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Presentation on

TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA - CHALLENGES INFUTURE

By

Prof. S. L. DhingraTransportation Systems Engineering

Civil Engineering Department

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Organised by

Research Scholars Forum

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

23rd Oct. 2002, Institute Auditorium

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Overview

National Highway Development Projects (NHDP)

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

Urban Transport Projects

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National Highways Development Project (NHDP)

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jGolden Quadrilateral - Comprising NHs Connecting

Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.

Length - 5,952 Kms

Year of Completion - 2003

jNorth-South & East-West Corridor - Comprising NHsConnecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari and Silchar to

Porbandar.

Length - 7,300 KmsYear of Completion - 2007

Total Estimated Cost = Rs.54,000 Crores (at 1999 Prices)

jGolden Quadrilateral - Comprising NHs Connecting

Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.

Length - 5,952 Kms

Year of Completion - 2003

jNorth-South & East-West Corridor - Comprising NHsConnecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari and Silchar to

Porbandar.

Length - 7,300 KmsYear of Completion - 2007

Total Estimated Cost = Rs.54,000 Crores (at 1999 Prices)

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Mumbai--Pune Expressway

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Mumbai--Pune Expressway Map

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Environment Protection

All conditions for environment are followed.

One thousand trees trans planted.

Extensive tree plantation , and median verge

plantation plant. Separate dumping area is acquired for surplus

material.

Separate land is acquired forlabour camp.

Provision of recycling material and used forwork.

Provision for additionallead for transport of

surplus material.

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Special item to use surplus rock gabbian, rock

embankment.

Murum from adjoining land and dumping blackcotton soil from road creation of new fertile

agriculture land.

Rain water drainage .

Terracing to quarry area.

Continued

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Social Problem

Tendency of villagers to cross expressway, use

of cycles & two wheelers in spite the provision of

cart track & pedestrians crossing

Tendency to overtake wrong side over speeding

Observing no lane discipline

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Advantages of the Expressway

Time savings - Mumbai-Pune distance will be coveredin 2 hours as against 4 to 6 hours in the presentsituation

Estimated fuel and other savings to the extent ofRs.500 crores per year

Reduction in environmental pollution due to vehiclesrunning at rated capacity and less fuel consumption

Reduction in Accidents

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Reduction in Accidents

Savings in travel time

Saving in fuel

Fast crossing of Khandala Ghat

Economic development through speedy traffic

Reduction in pollution

Continued

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Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

Aiming for Rural Transformation

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Only 48 % of villages are connected by all-weather roads.

Nearly 50 % of villages lack proper connectivity.

Proper rural road connectivity is a must for development. Why ?

Benefits economic, social, political etc.

Rural people can have easy access to

Trade

Education

Health

Employment

Current Scenario & need for

providing road connectivity: the PMGSY Approach

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The Highlights of PMGSY

(Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana)

Investment of Rs. 60,000 Crore

Road Connectivity (All-weather roads) Goals:

- villages with population of more than 1000 (by 2003).

- villages with population more than 500 (by 2007).

Nearly 1,00,000 villages to be covered.

Around 30 Crore (300 Million) people would be benefited.

10 Crore (100 Million) people expected to cross poverty line

Hence, there is a need to plan for optimal rural road

networks to achieve the objectives of integrated rural

development.

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Urban Transport Projects

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Flyovers

Bandra-Worli sea link

Western Freeway link/

Hajiali-Wilson college viaduct

Metro System (TCS Study) Elevated Railway System (by E. Sreedharan)

MUTP II (MRVC Study)

Mass Transit System (by MMRDA)

Thane MRTS

Sky Bus

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Mumbai : high traffic density , high traffic

congestion.

Whether we need flyovers?Whether we need flyovers?

