

r~ihzfxduj lcj d` Lmglh Vmlm Nlnl+

x lv si~h i xmj mivrdxlk mlv vr~jlh+

l~j vjjd`c gi~j l`h gi~j sigj`

g xmj vz~~iz`hd`c l~jlv l`h udkklcjv.

gl`t lgdkdjv dx dv vxdkk ̀ ix lffjrxlnkj

sigj ̀xi ci xi l mivrdxlk lki`j+ i~ lx

Givx sigj ̀vxdkk cduj nd~xm lx migj d`

mjlkxmt fi`hdxdi`v+ l`h l~j ìx lsl~j

xmj nj`jxv i cid`c xi l mivrdxlk xi

x mjkr ~ig gjhdflk r~ijvvdi`lkv. Dx

kvi uj~t hdefzkx xi fiùd`fj sigj`

mi hjkduj~ lx xmj mivrdxlkW xi figj

fa i~ rivx`lxlk ikkis zr. Izx i :22

duj~djv+ i k̀t lnizx xj ̀figj nlfa i~

vx`lxlk fl~j+ nzx dx dv vigjxmd`c sj l~j

i~ad`c i ̀dgr~iud`c xm~izcm mjlkxm

igixdi ̀l`h xlkad`c xi iz~ rlxdj`xv.

vt hltv fl ̀cjx ~jlkkt nzvt. Sj zvzlkkt

~i~g l~iz`h >: hjkduj~djv juj~t hlt

h d xmj~j l~j gl`t hjkduj~djv lx i`fj

l ̀nj fmlkkj`cd`c i~ xmj vxl. Vd`fj

j d̀`c xmj r~iojfx+ sj mluj lkgivx

znkjh xmj `zgnj~ i hjkduj~djv ‖ d`

24 xmj~j sj~j 6:==+ l`h d ̀>2<< xmj~j

~j gi~j xml ̀5222. Sj mluj ij~jh

j`vduj x~ld d̀`c xi xmj vxl mj~j+ xi

j rid`x xmlx Lcml ̀GVE gdhsdujv fl`

s vzrj~udvj xmj glxj~`dxt sdxmizx

dvxl`fj ~ig d`xj~`lxdi`lk vxl.

j~j dv i`j rlxdj`x xmlx D sdkk ̀ juj~

cjx. Vmj slv l >:'tjl~ ikh sigl`

mi flgj d` ozvx nji~j hjkduj~t

xm vjuj~j r~j'jfklgrvdl. Sj sj~j

fiùd`fjh xmlx vmj slv xii dkk xi

laj dx+ nzx sj gl`lcjh xi ~jhzfj

~ nkiih r~jvvz~j l`h rj~i~gjh l

fzzg'lvvdvxjh hjkduj~t. Lxj~ xm~jj

j`vj hltv+ vmj slv vdxxd`c zr sdxm

~ nlnt d` mj~ l~gv l`h fmlxxd`c. Dx

v ~jlkkt lgld`c xi vjj+ l`h juj`

i~j j`fiz~lcd`c xmlx vmj slv i`j i

j gixmj~v smi klxj~ flgj nlfa i~

jfazrv lxj~ mj~ hjkduj~t.‗




<6 D`x~ihzfxdi`

R~jc`l`x i` xmj

~z`+ l~ ~ig migj

Aj`tl

^jrznkdf i Fi`ci

~jzcj dv lkvi ljfxjh nt d`vjfz~dxt+

vi lffjvvd`c xmj fl~j xmlx hijv j}dvx

dùikujv l` ixj` rj~dkizv oiz~`jt.

Lvvjvvd`c l`h lhh~jvvd`c jgj~cj`ft

invxjx~df `jjhv dv l` d`xjc~lk rl~x i

GVE—v ~jvri`vj d` nixm lfzxj l`h

r~ix~lfxjh vdxzlxdi`v i hdvrklfjgj`x.

Hjrj`hd`c i` xmj lfdkdxdjv l`h

vj~udfjv xmlx l~j lk~jlht luldklnkj+

GVE glt jvxlnkdvm l `jxsi~a i

mjlkxm rivxv xm~izcmizx l flgr i~

l~jl smj~j rjirkj mluj vjxxkjh+ ~ig

smj~j sigj` `jjhd`c invxjx~df fl~j

fl` nj ~jj~~jh xi l mivrdxlk+ smdfm

hjlkv sdxm figrkdflxdi`v d `jfjvvl~t.

Xi j`vz~j lv gl`t sigj` lv rivvdnkj

l~j lsl~j i+ l`h fl` nj`jx ~ig xmj

vj~udfjv+ r~ilfxduj figgz`dflxdi`

sdxm figgz`dxt kjlhj~v+ ixmj~ mjlkxmr~iudhj~v l`h xmj sigj` xmjgvjkujv+

dv rl~lgiz`x.

Xmj ~dvav lfjh nt sigj` hz~d`c

r~jc`l`ft l`h fmdkhnd~xm l~j

figriz`hjh smj` xmjt l~j i~fjh

xi jj xmjd~ migjv hzj xi udikj`fj

i~ d`vxlndkdxt. Lki`c sdxm fmdkh~j`+

sigj` l~j xmj givx uzk`j~lnkj

c~izr lgi`cvx l ~jzcjj i~ d`xj~`lkkt

hdvrklfjh rirzklxdi`+ l`h r~jc`l`ft

lgrkdjv xmdv uzk`j~lndkdxt. Lxj~ hltv

i~ sjjav i slkad`c+ r~jc`l`x sigj`

l~j ixj` d` l sjlaj`jh vxlxj nt xmj

xdgj xmjt ~jlfm vljxt. Xmj kdud`c

fi`hdxdi`v xmlx glt c~jjx xmjg ‖

klfa i lffjvv xi lhj|zlxj vmjkxj~+

`zx~dxdizv iih l`h fkjl` slxj~+ lv sjkk

lv j}rivz~j xi figgz`dflnkj hdvjlvjv

kdaj fmikj~l l`h mjrlxdxdv L ‖ i`kt

d`xj`vdt xmj hl`cj~. Ei~ gl`t sigj`+

xmj rklfj smj~j xmjt mluj vizcmx

<8 R~jc`l`x i` xmj ~z`+ l~ ~ig migj

H~ Oivdlm Itdjaj+ Glxj~`dxt Sl~h

Gl`lcj~+ Hlclmlkjt Mivrdxlk

‛I`j i xmj gld ̀fmlkkj`cjv sj lfj

mj~j d ̀xmj glxj~ d̀xt sl~h dv xmj dvvzj

i inxld d̀`c fi`vj`x ~ig rlxdj`xv d`

jgj~cj`ft vdxzlxdi`v. Ixj ̀xmj sigj`

d ̀`jjh i jgj~cj`ft d`xj~uj`xdi`v l~j

ìx d ̀l rivdxdi ̀xi cduj fi`vj`x i~ xmj

~j|zd~jh r~ifjhz~j+ l`h `jjh xi inxld`

rj~gdvvdi` ~ig lgdkt gjgnj~v ‖ ̀ ix

ozvx mzvnl`hv+ nzx ixmj~ ~jklxdujv xii.

Xdgj xmlx dv kivx d` sldxd`c i~ fi`vj`x

~ig xmj sigl`—v lgdkt fl` nj xmj

xdgj njxsjj` kdj l`h hjlxm. Ei~

j}lgrkj+ i`j sigl` l~~dujh lx xmj

sl~h d` xmj klxj vxlcjv i r~jc`l`ft

sdxm nkjjhd`c l`h mdcm nkiih

r~jvvz~j. Vmj hjfkd`jh l fljvl~jl`

vjfxdi` l`h sj`x migj hjvrdxj xmj

nlnt mlud`c lk~jlht hdjh d`vdhj xmj

zxj~zv. Juj`xzlkkt vmj flgj nlfa xi

xmj sl~h sdxm vjuj~j figrkdflxdi`v

l`h lvvifdlxjh nkiih fkixxd`c. Vmj

`lkkt z`hj~sj`x xmj irj~lxdi`+ nzx vi

gzfm vjuj~j hlglcj xi mj~ zxj~zv slv

flzvjh hz~d`c xmj hjklt xmlx xmj j`xd~j

zxj~zv mlh xi nj ~jgiujh l`h vmj

si`—x nj lnkj xi mluj fmdkh~j` lcld`.

Ejglkj cj`dxlk gzxdklxdi` dv lkgivx

z`duj~vlk d` xmj rirzklxdi` sj l~j

x~jlxd`c mj~j+ l`h dx dv xmj givx

j}x~jgj xtrj'xm~jj i~g. Xmdv fl` mluj

vj~dizv fi`vj|zj`fjv i~ fmdkhnd~xm+ lv

xmj rlvvlcj dv xii vglkk i~ hjkduj~t

l`h xmj l~jl ̀ jjhv xi nj hdvd`nzklxjh

d` i~hj~ xi lkkis xmj nd~xm xi xlaj

rklfj. Xmj GVE r~ixifik dv xi kjluj

xmj sigj` hdvd`nzklxjh sdxmizx

~jnzklxd`c lxj~ xmjt mluj cduj` nd~xm.<

Xmj njvx xmd`c lnizx xmdv oin+ l`h

lnizx GVE+ dv xmlx xmj lfdkdxdjv l~jluldklnkj xi j`lnkj gj xi cduj gixmj~v

xmj njvx rivvdnkj fl~j. D hi ̀ ix ̀ jjh xi

si~~t lnizx cjxxd`c xmj j|zdrgj`x D

`jjh xi j`vz~j xmj mdcmjvx vxl`hl~h i

fl~j. D aìs GVE sdkk r~iudhj dx.‗

Vzkjdgl`—v vxi~t

Vzkjdgl ̀dv l rlxdj`x smi cluj nd~xm xi

l nlnt cd~k d ̀GVE—v glxj~ d̀xt sl~h. Vmj

l~~dujh lx xmj mivrdxlk sdxm xmj mjkr

i xmj Glgl Xl}d vj~udfj. ‛Xmj fmdkh dv

ìs hid`c sjkk. D jkx gt klniz~ d ̀xmj

juj d̀`c l`h gt gixmj~ l`h D mluj xmj

`zgnj~ i xmj xl}d. Sj flkkjh l`h mj

flgj dggjhdlxjkt+ lxj~ >2 gd`zxjv.‗

Aj`tlHlhlln+ Aj`tl. Xmj si~kh—v kl~cjvx

~jzcjj flgr. Migj xi l~iz`h mlk

l gdkkdi` rjirkj+ xmj ulvx gloi~dxt i

smig mluj jh fi`dfx i~ mz`cj~

d` ̀ jdcmniz~d`c Viglkdl.

