multi power generation from traction system with energy conservation
DESCRIPTION
ME JOURNALTRANSCRIPT
MULTI POWER GENERATION FROM TRACTION
SYSTEM WITH ENERGY CONSERVATIONA PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
M.PRIYA 210211105026
M.RAJESWARI 210211105029
K.VENNINSULA 210211105040
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
APOLLO ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KANCHEEPURAM
ANNA UNIVERSITY:: CHENNAI 600 025
APRIL 2015
ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report MULTI POWER GENERATION FROM
TRACTION SYSTEM WITH ENERGY CONSERVATION is the bonafide
work of M.PRIYA (210211105026), M.RAJESWARI (210211105029),
K.VENNINSULA (210211105040) who carried out the project work under my
supervision.
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
MR.D.RAMASUBRAMANIAN M.E MRS.M.INDIRAPRIYADARSHINI M.E HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Apollo Engineering College, Apollo Engineering College,Mevaloorkuppam, Mevaloorkuppam,Chennai-105 Chennai-105
Submitted for the university project viva-voce Examination held on…………….
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our gratitude to our parents who have been the major
contributors of inspiration and encouragements to us throughout our career. We
sincerely thank our Honorable Chairman, Vice Chairman and Management
for extending invaluable facilities and infrastructure, which helped us to
complete the project on time.
It is our pleasure to express our gratitude to our Principal
Mr. Prof. Dr. A. BASKAR M.E, MBA, Ph.D. and also thank our Vice
Principal Mr. Prof. K.VELUCHAMY MSC, MPhil of Apollo Engineering
College for their sustained interest and encouragement offered throughout the
duration of this project.
We express our thanks to Mr. D.RAMASUBRAMANIAN M.E our
internal project coordinator Mrs. J.HEMAMALINI M.E and project guide
MISS. M.INDIRA PRIYADARSHINI M.E of Apollo Engineering College
for guiding us in all the aspects of our project.
We would also like to thank all our staff and student friends of Apollo
Engineering College for providing the impetus to work and suggest
improvement in all the modules of our project.
ABSTRACT
Our project is “Multi Power Generation Methods from Railway
Traction System with Energy Conservation”. The main aim of our project is
to generate power using different sources from train. The different sources are
solar energy, wind energy, energy from train vibration and energy from train
wheels rotation. A solar panel is fixed at the train to get the solar energy. A
wind model is fixed at the train to obtain the wind energy. While the train
moves, high level energy will be obtained from the wind model. Like the wind
model, a generator will be coupled with the train wheels to get power while in
rotation. While the train is in motion high level vibration will be occurred.
Using this vibration the energy can be taken out using piezo electric
transducers. All these obtained energy will be stored in a battery with an
inverter and can be used for appliances in the train.
Another application is implemented in this project describing about
energy conservation system. In most of the trains all the appliances will be in
ON status even absence of the passengers. This ends will waste of power. To
overcome this situation human sensor is used to monitor the motion of the
passengers inside each and every compartment. When the passengers entered
into the compartment the appliances will be switched ON and will be switched
OFF once they leaves out.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
NO.
TITLE PAGE
ABSTRACT i
LIST OF TABLE ii
LIST OF FIGURES iii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General Introduction
1.2 Existing system
1.3 Proposed system
1
2
2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 3
2.1 Faruk Yildiz, 2009, “Potential Ambient Energy-
Harvesting Sources and Techniques”
2.2 Loreto Mateu and Francesc Moll, 2007 "Review
of Energy Harvesting Techniques and Applications
for Microelectronics"
2.3 R.J.M. Vullers, R. van Schaijk, I. Doms, C. Van
Hoof, R.Mertens, 2009, “Micropower energy
harvesting”
2.4 Wei Qi, Jinfeng Liu, Xianzhong Chen, and
Panagiotis D. Christofides,2011,“Supervisory
Predictive Control of Standalone Wind/Solar
Energy Generation Systems”
3
3
4
4
3. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT 5
3.1 Block diagram of the project
3.2 Circuit diagram of the project
3.3 Description of the blocks
3.3.1 Vibration energy
3.3.1.1 Piezoelectric materials
3.3.1.2 Piezo electric based vibration energy
3.3.2 Wheel rotation
3.3.2.1 Operation principle
3.3.2.2 Speed reduction
3.3.2.3 Torque multiplication
3.3.2.4 Motor varieties
3.3.2.5 Application
3.3.3 Wind energy
3.3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.3.2 Wind energy
3.3.3.3 Advantages
3.3.3.4 Disadvantages
3.3.3.5 Technology
3.3.4 Solar energy
3.3.4.1 Solar panel
3.3.4.2 Special features
3.3.5 Microcontroller unit (AT89S52)
3.3.5.1 Introduction
3.3.5.2 Features
3.3.5.3 Description
3.3.5.4 Block diagram
3.3.5.5 Pin diagram
3.3.5.6 Circuit diagram
5
6
7
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
10
11
12
13
13
15
15
16
17
17
18
18
20
21
22
3.3.5.7 Pin description
3.3.5.8 Application
3.3.6 Regulated power supply
3.3.6.1 Circuit diagram
3.3.6.2 Power supply unit
3.3.6.3 Step down transformer
3.3.6.4 Rectifier unit
3.3.6.5 Input filter
3.3.6.6 Regulator unit
3.3.6.7 Output filter
3.3.6.8 Application
3.3.7 Human motion sensor
3.3.7.1 PIR sensor
3.3.7.2 General description
3.3.7.3 Operation
3.3.7.4 Pin description
3.3.7.5 Sensitivity
3.3.7.6 Features
3.3.8 Relay
3.3.8.1 Introduction
3.3.8.2 Kinds of relay
3.3.9 Inverter
3.3.10 Battery
22
28
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
31
31
32
32
32
32
33
33
34
34
34
35
36
38
4. CONCLUSION 39
4.1 Future scope
4.2 Reference
4.3 Output
39
40
41
5. APPENDICES 43
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.
