mumbai train attack

8/19/2019 Mumbai Train Attack

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MUMBAI TRAIN ATTACK

The 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings were a series of

seven bomb blasts that took place over a period of 11 mintes on

the !brban Railwa" inMmbai# the capital of the Indian

state of Maharashtra and the nation$s %nancial capital& The bombswere set o' in pressre cookers on trains pl"in( the)estern line of

the !brban Railwa" network& *+, people were killed and over -++

were in.red

Pressure cooker bombs were placed on trains on the western line of the suburban

("local") train network, which forms the backbone of the city's transport network.

Pressure cookers were used in this bombing and other recent explosions[![![#! to

increase the afterburn in a thermobaric reaction, more powerful than con$entional

high explosi$es.[%! &he first blast reportedly took place at % *& (+% &-), and

the explosions continued for approximately ele$en minutes, until #+, [+! during the

afterwork rush hour. /ll the bombs had been placed in the firstclass "general"

compartments (some compartments are reser$ed for women, called "ladies"

compartments) of se$eral trains running from -hurchgate, the citycentre end of the

western railway line, to the western suburbs of the city. &hey exploded at or in the

near $icinity of the suburban railway stations of 0atunga 1oad, 0ahim, 2andra, 3har

1oad, 4ogeshwari,2hayandar and 2ori$ali.[5![6! 7ome 0inister *hi$ra8 Patil told

reporters that authorities had "some" information an attack was coming, "but place

and time was not known".[!

&he bomb attacks in 0umbai came hours after a series of grenade attacks in *rinagar ,

the largest city in the ndian state of 4ammu and 3ashmir . 7ome *ecretary 9 3

:uggal said there was no link between the *rinagar and 0umbai bomb blasts. [;!


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Injuries and fatalities11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings

-onfirmed casualties

Train Blast locationCarriage

typeTime (IT! "eat#s Injured ources

&ra$elling northfrom -hurchgate

3har 1oad < *antacru=

>irst-lass

%

6+? >ast @ocal-hurchgate

2ori$ali

2andra < 3har 1oad

>irst-lass

%

6#6 *low@ocal

-hurchgate2ori$ali

4ogeshwari (P> A)>irst-lass

+

6+% >ast @ocal-hurchgate

2ori$ali

0ahim4unction (P> A#)

>irst-lass

5

&ra$elling northfrom -hurchgate

0ira1oad < 2hayandar

>irst-lass

;

6+6 >ast @ocal-hurchgate9irar

0atunga1oad < 0ahim

4unction

>irst-lass

#?

6#6 >ast @ocal-hurchgate9irar

2ori$ali >irst-lass

#+

Total minutes ?; 6% [?! Bne bomb exploded at this location, but another one was found by police and defused. [+!

0aharashtra :eputy -hief 0inister 1. 1. Patil confirmed that a total of ?? people

were killed and another 6% others ha$e been in8ured.[!

/dditionally, $arious newsorganisations ha$e reported that at least ?? people ha$e died and that more than 6??others ha$e been in8ured.[![#![%![+![5! / week after the blasts in 0umbai theconfirmed death toll rose to ?6.[6! n *eptember ??5 it was confirmed that the deathtoll had risen to ?;.[!


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/ state of high alert was declared in ndia's ma8or cities. 2oth the airports in 0umbai

were placed on high alert. &he western line of the 0umbai *uburban 1ailway network

was at first shut down, although some trains resumed ser$ice later, and stringent

security arrangements, including frisking and searching of commuters, were instituted

on the other lines of the network. &he city's bus ser$ice, the 2C*&, pressed extra buses into ser$ice to transport stranded commuters home.[;!

&he Prime 0inister also held a security meeting at his residence attended by 7ome

0inister *hi$ra8 Patil, Dational *ecurity /d$isor 0 3 Darayanan, and7ome

*ecretary 9 3 :uggal.[?!

Resmption of services and retrn to normalit"/edit0

Eestern 1ailway ser$ices were restored on 4uly by ?.%+ pm. [! /s a show of

in$estor confidence, the 0umbai *tock Cxchange rebounded, starting the day with the

2*C *ensex ndex up by nearly F in morning trade. >oreign in$estors also retainedconfidence, with the *ensex up almost #F at ?,;#?.?; at the end of the day's trade.