Lk~jlht d` l hd~j vdxzlxdi`+ ~jzcjjv

kdud`c mj~j l~j ìs lfd`c l` juj`

ndccj~ f~dvdv. D` Ifxinj~ >2<<+

ikkisd`c xmj adh`lrrd`c i xsi GVE

si~aj~v l`h l` d`f~jlvj d` d`vjfz~dxt+

mzgl`dxl~dl` ldh slv vflkjh nlfa

vdc`dfl`xkt. GVE ~jgld`jh misjuj~+

~z``d`c dxv 622 njh mivrdxlk d`

Hlclmlkjt ‖ i`j i xmj uj flgrv

xmlx glaj zr xmj figrkj} ‖ lx

zkk flrlfdxt. Xmj glxj~`dxt sl~h+

smdfm ij~v jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df

fl~j d`fkzhd`c fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`v

d `jfjvvl~t+ xihlt vjjv l~iz`h 6:2

hjkduj~djv rj~ gi`xm.

L~iz`h >2 rj~fj`x i xmj ~jzcjjvkdud`c d` Hlhlln l~j sigj` i

~jr~ihzfxduj lcj. D` l` luj~lcj >8'

miz~ rj~dih+ jdcmx xi xj` nlndjv l~j

ni~` d` GVE—v glxj~`dxt sl~h. Xmj

sl~h dv lkvi vzrri~xjh nt l `jxsi~a i

iz~ mjlkxm rivxv vdxzlxjh xm~izcmizx

Hlclmlkjt+ smj~j sigj` fl` ~jfjduj

l`xj`lxlk fl~j. Gjhdflk vxl lx xmj

mjlkxm rivxv sdkk lkvi dggjhdlxjkt

~jj~ rlxdj`xv xi xmj glxj~`dxt sl~h

d xmjt mluj figrkdflxdi`v hz~d`c

r~jc`l`ft i~ l~j vzj~d`c l`t ixmj~

invxjx~df r~inkjgv. D` >2<2+ GVE xjlgv

hjkduj~jh iuj~ >622 nlndjv d`

xmj mivrdxlk.

Hjvrdxj xmj r~jvj`fj i glxj~`dxt

vj~udfjv sdxmd` Hlclmlkjt+ dx dv

jvxdglxjh xmlx l` luj~lcj i >2‖62

sigj` hjkduj~ lx migj jlfm gi`xm+

kjlud`c xmjg r~i`j xi hjujkir

figrkdflxdi`v lx l klxj~ vxlcj+

jvrjfdlkkt d`jfxdi`v. Xi ~jhzfj

xmj `zgnj~ i migj nd~xmv l`h

xi j`fiz~lcj sigj` xi hjkduj~ d`

xmj vlj+ fi`x~ikkjh jùd~i`gj`x

i xmj mivrdxlk+ GVE dv r~iudhd`c l

vrjfdlk vj~udfj flkkjh xmj ”Glgl Xl}d.—

J}rjfxl`x gixmj~v l~j cduj` xmj

`zgnj~ i l h~duj~ xmjt fl` flkk smj`

xmjt l~j d` klniz~+ luidhd`c xmjg

x~td`c xi `h x~l`vri~xlxdi` lx `dcmx

smj` d`vjfz~dxt d` xmj flgr fl` nj

mjdcmxj`jh+ i~ mlud`c xi slka xii l~

xi cjx xi xmj mivrdxlk.

< Ejglkj cj`dxlk gzxdklxdi` ~jvzkxv d` l mdcm

gi~ndhdxt -vjrvdv+ nkjjhd`c l`h z~d`l~t~jxj`xdi`$ l`h mlv hdvlvx~izv ki`c xj~gfigrkdflxdi`v. Dx dv i` xmjvj inojfxduj gjhdflkc~iz`hv xmlx GVE dv vx~dfxkt irrivjh xidxv r~lfxdfj l`h hijv ̀ ix vzrrkt h~zcv i~j|zdrgj`x i~ dxv rz~rivj. GVE i fiz~vjr~iudhjv fl~j i~ cd~kv l`h sigj` vzj~d`cxmj gjhdflk fi`vj|zj`fjv i xmdv r~lfxdfj l`hglajv ̀ i ~jklxjh ozhcgj`x i xmj r~lfxdfj.

Xi lkkjudlxj xmj ~dva i figrkdflxdi`vhz~d`c r~jc`l`ft i~ sigj` smi mlujz`hj~ci`j d`nzklxdi v̀+ dx dv ̀ jfjvvl~t xiz`vxdxfm xmj ulcd`lk irj`d`c vi xmlx xmjd`l`x fl` rlvv xm~izcm -hdvd`nzklxdi $̀.GVE mlv l rikdft i ~jzvd`c xi vxdxfm xmjcj`dxlk kdrv nlfa xicjxmj~ -~jd`nzklxdi`$l`h GVE xjlgv j}rkld` xi figgz`dxdjv xmjgjhdflk ~jlvi`v i~ xmdv.





<: R~jc`l`x i` xmj ~z`+ l~ ~ig migj

^jrznkdf i Fi`ci dv migj xi vigj

i xmj mdcmjvx glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt

~lxjv d` L~dfl+ sdxm sigj` mlud`c

l i`j d` >> kdjxdgj ~dva i htd`c hzj

xi r~jc`l`ft i~ fmdkhnd~xm.

Lhhjh xi xmdv dv xmj ht`lgdf i l

kl~cj rirzklxdi` i ~jzcjjv smi

njcl` jjd`c ~ig `jdcmniz~d`c

Hjgif~lxdf ^jrznkdf i Fi`ci lx

xmj j`h i >224. Gl`t mluj vjxxkjh

lki`c xmj Znl`cd ^duj~ d` Kdaizlkl

R~iud`fj+ l`h GVE mlv njj` si~ad`c

vd`fj @iujgnj~ >224 d` xmj xis` i

Näxiz+ r~iudhd`c jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df

mjlkxmfl~j d` xmj >:'njh glxj~`dxt

z`dx+ lki`cvdhj ixmj~ vj~udfjv. Lv

sjkk lv si~ad`c d` Näxiz mivrdxlk+

xi ~jlfm xmj gi~j ~jgixj ~jzcjj

vjxxkjgj`xv+ gindkj GVE gjhdflk

xjlgv x~lujk zr l`h his` xmj ~duj~ nt

nilx+ r~iudhd`c cj`j~lk fi`vzkxlxdi`v

l`h l`xj`lxlk fl~j. Fi`cikjvj `z~vjv

d` xmj uj mjlkxm fj`x~jv ~ig smj~j

GVE ~z`v xmjvj gindkj fkd`dfv l~j

lkvi x~ld`jh xi lxxj`h xi ì~glk

hjkduj~djv+ l`h xi gi`dxi~ nlvdf

jkjgj`xv d` r~jc`l`fdjv l`h klniz~

vi lnì~glkdxdjv fl` nj hdlcìvjh

|zdfakt l`h ~jj~~jh xi xmj mivrdxlk.

D` >2<<+ GVE rj~i~gjh <>+83>

l`xj`lxlk fi`vzkxlxdi`v+ >58>

hjkduj~djv l`h >23 fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`v.

Xmj~j sj~j ì glxj~`lk hjlxmv d`

Näxiz mivrdxlk.

@lxz~lk Hdvlvxj~?

Vrixkdcmx i` Mldxd

^jrznkdf

i Fi`ci

‛Xmj i`j vmd`d`c kdcmx d` lkk xmdv

rmtvdflk l`h jgixdi`lk vzj~d`c

dv xmj nd~xm i mjlkxmt kdxxkj nlndjv.

Jdcmx mjlkxmt kdxxkj `js i`jv

l~~dujh xihlt z`hj~ xmj nkzj xl~r

i iz~ mivrdxlk. Sj lkk `jjh xmjg

xi n~jlxmj `js kdj l`h mirj d`xi

xmdv xi~` fiz`x~t.‗

>< Ol`zl~t >2<2+

Dvlnjkkj Ojl`vi`+ GVE Figgz`dflxdi`v Iefj~

<5 R~jc`l`x i` xmj ~z`+ l~ ~ig migj




Xmj glvvduj jl~xm|zlaj xmlx

hjulvxlxjh Mldxd i` <> Ol`zl~t

>2<2 adkkjh lrr~i}dglxjkt >22+222

rjirkj l`h kjx i`j gdkkdi`

migjkjvv. Xmj hdvlvxj~ kjh xi GVE

klz`fmd`c smlx sizkh njfigj xmj

i~cl`dvlxdi`—v kl~cjvx jgj~cj`ft

~jvri`vj d` dxv 82 tjl~ mdvxi~t.

Dglcjv i glajvmdx gjhdflk

lfdkdxdjv njd`c d`z`hlxjh nt

xmizvl`hv i dòz~jh rlxdj`xv l`h i

vz~cji`v hjvrj~lxjkt fl~~td`c izx

”irj`'ld~— irj~lxdi`v z`hj~ rklvxdf

vmjjxd`c sj~j n~ilhflvx l~iz`h xmj

si~kh. Nzx lgdhvx xmj z`~jkj`xd`c

flvjv i lfzxj x~lzgl+ xmj juj~thlt

jgj~cj`ft i cdud`c nd~xm d` Mldxd

fi`xd`zjh lgi`cvx xmj ~znnkj.

D` xmj <> gi`xmv ikkisd`c xmjjl~xm|zlaj+ gi~j xml` <:+222

sigj` cluj nd~xm d` GVE fkd`dfv

l`h mivrdxlkv. D` vigj lfdkdxdjv+

invxjx~df'~jklxjh vz~cj~t glhj zr

52 rj~fj`x i lkk vz~cdflk lfxdudxt.

Juj` nji~j xmj jl~xm|zlaj vx~zfa+

r~jc`l`x sigj` sj~j lx ~dva d`

Mldxd ‖ xmj fiz`x~t mlv xmj mdcmjvx

glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt ~lxj d` xmj Sjvxj~`

mjgdvrmj~j. Vd`fj >225+ GVE mlh

njj` r~iudhd`c jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df

vj~udfjv d` xmj Hjkglv vkzg l~jl i xmj

flrdxlk Ri~x'lz'R~d`fj+ smj~j gl`t

sigj` fizkh ̀ ix lffjvv fl~j njflzvj

dx slv z`luldklnkj+ z`li~hlnkj i~

d`lffjvvdnkj hzj xi udikj`fj l`h

d`vjfz~dxt d` xmj vkzg. Zr xi 52

rj~fj`x i Mldxd—v mjlkxm lfdkdxdjv sj~j

vjuj~jkt hlglcjh i~ hjvx~itjh d` xmj

jl~xm|zlaj+ d`fkzhd`c GVE—v invxjx~df

lfdkdxt ‖ Glxj~`dxä Vikdhl~dxä.

Lv l ~jvzkx+ GVE vxl~xjh r~iudhd`c

mzgl` ~jviz~fjv+ h~zcv l`h invxjx~dfv

j}rj~xdvj xi xmj Gd`dvx~t i Mjlkxm—v

glxj~`dxt mivrdxlk Dvléj Ojl`xt+

smdfm mlh ̀ ix njj` hlglcjh d`

xmj jl~xm|zlaj. Xmj mivrdxlk slv

iuj~smjkgjh sdxm sigj` figd`c

xi hjkduj~+ gl`t i xmjg sdxm vj~dizv

figrkdflxdi`v. L`h sdxm xmizvl`hv i

lgdkdjv vkjjrd`c i` xmj vx~jjxv+ gl`t

sigj` lfjh xmj lhhjh hdefzkxt

i mlud`c ì migjv xi n~d`c xmjd~

`jsni~`v xi ikkisd`c l vlj hjkduj~t.