1. Functions of port 1 OF AT89S52 23
2. Functions of port 3 OF AT89S52 24
3. Pin Description of PIR Sensor 33
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE PAGE NO.
1. Train 2
2. Block diagram of the project 5
3. Circuit diagram 6
4. Piezoelectric based vibration energy 7
5. Train wheel 8
6. Wheel rotation energy 9
7. Wind turbine 11
8. Wind turbine model 12
9. Solar panel 16
10. Solar panel fixed on train 17
11. Atmel AT89S52 chip 19
12. Block diagram of AT89S52 20
13. Pin diagram of AT89S52 21
14. Circuit diagram OF AT89S52 22
15. Power supply Circuit diagram 29
16. 7805 Regulator 30
17. Opreation of PIR sensor 33
18. Human motion sensor (PIR sensor) 34
19. Relay 35
20. Single relay circuit diagram 35
21. Inverter 36
22. Inverter Block diagram 37
23. Storage battery 38
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION
The Embedded Technology is now in its prime and the wealth of
knowledge available is mind-blowing. Embedded technology plays a major role
in integrating the various functions associated with it. This needs to tie up the
various sources of the Department in a closed loop system. This proposal
greatly reduces the manpower, saves time and operates efficiently without
human interference. This project puts forth the first step in achieving the desired
target. With the advent in technology, the existing systems are developed to
have in built intelligence.
Ours being a developing country the power consumption is increasing on
large scale to meet the growing demands. Power generation is widely based on
the non-renewable sources, and these sources being depleting some means have
to be found for power saving.
The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses.
From the early 19th century almost all were powered by steam locomotives.
From the 1910s onwards the steam locomotives began to be replaced by less
labor-intensive and cleaner (but more complex and expensive) diesel
locomotive and electric locomotives, while at about the same time self-
propelled multiple unit vehicles of either power system became much more
common in passenger service.
1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM
Since various types of renewable energy sources were available in older
days, particularly solar energy generation system only implemented in the
trains. The solar panels were fixed at the top of the train to obtain the solar
energy.
Even though a large amount of energy is from the solar panels, it is not
sufficient for the total usage in the train.
FIGURE 1 : Train
1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM
In the proposed system, following types of renewable sources are used. They
are solar, wind, energy from wheel rotation and energy from train vibration.
Since four energy sources are used, a large amount of energy can be obtained
while combining everything. This can be stored in a battery. This stored
energy is converted from DC to AC using an inverter and supplied to all the
appliances in the trains.
The appliances will be switched ON throughout the day in the trains even the
absence of the people. Due to this large amount of energy is wasted.
To avoid this, human motion sensor is fixed in each and every coach. This
activates the appliances in ON status only if the passengers inside the train.
Else the appliances will be switched OFF automatically.
CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Faruk Yildiz, 2009, “Potential Ambient Energy-Harvesting Sources and
Techniques”
Ambient energy harvesting is also known as energy scavenging or power
harvesting, and it is the process where energy is obtained from the environment.
A variety of techniques are available for energy scavenging, including solar and
wind powers, ocean waves, piezoelectricity, thermoelectricity, and physical
motions. Ambient energy sources are classified as energy reservoirs, power
distribution methods, or power-scavenging methods, which may enable portable
or wireless systems to be completely battery independent and self-Sustaining.
The students from different disciplines, such as industrial technology,
construction, design and development and electronics, investigated the
effectiveness of ambient energy as a source of power.
