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Multiple low data rate signals aremultiplexed over a single high data ratelink, then demultiplexed at the other end

MultiplexingFrom Wikipedia, thefree encyclopedia

In telecommunications and computer networks, multiplexing(sometimes abbreviated to muxing) is a method by which multipleanalogue message signals or digital data streams are combined intoone signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share an expensive

resource. For example, in telecommunications, several telephonecalls may be carried using one wire. Multiplexing originated intelegraphy in the1870s, and is now widely applied incommunications. In telephony, George Owen Squier is credited withthe development of telephone carrier multiplexing in 1910.

The multiplexedsignal is transmitted overa communication channel,which maybe a physical transmission medium. The multiplexingdivides the capacity of the high-level communication channel intoseveral low-level logical channels, one for each message signal or

data stream to be transferred. A reverse process, known asdemultiplexing, can extract the original channels on the receiver side.

A device that performs the multiplexing is called a multiplexer (MUX), and a device that performs the reverseprocess is called a demultiplexer (DEMUX).

Inverse multiplexing (IMUX) has the opposite aim as multiplexing, namely to break one data stream into severalstreams, transfer them simultaneously over several communication channels, and recreate the original data stream.

Contents

1 Types of multiplexing1.1 Space-division multiplexing1.2 Frequency-division multiplexing1.3 Time-division multiplexing1.4 Polarization-division multiplexing1.5 Orbital angular momentum multiplexing1.6 Code-division multiplexing

2 Relation to multiple access3 Application areas3.1 Telegraphy3.2 Telephony3.3 Video processing3.4 Digital broadcasting3.5 Analog broadcasting

4 Other meanings5 See also6 References
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Types of multiplexing

Multiplexing technologies may be divided into several types, all of which have significant variations:[1]space-divisiomultiplexing (SDM), frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), and code divisionmultiplexing (CDM).

Multiple variable bit rate digital bit streams may be transferred efficiently over a single fixed bandwidth channel bymeans of statistical multiplexing, for example packet mode communication. Packet mode communication is anasynchronous mode time-domain multiplexing which resembles time-division multiplexing.

Digital bit streams can be transferred over an analog channel by means of code-division multiplexing (CDM)techniques such as frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) and direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS).

In wireless communications, multiplexing can also be accomplished through alternating polarization(horizontal/vertical or clockwise/counterclockwise) on each adjacent channel and satellite, or through phased multiantenna array combined with a multiple-input multiple-output communications (MIMO) scheme.

Space-division multiplexing

Main article: space-division multiplexing

In wired communication, space-division multiplexing simply implies different point-to-point wires for differentchannels. Examples include an analogue stereo audio cable, with one pair of wires for the left channel and anotherfor the right channel, and a multipair telephone cable. Another example is a switched star network such as theanalog telephone access network (although inside the telephone exchange or between the exchanges, othermultiplexing techniques are typically employed) or a switched Ethernet network. A third example is a meshnetwork. Wired space-division multiplexing is typically not considered as multiplexing.

In wireless communication, space-division multiplexing is achieved by multiple antenna elements forming a phasedarray antenna. Examples are multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO), single-input and multiple-output (SIMO)and multiple-input and single-output (MISO) multiplexing. For example, an IEEE 802.11n wireless router withNantennas makes it possible to communicate withNmultiplexed channels, each with a peak bit rate of 54 Mbit/s,thus increasing the total peak bit rate with a factorN. Different antennas would give different multi-path propagatio(echo) signatures, making it possible for digital signal processing techniques to separate different signals from eachother. These techniques may also be utilized for space diversity (improved robustness to fading) or beamforming(improved selectivity) rather than multiplexing.