‛Sj—uj hjkduj~jh vi gl`t r~jglxz~j

nlndjv lv l ~jvzkx i x~lzgl‗+ vldhGVE gdhsdj Jul hj Rkjfaj~ lx xmj

xdgj. ‛Sigj ̀l~j figd`c xi zv sdxm

r~j'jfklgvrdl i~ jfklgrvdl ‖ vj~dizv

fi`hdxdi`v j}lfj~nlxjh nt vx~jvv.

Xmizcm Mldxd mlh l` j}x~jgjkt

mdcm ~lxj i r~j'jfklgrvdl nji~j

xmj jl~xm|zlaj+ xmj glvvduj xikk i

xmdv hdvlvxj~ mlv r~inlnkt z~xmj~

lcc~lulxjh xmj fi`hdxdi .̀ Lxj~ l js

hltv+ xmj glxj~ d̀xt sl~h mj~j ~jlfmjh

zkk flrlfdxt. Sigj ̀sdxm vj~dizv

figrkdflxdi`v `jjh l ki`cj~ xdgj xi

~jfiuj~ lxj~ nd~xm. Lx xmj vlgj xdgj+ sj

vxdkk mluj xi ajjr glad`c vrlfj i~ `js

gixmj~v l`h nlndjv xmlx `jjh iz~ mjkr.‗

Lv xmj flvjv i lfzxj x~lzgl vkisjh

xi l x~dfakj d` xmj sjjav ikkisd`c xmj

jl~xm|zlaj+ xmj ̀ jjh i~ jgj~cj`ft

invxjx~df fl~j ‖ l`h vjfi`hl~t kjujk

mjlkxmfl~j gi~j cj`j~lkkt ‖ ~jgld`jh

d` Ri~x'lz'R~d`fj. D` ~jfic`dxdi` i

xmdv ̀ jjh+ GVE nzdkx xmj Fj`x~j hj

^ää~j`fj j` Z~cj`fjv Invxäx~dflkjv

-F^ZI$ d` xmj Hjkglv l~jl xi ~jrklfj

xmj hjvx~itjh Glxj~`dxä Vikdhl~dxä. Xmj

`js <62'njh lfdkdxt njcl` x~jlxd`c

rlxdj`xv d ̀Gl~fm >2<< l`h r~iudhjv >8'

miz~ ~jj fl~j i~ sigj` j}rj~dj`fd`c

vj~dizv l`h ixj` kdj'xm~jlxj`d`c

figrkdflxdi`v. Vd`fj irj`d`c+ gi~j

xml` 8222 sigj` mluj hjkduj~jh

lx F^ZI1 32 rj~fj`x i smdfm sj~j

figrkdflxjh hjkduj~djv. Xmj mivrdxlk

dv vxljh r~dgl~dkt nt Mldxdl` mjlkxm

r~ijvvdi`lkv l`h vzrri~x vxl l`h

dv j|zdrrjh sdxm dxv is` klni~lxi~t+

nkiih nlà l`h rlxmikict hjrl~xgj`x.GVE lkvi r~iudhjv fl~j xi ̀ jsni~`v d`

l hjhdflxjh ̀ ji`lxlk hjrl~xgj`x.

Lx xmj jrdfj`x~j

D` Käicî`j+ sjvx i Ri~x'lz'R~d`fj

l`h uj~t fkivj xi xmj jrdfj`x~j i xmj

jl~xm|zlaj+ GVE njcl` r~iudhd`c

jgj~cj`ft gjhdflk lvvdvxl`fj lxj~

=2 rj~fj`x i xmj fdxt slv hjvx~itjh.

Smdkj xmj r~iojfx slv d`dxdlkkt vjx zr

xi x~jlx rlxdj`xv siz`hjh d` xmj

jl~xm|zlaj+ GVE |zdfakt dhj`xdjh

l mzcj ̀ jjh i~ invxjx~df l`h

ct`ljfikicdflk fl~j. Juj` nji~j xmj

jl~xm|zlaj+ sigj` d` Käicî`j mlh

xi x~lujk xi Ri~x'lz'R~d`fj xi ~jlfm

xmj ̀ jl~jvx mivrdxlk xi cduj nd~xm i~

~jfjduj jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j.

GVE hjfdhjh xi vxlt sjkk njti`h xmj

jgj~cj`ft rmlvj l`h+ nt Vjrxjgnj~

>2<2+ xmj glajvmdx xj`x mivrdxlk slv

~jrklfjh sdxm l vjgd'rj~gl`j`x

vx~zfxz~j glhj izx i fi`xld`j~v.

Invxjx~df)ct`ljfikicdflk lfxdudxdjv

ìs glaj zr gi~j xml` mlk i lkk

gjhdflk lfxdudxdjv lx Fmlxzkjt mivrdxlk+

sdxm uj ct`ljfikicdvxv l`h xsj`xt

gdhsdujv lvvdvxd`c xmj hjkduj~t i

zr xi gi~j xml` 322 sigj` jlfm

gi`xm. Xmj mivrdxlk r~iudhjv l zkk

rlfalcj i vj}zlk l`h ~jr~ihzfxduj

mjlkxm vj~udfjv d`fkzhd`c l`xj`lxlk fl~j+

rivx`lxlk fl~j l`h x~jlxgj`x i~ vj}zlk

udikj`fj udfxdgv. Xsi tjl~v lxj~ xmj

jl~xm|zlaj+ xmj <52'njh mjlkxm lfdkdxt

~jgld`v xmj i`kt mjlkxm vx~zfxz~j

ij~d`c ~jj jgj~cj`ft gjhdflk

fl~j xi l rirzklxdi` i lrr~i}dglxjkt

622+222 d`mlndxl`xv d` Käicî`j l`h xmj

vz~~iz`hd`c l~jl+ l`h mlv njfigj l

~jj~~lk fj`x~j.

R~jc`l`ft l`h xmj fmikj~ljgj~cj`ft

I` >2 Ifxinj~ >2<2+ fmikj~l n~iaj izx

i~ xmj ~vx xdgj d` Mldxd+ r~igrxd`c

GVE xi irj` 32 fmikj~l x~jlxgj`x

fj`x~jv l`h z`dxv xm~izcmizx xmj

fiz`x~t. Smj` flvjv njcl` lrrjl~d`c

d` Ri~x'lz'R~d`fj+ r~jc`l`x sigj`

vxl~xjh l~~dud`c lx GVE lfdkdxdjv

vzj~d`c ~ig xmj hdvjlvj l`h

j}rj~dj`fd`c invxjx~df figrkdflxdi`v

i~ r~jglxz~j klniz~ lv l ~jvzkx.

Fmikj~l ljfxv r~jc`l`x sigj` xmj

vlgj slt dx ljfxv ixmj~ rjirkj+ sdxm

hjmth~lxdi`+ hdl~~mijl l`h uigdxd`c+

nzx i~ vigj r~jc`l`x sigj`+ xmjd~

nlnt dv lx f~dxdflk ~dva. Xmj gixmj~—v

hjmth~lxdi` gjl`v xmj nlnt sdkk ìx

~jfjduj jìzcm i}tcj`+ nkiih is+ i~

xmj `jfjvvl~t `zx~dj`xv+ smdfm flzvjv

hdvx~jvv l`h fl` n~d`c i` r~jglxz~j

klniz~. D` Dvléj Ojl`xt mivrdxlk d`

Ri~x'lz'R~d`fj l`h Fmlxzkjt mivrdxlk

d` Käicî`j+ GVE vjx zr invxjx~df

fmikj~l x~jlxgj`x z`dxv -FXZ$ xi

dviklxj r~jc`l`x sigj`. Xmj fl~j

slv i~cl`dvjh vi xmlx xmj r~jc`l`ft+

hjkduj~t l`h rivxrl~xzg rj~dih fizkh

nj vzrj~udvjh sdxmd` xmj FXZ nt

vrjfdlkdvjh vxl+ sdxm xmj rivvdndkdxt i

~jj~~lk xi xmj glxj~`dxt sl~h d` xmj

juj`x i figrkdflxdi`v. D` Käicî`j+

GVE z`hj~xiia l vxzht lgi`c xmj

<2> r~jc`l`x sigj` smi ~jfjdujh

x~jlxgj`x i~ fmikj~l lx xmj mivrdxlk

njxsjj` <6 Hjfjgnj~ >2<2 l`h >=

Ejn~zl~t >2<<+ d` i~hj~ xi gjlvz~j xmj

jjfx i xmdv vrjfdlkdvjh lrr~ilfm i`

xmj izxfigj i~ xmj gixmj~v l`h xmjd~

nlndjv. R~judizv ~jvjl~fm mlv vmis`xmj glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt ~lxj lgi`c

fmikj~l'ljfxjh r~jc`l`x sigj`

xi nj zr xi >: rj~fj`x l`h xmj ijxlk

gi~xlkdxt ~lxj xi nj njxsjj` <> l`h

:8 rj~fj`x. Misjuj~+ xmj~j sj~j ì

glxj~`lk hjlxmv ~jfi~hjh lgi`c xmj

rlxdj`xv d` GVE—v vxzht l`h xmj~j slv

l ijxlk gi~xlkdxt ~lxj i <6.= rj~fj`x+

mlk i smdfm mlh iffz~~jh nji~j

lhgdvvdi`. Xmj vxzht dkkzvx~lxjh xmlx

xmj vjxxd`c zr i l vrjfdf fl~j z`dx

gjl`x xmlx vrjfdlkdvjh vxl fizkh

vzffjvvzkkt gl`lcj nixm xmj invxjx~df

l`h `ji`lxlk lvrjfxv i fl~j lv sjkk lv

xmj fmikj~l lx xmj vlgj xdgj.

îvjkd`j+ 68+ slv uj gi`xmv

r~jc`l`x smj` xmj jl~xm|zlaj

vx~zfa. Vmj hjkduj~jh mj~ ~vx nlnt

lx xmj Dvléj Ojl`xt mivrdxlk iz~

gi`xmv klxj~.

‛Smj` xmj jl~xm|zlaj mlrrj`jh D slv

l~ldh D sizkh kivj xmj nlnt lv D ~l`

izxvdhj xmj mizvj. D slv vi vfl~jh i~

mdg. Lxj~sl~hv+ D xlkajh xi xmj nlnt

d`vdhj gj l`h j}rkld`jh xi mdg smlx

mlrrj`jh. Xmj r~jc`l`ft sj`x sjkk

nzx xmj nd~xm slv l ndx hdefzkx. D mlh

l kix i rld` l`h D `jjhjh l fljvl~jl`

vjfxdi`. D a`js xmlx xmj vj~udfjv

sizkh nj ~jj mj~j+ xmlx—v smt D flgj.