2.2 Loreto Mateu and Francesc Moll, 2007 "Review of Energy Harvesting
Techniques and Applications for Microelectronics"
The trends in technology allow the decrease in both size and power
consumption of complex digital systems. This decrease in size and power gives
rise to new paradigms of computing and use of electronics, with many small
devices working collaboratively or at least with strong communication
capabilities. Currently, these devices are powered by batteries. However,
batteries present several disadvantages: the need to either replace or recharge
them periodically and their big size and weight compared to high technology
electronics. One possibility to overcome these power limitations is to extract
(harvest) energy from the environment to either recharge a battery, or even to
directly power the electronic device.
2.3 R.J.M. Vullers, R. van Schaijk, I. Doms, C. Van Hoof, R.Mertens,
2009, “Micropower energy harvesting”
More than a decade of research in the field of thermal, motion, vibration and electromagnetic radiation energy harvesting has yielded increasing power output and smaller embodiments. Power management circuits for rectification and DC–DC conversion are becoming able to efficiently convert the power from these energy harvesters. This paper summarizes recent energy harvesting results and their power management circuits
2.4 Wei Qi, Jinfeng Liu, Xianzhong Chen, and Panagiotis D. Christofides, y 2011 “Supervisory Predictive Control of Standalone Wind/Solar Energy Generation Systems”
This work focuses on the development of a supervisory model predictive
control method for the optimal management and operation of hybrid standalone
wind-solar energy generation systems. We design the supervisory control
system via model predictive control which computes the power references for
the wind and solar subsystems at each sampling time while minimizing a
suitable cost function. The power references are sent to two local controllers
which drive the two subsystems to the requested power references. We discuss
how to incorporate practical considerations, for example, how to extend the life
time of the equipment by reducing the peak values of inrush or surge currents,
into the formulation of the model predictive control optimization problem. We
present several simulation case studies that demonstrate the applicability and
effectiveness of the proposed supervisory predictive control architecture.
CHAPTER 3: OVERVIEW OF PROJECT
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT
FIGURE 2: Block Diagram Of The Project
3.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FIGURE 3: Circuit Diagram of the Project
3.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE BLOCKS
3.3.1 VIBRATION ENERGY
3.3.1.1Piezoelectric Materials:
Certain single crystal materials exhibit the following phenomenon: when the
crystal is mechanically strained, or when the crystal is deformed by the
application of an external stress, electric charges appear on certain of the crystal
surfaces; and when the direction of the strain reverses, the polarity of the
electric charge is reversed. This is called the direct piezoelectric effect, and the
crystals that exhibit it are classed as piezoelectric crystals
3.3.1.2Piezo Electric based Vibration Energy
Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that accumulates in certain solid materials
(such as crystals, certain ceramics) in response to applied mechanical stress.
The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure. The
piezoelectric effect is understood as the linear electromechanical interaction
between the mechanical and the electrical state in crystalline materials with no
inversion symmetry.
FIGURE 4: Piezo Electric based Vibration Energy
3.3.2 WHEEL ROTATION
Gear motors are complete motive force systems consisting of an electric
motor and a reduction gear train integrated into one easy-to-mount and -
configure package. This greatly reduces the complexity and cost of designing
and constructing power tools, machines and appliances calling for high torque at
relatively low shaft speed or RPM.
Gear motors allow the use of economical low-horsepower motors to
provide great motive force at low speed such as in lifts, winches, medical tables,
jacks and robotics. They can be large enough to lift a building or small enough
to drive a tiny clock.
FIGURE 5: Train Wheel
3.3.2.1 OPERATION PRINCIPLE:Most synchronous AC electric motors have output ranges of from 1,200
to 3,600 revolutions per minute. They also have both normal speed and stall-
speed torque specifications. The reduction gear trains used in gear motors are
designed to reduce the output speed while increasing the torque. The increase in
torque is inversely proportional to the reduction in speed. Reduction gearing
allows small electric motors to move large driven loads, although more slowly
than larger electric motors. Reduction gears consist of a small gear driving a
larger gear. There may be several sets of these reduction gear sets in a reduction
gear box.
FIGURE 6: Wheel Rotation Energy
3.3.2.2 SPEED REDUCTION:Sometimes the goal of using a gear motor is to reduce the rotating shaft
speed of a motor in the device being driven, such as in a small electric clock
where the tiny synchronous motor may be spinning at 1,200 rpm but is reduced
to one rpm to drive the second hand, and further reduced in the clock
mechanism to drive the minute and hour hands. Here the amount of driving
force is irrelevant as long as it is sufficient to overcome the frictional effects of
the clock mechanism.
3.3.2.3 TORQUE MULTIPLICATION:Another goal achievable with a gear motor is to use a small motor to
generate a very large force albeit at a low speed. These applications include the
lifting mechanisms on hospital beds, power recliners, and heavy machine lifts
where the great force at low speed is the goal.