Resce and relief operations/edit0

Railwa" workers cttin( a dama(ed part of the bombdama(ed

coaches

• Initial resce e'orts were hampered b" the heav" rains and the

prevalent monsoon 2oodin(# bt 3ickl" took momentm afterfellow passen(ers and b"standers helped victims to reachwaitin( amblances and4or provided %rst aid&

• Maharashtra Chief Minister 5ilasrao 6eshmkh annonced e7(ratia pa"ments of Rs 1#++#+++ 8appro7imatel" U!9*#*++: tothe ne7t of kin of those who died in the e7plosion& The in.redwold be (iven Rs ;+#+++ 8appro7imatel" U!91#1++: each&/,0


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• Indian Railwa"s annonced Rs ;#++#+++ 8appro7imatel"

U!91+#+++: compensation and a .ob to the ne7t of kin of thosekilled in the serial blasts in Mmbai& The annoncements weremade b"Railwa"s Minister adav after visitin(those in.red in the blasts at a hospital in Mmbai&/**0

7owe$er a study commissioned by former 0P 3irit *omaiya noted that that only 6%

of the ,?66 $ictims had recei$ed compensation through the 1ailway -laims &ribunal.

>or the handicapped $ictims, only + out of #+ eligible cases had been taken care of.

1egarding the Prime 0inister 's promise to ndia concerning the rehabilitation of the

$ictims, @. 3. /d$ani noted that "none of the abo$e mentioned assurances has been

fulfilled to any degree of satisfaction"[#!

!orces of information/edit0

:ue to the mobile phone networks being 8ammed, news channels such as D:&9 rantickertapes with information of in8ured indi$iduals as well as *0* messages from

those who wished to contact their families.[%! 1eports indicated that at around

?? &- on 4uly (midnight in 0umbai), the phone networks were restoring

ser$iceG telephone ser$ice was completely restored during the night.

0umbai 7elp, a blog run by around thirty bloggers, was a useful source of

information, especially for those outside ndia.[citation needed !

Investi(ation

Main article? Mmbai serial train blasts investi(ations

*ome #+? people were detained #5 hours after the incident in 0aharashtra H police

claim that these are people rounded up for in$estigations.[+! Bn % 4uly, @ashkare

Iahhar , a terrorist organisation possibly linked to @ashkare&aiba (@e&), claimed

responsibility for the bombings. n an email to an ndian &9 channel, the outfit says

it organised the bombings using 5 people who are all "safe". /ccording to the email,

the main moti$e seems to ha$e been a retaliation to the situation in

the Ju8arat and 3ashmir regions, possibly referring to the alleged oppression of

0uslim minorities in certain parts of the region. t also says that the blasts were partof a series of attacks aimed at other sites such as the 0umbai international

airport, Jateway of ndia, the &a8 0ahal in /gra and the 1ed >ort in Dew :elhi. &he

authorities are in$estigating this claim and are trying to track the location of the email

sender.[5! 7owe$er, on 6 4uly, the forensic science laboratory 0umbai has confirmed

the use of a mixture of the highly explosi$e 1:K and /mmonium Ditrate for the


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bombings. &he presence of these explosi$es in the post explosi$e debris was

confirmed by modern techniLues such as @iLuid -hromatography with mass detector

(@-0*), Jas -hromatography with mass detector (J-0*) and on *can

-hromatography. &hey ha$e indicated a strong possibility of all explosi$es being

planted at the -hurchgate railway station, which was the starting point for all affectedtrains.[6!

nitially, religious extremists from the @ashkare&oiba and the banned *tudents

slamic 0o$ement of ndia terrorist groups, and Pakistan's intelligence

agency * were the prime suspects.[![;! 2oth @ashkar and *0 denied responsibility

for the bombings.[#?![#! &here was also e$idence about the in$ol$ement of the

international slamic terrorist group /lIaeda following a phone call from a man

claiming to be a spokesperson for the group on # 4uly. &he alleged alIaeda

spokesman had said the blasts were a "conseLuence of ndian oppression and

suppression of minorities, particularly 0uslims."[#!

Bn #? *eptember ??5 -DD reported that "&he ndian go$ernment accused Pakistan's

military spy agency, the nter*er$ices ntelligence, of planning the 4uly 0umbai

train bombings that killed ?; people".[!

Arrests/edit0

Bn 4uly ??5 police arrested three people suspected to be in$ol$ed in the

bombings.[##! Police ha$e detained more than #?? suspects since 4uly but these are

the first arrests in the case.[#%!

&wo of the men were detained on &hursday in thenorthern state of 2ihar and the third later in 0umbai.[#+![#5! /ll three are said to belong

to the banned *0 organisation.

Bn the same day, /bdul 3arim &unda was thought to be arrested in 0ombasa, 3enya

on suspicions of in$ol$ement in the train bombings.[#6! but it was the wrong person.