Dx lkk `lkkt sj`x sjkk+ l`h mj~j dv

L`cjkt+ gt ~vx nlnt. D lg uj~t r~izh

xi `lkkt nj l gixmj~. Sj xmizcmxxmlx kdj slv hi`j. Nzx ì+ sj xlaj dx

nlfa+ vxjr nt vxjr.‗

F~dvkl+ <4+ slv ~jlhgdxxjh l hlt

lxj~ cdud`c nd~xm xi xsd`v lx Dvléj

Ojl`xt mivrdxlk.

‛D hjujkirjh jfklgrvdl xmj hlt

nji~j D hjkduj~jh l`h D ~jlkdvj xmlx—v

vj~dizv. Hz~d`c gt r~jc`l`ft+ xmj

hifxi~v lhudvjh gj xi vxlt flkg vi

xmlx gt nkiih r~jvvz~j sizkh ìx

~dvj. Misjuj~+ xmj hlt nji~j D cluj

nd~xm+ D mlh l r~inkjg lx migj. D cix

l`c~t l`h D ld`xjh. Smj` D siaj zr

xmj `j}x hlt+ D ~jlkdvjh xmlx D slv d`

xmj mivrdxlk sdxm xmj xsi nlndjv `j}x

xi gj. Xmj` xmjt xikh gj xmlx D mlh

hjujkirjh lfzxj jfklgrvdl l`h xmlx

xmj nlndjv sj~j ni~` nt fljvl~jl`

vjfxdi`. D slv glad`c l ciih ~jfiuj~t

z`xdk D sj`x migj l`h njcl` xi nkjjh

lcld`. D flgj nlfa xi xmj mivrdxlk ~dcmx

lslt. Xmj hifxi~v ~jlkdvjh xmlx D vxdkk

mlh nkiih fkixv d` gt njkkt+ vi xmjtirj~lxjh lcld` xi fkjl` juj~txmd`c

izx. Xmjt Qxmj xsd`vW l~j vi r~jxxt+ nzx

D fl`—x xlaj fl~j i xmjg tjx. D mluj xii

gzfm rld`.‗

<3 @lxz~lk Hdvlvxj~ <= @lxz~lk Hdvlvxj~




>2 E~lcdkj mjlkxm vtvxjgv

Fj`x~lk L~dfl`

^jrznkdf

Xmj Fj`x~lk L~dfl` ^jrznkdf

-FL^$? l fiz`x~t d` l vxlxj i

fm~i`df gjhdflk jgj~cj`ft. Eduj

vjrl~lxj ~jx~ivrjfxduj gi~xlkdxt

vz~ujtv fl~~djh izx nt GVE

l`h ixmj~ ~jvjl~fmj~v d` >2<<

mdcmkdcmxjh j}fjvv gi~xlkdxt

lniuj xmj jgj~cj`ft xm~jvmikh

d` l~jlv lffiz`xd`c i~ xmj

gloi~dxt i xmj rirzklxdi`.

R~jc`l`x sigj` hi ̀ ix jvflrj

xmjvj vxlxdvxdfv ‖ l sigl` mlv l i`j

d` xsj`xt'duj kdjxdgj ~dva i htd`c

lv l ~jvzkx i r~jc`l`ft i~ fmdkhnd~xm

d` xmdv fiz`x~t. I`j i xmj ndccjvx

nl~~dj~v sigj` lfj dv lffjvv xi

mjlkxm lfdkdxdjv? hdvxl`fjv xi x~lujk

xi l mivrdxlk l~j ixj` mzcj+ ~ilhv

l~j d` rii~ fi`hdxdi`+ l`h x~l`vri~x

irxdi`v glt nj ̀ i`j}dvxj`x i~

z`li~hlnkj. L hjl~xm i x~ld`jh

gjhdflk vxl d` izxktd`c l~jlv+ lki`c

sdxm l vdc`ddfl`x klfa i j|zdrgj`x

l`h gjhdflxdi`+ glajv dx j}x~jgjkt

hddfzkx xi lffjvv |zlkdxt invxjx~df

fl~j d` xmj juj`x i l figrkdflxdi`.

GVE r~iudhjv jgj~cj`ft gjhdflk

fl~j d` ̀ d`j mivrdxlkv l`h 65 mjlkxm

rivxv xm~izcmizx FL^. D` Rlizl+ d`

xmj ̀ i~xmsjvx i xmj fiz`x~t+ GVE

r~iudhjv jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j+

d`fkzhd`c lffjvv xi fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`v

d `jfjvvl~t. D ̀>2<<+ gi~j xml ̀<822

sigj` hjkduj~jh xmjd~ nlndjv d` GVE—v

glxj~`dxt sl~h lx Rlizl Mivrdxlk.

H~ L``j Gl~dj Rjcc+ Gjhdflk

^jj~j`x+ Rlizl

‛Rlzkd`j l~~dujh lx xmj mivrdxlk klxj

d` xmj lxj~ìi`. Dx mlh njj` iuj~

l` miz~—v h~duj i` xmj nlfa i l

gixi~ftfkj xl}d. Vmj mlh lk~jlht

njj` d` klniz~ i~ iuj~ >8 miz~v.

Xmdv slv mj~ iz~xm r~jc`l`ft ‖ vmj

mlh mlh xm~jj r~judizv fljvl~jl`

vjfxdi`v+ nzx ̀ i`j i xmivj nlndjv

sj~j hjkduj~jh lkduj. Hz~d`c mj~

l`xj`lxlk udvdxv+ vmj mlh njj` vx~i`ckt

fiz`vjkkjh xi glaj mj~ slt xi xmj

mivrdxlk lx xmj i`vjx i klniz~.

Mj~ klniz~ mlh vxl~xjh jl~kt d` xmj

gi~`d`c. Aìsd`c mis dgri~xl`x dx

slv xi cjx xi xmj mivrdxlk+ vmj vxl~xjh

mj~ vjl~fm i~ l slt xi glaj xmj x~dr.

Xmdv slv`—x jlvt ‖ vmj `jjhjh xi `h

vigji`j sdxm l gixi~ftfkj smi

fizkh xlaj mj~. @i vglkk xlva d` l` l~jl

sdxmizx gindkj rmi`j fiuj~lcj+ l`h

smj~j gixi~dvjh i~gv i x~l`vri~x

l~j ìx sdhjvr~jlh. Lxj~ l` j`xd~j

hlt l`h `dcmx i vjl~fmd`c+ vmj iz`h

vigji`j. Vmj slv ~jlvvz~jh nt xmj

giujgj`xv i xmj nlnt sdxmd`.

I` l~~dud`c lx xmj mivrdxlk+ vmj slv

|zdfakt lvvjvvjh nt xmj gdhsdj+ smi

xmj` ̀ ixdjh xmj hifxi~ i` flkk. Sjkk

lsl~j xmlx l fljvl~jl` vjfxdi` slv

`jfjvvl~t+ xmj vz~cdflk xjlg slv

vzggi`jh. Sdxmd` l` m iz~+ Rlzkd`j—v

nlnt hlzcmxj~ slv ni~`+ rdà l`h

vf~jlgd`c+ d`xi xmj si~kh.‗

@i glxxj~ smlx xmj fi`xj}x+ r~jc`l`ft l`h

fmdkhnd~xm dv lksltv cid`c xi nj l vdc d̀fl`x l`h

fi`vxl`x hjgl`h i` l fiz`x~t—v mjlkxm vtvxjg.

Smj` xmdv vtvxjg dv htvz`fxdi`lk+ hlglcjh i~

ì`'j}dvxj`x+ r~jc`l`x sigj ̀l~j d ̀l hl`cj~izv

rivdxdi .̀ Dx dv xmj kdj'vlud`c+ vjfi`hl~t kjujk

fl~j xmlx dv givx ljfxjh smj ̀l mjlkxmfl~j

vtvxjg dv ̀ ix z`fxdi`d`c. R~ix~lfxjh fi`dfx i~

d`vxlndkdxt gjl`v xmlx d`~lvx~zfxz~j dv nlvdf i~

glt ìx j}dvx lx lkk+ h~zc vzrrkt dv j~~lxdf lx njvx+

l`h vadkkjh vxl glt mluj kjx i~ z~nl` l~jlv+ i~

mluj kjx xmj fiz`x~t j`xd~jkt. Sdxm mjlkxm vj~udfjv

fi`fj`x~lxjh d ̀xmj flrdxlk fdxt l`h gloi~ xis`v+

sigj ̀kdud`c d ̀~jgixj l~jlv `h dx rl~xdfzkl~kt

hdefzkx xi lffjvv jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j smj`

xmjt lfj figrkdflxdi`v. Xmjt gzvx x~lujk ki`c

hdvxl`fjv+ ixj ̀sdxm kdgdxjh x~l`vri~x irxdi`v+ xi

~jlfm lfdkdxdjv xmlx glt ìx juj ̀mluj xmj vadkkjh

vxl+ lhj|zlxj h~zcv i~ j|zdrgj`x `jfjvvl~t xigl`lcj xmjd~ hjkduj~t vljkt. Hjrj`hd`c i ̀`jjhv

l`h jlvdndkdxt+ GVE glt f~jlxj l mjlkxm vx~zfxz~j

~ig vf~lxfm+ vzrri~x j}dvxd`c mjlkxm lfdkdxdjv i~

zrc~lhj l r~dgl~t kjujk mjlxm vx~zfxz~j d`xi l

vjfi`hl~t kjujk lfdkdxt. Xi j`vz~j xmlx rlxdj`xv

~jfjduj xmj njvx |zlkdxt i fl~j l`h xmlx xmdv kjujk

i fl~j fl ̀fi`xd`zj lxj~ xmj i~cl d̀vlxdi ̀mlv

ml`hjh iuj~ xmj r~iojfx+ GVE dùjvxv vdc d̀fl`xkt d`

xmj x~ld d̀`c i `lxdi`lk vxl.

E~lcdkj mjlkxm

vtvxjgv


Vizxm Vzhl`

Hjgif~lxdf ^jrznkdf i Fi`ci

Rladvxl`




H~ ̂ lcmz Uj`zcirlk+ Gsjvi

‛Sj vjj l kix i figrkdflxdi`v mj~j.

Rivx'rl~xzg mljgi~~mlcj+ ~jxld`jh

r~ihzfxv l`h glkr~jvj`xlxdi` i

`jsni~`v ~jvzkxd`c d` xmj dgrivvdndkdxt

i l ì~glk hjkduj~t l~j hldkt `jjhv

mj~j. Xmj hlt nji~j tjvxj~hlt+ l

sigl` d` klniz~ r~jvj`xjh sdxm l

~zrxz~jh zxj~zv. Xmj fmdkh slv vljkt

hjkduj~jh hz~d`c jgj~cj`ft vz~cj~t

l`h dv hid`c sjkk+ nzx xmj gixmj~

nkjh uj~t mjludkt. Iz~ Fi`cikjvj

hifxi~v+ irj~lxd`c klxj d`xi xmj `dcmx+

vj`x l czl~h xi slaj gj zr xi mjkr

xmjg `h nkiih xi x~l`vzvj d`xi xmj

gixmj~. Sj |zdfakt gindkdvjh iz~ GVE

kicdvxdfv l`h gjhdflk xjlg+ iz`h

nkiih i~ xmj gixmj~+ l`h vmj kdujh.