Geographical Layout : only N-S flow and very

heavy traffic

Consequent delays - city entry & exit

Necessity of improving speeds on N-S Corridors

Need to quickly reach starting points of proposed

Expressways to Pune, Nashik & Ahmedabad

from city centre

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Flyovers on the 3 Main Routes

1. Western Express Highway (WEH)

2. Eastern Express Highway (EEH)

3. Sion-Panvel Express Way

City Central Corridor developed by appropriate flyovers

Elevated Road from J.J. Hospital to Crawford Market

City Western Corridor-Flyovers on SB Marg

Estimated cost is Rs. 1550 crores

Of these 50 flyovers, 29 have been completed.

Project FeaturesProject Features

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Air Pollution in Mumbai

Sectorwise distribution of Pollution:Transport 64%

Power 4%Domestic 15%Industrial 17%

Ambient Air Quality at Mahim Junction:

8090 107Nox

2001144 3170SPM

8043 120SO2

Limits(microgm/Nm3)

Observed(microgm/Nm3)

Item

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Link connects Western Expressway at MahimLink connects Western Expressway at Mahim

junction to Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan Roadjunction to Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan Road

Bridge length: 4 kmBridge length: 4 km (0.5 main + 3.5 approach bridge)(0.5 main + 3.5 approach bridge)

Solid approach road at Bandra: 1.8 kmSolid approach road at Bandra: 1.8 km (including(including

toll plaza)toll plaza)

CarriagewayCarriageway -- 8 lanes8 lanes

Cable stayed bridge of 500m length on single pylonCable stayed bridge of 500m length on single pylon

Salient Features:Salient Features:

ContCont

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Viewers gallery at the top of central pylon atViewers gallery at the top of central pylon at

150m height with access via capsule lift from150m height with access via capsule lift frompile cappile cap

Advanced Traffic control and surveillanceAdvanced Traffic control and surveillance

systemsystem Estimated basic cost: Rs 650 croresEstimated basic cost: Rs 650 crores

Link proposed to be extended to Nariman PointLink proposed to be extended to Nariman Point

A minimum clearance of 20 meters will beA minimum clearance of 20 meters will beprovided for main spans for marine trafficprovided for main spans for marine traffic

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Fuel savings worth Rs. 100 crores per annumFuel savings worth Rs. 100 crores per annum

Savings in travel time upto 20Savings in travel time upto 20 -- 30 minutes30 minutes

Reduction in air, noise & sound pollutionReduction in air, noise & sound pollution

Reduction of Nox by 43% & CO by more than 75%Reduction of Nox by 43% & CO by more than 75%No adverse effect on tides, fisheries and livelihood ofNo adverse effect on tides, fisheries and livelihood of

fishermenfishermen

Ease in driving with reduced mental tension andEase in driving with reduced mental tension and

overall improvement in the quality of life.overall improvement in the quality of life.Reduced accidents.Reduced accidents.

Techno Economic FeasibilityTechno Economic Feasibility

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Existing Situation: Distance from Lovegrove Jn to Mahim Junction = 7.7 km

Traffic Signals = 23 Nos Travel time:

Morning peak hour = 35 min

Evening peak hour = 38 min

Average Journey Speed = 13 kmph

Savings due to Sea Link Direct Cost savings = Rs 14.11 per car

(fuel, tyre,wear & tear, lubricants,etc) Travel time savings = 29 min per car

Time value @ Rs 100/hr = Rs 48.43 /car

Hence, total savings = Rs 62.59 /car

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GPOGPO

sewrisewri

CSTCST

MPTMPT

BandraBandra

WorliWorli

Wadala

WESTERNWESTERN

FREE WAYFREE WAY

SEA LINKSEA LINK

BANDRABANDRAWORLIWORLI

SEA LINKSEA LINK

Hutatma ChowkHutatma Chowk

Gateway of IndiaGateway of India

Senapati Bapat MargSenapati Bapat Marg

Savarkar MargSavarkar Marg

Ambedkar MargAmbedkar Marg

Western railWestern rail

Central railCentral rail

Harbour railHarbour rail

Rafi Ahmed Kidwai MargsRafi Ahmed Kidwai Margs

The Fourth CorridorThe Fourth Corridor

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Attributes

Bridge spans to be provided withBridge spans to be provided with adequate verticaladequate vertical

and Horizontal clearanceand Horizontal clearance

EcoEco--friendly Sea linkfriendly Sea link -- no effect on tidal conditionsno effect on tidal conditions