7e was one of ndia's most wanted men and also a suspected organiser for the banned

slamic terrorist group @ashkare&oiba.[#! 7e was arrested in ?# near the Depal

border.

n late ??5, all the se$en key accused in the 0umbai train blasts in 4uly retractedtheir alleged confession to the police, saying they were illegally forced to sign blank

papers, an ndian &9 channel reported.[#;!

Mslim reaction to the arrests/edit0

>ollowing the blasts, almost immediately, police arrested hundreds of 0uslims for the

in$estigation purposes. /lthough the police denied singling out any group, the critics


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retorted that police had been mostly raiding the 0uslim dominatedpockets in ndia as

all of the perpetrators were 0uslims in the blasts.

&he imam of ndiaMs largest mosLue H the 4ama 0as8id in Dew :elhi H *yed

/hmed 2ukhari said, NBf course this is a deliberate targeting of 0uslimsO. /nother

0uslim leader /nees :urrani echoed mam 2ukhariMs $iews. 7e said, N$ery biased

against 0uslimsO. 7e further added, Nou can see that $ery plainly by the way the

in$estigations are proceeding. @eaders of ndian 0uslims ha$e condemned the

0umbai blasts and others before 4uly. Do one knows who carried out the blasts but

the needle of suspicion is always pointed towards usO.[%?!

Continin( investi(ation/edit0

0 3 Darayanan, the ndian Dational *ecurity /d$isor, has said that ndia doesn't ha$e

"clinching" e$idence of the in$ol$ement of * in the 0umbai train blasts of

4uly[citation needed !.

" would hesitate to say we ha$e clinching e$idence but we ha$e pretty good

e$idence," he was Luoted as saying on -DD2D.

>ollowing Darayanan's remarks, the nion 7ome *ecretary 9.3. :uggal on 0onday

characterised the e$idence as "$ery good [...! it is fairly solid e$idence,". + Bn +

*eptember ??, 7industan &imes reported that "the -rime branch also learnt that the

men [behind ?? :elhi bombings! are those $ery operati$es who had introduced

themsel$es as Pakistanis to perpetrators of 4uly ??5 0umbai train bombings .

[%!

4emaah slamiyah is known to use pressure cooker bombs with 1:K and like

explosi$es with taggants. Dote that 4emaah slamiyah had operati$es in the Pakistan

areas acti$e in religious indoctrination and that were working with Cgyptian slamic

4ihad through alQawahiri who taught on the use of pressure cooker bombs. /s such it

is Luite possible that 4emaah slamiyah was in$ol$ed in the attack possibly through

ndian 0u8ahideen which it also forms part of. Dote that 4emaah slamiyah was

behind the ; anthrax attacks as well.

Involvement of Indian M.ahideen/edit0Bn 6 >ebruary ??;, *adiL *heikh, an arrested leader of the ndian

0u8ahideen confessed to his alleged role in the bombings in a news channel

broadcast.[%! 7e claimed to ha$e engineered the pressure cooker bombs with his

associates in a flat in central 0umbai. f $erified, these allegations could in$alidate

the pre$ious claims by the /&* that the * or the *0 were in$ol$ed. *adiL states in

his confession, RR/ll fi$e of us arranged local first class train passes beforehand. Ee


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also had the local train time table with us so that we could choose a train as per our

con$enience. Ee purchased bags and pressure cookers in 2ombay.MM 7e also claimed

to ha$e misled in$estigators by blaming the attacks on the /lIaeda. Bn 5 /pril ?#,

0 cofounder *adiL *heikh declared hostile witness by defence ad$ocates. [%#!

Convictions/edit0

n *eptember ?+, people were con$icted in this case. Bn #? *eptember ?+, a

special 0aharashtra -ontrol of Brganised -rime /ct (0-B-/) court sentenced to

death >aisal *heikh, /sif 3han, 3amal /nsari, Chtesham *idduLui and Da$eed 3han

who planted the bombs in $arious trains.[%%!

&he other se$en con$ictsH0ohammed *a8id /nsari, who prepared the electrical

circuits for the bombs, 0ohammed /li, who pro$ided his Jo$andi residence to make

the bombs, :r &an$eer /nsari, one of the conspirators, and 0a8id *hafi, 0u==ammil

*haikh, *ohail *haikh and Qamir *haikh who pro$ided logistical support < weresentenced to life.[%+!