Juj` smj` vlj hjkduj~djv iffz~+

fmdkh~j` ixj` vzj~ xmj jjfxv

i r~j'xj~g klniz~. Gl`t mjlkxm

r~inkjgv lgi`c gixmj~v+ d`fkzhd`c

xmj ml~h kdujv xmjt kduj smj~j xmjt

si~a d` lc~dfzkxz~lk jkhv z`xdk xmj

xdgj xmjt ci d`xi klniz~+ ~jvzkx d`

jl~kt fmdkhnd~xmv. Ixmj~ r~inkjgv

d`fkzhj `jsni~` d`jfxdi`v+ d`fkzhd`c

xjxl`zv. Xmjvj gjhdflk fi`hdxdi`v

~jvzkx d` iz~ `ji`lxikict sl~h njd`c

fi`vxl`xkt zkk i gixmj~v l`h xmjd~

`jsni~`v. @ji`lxikict dv i`j i

xmj givx figrkdflxjh l`h hdefzkx

lvrjfxv i iz~ si~a+ lv r~jglxz~j

l`h dkk `jsni~`v l~j uj~t ~lcdkj

rlxdj`xv. Misjuj~+ iz~ fl~jzkkt

hjvdc`jh r~ixifikv l`h fi`vxl`x fkivj

gi`dxi~d`c i vzfm rlxdj`xv gjl`v

xmjt ~jfjduj l ~jlk fml`fj lx vz~udulk.‗

`jx Edjkhv+ l `z~vj'gdhsdj smi

v si~ajh d` Lsjdk xjkkv xmj vxi~t i

sigl` smi vzj~jh rivxrl~xzg

jgi~~mlcj+ xmj kjlhd`c flzvj i

lxm hz~d`c fmdkhnd~xm?

gixmj~ flgj d` i~ smlx sj lvvzgjh

v l ̀ i~glk hjkduj~t. Vmj mlh l |zdfa

niz~ l`h hjkduj~t l`h sdxmd` 62

fi`hv i xmj hjkduj~t i xmj rklfj`xl+

j vxl~xjh nkjjhd`c. Sj mlh lk~jlht

uj` mj~ i}txifd`+ l h~zc smdfm mjkrv

xm nkjjhd`c+ nzx lv xmj nkjjhd`c

h`—x vxir+ sj dggjhdlxjkt mlh xi cduj

~ lìxmj~ gjhdflxdi` d` mj~ kjc+ l`h

i vxl~x l` d`x~lujìzv kd`j i` mj~. Sj

i hdh l kix i zxj~d`j glvvlcj. Dx xiia

i`c xdgj i~ xmj nkjjhd`c xi vxir+

x juj`xzlkkt dx hdh.

j xmd`c xmlx dv vfl~t lnizx xmlx

~t dv xmlx xmdv sigl` sizkh givx

~xld`kt mluj hdjh d` xmj udkklcj. Xmdv

igl` mlv iz~ ixmj~ fmdkh~j` xi xlaj

j i. Njflzvj vmj slv mj~j+ mj~ kdj

v vlujh.‗

xdj Mzxfmd`vi`+ gdhsdj+ Lcia

ozvx mi~~df xmlx vi gl`t sigj`

vxdkk htd`c d` xmdv fiz`x~t+ jvrjfdlkkt

flzvj xmj~j l~j vdgrkj r~ifjhz~jv

lx fl` nj hi`j xi r~juj`x glxj~`lk

i~xlkdxt nixm d` r~jc`l`ft l`h

kduj~t. Lffjvv xi kdj'vlud`c vz~cj~t dv

x~jgjkt dgri~xl`x i~ xmjvj sigj`+

h GVE dv ̀ is r~iudhd`c xmdv d` Lcia.

~d`c hjkduj~t xmj~j l~j vigj mzcj

av xmlx sigj` lfj mj~j d xmjt l~j

x d` xmj mivrdxlk.

x sj fl ̀lkvi hi xmd`cv xmlx l~j ìx vi

efzkx+ l`h xmlx ~jlkkt fl ̀vluj sigj —̀v

jv. Juj~t vd`ckj sjja d ̀glxj~ d̀xt+ sj

uj vigjniht—v kdj. Dx—v l ̀lgld`c`c xi hi+ nzx dx lkvi glajv gj l kdxxkj

vjx xmlx dx—v ìx l hdefzkx xmd`c xi hi.

igj ̀d ̀Vizxm Vzhl +̀ lv juj~tsmj~j+

izkh mluj xmj irri~xz d̀xt xi mluj l

j hjkduj~t. Sj mluj —̀x mlh l glxj~`lk

lxm vd`fj D—uj njj ̀mj~j+ l`h xmlx

j~xld k̀t gt d̀cmxgl~j. L glxj~`lk

lxm dv ìx lffjrxlnkj+ l`h D mirj dx sdkk

t kdaj xmlx.‗

Hjgif~lxdf

^jrznkdf i Fi`ci

D` xmj Hjgif~lxdf ̂ jrznkdf i Fi`ci

-H^F$+ l sigl` mlv l i`j d` xmd~xjj`

kdjxdgj fml`fj i htd`c lv l ~jvzkx

i r~jc`l`ft i~ fmdkhnd~xm. Xmdv dv

l fiz`x~t xmlx mlv njj` ~lulcjh

nt gi~j xml` l hjflhj i udikj`x

fi`dfx+ l`h tjl~v i ̀ jckjfx i xmj

mjlkxm vtvxjg mluj fi`x~dnzxjh xi

xmdv mdcm ~lxj i glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt.

D ̀>2<2+ GVE vxl lvvdvxjh gi~j xml`

<4+222 nd~xmv d ̀H^F+ lffiz`xd`c i~ xmj

kl~cjvx `zgnj~ i hjkduj~djv d ̀l`t i xmj

fiz`x~djv xmj i~cl d̀vlxdi ̀dv si~ad`c d .̀

I`j i GVE—v gl`t r~ic~lgv xm~izcmizx

xmj fiz`x~t dv vdxzlxjh d` ^zxvmz~z

Mivrdxlk+ d ̀@i~xm Aduz d ̀xmj jlvx i

xmj fiz`x~t. Vd`fj >22:+ lki`cvdhj xmj

Gd d̀vx~t i Mjlkxm+ GVE mlv njj ̀si~ad`c

d ̀xmj >=2'njh mivrdxlk vzrri~xd`cul~dizv vj~udfjv d`fkzhd`c xmj glxj~ d̀xt.

Gi~j xml ̀822 sigj ̀cduj nd~xm jlfm

gi`xm d ̀xmdv sl~h+ l`h d ̀jl~kt >2<<+

`jl~kt mlk i xmjvj hjkduj~djv sj~j nt

fljvl~jl ̀vjfxdi .̀ Hzj xi xmj hl`cj~v

xmlx vzfm l ̀d`xj~uj`xdi ̀fl ̀rivj xi

sigj ̀d ̀xmjd~ zxz~j r~jc`l`fdjv+ i`j

i GVE—v inojfxdujv mlv njj ̀xi ~jhzfj

xmj ~lxj i fljvl~jl ̀vjfxdi`v.

J`~dfl Nj`xdujc`l+

GVE invxjx~dfdl`)ct`ljfikicdvx

‛Xmj ~lxj i fljvl~jl`v ̀ jjhv xi nj

~jhzfjh d` i~hj~ xi luidh zxz~j

figrkdflxdi`v i~ xmj sigj`. D l

sigl` i <: tjl~v i lcj mlv l

fljvl~jl`+ vmj sdkk kdajkt ̀ jjh xi

mluj xmjg i~ mj~ ixmj~ nd~xmv+ l`h

l ki`c kdvx i figrkdflxdi`v xmj~ji~j

lffigrl`djv xmdv+ i~ j}lgrkj+ zxj~d`j

~zrxz~j l`h rivxrl~xzg mljgi~~mlcj.

Lkvi+ l fmdkh ni~` nt fljvl~jl` vjf xdi`

dv gi~j j}rivjh xi ~jvrd~lxi~t hdvx~jvv.

D` kjvv xml` l tjl~ sj—uj njj` lnkj xi

vzffjvvzkkt ~jhzfj xmj ~lxj ~ig 85

rj~fj`x xi 6> rj~fj`x. Vigj fl jvl~jl`

vjfxdi`v fl` nj r~juj`xjh nt d`vxjlh

hid`c l` d`vx~zgj`xlk hjkduj~t. Xmj

x~ld`d`c i mjlkxm si~aj~v d` xmdv

r~lfxdfj mlv njj` l ajt jkjgj`x d` xmj

~jhzfxdi` i xmj ~ lxj.‗

GVE dv d ̀xmj r~ifjvv i ml`hd`c iuj~

xmj ~jvri`vdndkdxt i xmj glxj~ d̀xt z d̀xi ^zxvmz~z Mivrdxlk xi xmj Gd d̀vx~t i

Mjlkxm+ nzx sdkk fi`xd`zj xi x~ld ̀vxl d`

xmj gl`lcjgj`x i nixm ì~glk l`h

figrkdflxjh hjkduj~djv. Lkvi d ̀@i~xm

Aduz+ GVE dv si~ad`c d` Gsjvi mjlkxm

i`j d ̀fikklni~lxdi ̀sdxm xmj Gd d̀vx~t

i Mjlkxm+ lvvdvxd`c l kl~cj l`h hdvrj~vjh

rirzklxdi ̀smi hz~d`c xdgjv i udikj`fj

l`h d`vxlndkdxt l~j hdvrklfjh. Lx xmj <32'

njh Gsjvi ̂ jj~j`fj Mivrdxlk+ xjlgv l~j

r~iudhd`c vlj hjkduj~djv xi gixmj~v smi

gdcmx ixmj~sdvj cduj nd~xm d ̀z`vl d̀xl~t

l`h z`lvvdvxjh fi`hdxdi`v d ̀xmjd~ udkklcjv.

D ̀>2<<+ gi~j xml ̀6:22 hjkduj~djv sj~j

lxxj`hjh xi nt xmj GVE xjlgv.