3.3.2.4 MOTOR VARIETIES:Most industrial gear motors are AC-powered, fixed-speed devices,
although there are fixed-gear-ratio, variable-speed motors that provide a greater
degree of control. DC gear motors are used primarily in automotive applications
such as power winches on trucks, windshield wiper motors and power seat or
power window motors.
3.3.2.5 APPLICATIONS:What power can openers, garage door openers, stair lifts, rotisserie
motors, timer cycle knobs on washing machines, power drills, cake mixers and
electromechanical clocks have in common is that they all use various
integrations of gear motors to derive a large force from a relatively small
electric motor at a manageable speed. In industry, gear motor applications in
jacks, cranes, lifts, clamping, robotics, conveyance and mixing are too
numerous to count.
3.3.3 WIND ENERGY
3.3.3.1 INTRODUCTIONWinds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the
irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. The earth’s surface
is made of different types of land and water. These surfaces absorb the sun’s
heat at different rates, giving rise to the differences in temperature and
subsequently to winds. During the day, the air above the land heats up more
quickly than the air over water. The warm air over the land expands and rises,
and the heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its place, creating winds. At night,
the winds are reversed because the air cools more rapidly over land than over
water. In the same way, the large atmospheric winds that circle the earth are
created because the land near the earth's equator is heated more by the sun than
the land near the North and South Poles. Humans use this wind flow for many
purposes: sailing boats, pumping water, grinding mills and also generating
electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the moving wind into
electricity.
FIGURE 7: Wind Turbine
3.3.3.2 WIND ENERGY Wind Energy, like solar is a free energy resource. But is much
intermittent than solar. Wind speeds may vary within minutes and affect the
power generation and in cases of high speeds- may result in overloading of
generator. Energy from the wind can be tapped using turbines.
Setting up of these turbines needs little research before being established. Be it a
small wind turbine on a house, a commercial wind farm or any offshore
installation, all of them, at first, need the Wind Resource to be determined in the
area of proposed site. The Wind Resource data is an estimation of average and
peak wind speeds at a location based on various meteorological. The next step is
to determine access to the transmission lines or nearest control centre where the
power generated from the turbines can be conditioned, refined, stored or
transmitted. It is also necessary to survey the impact of putting up wind turbines
on the community and wildlife in the locality. If sufficient wind resources are
found, the developer will secure land leases from property owners, obtain the
necessary permits and financing; purchase and install wind turbines. The
completed facility is often sold to an independent operator called an
independent power producer (IPP) who generates electricity to sell to the local
utility, although some utilities own and operate wind farms directly. Wind mills
can be set up ranging scales of:
On-shore grid connected Wind Turbine systems
Off-shore Wind turbine systems
Small Wind and Hybrid Energy Decentralized systems
FIGURE 8: Wind Turbine Model
3.3.3.3 ADVANTAGES Can be used for both distributed generation or grid interactive power
generation using on-shore or off shore technologies.
Ranges of power producing turbines are available. Micro-turbines are
capable of producing 300W to 1MW and large wind turbines have typical
size of 35kW-3MW.
Wind turbine is suitable to install in remote rural area, water pumping and
grinding mills
Average capacity factor can be close or higher than 30%
3.3.3.4 DISADVANTAGE The total cost can be cheaper than solar system but more expensive than
hydro.
Electricity production depends on- wind speed, location, season and air
temperature. Hence various monitoring systems are needed and may cost
expensive.
High percentage of the hardware cost (for large WT) is mostly spent on
the tower designed to support the turbine
3.3.3.5 TECHNOLOGYThe range of wind speeds that are usable by a particular wind turbine for
electricity generation is called productive wind speed. The power available from
wind is proportional to cube of the wind's speed. So as the speed of the wind
falls, the amount of energy that can be got from it falls very rapidly. On the
other hand, as the wind speed rises, so the amount of energy in it rises very
rapidly; very high wind speeds can overload a turbine. Productive wind speeds
will range between 4 m/sec to 35 m/sec. The minimum prescribed speed for
optimal performance of large scale wind farms is about 6 m/s. Wind power
potential is mostly assessed assuming 1% of land availability for wind farms
required @12 ha/MW in sites having wind power density exceeding 200
W/sq.m. at 50 m hub-height.
The energy in the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades around a rotor.
The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator to create
electricity. Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy.
At 100 feet (30 meters) or more above ground, they can take advantage of faster
and less turbulent wind. Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a
single home or building, or they can be connected to an electricity grid
(shown here) for more widespread electricity distribution. Furthermore projects
are going on exploring in Research Design and Development to achieve
following goals:
Continue cost reduction: improved site assessment, better modeling for
aerodynamics, intelligent/recyclable materials, stand-alone and hybrid
systems.