Impact/edit0

@ei(htened secrit" measres/edit0

n wake of the blasts, the ndian go$ernment tightened security in railway stations.

nder new restrictions passed by the 0inistry of 1ailways, nonpassengers would no

longer be allowed on the railway platforms after 4uly ??5. Bther ma8or security steps

include installation of close circuit tele$isions inside the stations for roundtheclock

$igil and installation of metal detectors.[%5!

!tatements in response/edit0

This article needs additional citations

for verication& =lease help improve this article b" addin(

citations to reliable sorces& Unsorced material ma" be

challen(ed and removed& (August 2010)

Main article? !tatements in response to the 11 l" *++ Mmbai

train bombin(s

9arious senior political figures from ndia and around the world condemned the

attacks. n ndia, Prime 0inister :r. 0anmohan *ingh was Luick to call for calm in

0umbai, while President :r. /. P. 4. /bdul 3alam, 1ailways 0inister @alu Prasad

ada$, and president of the ndian Dational -ongress *onia Jandhi also issued

statements regarding the bombings in 0umbai. Bfficials from other nations offered

their condolences to those affected by the bombings. Bfficials, from Pakistan which


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has long feuded with ndia, and the nited 3ingdom, which was the target of similar

attacks the pre$ious 4uly, were among those who denounced the attacks in 0umbai as

well as terrorism as a whole. *e$eral terrorist groups, including @ashkare

&oiba and alIaeda, made comments H both in condemnation and condonation H

about the attacks as well.

Memorial service/edit0

/ memorial ser$ice was held in 0umbai on 4uly at 5+ pm local time H exactly

one week after the blasts. President /bdul 3alam, his hand raised to his forehead in

salute, led the twominute silence as people lit candles and placed wreaths at 0ahim

station, one of the se$en places on the suburban rail network hit by bombs. *irens

sounded across 0umbai marking the memorial ser$ice. People gathered at the site of

the blasts, in railway stations on the city's Eestern @ine, traffic came to a halt, t

interrupted films and obser$ed a moment of silence to pay homage to the $ictims

http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,19844825-663,00.htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5188450.stmhttp://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,19844825-663,00.htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5188450.stm


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*++ Mmbai attacks

&he -hhatrapati *hi$a8i &erminus (-*&) was attacked by two gunmen. Bne of them,/8mal 3asab, was later caught ali$e by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. &heattacks began around #? when the two men entered the passenger hall and openedfire,[+! using /3%6 rifles.[+! &he attackers killed + people and in8ured ?% others,[+! their assault ending at about %+.[+! *ecurity forces and emergency ser$icesarri$ed shortly afterwards. -ontinuous announcements by a bra$e railway announcer,9ishnu :attaram Qende, alerted passengers to lea$e the station and sa$ed scores ofli$es.[+#![+%! &he two gunmen fled the scene and fired at pedestrians and police officersin the streets, killing eight police officers. &he attackers passed a police station. 0any

of the outgunned police officers were afraid to confront the attackers, and insteadswitched off the lights and secured the gates.

&he attackers then headed towards -ama 7ospital with an intention to kill patients,[++! but the hospital staff locked all of the patient wards. / team of the0umbai /nti&errorist *Luad led by police chief 7emant 3arkare searched the -hhatrapati *hi$a8i&erminus and then left in pursuit of 3asab and 3han. 3asab and 3han opened fire onthe $ehicle in a lane next to the hospital and the police returned fire. 3arkare, 9i8ay*alaskar , /shok 3amte and one of their officers were killed, though the only sur$i$or,-onstable /run 4adha$, was wounded.[+5! 3asab and 3han sei=ed the police $ehicle

but later abandoned it and sei=ed a passenger car instead. &hey then ran into a policeroadblock, which had been set up after 4adha$ radioed for help.[+6! / gun battle thenensued in which 3han was killed and 3asab was wounded. /fter a physical struggle,3asab was arrested.[+! / police officer, &ukaram Bmble was also killed when he ranin front of 3asab to shoot him.


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6rin( and immediatel" after the *++ Mmbai attacks the newsmedia worldwide broadcast incorrect factal information on a scaleoften seen in a fo( of war& Erroneous reporting on the 2008Mumbai attacks inclded false information concernin( the nmberof attackers# their nationalit"# their or(aniDational aEliations#ori(ins# and the methods of transport the" had sed& Theories andspeclations were openl" aired b" varios commentators that werelater proved to be wron(& Man" sch speclations# sch asthe involvement in the attacks of the F6eccan M.ahideenF# werewidel" reported b" media worldwide& 5arios news otlets carriedopinion pieces and nattribted theories abot the ori(ins of theattackers which were nfonded&

Back(rond/edit0

Main article? *++ Mmbai attacks

Bn 5 Do$ember ??, in the e$ening, local time, a series of coordinated terrorist

attacks began in the city of 0umbai, ndia's largest city. &argets included

the -hhatrapati *hi$a8i railway terminus and two large hotels. &he attack in$ol$ed

both explosi$es and gunfire and resulted in the deaths of at least 6+ people, with

many more in8ured. /ctions to clear the city of the terrorists by the authorities lasted

for three daysG the final gunman was killed at the &a8 0ahal 7otel on ; Do$ember.