>> E~lcdkj mjlkxm vtvxjgv>< E~lcdkj mjlkxm vtvxjgv

Vizxm Vzhl`

D` Ozkt >2<< l `js `lxdi` slv

ni~`+ l`h sdxm dx+ mirj xmlx l

njxxj~ zxz~j sizkh nj rlujh i~

l fiz`x~t xi~` lrl~x nt hjflhjv

i fdudk sl~. Nzx xmj r~ivrjfx i~

sigj` d` Vizxm Vzhl` ~jgld`v

lkl~gd`ckt z`fml`cjh. Sigj`

vxdkk mluj l i`j d` vjuj` fml`fj

i htd`c lv l ~jvzkx i r~jc`l`ft

i~ fmdkhnd~xm hz~d`c xmjd~ kdjxdgj+

l`h dx dv ìx z`figgi` xmlx xmjt

sdkk mluj xi slka i~ hltv+ l`h

ixj` sjjav+ xi ~jlfm l` lhj|zlxj

mjlkxm lfdkdxt xi cduj nd~xm. Vizxm

Vzhl`—v mjlkxm vtvxjg mlv njj` kjx

vmlxxj~jh nt tjl~v i fi`dfx+ l`h

l klfa i x~ld`jh l`h vadkkjh mjlkxm

vxl l`h lhj|zlxj lfdkdxdjv+ kjlujv

xm~jj |zl~xj~v i xmj rirzklxdi`

sdxmizx lffjvv xi juj` xmj givx

nlvdf i~g i mjlkxmfl~j.

GVE+ si~ad`c d` jdcmx i xj` vxlxjv

i xmj fiz`x~t+ dv ~z``d`c vigj i dxv

kl~cjvx invxjx~df r~ic~lgv d` Vizxm

Vzhl` d` ~jvri`vj xi xmdv f~dvdv. Xmj

i~cl`dvlxdi` ~z`v xmj glxj~`dxt

hjrl~xgj`x d` xmj nzvxkd`c Lsjdk Fdudk

Mivrdxlk+ d` @i~xmj~` Nlm~ Jk Cmllk

Vxlxj+ l`h d` >2<< xmj~j sj~j gi~j

xml` 6222 hjkduj~djv+ i smdfm+ l~iz`h

<2‖<> rj~fj`x sj~j figrkdflxjh.

L` d`f~jlvd`c `zgnj~ i sigj` l~j

figd`c xi xmj mivrdxlk xi hjkduj~ xmjd~

nlndjv+ d` xmj aìskjhcj xmlx xmjd~

nd~xmv sdkk nj vlj~ sdxm xmj lvvdvxl`fj

i l vadkkjh mjlkxm r~ijvvdi`lk

l`h lffjvv xi h~zcv l`h xmj ~dcmx

j|zdrgj`x d `jfjvvl~t.

D` Lcia + l xis` d` xmj x~l`vdxdi`lk

l~jl i Lntjd kiflxjh d` xmj ni~hj~

l~jl i Vzhl` l`h Vizxm Vzhl`+ xmj

glxj~`dxt xjlg dv fl~~td`c izx l`

luj~lcj i 55 hjkduj~djv rj~ gi`xm.

GVE mlv njj` si~ad`c mj~j vd`fj

>22=+ ~z``d`c l figr~jmj`vduj

mivrdxlk r~ic~lg vj~ud`c l

rirzklxdi` i l~iz`h <22+222. L`

irj~lxd`c xmjlx~j xmlx irj`jh

d` Lcia d` >2<< ìs gjl`v xmlx

jgj~cj`ft fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`v+ lv

sjkk lv ixmj~ vz~cdflk r~ifjhz~jv

i~ r~jc`l`ft figrkdflxdi`v+ l~j

luldklnkj i~ sigj` d ̀ jfjvvl~t. D`>2<<+ xmj glxj~`dxt xjlg hjkduj~jh

=2> nlndjv.




>8 E~lcdkj mjlkxm vtvxjgv>6 E~lcdkj mjlkxm vtvxjgv

Rladvxl` ‛Givx i xmj sigj`—v hjkduj~djv

hi vxdkk mlrrj` lx migj. Xmjt

hi`—x figj xi zv njflzvj xmjt

ixj` hi`—x mluj i~ fl`—x li~h xmj

x~l`vri~x‥ Sj hi l kix i mjlkxm

jhzflxdi`+ lnizx xmj dgri~xl`fj

i l`xj`lxlk fl~j l`h figd̀ c mj~j

i~ l vlj hjkduj~t.‗

Ol``dfaj` X~ijgni~c+

GVE gdhsdj+ Azfmkla+ Nlkifmdvxl`

Rladvxl` mlv i`j i xmj mdcmjvx

~lxjv i glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt d`

Lvdl? sigj` mluj l i`j d` 46

kdjxdgj ~dva i htd`c lv l ~jvzkx i

r~jc`l`ft i~ fmdkhnd~xm. Kdgdxjh

lffjvv xi |zlkdxt jgj~cj`ft

invxjx~df fl~j+ l vmi~xlcj i

|zlkdjh jglkj gjhdflk vxl+

figriz`hjh nt vifdlk l`h

jfiìgdf nl~~dj~v+ gjl` sigj`

lfj vdc`dfl`x ~dvav hz~d`c

fmdkhnd~xm. D` l~jlv ljfxjh nt

fi`dfxv l`h vjfxl~dl` fklvmjv+

d`vjfz~dxt l`h x~lujk kdgdxlxdi`

glaj dx juj` gi~j hdefzkx i~

sigj` xi lffjvv |zlkdxt invxjx~df

l`h ct`ljfikicdflk fl~j. Gl`t

r~jc`l`x sigj` smi `jjh

vj~udfjv l~j jdxmj~ ~jzcjjv+d`xj~`lkkt hdvrklfjh i~ xii rii~ xi

rlt i~ r~dulxj fkd`dfv.

Jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j dv i`kt

luldklnkj d` z~nl` l~jlv i Rladvxl`+

ixj` njflzvj i l vjuj~j vmi~xlcj i

x~ld`jh jglkj vxl. L`h gl`t sigj`

x~lhdxdi`lkkt cduj nd~xm lx migj+

jvrjfdlkkt d` ~z~lk l~jlv. D` Nlkifmdvxl`+

Rladvxl`—v kl~cjvx l`h kjlvx hjujkirjh

r~iud`fj+ udikj`fj+ hdvrklfjgj`x+

klfa i jfiìgdf hjujkirgj`x

l`h riuj~xt mluj kdgdxjh rjirkj—v

lffjvv xi mjlkxmfl~j. Xmdv ixj`

kjlujv r~jc`l`x sigj` smi `jjh

jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j d` l` juj`

gi~j uzk`j~lnkj vdxzlxdi`.

Xi dgr~iuj lffjvv xi jgj~cj`ft

invxjx~df l`h ct`ljfikicdflk fl~j i~

d`xj~`lkkt hdvrklfjh sigj`+ lv sjkk lv

xi xmj kiflk rirzklxdi` i @lvd~lnlh

l`h Oll~lnlh hdvx~dfxv+ GVE mlv njj`

si~ad`c d` Hj~l Gz~lh Olglkd Hdvx~dfx

Mivrdxlk vd`fj >224. Dx dv xmj i`kt

gjhdflk lfdkdxt d` xmj hdvx~dfx r~iudhd`c~jj'i'fml~cj+ |zlkdxt figr~jmj`vduj

invxjx~df fl~j+ d`fkzhd`c fljvl~jl`

vjfxdi`v l`h l`xj`lxlk l`h rivx`lxlk

fl~j. D ̀>2<<+ GVE fi`hzfxjh 442

hjkduj~djv ‖ :<3 i smdfm sj~j

figrkdflxjh flvjv+ d`fkzhd`c <85 xmlx

~j|zd~jh fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`v.

D` xmj xis` i Azfmkla + migj xi

gl`t Lcml` gdc~l`xv l`h ~jzcjjv

lv sjkk lv ìglhv l`h l mivx

rirzklxdi`+ GVE ~z`v l gixmj~ l`h

fmdkh mjlkxmfl~j fkd`df sdxm l nd~xmd`c

z`dx xmlx ~z`v >8 miz~v l hlt+ vjuj`

hltv l sjja. Xmj lkk'jglkj vxl d`

xmj nd~xmd`c z`dx ij~v ~jj'i'fml~cj

l`h gzfm `jjhjh invxjx~df fl~j.

Ei~ figrkdflxjh flvjv xmlx ~j|zd~j

fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`v i~ ixmj~ vrjfdlkdvjh

gjhdflk fl~j+ GVE r~iudhjv l`

lgnzkl`fj vj~udfj xi ~jj~ rlxdj`xv xi

mivrdxlkv d` \zjxxl. D` >2<<+ xmj GVE

xjlg lvvdvxjh ><<8 hjkduj~djv+ 62= i

smdfm sj~j figrkdflxjh. Xmj~j sj~j

<43 sigj` ~jj~~jh xi mivrdxlkv i~

fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`v. Xmj xjlg lkvi

r~iudhjh 68== l`xj`lxlk fi`vzkxlxdi`v

l`h ><:4 rivx`lxlk fi`vzkxlxdi`v.

D` Amtnj~ Rlamxzàmsl -AR$ r~iud`fj+

GVE dv vzrri~xd`c xmj Hdvx~dfx

Mjlh|zl~xj~ Mivrdxlk d` Xdgj~cl~l

l`h Xjmvdk Mjlh|zl~xj~ Mivrdxlk d`

Hl~cld xi r~iudhj ~jj'i'fml~cj

jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j xi l xixlk

flxfmgj`x l~jl i iuj~ i`j gdkkdi`

rjirkj. D ̀Xdgj~cl~l d ̀>2<<+ xmj~j

sj~j 8:5= hjkduj~djv+ 32= i smdfm

sj~j figrkdflxjh flvjv+ d`fkzhd`c 5<5

fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`v.

D` Hl~cld+ lv sjkk lv l`xj`lxlk l`h

rivx`lxlk fl~j+ GVE lkvi r~iudhjv mjlkxm

r~igixdi` xi glkj lgdkt gjgnj~v

d` i~hj~ xi j}rkld` xmj dgri~xl`fj i

l`xj`lxlk fl~j l`h xmj ~dvav i hjkduj~t+

xi j`fiz~lcj xmjg xi vj`h xmjd~ sdujv

l`h hlzcmxj~v xi xmj mivrdxlk. D` >2<<+

>:=2 sigj` vzffjvvzkkt hjkduj~jh

lx xmj lfdkdxt+ =88 i smig mlh

figrkdflxdi`v. GVE xjlgv rj~i~gjh

>58 fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`v.

Xi ~jvri`h xi xmj vdc`dfl`x ̀ jjh i~

jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j d` Rjvmlsl~

hdvx~dfx+ GVE irj`jh l Sigj`—v

Mivrdxlk d` Glt >2<<. Xmj 62'njh+

r~dulxj ~jj~j`fj mivrdxlk ifzvjv i`

gl`lcd`c figrkdflxjh r~jc`l`fdjv

l`h hjkduj~djv. GVE lkvi vzrri~xvNlvdf Mjlkxm Z`dxv ~z` nt xmj kiflk

lzxmi~dxdjv d` Rjvmlsl~ hdvx~dfx sdxm

l`xj`lxlk l`h rivx`lxlk fl~j. L gjhdflk

~jj~~lk ̀ jxsi~a mlv njj` jvxlnkdvmjh

sdxm ~jzcjj l`h d`xj~`lkkt hdvrklfjh

rj~vi`v flgrv l`h xj` Nlvdf Mjlkxm

Z`dxv. Xmj mivrdxlk lkvi ~jfjdujv ~jj~~lkv

~ig ixmj~ GVE r~iojfxv d` Ml`cz d`

AR r~iud`fj l`h d` Az~~lg Lcj`ft

d` xmj x~dnlk l~jl+ smj~j fklvmjv l`h

d`vjfz~dxt l~j lksltv l fi`fj~`. D` >2<<+

xmj~j sj~j <:5 hjkduj~djv fi`hzfxjh

d` xmj Sigj`—v Mivrdxlk+ d`fkzhd`c

:= fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`v. Xmj~j sj~j ̀ i

glxj~`lk hjlxmv.