Increase value and reduce uncertainties: forecasting power performance,
improving standards and engineering integrity and storage techniques.
Enable large-scale use: Load flow control and adaptive power quality
Minimize environmental impacts: Noise impacts, Flora and Fauna,
utilization of land resources and aesthetics integration
A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind
into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used to produce electricity,
the device may be called a wind generator or wind charger. If the mechanical
energy is used to drive machinery, such as for grinding grain or pumping water,
the device is called a windmill or wind pump. Developed for over a millennium,
today's wind turbines are manufactured in a range of vertical and horizontal axis
types. The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging
or auxiliary power on sailing boats; while large grid-connected arrays of
turbines are becoming an increasingly large source of commercial electric
power.
3.3.4 SOLAR ENERGY
3.3.4.1 SOLAR PANEL
A photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel is a packaged
interconnected assembly of photovoltaic cells, also known as solar cells. The
photovoltaic module, known more commonly as the solar panel, is then used as
a component in a larger photovoltaic system to offer electricity for commercial
and residential applications.
Because a single photovoltaic module can only produce a certain amount
of wattage, installations intended to produce larger electrical power capacity
require an installation of several modules or panels and this is known as a
photovoltaic array. A photovoltaic installation typically includes an array of
photovoltaic modules or panels, an inverter, batteries and interconnection
wiring. Photovoltaic systems are used for either on- or off-grid applications, and
for solar panels on spacecraft.
Solar Panels use light energy (photons) from the sun to generate
electricity through photovoltaic effect (this is the photo-electric effect). The
majority of modules use wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or a thin-film cell
based on cadmium telluride or silicon. Crystalline silicon, which is commonly
used in the wafer form in photovoltaic (PV) modules, is derived from silicon, a
commonly used semi-conductor.
FIGURE 9: Solar Panel
3.3.4.2 SPECIAL FEATURES:
3W solar panel, for 10-15V DC applications
Made of multi-crystalline solar silicone cells
Peak power: 3 Watts (day time with fully sun shine)
Open voltage circuit (Voc): 8V
Maximum power voltage (Vmp): 15V
Maximum power current (Imp): 200mA
Nominal working temperature: 43±2 degrees C
Installation: solar panel face directly to the sun
Weight: less than 1kg
Working life: more than 25 years
Standard testing condition: 25 degrees C, AM1.5 spectrum,
Insulation: ≥ 100MΩ
Wind pressure: 60m/s (200kg/m2)
FIGURE 10 : Solar panel fixed on roof of the train
3.3.5 AT89S52 MICROCONTROLLER UNIT:
3.3.5.1 INTRODUCTION:
A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with
memory, various I/O interfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer or
counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital
converter, Digital to Analog converter, integrated on to a single silicon chip. If a
system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for external
memory such as RAM, ROM, EPROM and peripherals. But controller is
provided all these facilities on a single chip. Development of a Micro controller
reduces PCB size and cost of design. One of the major differences between a
Microprocessor and a Micro controller is that a controller often deals with bits
not bytes as in the real world application. Intel has introduced a family of Micro
controllers called the MCS-52.
AT89S52 is 8-bit micro controller, which has 4 KB on chip flash
memory, which is just sufficient for our application. The on-chip Flash ROM
allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in system or by conventional
non-volatile memory Programmer. Moreover ATMEL is the leader in flash
technology in today’s market place and hence using AT 89C52 is the optimal
solution.
3.3.5.2 FEATURES: Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory –
Endurance: 1000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Power-off Flag
Fast Programming Time
Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option
3.3.5.3 DESCRIPTION:
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit
microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The
device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory
technology and is compatible with the Indus-try-standard 80C51 instruction set
and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed
in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining
a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip,
the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-
flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of
Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three
16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex
serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry.
In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down
to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.
The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial
port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves
the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions
until the next interrupt or hardware reset.
FIGURE 11: ATMEL AT89S52 Chip
3.3.5.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM
FIGURE 12: Block Diagram of AT89S52
3.3.5.5 PIN DESCRIPTION:
FIGURE 13: Pin Diagram Of AT89S52
3.3.5.6 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FIGURE 14: Circuit Diagram ofAT89S52
3.3.5.7 PIN DESCRIPTION:
VCC Supply voltage.
GND Ground.
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port,
each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins
can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the
multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and
data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the
code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during
program verification. External pull-ups are required during program
verification.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1
pins, they are pulled high by the inter-nal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to
be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2
trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1
also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and
verification.