&here was enormous media co$erage during this attack and many of the early reports

ga$e information that was later shown to be false. *imilarly, many news outlets

carried opinions and unattributed theories, both during and immediately after the

attacks, which also caused confusion.

Nmber of attackers/edit0

Bnly one terrorist in$ol$ed in these attacks was taken ali$e. /8mal 3asab was

captured at the -hhatrapati *hi$a8i railway terminus. 7e reportedly claimed that he

had been one of a total of 5 fidayeen, although this number was not cited in later

police or news reports.[! 7e claimed that there had been another nine with him in the

boat that had brought him to 0umbai. Bn :ecember, news reports indicated that

in$estigators still had concerns that there may be terrorists still at large in the city.&his was due to the presence of + toothbrushes and + winter 8ackets found aboard

the hi8acked $essel used to transport the hi8ackers to 0umbai. [!

Bn :ecember, the belief that there had been ten terrorists, all coming into 0umbai

from 3arachi $ia a hi8acked trawler, was gi$en by 0umbai Police -ommissioner


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7assan Jafoor. 7e explained that he had reason to belie$e that the terrorists had

broken up into fi$e groups of two men each, during the attacks.[#!

Responsibilit" claimed/edit0

/ group claiming to be ndian made contact with news media, but the language used by them caused confusion o$er their actual origins. ndian authorities asserted that

none of the terrorists were ndian, a claim that was later pro$ed correct when it was

re$ealed through e$idence and the testimony of the sur$i$ing attacker /8mal

3asab that all of the attackers were Pakistani.[%!

6eccan M.ahideen/edit0

/ pre$iously unknown organisation identifying itself as the :eccan

0u8ahideen initially claimed responsibility by email sent to news organisations.[+!

[5!&he name may be due to the 0uslim 0ughal Cmpire conLuest of the :eccan

plateau, which marked the peak of 0uslim dominance in the subcontinent. Bn

:ecember ??, a new message was sent by the group threatening to attack one or

more of three key ndian airports Dew :elhi, -hennai or 2angalore.[6![!

E-mail to Indian media claiming responsibility[ edit ]

-laims were initially made $ia an email sent to news agencies by a group calling

itself the :eccan 0u8ahideen (rdu STU VWX SYZG also referred to as Mujahideen

Hyderabad Deccan).[;![?![![![#! &he nternet connection from which the email was

originally sent was reportedly traced to 1ussia, and was considered, for this reason,

likely to be bogus by some intelligence experts such as 2 1aman, who spoketo DewsK.[%! >urther analysis, howe$er, determined that the 1ussian email address

was registered to a computer user located in Pakistan, [+! and routed through @ahore.[5! ndia's 1/E intelligence agency suggested that $oice recognition software had

been used to create the email content. /nalysis shows that the language of the

manifesto corresponds to similar language used by a prior ndian 0u8ahideen

manifesto issued after a Dew :elhi bombing in *eptember ??, thus raising the

possibility that the authors may be linked.[6! / factor weighing against this likelihood,

howe$er, is the language the email purportedly sent by the :eccan 0u8ahideen was

written in 7indi with some rdu words, and used a relati$ely mild tone, comparedwith pre$ious ndian 0u8ahideen emails, which ha$e been in Cnglish. [!

The New York Times has stated that international security experts "drew a blank on"

the :eccan 0u8ahideen group, with one analyst labelling it a "front name",[;! perhaps

from a "homegrown" terrorist group, such as ndian 0u8ahideen (0).[?! &he

existence of a group calling itself the :eccan 0u8ahideen was unknown to


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intelligence agencies prior to the 0umbai attacks in Do$ember ?? [;! and the

existence of the :eccan 0u8ahideen has not been $erified. t may be an assumed

name for another terrorist organi=ation.[![! ndian slamic militants are known to

issue hoax claims of responsibility in this fashion.[#!