Cable stayed bridges and viaductsCable stayed bridges and viaducts

-- Improve aesthetics of the coastal areaImprove aesthetics of the coastal area

-- No Visual Intrusion from sea shoreNo Visual Intrusion from sea shore

Modern Traffic Surveillance SystemModern Traffic Surveillance System

Minimum land reclamation, only near approachesMinimum land reclamation, only near approaches

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Benefits

Vehicular pollution will be reducedVehicular pollution will be reduced

Overall Improvement in environmentOverall Improvement in environment

Reduction in PollutionReduction in Pollution

Reduction in AccidentsReduction in Accidents

Improvement in the existing transport systemImprovement in the existing transport system

and living conditionsand living conditions

Traffic will be dispersedTraffic will be dispersed

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To reduce the surface traffic.

To cater to the increase in traffic due to

the emergence of Worli as business andindustrial center.

To decrease the level of pollution.

To reduce the heavy load on local

railways and buses.

Why do we need metro system?

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Salient Features:Location (7th corridor) Colaba to Kurla

Length 22.4 Kms

Average number of commuters per 24,20,000day on a weekdays

Travel time 39 min.

Number of intermediate stations 24

Peak hour demand 50,689Drainage will be taken care by sumps and automatic

pumps.

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Value and life of assets under major heads or groups

NOTE : N.A. denotes Not Applicable.

Sr.

No.

Major Head or Group Cost

Crores

Life in

Years

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

DPR

Land

Running Tunnels

Other Underground Cavities

Miscellaneous works in

Tunnels

Carshed Works

Cut and Cover construction

Administrative Office

Building

Ballastless Tracks

Residential quarters

Temporary track connection

Power supply

Electrical equipments

S & T equipments

Rolling stock

General charges

Contingencies

50.00

500.00

1177.05

633.77

344.09

114.42

242.60

20.00

46.51

27.00

25.00

89.60

1045.95

366.87

1950.00

554.40

216.22

N.A.

Infinite

100

100

100

50

50

50

15

50

50

40

20

15

30

N.A.

N.A.

Total 7423.48

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S. No. Main HeadAmount(Rs. Crores)

1.

2.

3.

4.5.

6.

7.

8.

Preliminary expenses

Land and right of way

Structural engineering works

Power supply and electrical equipmentsSignaling and telecom equipments

(including automatic fare collection and checking

system)

Rolling stock

Total

Add general charges, (supervision and direction) @8.33%

Total

Add contingencies

Total

50.00

500.00

2650.44

1135.55366.87

1950.00

6652.86

554.40

7207.26

216.22

7423.48

Abstract estimate for 7th corridor

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MRVCMRVC

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Components

Increase in corridors

Longer (12 rake) EMUs

Station area improvement schemes Removal of level crossings

The resettlement and relocation of theproject affected persons and structures

all along Central and Western Railwaycorridors and the Harbour Line

Total cost of the project is 5618.36 crores.

To

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To

Kasara

To Karjat/ Khopoli

Kalyan

Diva Jn.

THANE

Kurla

Belapur

Panvel

To Karjat

To Roha

Virar

Andheri

Santacru

z

DADAR

BANDRA

Mumba

i

Central

Churchgate

Mumbai CST

To Dahanu

Rd.

Turbhe

CENTRAL RAILWAY

LOCAL LINE

THROUGH LINE

HARBOUR LINE

OTHER LINES

WESTERN RAILWAY

LOCAL LINE

THROUGH LINE

5TH LINE

Vasai

Rd.

Wadala Rd.