TABLE 1: Functions of Port-1 of AT89S52
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2
pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during
fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data
memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port
2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external
data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents
of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address
bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port
Pin
Alternate Functions P1.0 T2 (external count input to Timer/Counter 2),
clock-out P1.1 T2EX (Timer/Counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction
control) P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming) P1.6 MISO (used for
In-System Programming) P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming)
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3
output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3
pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As
inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash
programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various
special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table.
TABLE 2: Functions of Port-3
RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the
oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator
periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address
8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the
RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte
of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program
pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is
emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for
external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is
skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation
can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is
active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly
pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in
external execution mode.
PSEN
Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program
memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory,
PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations
are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable
the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at
0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will
be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal
program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable
voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.
XTAL1
Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.
XTAL2
Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.
MEMORY ORGANIZATION
MCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data
Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be
addressed.
PROGRAM MEMORY
If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to
external memory. On the AT89S52, if EA is connected to VCC, program
fetches to addresses 0000H through 1FFFH are directed to internal memory and
fetches to addresses 2000H through FFFFH are to external memory.
DATA MEMORY
The AT89S52 implements 256 bytes of on-chip RAM. The upper 128
bytes occupy a parallel address space to the Special Function Registers. This
means that the upper 128 bytes have the same addresses as the SFR space but
are physically separate from SFR space. When an instruction accesses an
internal location above address 7FH, the address mode used in the instruction
specifies whether the CPU accesses the upper 128 bytes of RAM or the SFR
space. Instructions which use direct addressing access the SFR space. For
example, the following direct addressing instruction accesses the SFR at
location 0A0H (which is P2). MOV 0A0H, #data Instructions that use indirect
addressing access the upper 128 bytes of RAM. For example, the following
indirect addressing instruction, where R0 contains 0A0H, accesses the data byte
at address 0A0H, rather than P2 (whose address is 0A0H). MOV @R0, #data
Note that stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the upper 128
bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.
WATCHDOG TIMER (One-time Enabled with Reset-out)
The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU
may be subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 14-bit counter and
the Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable
from exiting reset. To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in
sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is
enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running.
The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is
no way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT
overflow reset). When WDT over-flows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH
pulse at the RST pin.
USING THE WDT
To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the
WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, the user
needs to service it by writing 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST to avoid a WDT
overflow. The 14-bit counter overflows when it reaches 16383 (3FFFH), and
this will reset the device. When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every
machine cycle while the oscillator is running. This means the user must reset the
WDT at least every 16383 machine cycles. To reset the WDT the user must
write 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST. WDTRST is a write-only register. The
WDT counter cannot be read or written. When WDT overflows, it will generate
an output RESET pulse at the RST pin. The RESET pulse duration is
98xTOSC, where TOSC = 1/FOSC. To make the best use of the WDT, it should
be serviced in those sections of code that will periodically be executed within
the time required to prevent a WDT reset.
WDT DURING POWER DOWN AND IDLE
In Power-down mode the oscillator stops, which means the WDT also
stops. While in Power-down mode, the user does not need to service the WDT.
There are two methods of exiting Power-down mode: by a hardware reset or via
a level-activated external interrupt which is enabled prior to entering Power-
down mode. When Power-down is exited with hardware reset, servicing the
WDT should occur as it normally does whenever the AT89S52 is reset. Exiting
Power-down with an interrupt is significantly different. The interrupt is held
low long enough for the oscillator to stabilize. When the interrupt is brought
high, the interrupt is serviced. To prevent the WDT from resetting the device
while the interrupt pin is held low, the WDT is not started until the interrupt is
pulled high. It is suggested that the WDT be reset during the interrupt service
for the interrupt used to exit Power-down mode. To ensure that the WDT does
not overflow within a few states of exiting Power-down, it is best to reset the
WDT just before entering Power-down mode. Before going into the IDLE
mode, the WDIDLE bit in SFR AUXR is used to determine whether the WDT
continues to count if enabled. The WDT keeps counting during IDLE
(WDIDLE bit = 0) as the default state. To prevent the WDT from resetting the
AT89S52 while in IDLE mode, the user should always set up a timer that will
periodically exit IDLE, service the WDT, and reenter IDLE mode. With
WDIDLE bit enabled, the WDT will stop to count in IDLE mode and resumes
the count upon exit from IDLE
3.3.5.8 APPLICATIONS
The AT89C51 application is an implementation of a moving display. This
application was selected for its simplicity and ability to show graphically the
results of in-circuit re programming. The text to be displayed is programmed
into the controller as part of its firmware, and cannot be changed without
reprogramming the device.0287D-B–9/97.