Cellphone call to India ![ edit ]

&wo of the terrorists in$ol$ed in the attack, *hadullah and mran 2abar, called ndia

&9 twice during the siege on &hursday, 6 Do$ember, using cellphones they had

taken from their hostages. *hadullah claimed that he belonged to :eccan 0u8ahideen.

&he anchor repeatedly asked whether he was from7yderabad, ndia, or

from 7yderabad in Pakistan, to which he responded that he belonged to 7yderabad of

the :eccan. *hadullah also spoke of his moti$es during this con$ersation.[%!

7owe$er, it has been suggested that "[the! risible attempt to claim the 0umbai

killings in the name of the ":eccan 0u8ahideen" merely confirms that where$er thekillers are from, it is not the :eccan."[+! The Times of India has Luestioned the

authentic use of the term :eccan, since ":eccan" could denote any place

between Pune and 7yderabad. t further cited unnamed analysts who ruled out direct

connection with 7yderabad citi=ens or a homegrown ndian organisation since "the

attacks bear the stamp of a high moti$ated and trained foreign agency." [;!

hreat o" "urther attac# at airports[ edit ]

Bn :ecember, another email was sent by the ":eccan 0u8ahideen" threatening a

hi8acking or an attack at one of three ma8or ndian airports.[6![!

&his was to take place between #


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attack.[#! Ehen 2atla 7ouse was raided, :elhi police claimed that there was a

conspiracy between ndian 0u8ahideen, the *tudents slamic 0o$ement of ndia

(*0), and @ashkare&aiba (see below).[#!

/ccording to some news reports, a terrorist holding hostages at the Bberoi &rident

7otel during the 0umbai attacks of Do$ember ?? told an ndian &9 channel that

they wanted all '0u8ahideen' in ndian prisons set free before they released their

hostages. 7e also indicated that there were se$en terrorists holding hostages at that

location.[##![#%! Bther reports indicate that this demand was made through a hostage at

the 0umbai -habad 7ouse, in a call to the sraeli embassy in Dew :elhi. [#+!

$tudents Islamic %o&ement o" India ($I%I)[ edit ]

*tudents slamic 0o$ement of ndia (*0) was suspected of pro$iding local

assistance to the attackers.[#5! / number of sympathi=ers of *0 were detained on 6

Do$ember and Luestioned in connection with the attacks.[#6! *0's acti$ities, asseparable from those of ndian 0u8ahideen, is a sub8ect of debate. &ime 0aga=ine has

cited an unnamed ndian expert's assertion that, "ndian 0u8ahideen is simply a

renamed *0."[#!

aisheMohammed/edit0

/s early as 6 Do$ember, published reports contained suggestions by analysts that a

connection might exist between the attacks and the Pakistanbased 4aishe

0ohammed (4e0) organisation, e$en as others Luestioned whether ":eccan

0u8ahideen" could be an ndianbased "homegrown militancy."[#;!

Bn # :ecember, the ndian >oreign 0inister added the name of 0asood

/=har[%?! (alias 0aulana 0asood /=har), leader of 4aishe0ohammed, to the list of

people wanted in connection with the 0umbai attacks and prior terrorist attacks in

ndia. /=har was described as "a suspected terrorist freed from prison in ndia in

exchange for the release of hostages aboard a hi8acked ndian /irlines aircraft in

:ecember ;;;."[%!

6Compan"/edit0

:-ompany is an underworld gang that operates in 0umbai. t is headed (??) by :awood brahim. :-ompany has been blamed for other past terrorist attacks,

including the ;;# 0umbai bombings, which led some analysts immediately to

speculate about a direct connection between :-ompany and the ?? attacks. 0aloy

3rishna :har, former 8oint director of ndia's intelligence bureau, stated, " distinctly


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see the hand of :awood brahim's gang, in the knowledge of 0umbai we

witnessed."[%!

AlGaeda/edit0

Cxperts ha$e conflicting $iews as to whether /l Iaeda played a role in the attacks.[%#!

[%%![%+! /s e$ents unfolded on 6 Do$ember, direct or indirect in$ol$ement by /l

Iaeda could not be ruled out by ndian and 2ritish officials, although they noted that

"the assault is not typical of the group, which generally fa$ors suicide

bombings."[%5! Bn the same day, $arious experts likewise pointed to differences

between the ongoing attacks and prior /l Iaeda operations, and indeed

bloggers[unreliable source! began to warn that any such connection may merely be intended

as a false flag pretext for a * military response.[%6!Bn ; Do$ember, unnamed ndian

and /merican intelligence sources reported increasing e$idence for an indirect

connection to /l Iaeda through @ashkare&oiba (@e&) or 4aishe0ohammed (4e0).[%!Bthers analysts considered that the attackers in 0umbai, e$en if they were notdirectly or e$en indirectly linked to the more notorious terrorist group, were at least

philosophically aligned or inspired by /l Iaeda.[%;!