Frequency-division multiplexing

Main article: Frequency-division multiplexing

Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) is inherently an analog technology. FDM achieves the combining of severasignals into one medium by sending signals in several distinct frequency ranges over a single medium.
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Telecommunication multiplexing

still in its early research phase, with small-scale laboratory demonstrations of bandwidths of up to 2.5 Tbit/s over asingle light path.[3]

Code-division multiplexing

Main articles: Spread spectrum and Code division multiplexing

Code division multiplexing (CDM) or spread spectrum is a class of techniques where several channelssimultaneously share the same frequency spectrum, and this spectral bandwidth is much higher than the bit rate orsymbol rate. One form is frequency hopping, another is direct sequence spread spectrum. In the latter case, eachchannel transmits its bits as a coded channel-specific sequence of pulses called chips. Number of chips per bit, orchips per symbol, is the spreading factor. This coded transmission typically is accomplished by transmitting a uniqutime-dependent series of short pulses, which are placed within chip times within the larger bit time. All channels,each with a different code, can be transmitted on the same fiber or radio channel or other medium, andasynchronously demultiplexed. Advantages over conventional techniques are that variable bandwidth is possible(just as in statistical multiplexing), that the wide bandwidth allows poor signal-to-noise ratio according to Shannon-Hartley theorem, and that multi-path propagation in wireless communication can be combated by rake receivers.

Code Division Multiplex techniques are used as an channel access scheme, namely Code Division Multiple Acces(CDMA), e.g. for mobile phone service and in wireless networks, with the advantage of spreading intercellinterference among many users. Confusingly, the generic term Code Division Multiple accesssometimes refers toa specific CDMA based cellular system defined by Qualcomm.

Another important application of CDMA is the Global Positioning System (GPS).

Relation to multiple

access

A multiplexing technique may be furtherextended into a multiple access method orchannel access method, for example TDMinto Time-division multiple access (TDMA)and statistical multiplexing into carrier sensemultiple access (CSMA). A multipleaccess method makes it possible forseveral transmitters connected to the same

physical medium to share its capacity.

Multiplexing is provided by the Physical Layer of the OSI model, while multiple access also involves a mediaaccess control protocol, which is part of the Data Link Layer.

The Transport layer in the OSI model as well as TCP/IP model provides statistical multiplexing of severalapplication layer data flows to/from the same computer.

Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) is a technique in which each channel transmits its bits as a coded channel-specific sequence of pulses. This coded transmission typically is accomplished by transmitting a unique time-dependent series of short pulses, which are placed within chip times within the larger bit time. All channels, each
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with a different code, can be transmitted on the same fiber and asynchronously demultiplxed. Other widely usedmultiple access techniques are Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access(FDMA). Code Division Multiplex techniques are used as an access technology, namely Code Division MultipleAccess (CDMA), in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) standard for the third generation (3Gmobile communication identified by the ITU.

Application areas

Telegraphy

The earliest communication technology using electrical wires, and therefore sharing an interest in the economiesafforded by multiplexing, was the electric telegraph. Early experiments allowed two separate messages to travel inopposite directions simultaneously, first using an electric battery at both ends, then at only one end.

mile Baudot developed a time-multiplexing system of multiple Hughes machines in the 1870s.In 1874, the quadruplex telegraph developed by Thomas Edison transmitted two messages in each directionsimultaneously, for a total of four messages transiting the same wire at the same time.

Several workers were investigating acoustic telegraphy, a frequency-division multiplexing technique, whichled to the invention of the telephone.

Telephony

In telephony, a customer's telephone line now typically ends at the remote concentrator box, where it is multiplexealong with other telephone lines for that neighborhood or other similar area. The multiplexed signal is then carried tthe central switching office on significantly fewer wires and for much further distances than a customer's line can

practically go. This is likewise also true for digital subscriber lines (DSL).

Fiber in the loop (FITL) is a common method of multiplexing, which uses optical fiber as the backbone. It not onlyconnects POTS phone lines with the rest of the PSTN, but also replaces DSL by connecting directly to Ethernetwired into the home. Asynchronous Transfer Mode is often the communications protocol used.

Because all the phone (and data) lines have been clumped together, none of them can be accessed except throughdemultiplexer. Where such demultiplexers are uncommon, this provides for more-secure communications, thoughthe connections are not typically encrypted.[citation needed]

Cable TV has long carried multiplexed television channels, and late in the 20th century began offering the sameservices as telephone companies. IPTV also depends on multiplexing.