The Microcontroller can be applicable in the following fields:
1. Instrumentation.
2. Communication Systems.
3. Control Systems.
4. Peripheral Controllers.
5. Process Control Systems.
3.3.6 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
3.3.6.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FIGURE 15: Power Supply Circuit Diagram
3.3.6.2 POWER SUPPLY UNIT:
Consists of following units
Step down transformer
Rectifier unit
Input filter
Regulator unit
Output filter
3.3.6.3 STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER:
The Step down Transformer is used to step down the main supply voltage
from 230V AC to lower value. This 230 AC voltage cannot be used directly,
thus it is stepped down. The Transformer consists of primary and secondary
coils. To reduce or step down the voltage, the transformer is designed to contain
less number of turns in its secondary core. The output from the secondary coil is
also AC waveform. Thus the conversion from AC to DC is essential. This
conversion is achieved by using the Rectifier Circuit/Unit.
3.3.6.4 RECTIFIER UNIT:
The Rectifier circuit is used to convert the AC voltage into its
corresponding DC voltage. There are Half-Wave, Full-Wave and bridge
Rectifiers available for this specific function. The most important and simple
device used in Rectifier circuit is the diode. The simple function of the diode is
to conduct when forward biased and not to conduct in reverse bias.
The Forward Bias is achieved by connecting the diode’s positive with
positive of the battery and negative with battery’s negative. The efficient circuit
used is the Full wave Bridge rectifier circuit. The output voltage of the rectifier
is in rippled form, the ripples from the obtained DC voltage are removed using
other circuits available. The circuit used for removing the ripples is called Filter
circuit.
3.3.6.5 INPUT FILTER:
Capacitors are used as filter. The ripples from the DC voltage are
removed and pure DC voltage is obtained. And also these capacitors are used to
reduce the harmonics of the input voltage. The primary action performed by
capacitor is charging and discharging.
It charges in positive half cycle of the AC voltage and it will discharge in
negative half cycle. So it allows only AC voltage and does not allow the DC
voltage. This filter is fixed before the regulator. Thus the output is free from
ripples.
3.3.6.6 REGULATOR UNIT:
FIGURE 16: 7805 Regulator
Regulator regulates the output voltage to be always constant. The output
voltage is maintained irrespective of the fluctuations in the input AC voltage.
As and then the AC voltage changes, the DC voltage also changes. Thus to
avoid this Regulators are used. Also when the internal resistance of the power
supply is greater than 30 ohms, the output gets affected. Thus this can be
successfully reduced here.
The regulators are mainly classified for low voltage and for high voltage.
Further they can also be classified as:
i) Positive regulator
1---> input pin
2---> ground pin
3---> output pin
It regulates the positive voltage.
ii) Negative regulator
1---> ground pin
2---> input pin
3---> output pin
It regulates the negative voltage.
3.3.6.7 OUTPUT FILTER:
The Filter circuit is often fixed after the Regulator circuit.
Capacitor is most often used as filter. The principle of the capacitor is to charge
and discharge. It charges during the positive half cycle of the AC voltage and
discharges during the negative half cycle. So it allows only AC voltage and does
not allow the DC voltage. This filter is fixed after the Regulator circuit to filter
any of the possibly found ripples in the output received finally. Here we used
0.1µF capacitor. The output at this stage is 5V and is given to the
Microcontroller.
3.3.6.8 APPLICATIONS
Can be used in
Railway Traction System
Buses ,Lorries and various types of vehicle
Homes and Industries.
3.3.7 HUMAN MOTION SENSOR
3.3.7.1 PIR SENSOR
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures
infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. PIR sensors are
often used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below).
Apparent motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature,
such as a human, passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature,
such as a wall.
All objects emit what is known as black body radiation. It is usually
infrared radiation that is invisible to the human eye but can be detected by
electronic devices designed for such a purpose. The term passive in this instance
means that the PIR device does not emit an infrared beam but merely passively
accepts incoming infrared radiation.
3.3.7.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION:
In our project we use the model GH-718 sensor. The PIR sensor is a
pyroelectric device that detects motion by measuring changes in the infrared
levels emitted by surrounding objects. This motion can be detected by checking
for a high signal on a single i/o pin.
3.3.7.3 OPERATION:
Pyroelectric devices, such as the PIR sensor, have elements made of a
crystalline material that generates an electric charge when exposed to infrared
radiation. The changes in the amount of infrared striking the element change the
voltages generated, which are measured by an on-board amplifier. The device
contains a special filter called a fresnel lens, which focuses the infrared signals
onto the elements. As the ambient infrared signals change rapidly, the on-board
amplifier trips the output to indicate motion.
FIGURE 17: Operation of PIR Sensor
3.3.7.4 PIN DESCRIPTION:
PIN NAME FUNCTION
- Ground Connects to ground or
VSS
+ V+ Connects to VDD(3.3v
to 5v)
Out Output Connects to an i/o pin
set to input mode
TABLE 3: Pin Description of PIR Sensor
3.3.7.5 SENSITIVITY:
The PIR sensor has a range of approximately 20feet. The sensor is
designed to adjust to slowly changing conditions that would happen normally as
the day progresses and the environmental conditions change, but responds by
making its output high when sudden changes occur, such as when there is
motion.