Bn 6 Do$ember, -hristine >air, of the 1/D: -orporation, warned explicitly about

making an o$erlyhasty connection between these attacks and the ; attacks, stating

that it was, in her opinion, an act of indigenous disaffected ndians "&hereMs

absolutely nothing /l Iaedalike about it... &his is not ndia's ;. &his is

ndia's Bklahoma -ity."[%6![+?! *uch analysis, howe$er, pro$ed not to ha$e been wholly

correct. @ater reports indicated that all the attackers came to ndia from Pakistan.

ntil :ecember, claims that the attackers had had links to /l Iaeda were generally

unsubstantiated. 7owe$er, indirect ties between /l Iaeda and the 0umbai terrorists

ha$e emerged based on the following assertions

• Hne or more of the Mmbai attackers were trained b"


15/29

• @arkatlihad# a =akistani and former Ban(ladeshi militant#

operatin( on the Af(han border alon(side Al Gaeda# was saidto have taken over ork Cit"# which was ver" similar in concept tothat sed in the Mmbai attacks&/;;0

=akistani Inter!ervices Intelli(ence/edit0

1ogue elements of the Pakistani nter*er$ices ntelligence (*) agency may ha$e

pro$ided training or material support for the terrorists.[+5! &he * has been suspected

of pro$iding support to @e& or 4e0 in the past,[+6! and it has been suggested that \the

eLuipment, training and sophistication of [the planning of the 0umbai attacks! would

tend to indicate a Pakistani link."[+5! t has also been alleged that the * once had

plans, now abandoned, to support @e&trained insurgents in attacks on ndiancontrolled 3ashmir. "&he possibility of rogue elements in * and 8ihadi elements in

Pakistan conspiring to create tensions between Dew :elhi and slamabad cannot be

ruled out."[+! &he many fake identities and credit cards used by the terrorists ha$e also

led 0umbai police to suspect * in$ol$ement.[+;!

*ources from Pakistan ha$e fiercely opposed this allegation. Pakistan's /mbassador to

the * stated "Do element of Pakistan's *tate or Jo$ernment was in$ol$ed in these

attacks. &hese attacks are the actions of nonstate actors." [5?!

Lormer or active =akistani Arm" members/edit0

n :ecember, reports alleged that the terrorists had been trained by former members of

the Pakistani army "0umbai police commissioner 7asan Jhafoor said exPakistani

army officers trained the group < some for up to months..."[+! &hese news reports

asserted that two acti$eduty Pakistani army corps commanders may ha$e pro$ided

eLuipment and training for up to "6?odd terrorists tasked with the 0umbai

operations." /nalysts were said to be di$ided o$er whether Pakistani army chief

/shfaL 3iyani knew of these operations.[5! ncreasing strains between the ci$il and

military leadership of the Pakistani go$ernment was widely noted in the days

following the 0umbai attack.[+6!

Indian f(itives in =akistan and !adi Arabia/edit0

Bn # :ecember, ndian >oreign 0inister Pranab 0ukher8ee released a statement that

the ndian go$ernment was asking the Pakistani authorities for the arrest and

extradition to ndia of about ? ndian fugiti$es belie$ed to be currently residing in

Pakistan, in connection with the Do$ember ?? and pre$ious terrorist attacks. &hese


16/29

fugiti$es included :awood brahim and 0asood /=har.[%! Pakistani President /sif /li

Qardari responded to this reLuest by stating that these suspects, if they were in

Pakistan, would be tried in Pakistani courts if there was e$idence of any wrongdoing

by them. "/t the moment, these are 8ust names of indi$iduals < no proof and no

in$estigation," he told -DD. "f we had the proof, we would try them in our courtsand we would try them in our land and we would sentence them."[5!