Ol``dfaj` X~ijgni~c+ gdhsdj+

Azfmkla+ Nlkifmdvxl`

‛Dx—v l uj~t rii~ l~jl i Rladvxl`+ sdxm

l gld` rirzklxdi` i lni zx <22+222

xmlx kduj xmj~j fi`vxl`xkt. Xmj~j l~j

lkvi ̀ iglhdf rjirkj smi vxlt mj~j d`

vzggj~ gi`xmv+ l`h d` sd`xj~+ xmjt

ci xi Vd`hm r~iud`fj d` xmj vizxm.

Xmizcm xmj~j dv gjhdflk fl~j luldklnkj

d` xmj r~dulxj vjfxi~+ rjirkj mj~j l~j

uj~t rii~ l`h xmjt ~jlkkt fl`—x li~h

dx. L`h xmj~j l~j kdgdxjh mjlkxm lfdkdxdjv+

jvrjfdlkkt i~ sigj`.

Givx i xmj sigj`—v hjkduj~djv hi vxdkk

mlrrj` lx migj. Xmjt hi`—x figj xi

zv njflzvj xmjt ixj` hi`—x mluj i~

fl`—x li~h xmj x~l`vri~x i~ xmjt ̀ jjh

xi mluj l gl` xi figj sdxm xmjg. Xmjt

fmiivj xi figj xi zv njflzvj xmjt

gdcmx mluj mlh l x~lzglxdf hjkduj~t

nji~j+ i~ xmjt ixj` figj smj` xmjt

mluj cduj` nd~xm xi xsd` ̀ zgnj~ i`j

l`h xmjt sldx iz~ i~ uj miz~v nzx

xsd` ̀ zgnj~ xsi mlv`—x figj. Vi xmj`

xmjt vjja mjkr. Vi sj hi hjkduj~djv+ nzx

lkvi cj`j~lk glxj~`lk l`h d`l`x mjlkxm.

Sj hi l kix i mjlkxm jhzflxdi`+ lnizx

xmj dgri~xl`fj i l`xj`lxlk fl~j l`h

figd`c mj~j i~ l vlj hjkduj~t.‗

^ldl+ l rlxdj`x lx Xjmvdk

Mjlh|zl~xj~ Mivrdxlk d` Hl~cld+

Amtnj~ Rlamxzàmsl r~iud`fj

‛D mluj jdcmx fmdkh~j` l`h lkk i xmjg l~j

lkduj. D mluj cduj` nd~xm xi iz~ i gt

fmdkh~j` d` mivrdxlk+ l`h iz~ lx migj.

D mluj l nkiih sjla`jvv vi D flgj

mj~j i~ gt hjkduj~t. Xmj hjkduj~djv d`

xmj mivrdxlk mluj njj` gzfm jlvdj~. D

lkvi figj mj~j njflzvj sj cjx ~jj

x~jlxgj`x l`h sj fl`ìx li~h dx

ixmj~sdvj. Xmdv dv l ciih lfdkdxt.‗

L``lnjkkj Hoj~dnd+ R~iojfx Fi' i~hd`lxi~+

Sigj`—v Mivrdxlk+ Rjvmlsl~

‛Sj mluj hjfdhjh xi mluj l mivrdxlk

smj~j lv l~ lv rivvdnkj sj mluj jglkj

vxl i k̀t. Sj lkkis i k̀t jglkjv xi

ci d`vdhj xmj mivrdxlk l`h xmlx gjl`v

sigj ̀jjk gi~j fi`hj`x. Xmjt l~j

lffigrl d̀jh nt jglkj fl~jxlaj~v l`h

dx lkvi cdujv vigj fi`hj`fj i~ xmj

glkj smi dv sldxd`c d ̀xmj udvdxi~ ~iig

izxvdhj. Mj aìsv xmlx dx dv l rklfj xmlx

l sigl` fl` `h l vjfz~j l`h vlj

jùd~i`gj`x xi hjkduj~.‗




>: D`x~ihzfxdi`


Smj` glxj~`lk

gi~xlkdxt dv xmj

jgj~cj`ft

Nz~z`hd

@dcj~dl

D` vigj rklfjv+ xmj glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt

~lxj dv vi mdcm xmlx GVE fi`vdhj~v xmj

vdxzlxdi` xi nj l` jgj~cj`ft d` dxvjk

l`h klz`fmjv l hjhdflxjh invxjx~df

r~ic~lg sdxm xmj inojfxduj i ~jhzfd`c

glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt sdxmd` l vrjfdf

l~jl. Z`kdaj d` l` l fzxj jgj~cj`ft+

smj~j xmj vdxzlxdi` juikujv ~lrdhkt

l`h dx dv hdefzkx xi rkl` njti`h ozvx

l js sjjav+ d` xmjvj gi~j vxlnkj

fi`xj}xv+ GVE dv lnkj xi figgdx xi l

ki`cj~'xj~g r~iojfx sdxm l hjhdflxjh

l`h vx~jlgkd`jh ifzv. Xmdv lkkisv i~

vdc`dfl`x dùjvxgj`x d` vxl x~ld`d`c+

d`~lvx~zfxz~j+ vx~j`cxmj`d`c ~jj~~lk

`jxsi~av l`h izx~jlfm lfxdudxdjv+

smdfm mlv inudizv nj`jxv i~ sigj`

smi sizkh ixmj~sdvj ̀ ix mluj lffjvv

xi xmdv ad`h i vrjfdlkdvx fl~j. D` xmdv

jùd~i`gj`x+ dx lkvi njfigjv rivvdnkj

xi dùjvxdclxj l`h hifzgj`x r~inkjgv

iuj~ l ki`cj~ rj~dih i xdgj+ dgrkjgj`x

figr~jmj`vduj vx~lxjcdjv xi ~jvikuj

xmjg l`h gjlvz~j smjxmj~ l rl~xdfzkl~

lrr~ilfm fizkh nj vzffjvvzkkt lrrkdjh

d` ixmj~ fi`xj}xv. D` fiz`x~djv vzfm lv

@dcj~dl+ Fmlh l`h Nz~z`hd+ GVE mlv lkvi

hjfdhjh xi figrkjgj`x dxv jgj~cj`ft

invxjx~df lfxdudxdjv sdxm vxzkl ~jrld~

r~ic~lgv Qvjj irrivdxjW. Xmj lrr~ilfm

dv xsi'r~i`cjh? xi ~jrld~ j}dvxd`c

vxzklv+ nzx lkvi xi x~t xi r~juj`x ̀ js

vxzklv ~ig iffz~~d`c d` xmj ~vx

rklfj nt r~iudhd`c lffjvv xi |zlkdxt

jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j.

>5 Sm j` glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt dv xmj f~dvdv

Edvxzkl

Ei~ juj~t sigl` smi hdjv d`

fmdkhnd~xm+ l z~xmj~ >2 l~j kjx sdxm

kdjki`c hjndkdxlxd`c figrkdflxdi`v

vzfm lv invxjx~df vxzkl. Sdxmizx vadkkjh

gjhdflk lvvdvxl`fj xi d`xj~uj`j hz~d`c

l` invx~zfxjh klniz~+ xmj vix xdvvzjv i

l sigl`—v rjkudv fl` nj figr~jvvjh

njxsjj` mj~ nlnt—v mjlh l`h mj~

rjkudf ni`j i~ hltv. Sdxm xmj nkiih

vzrrkt fzx i+ xmj xdvvzj hdjv l`h vmj

dv kjx sdxm l` irj`d`c njxsjj` xmj

ulcd`l l`h xmj nklhhj~+ xmj ulcd`l l`h

xmj ~jfxzg+ i~ nixm. Sdxmizx x~jlxgj`x+

xmj dòz~t ~jvzkxv d` rj~gl`j`x

d`fi`xd`j`fj l`h sigj` sdxm vxzklv

ixj` vzj~ d` vdkj`fj l`h dviklxdi`+

~jojfxjh nt xmjd~ mzvnl`hv+ lgdkdjv

l`h figgz`dxdjv l`h i~fjh xi kduj lv

izxflvxv+ vigj i~ hjflhjv.

Xmj~j l~j l` jvxdglxjh xsi gdkkdi`sigj` si~khsdhj kdud`c sdxm l vxzkl+

sdxm njxsjj` :2+222 l`h <22+222

`js flvjv iffz~~d`c jlfm tjl~. GVE

mlv rj~gl`j`x vxzkl ~jrld~ r~iojfxv

d` @dcj~dl+ Nz~z`hd l`h Fmlh l`h lkvi

~z`v vmi~x'xj~g vxzkl ~jrld~ flgrv d`

z`vxlnkj fi`xj}xv smj~j xmj fi`hdxdi`

dv r~julkj`x nzx xmj rivvdndkdxt i~ ~jrld~

dv lnvj`x+ vzfm lv d` xmj Fj`x~lk L~dfl`

^jrznkdf+ Hjgif~lxdf ̂ jrznkdf i

Fi`ci l`h Viglkdl.

Nz~z`hd

D` Nz~z`hd+ cdud`c nd~xm fl` nj

hl`cj~izv ‖ xmj fiz`x~t mlv i`j

i xmj mdcmjvx ~lxjv i glxj~`lk

gi~xlkdxt d` xmj si~kh. Xmj mjlkxm

vtvxjg dv vxdkk vzj~d`c ~ig xmj

fi`vj|zj`fjv i xmj fdudk sl~ xmlx

rklczjh xmj fiz`x~t ~ig <446 xi

>225. Lv xmj~j dv ì z`fxdi`d`c

~jj~~lk vtvxjg i~ jgj~cj`ft flvjv

l`h gl`t sigj` fl`ìx li~h

xi rlt i~ vj~udfjv+ i`kt lnizx mlk

i r~jc`l`x sigj` d` Nz~z`hd

~jfjduj lvvdvxl`fj ~ig x~ld`jh

mjlkxm si~aj~v hz~d`c hjkduj~t. Xmj

jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j xmlx hijv

j}dvx dv ìx lksltv lffjvvdnkj l`h xmj

|zlkdxt i xmj vj~udfjv dv rii~.