FIGURE 18: Human Motion Sensor (PIR Sensor)
3.3.7.6 FEATURES:
Single bit output.
Small size makes it easy to conceal.
Compatible with all parallax microcontrollers
3.3v and 5v operation with less than 100uA current draw
3.3.8 RELAY
3.3.8.1 INTRODUCTION
A relay is an electronically controlled switch. So, relays come in the same
varieties as switches. If all that is required is a simple on – off switch (a single
pole single throw relay), then it is simpler, cheaper and more reliable to use one
of the drivers discussed at the Starter level.A relay consists of an electromagnet
and coil plus one or more switches. The switch changes over when the current
in the electromagnet is switched off and on.
FIGURE 19: Relay
3.3.8.2 KINDS OF RELAY
Single pole single throw (SPST)
Single pole double throw (SPDT)
Double pole double throw (DPDT)
FIGURE 20: Single Relay Circuit DiagramA relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the
coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and
changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays
have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover)
switches.
Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be
completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery
circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no
electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is
magnetic and mechanical.
3.3.9 INVERTER
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC)
to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage
and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control
circuits.
FIGURE 21: InverterSolid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of
applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to
large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk
power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such
as solar panels or batteries.
FIGURE 22:Inverter Block Diagram
There are two main types of inverter. The output of a modified sine
wave inverter is similar to a square wave output except that the output goes to
zero volts for a time before switching positive or negative. It is simple and low
cost (~$0.10USD/Watt) and is compatible with most electronic devices, except
for sensitive or specialized equipment, for example certain laser printers.
A pure sine wave inverter produces a nearly perfect sine wave output
(<3% total harmonic distortion) that is essentially the same as utility-supplied
grid power. Thus it is compatible with all AC electronic devices. This is the
type used in grid-tie inverters. Its design is more complex, and costs 5 or 10
times more per unit power (~$0.50 to $1.00USD/Watt). The electrical inverter
is a high-power electronic oscillator. It is so named because early mechanical
AC to DC converters were made to work in reverse, and thus were "inverted",
to convert DC to AC.
The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.
3.3.10 BATTERY
A rechargeable battery, storage battery, or accumulator is a type of electrical
battery. It comprises one or more electrochemical cells, and is a type of
energy accumulator. It is known as a secondary cell because its
electrochemical reactions are electrically reversible. Rechargeable batteries
come in many different shapes and sizes, ranging from button cells to
megawatt systems connected to stabilize an electrical distribution network.
FIGURE 23: Storage Battery
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION
This experimental research study incorporates energy-friendly devices and
generating energy from ambient energy sources. Ambient energy sources let
individuals and communities create and consume energy locally. The
promotion of renewable energy sources by home owners has brought a
particular focus to the passive and active use of natural energy sources. Such
research is needed to increase the use of ambient energy sources by
providing detailed information to the public about the reliability of the
sources. Since human motion sensor is implemented in our project energy is
conserved and hence there is no wastage of power.
4.1 FUTURE SCOPE
In future our project can implemented in
Homes
Institutions
Industries
Vehicles
Traffic Signals to sense the vehicles presence.
4.2 REFERENCE
• C. Eichhorn, R. Tchagsim, N. Wilhelm, G. Biancuzzi and P. Woias; IEEE
MEMS 2011, Cancun, MEXICO, January 23-27, 2011 “An Energy-
Autonomous Self-Tunable Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvesting
System”
• Özge Zorlu, Emre Tan Topal, and Haluk Külah; IEEE Sensors Journal,
Vol. 11, No. 2, February 2011 “A Vibration-Based Electromagnetic
Energy Harvester Using Mechanical Frequency Up-Conversion Method”
• V. Leonov; IEEE Sensors, Oct. 2012, pp. 1–4“Thermoelectric energy
harvesters for powering wearable sensors “
• Vladimir Leonov, IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 13, No. 6, June 2013
“Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting of Human Body Heat for Wearable
Sensors”
• Wei Qi, Jinfeng Liu, Xianzhong Chen, and Panagiotis D. Christofides,
Fellow; IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, Vol. 19, No.
1, January 2011 “Supervisory Predictive Control of Standalone
Wind/Solar Energy Generation Systems”
4.3 OUTPUT
FIGURE 24
FIGURE 25
CHAPTER 5: APPENDICES
#include<reg51.h>
sbit pir=P1^0;
sbit realy=P1^1;
void main()
{
while(1)
{
if(pir==1)
{
relay=1;
}
else
{
relay=0;
}
}
}