Borivali

Vashi Nerul

Uran

Mumbai Suburban System MapMumbai Suburban System Map

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Benefits

Increase in capacity by about 35%

Higher frequency of train services duringpeak hours

Reduction in journey time

Improvement in the flow of passengers andvehicles in and selected stations

Rail ProjectRail Project

Cont

Cont

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NonNon--Rail ProjectsRail Projects

Reduction in traffic congestion, increase invehicular speeds and reduction in delays

Increased carrying capacity for bus usersSafe and smooth flow of vehicular and

pedestrian traffic

Minimizing delays and accidents

Improved environment through reduction inair pollution

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Comparison between different modes of transport

In terms of land usage railway is 24 times moreefficient than road.

Railway transport are 6 times more energy

efficient than road transport.

Bus travel is 5 times more costlier than

railways.

Road traffic is a major source of air pollution

and noise pollution.Bus takes about 50% more time during peak

hours as compared to rail.

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MMRDAMMRDA

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MTS Alignment C

C1 CST to Mahalaxmi

C2 Mahalaxmi to Bandra

C3 Bandra to Andheri station

C4 Andheri to Charkop village

C5 Andheri station to Ghatkopar

C6 Mulund to Sahar Airport

Alignment C is split into following 6 sectionsAlignment C is split into following 6 sections

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Salient Features

Maximum link flow is 51,000 per direction

per hour.

Network length is 57 km.

Elevated section 45 km

Underground section 12 km

Total cost is Rs 118,885 million.

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Andheri-Ghatkopar Alignment

LengthLength -- 9 km9 km

Elevated sectionElevated section -- 8.1 km8.1 km

Underground sectionUnderground section 0.9 km0.9 km

Investment costInvestment cost -- Rs. 820 croresRs. 820 crores

Operating costOperating cost -- Rs. 31 croresRs. 31 crores

Peak hour ridership passengersPeak hour ridership passengers 40,00040,000

Investment cost Rs. Per pass kmInvestment cost Rs. Per pass km 40,09140,091

Output passOutput pass--km per million Rupeeskm per million Rupees 24.9424.94

Economic internal rate of returnEconomic internal rate of return 11.14%11.14%

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Thane is one of the fastest growing cities. Thecity, spread over an area of 128 sq.km. has apopulation of 15.5 lakhs.

High travel demand.

Population doubling every decade.

City expected to hit 30 lakhs by 2031.

Development has increased the traffictremendously.

Need:Need:

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An MRTS that is.

ConvenientConvenient

ComfortableComfortable

FastFast

Environment friendly duringEnvironment friendly during

construction and operationconstruction and operation

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Existing Traffic Scenario

T

raffic Volumes at entry/ exit toT

hane City LBS Marg - 31758 PCUs

Eastern Expressway - 53481 PCUs

Modal Split in Thane

IPT

Car

Bus

2-WCycle

Bus & IPT together cater to about 65% trips

(30.46 %)(33.28 %)

(12.75 %)(8.15 %) (15.36 %)

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30m wide circular MRTS corridor proposed through major

work and industrial area

Total Route Length - 21 kmElevated - 12.25 kmSurface Level - 8.75 km

Total stations - Eleven (11)On ground - 8Elevated Stations - 3

Estimated Project Cost: Rs 1000 crores

Modern Traffic Management & Surveillance Systems

Environmentally better system

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Cross-sectional view of Sky Bus

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Salient Features of Sky BusSalient Features of Sky Bus

Maximum traffic carrying capacity: 15000 pphpd

can be upgraded to 30000 pphpd.

Dimension of Sky Bus (L*W*H): 8*2.8*2.4Capacity of Sky Bus: 250 passenger

Maximum permissible speed: 100 Kmph

Acceleration: 1.3 m/sec2

Minimum clearance above road level: 6 meters

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Proposed route of Sky Bus

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Meeting the demand

Reducing the demand

East west corridors

Worli area Rail connection

Colaba area Rail connection

Churchgate-CST connection Integration of these systems to meet the total

travel demand

To Summarize

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