Video processing

Main article: Demultiplexer (media file)

In video editing and processing systems, multiplexing refers to the process of interleaving audio and video into onecoherent MPEG transport stream (time-division multiplexing).
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In digital video, such a transport stream is normally a feature of a container format which may include metadata another information, such as subtitles. The audio and video streams may have variable bit rate. Software that

produces such a transport stream and/or container is commonly called a statistical multiplexor or muxer. Ademuxeris software that extracts or otherwise makes available for separate processing the components of such astream or container.

Digital broadcasting

In digital television and digital radio systems, several variable bit-rate data streams are multiplexed together to afixed bitrate transport stream by means of statistical multiplexing. This makes it possible to transfer several videoand audio channels simultaneously over the same frequency channel, together with various services.

In the digital television systems, this may involve several standard definition television (SDTV) programmes(particularly on DVB-T, DVB-S2, ISDB and ATSC-C), or one HDTV, possibly with a single SDTV companionchannel over one 6 to 8 MHz-wide TV channel. The device that accomplishes this is called a statistical multiplexerIn several of these systems, the multiplexing results in an MPEG transport stream. The newer DVB standardsDVB-S2 and DVB-T2 has the capacity to carry several HDTV channels in one multiplex. Even the original DVBstandards can carry more HDTV channels in a multiplex if the most advanced MPEG-4 compressions hardware isused.

On communications satellites which carry broadcast television networks and radio networks, this is known asmultiple channel per carrieror MCPC. Where multiplexing is not practical (such as where there are differentsources using a single transponder), single channel per carrier mode is used.

Signal multiplexing of satellite TV and radio channels is typically carried out in a central signal playout and uplinkcentre, such as SES Platform Services in Germany, which provides playout, digital archiving, encryption, andsatellite uplinks, as well as multiplexing, for hundreds of digital TV and radio channels.

In digital radio, both the Eureka 147 system of digital audio broadcasting and the in-band on-channel HD Radio,FMeXtra, and Digital Radio Mondiale systems can multiplex channels. This is essentially required with DAB-typetransmissions (where a multiplex is called an ensemble), but is entirely optional with IBOC systems.

Analog broadcasting

In FM broadcasting and other analog radio media, multiplexing is a term commonly given to the process of addingsubcarriers to the audio signal before it enters the transmitter, where modulation occurs. (In fact, the stereomultiplex signal can be generated using time-division multiplexing, by switching between the two (left channel andright channel) input signals at an ultrasonic rate (the subcarrier), and then filtering out the higher harmonics.)

Multiplexing in this sense is sometimes known as MPX, which in turn is also an old term for stereophonic FM, seeon stereo systems since the 1960s.

Other meanings

In spectroscopy the term is used in a related sense to indicate that the experiment is performed with a mixture offrequencies at once and their respective response unravelled afterwards using the Fourier transform principle.

In computer programming, it may refer to using a single in-memory resource (such as a file handle) to handlemultiple external resources (such as on-disk files).[4]
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Some electrical multiplexing techniques do not require a physical "multiplexer" device, they refer to a "keyboardmatrix" or"Charlieplexing" design style:

Multiplexing may refer to the design of a multiplexed display (non-multiplexed displays are immune to theDorito effect).Multiplexing may refer to the design of a "switch matrix" (non-multiplexed buttons are immune to "phantomkeys"and also immune to "phantom key blocking").

See also

Central Office MultiplexingChannel bankChannel access methodCode-division multiple access (CDMA)MultiplexerFrequency-division multiplexingOrthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) (which is a modulation method)

Statistical multiplexingTime-division multiplexingAdd-drop multiplexerOptical add-drop multiplexerCodec (encoder-decoder)Multiplexed display

References

1. ^ abcBates, Regis J; Bates, Marcus (2007), Voice and Data Communications, ISBN 97800722573282. ^http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630/14/3/0330013. ^"'Twisted light' carries 2.5 terabits of data per second" (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-

18551284). BBC News. 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2012-06-25.4. ^"Multiplexing filehandles with select() in perl" (http://www.perlfect.com/articles/select.shtml).

"Federal Standard 1037C: Glossary of Telecommunications Terms" (http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/fs-1037c.htm). Institute for Telecommunication Services. Retrieved 2009-10-19.

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Televisionterminology

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