GVE irj`jh xmj FZ^CI -Fj`x~j

h—Z^cj`fj Ct`äfi'Invxäx~dflk$ d`

Alnjd+ ozvx vizxm i xmj flrdxlk

Nzozgnz~l+ d` >22= xi r~iudhj ~jj+vrjfdlkdvjh fl~j i~ sigj` sdxm

figrkdflxdi`v. @is+ xmj~j l~j lnizx

>:2 nlndjv ni~` lx xmj lfdkdxt juj~t

gi`xm. GVE mlv rzx d` rklfj l >8

miz~ ) vjuj` hltv l sjja ~jj~~lk

vtvxjg+ nt smdfm sigj` vzj~d`c

~ig+ i~ lx ~dva i figrkdflxdi`v+ l~j

x~l`vj~~jh nt lgnzkl`fj ~ig mjlkxm

fj`x~jv xm~izcmizx xmj r~iud`fj

xi xmj FZ^CI. Xmj gld` invxjx~df

figrkdflxdi`v x~jlxjh lx xmj FZ^CI l~j

mljgi~~mlcj+ d`jfxdi`+ ~zrxz~j i xmj

zxj~zv+ r~iki`cjh i~ invx~zfxjh klniz~+

jfxirdf r~jc`l`ft l`h jfklgrvdl.

Gl~t+ 62+ dv i`j i xmizvl`hv

i sigj` smi mluj ~jfjdujh

jgj~cj`ft invxjx~df fl~j lx xmj

FZ^CI d` Alnjd.

Xihlt+ h~irv i vsjlx l~j ~z``d`c

his` mj~ `jfa+ nzx mj~ jtjv l~j kdx

zr. Gl~t dv ~jfiuj~d`c lx xmj fj`x~j

iz~ hltv lxj~ cdud`c nd~xm xi l kdxxkj

cd~k mj~j. Juj` nji~j vmj sj`x d`xi

klniz~+ Gl~t slv mivrdxlkdvjh lx

mj~ kiflk mjlkxm fj`x~j njflzvj vmj

slv vjuj~jkt glkìz~dvmjh. Vmj slv

x~l`vj~~jh xi xmj GVE lfdkdxt d` l`

lgnzkl`fj smj` vmj z~cj`xkt `jjhjh

l nkiih x~l`vzvdi` l`h mj~ kiflk

fj`x~j fizkh ìx r~iudhj dx. Smj`

vmj slv ni~`+ Gl~t—v hlzcmxj~ slv

l`ljgdf l`h z`hj~sjdcmx. D`dxdlkkt+

vmj slv uigdxd`c l kix+ nzx vmj mlv

vd`fj dgr~iujh gl~ajhkt+ lv mlv Gl~t

mj~vjk. Mj~ kdrv mluj ~jcld`jh fikiz~

l`h vsjkkd`c d` mj~ kjcv mlv hjf~jlvjh

xi xmj rid`x xmlx vmj mlv vxl~xjhslkad`c lcld` xihlt. ‛D dx sj~j`—x i~

GVE+ gt fmdkh~j` sizkh`—x mluj l

gixmj~+‗ vltv Gl~t+ smi ìs mlv uj

fmdkh~j`. Vmj mlv `lgjh mj~ hlzcmxj~

@hzslajl+ smdfm d` Ad~z`hd+ xmj kiflk

kl`czlcj+ gjl`v ”Ciih `jsv—.




>= Sm j` glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt dv xmj f~dvdv>3 Sm j` glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt dv xmj f~dvdv

@dcj~dl ‛Xmj c~isxm d` xmj r~iojfx mlv

njj` lgld`c. Smj` sj ~vx

vxl~xjh si~ad`c mj~j+ sigj`

sizkh ìx figj xi xmj mivrdxlk

njflzvj xmjt xmizcmx dx slv l

rklfj smj~j sigj` hdjh. Dx slv

hdefzkx xi fml`cj xmlx vxdcgl.

@is xmjt x~zvx zv l`h xmjt figj.‗

H~ Hlgltl`xd _lml~+

GVE invxjx~dfdl`)ct`ljfikicdvx

Sdxm l i`j d` >6 fml`fj i htd`c

~ig r~jc`l`ft i~ fmdkhnd~xm'

~jklxjh figrkdflxdi`v iuj~ xmj

fiz~vj i mj~ kdj+ vdgrkt njd`c

r~jc`l`x fl` nj kdj'xm~jlxj`d`c i~

l @dcj~dl` sigl`. Xmdv dv jvrjfdlkkt

x~zj d` xmj ̀ i~xm i xmj fiz`x~t+

smj~j gl`t sigj` klfa lffjvv xi

juj` nlvdf invxjx~df vj~udfjv.

D` Olmz` d` Odclsl vxlxj+ GVE mlv njj`

si~ad`c lki`cvdhj xmj vxlxj Gd`dvx~t i

Mjlkxm l`h ~z``d`c l 6:'njh glxj~`dxt

sl~h l`h :3'njh vxzkl ~jrld~ sl~h

vd`fj >22=. Xm~izcm si~h i gizxm

l`h udvdxv ~ig xmj GVE izx~jlfm

xjlg+ rjirkj d` juj` xmj givx ~jgixj

udkklcjv ̀ is aìs lnizx xmj ~jj

invxjx~df vj~udfjv luldklnkj lx Olmz`

Cj`j~lk Mivrdxlk. Gi~j l`h gi~j

sigj` l~j figd`c xi xmj lfdkdxt xi

hjkduj~? xmj~j sj~j 824> hjkduj~djv d`

>2<< figrl~jh xi <582 d ̀>224. Sdxm

xmj luldklndkdxt i vadkkjh vxl l`h xmj`jfjvvl~t h~zcv l`h j|zdrgj`x+ xmj

glxj~`lk gi~xlkdxt ~lxj d` xmj mivrdxlk

mlv njj` h~lglxdflkkt ~jhzfjh+ ~ig vd}

rj~fj`x smj` xmj r~iojfx irj`jh d`

>22=+ xi <.: rj~fj`x xihlt.

H~ Hlgltl`xd _lml~+ GVE

invxjx~dfdl`)ct`ljfikicdvx

‛Xmj c~isxm d ̀xmj r~iojfx mlv njj`

lgld`c. D—uj vjj ̀xmj `lxdi`lk vxl

c~isd`c gi~j fi`hj`x l`h gl`t gi~j

sigj ̀figd`c xi xmj mivrdxlk xi hjkduj~.

Smj ̀sj ~vx vxl~xjh si~ad`c mj~j+

sigj ̀sizkh ̀ ix figj xi xmj mivrdxlk

njflzvj xmjt xmizcmx dx slv l rklfj

smj~j sigj ̀hdjh. Dx slv hdefzkx xi

fml`cj xmlx vxdcgl. Sj ̀ jjhjh xi mjkr

xmjg xi mluj fi`hj`fj d ̀xmj mivrdxlk.

@is xmjt x~zvx zv l`h xmjt figj.

Sj vjj l kix i figrkdflxdi`v mj~j. Sj

vjj sigj` smi mluj njj` klniz~d`c

lx migj i` xmjd~ is` i~ xsi i~ xm~jj

hltv l`h xmj nlnt mlv ìx figj.

Smj` sj ~vx irj`jh xmj r~iojfx+

sj mlh sigj` figd`c d` sdxm l`

invx~zfxjh klniz~ l`h xmj` ~jzvd`c l

fljvl~jl` vjfxdi` l`h lfxzlkkt kjlud`c

xi ci migj. Dx—v lk~jlht l ndc hjfdvdi`

xi figj xi xmj mivrdxlk l`h xmj` d sj

`jjh xi hi vz~cj~t+ dx—v lìxmj~ mzcj

hjfdvdi`. Xmjt xmdà d xmjt ci xi xmj

irj~lxd`c xmjlx~j+ xmjt sdkk hdj. Xmjt

lkvi njkdjuj xmlx d tiz hi`—x hjkduj~

tiz~ nlnt ì~glkkt+ tiz—~j ìx l ~jlk

sigl`. Nzx dx—v cixxj` njxxj~. @is

rjirkj l~j gi~j irj` xi vz~cj~t l`h

x~zvx zv.Nzx fljvl~jl` vjfxdi`v l~j i`kt i`j

rl~x i xmj vikzxdi`. Lv l` invxjx~dfdl`+

hjfdhd`c xi hi l fljvl~jl ̀vjfxdi ̀d ̀l

rklfj kdaj Olmz ̀dv ~jlkkt l ndc hjfdvdi .̀

Sigj ̀mj~j mluj l mdcm `zgnj~ i

r~jc`l`fdjv l`h sj hi —̀x aìs i~ vz~j

xmlx xmj `j}x xdgj vmj dv r~jc`l`x vmj

sdkk figj xi xmj mivrdxlk i~ mj~ hjkduj~t+

smdfm vmj ~jlkkt `jjhv xi hi njflzvj

vmj—kk nj lx c~jlxj~ ~dva i zxj~d`j ~zrxz~j

l`h ixmj~ figrkdflxdi`v.‗

Nd`xl+ <5+ slv n~izcmx xi Olmz`

Cj`j~lk Mivrdxlk lxj~ x~td`c xi

hjkduj~ i~ xsi hltv lx migj.

Mj~ klniz~ slv invx~zfxjh+ nzx xmj

hifxi~v sj~j lnkj xi hi l ulfzzg

hjkduj~t l`h Nd`xl vljkt cluj nd~xm xi

mj~ ~vx fmdkh. D` i~hj~ xi r~juj`x l`

invxjx~df vxzkl ~ig iffz~~d`c+ vxl

mluj d`vj~xjh l z~d`l~ t flxmjxj~+ smdfm

sdkk mjkr xmj hlglcjh xdvvzj mjlk.

‛D slv ~dcmxj`jh njflzvj dx slv gt

~vx r~jc`l`ft l`h D slv cid`c d`xi

xmj zàìs`. Xmj~j sj~j iz~ sigj`

j`fiz~lcd`c gj xi rzvm l`h xmjt cluj

gj vigj mj~nv xi h~dà+ nzx smj` xmj

nlnt vxdkk mlh ̀ ix figj+ xmjt hjfdhjh

xi xlaj gj xi xmj mjlkxm fj`x~j. Lx xmj

mjlkxm fj`x~j+ xmjt hdh`—x aìs smlx

xi hi vi xmjt vj`x gj mj~j xi Olmz`

Mivrdxlk. D slv vi xd~jh ~ig njd`c

d` klniz~ i~ vi ki`c xmlx D fizkh`—x

rzvm l`tgi~j. D D mlh ̀ ix njj` lnkjxi figj xi xmj mivrdxlk+ D sizkh mluj

vzj~jh l`h xmj j`h ~jvzkx sizkh mluj

njj` hjlxm i~ nixm gj l`h gt nlnt.

Smj` D mjkh gt nlnt i~ xmj ~vx xdgj+ D

slv uj~t mlrrt.‗



Ed~vx rznkdvmjh Gl~fm >2<>

¤ Gähjfd`v Vl`v E~i`xdí~jv

sss.gv.i~c

e~i`x fiuj~? ¤ E~l`ãidv Hzgi`x

müttersterblichkeit: die vermeidbare krise

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