1eports ha$e emerged of a possible connection between ndian residents and non

resident ndians (D1) li$ing in *audi /rabia. *uch ndian nationals who hold radical

0uslim beliefs, li$ing o$erseas, may be behind the financing and organisation of the

operations of the ndian 0u8ahideen. &hese indi$iduals ha$e allegedly recruited and

trained followers at @e& camps in Pakistan and been behind the terrorist bombings of

ndian cities by ndian 0u8ahideen.[5#!

ndians possibly or allegedly in$ol$ed in international terrorist networks include/bdul 2ari, a 7yderabad resident and possible financier of ndian 0u8ahideen (0)

operationsG -/0 2asheer, a leader of *0 in the late ;?s, an aeronautical engineer

and allegedly trained in @e& campsG :awood brahim, who has possibly aided

smuggling or pro$ided other logistical support and is wanted in connection with the

0umbai bombings of ;;#G[%! /mir 1a=a 3han, who has allegedly helped to create

ndian 0u8ahideen and is belie$ed to be responsible for the # *eptember ?? :elhi

bombingsG and 1iya= 2hatkal, possibly also known as "*hahrukh", and allegedly

instrumental in the creation of ndian 0u8ahideen. 7e is thought to ha$e fled to

Pakistan after in$ol$ement in other terrorist attacks, including the ;;# 0umbai bombings and the # *eptember ?? :elhi bombings.[5%!

Involvement of =akistan/edit0

!ee also? Attribtion of the *++ Mmbai attacks and =akistan and

state terrorism

9arious theories were put forward as to why the attack occurred. *ome of these

directly implicated the go$ernment of Pakistan in the attack, its military and the

Pakistani * intelligence agency, in collaboration with the @ashkare&aiba (@e&)

organisation. Bthers fully exonerated these entities, belie$ing that the attacks were

conducted by people operating independently. /s of :ecember ??, opinion holds

that the @e& most probably was behind the attacks.


17/29

Independent $nonstate actors$ theor"/edit0

/s late as # :ecember ??, Pakistan President /sif /li Qardari and other Pakistani

officials declared that they had seen no e$idence that the 0umbai attackers were from

Pakistan, and that they did not belie$e the attackers were from Pakistan. [5+! @ater, they

maintained that the attackers were "nonstate actors" unconnected with the Pakistani

military or *.[55!

I!I4


18/29

independently allied themsel$es with /l Iaeda. &he operation was allegedly taken

o$er by the Pakistani militant 7arkatul4ihad, working with /l Iaeda along the

/fghan border. t was after this that the plans were radically redrawn to become an

attack on 0umbai.[+%! nder this scenario, the cancellation of plans by the Pakistani

go$ernment forced a radical transformation of the operation from one aimed at3ashmir to one aimed at 0umbai instead. &herefore, the Pakistani military and *

were not responsible for the attacks.[5!

.ogue element I$I/e operation theory[ edit ]

n this theory, continued military and * connections to the operations were through

agents who were operating without the authorisation of the Pakistani central military

and intelligence command and were thus also rogue elements. &he moti$e here was to

pro$oke a confrontation with ndia, which would be seen as an act of slamic

Pakistani strength, in contrast to the politicallyweak actions of Pakistani president

/sif /li Qardari.[5;!

Clandestine I$I/e operation theory[ edit ]

/ third scenario held that it was an *@e& operation directed to use @e& agents

pro$ocateurs against 0umbai, independently and clandestinely funded and supported

by the Pakistani military or the * without the knowledge or appro$al of the ci$ilian

Pakistani go$ernment. &his postulated the existence of a longterm plan to attack

0umbai, and was based upon the e$idence of an operati$e, >aheen /hmed /nsari,

who was arrested in >ebruary ??. nder this scenario, the attack was planned at

least as early as /nsari's reconnaissance mission to 0umbai in late ??6.[6?! nder thistheory, * continued to be in$ol$ed in the planning and operations, e$en after formal

cancellation of the plan in$ol$ing terrorist attacks against ndiancontrolled 3ashmir,

although the operation may ha$e been assigned to a lowerle$el * official.


19/29

Mmbai serial train blasts investi(ationsLrom )ikipedia# the free enc"clopedia

mp to? navi(ation# search

&he following is t#e account gi$en by t#e 0umbai Police /nti&errorist *Luad ofthe in$estigation of the 4uly , ??5 0umbai serial train blasts which killed ?;

people and in8ured o$er 6??. / series of se$en bomb blasts that took place o$er a

period of minutes on the *uburban 1ailway in 0umbai, the capital of ndian state

of 0aharashtra and the nation's financial capital. &he bombs were set off in pressure

cookers on trains plying the Eestern line of the *uburban 1ailway network. &he

con$icts ha$e been punished. + were sentenced to death and 6 were sentenced to life

in prison.

11 July 2006

Mumbai rain !ombings

"rticles

#eactions

$nvestigations

%ee also

Mumbai %uburban #ail&ay

This bo7?

• view

• talk

• edit

Contents

• 1 The timeline (iven b" the Mmbai =olice

o 1&1 March *++

o 1&* Ma" *++


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o 1&J *; ne *++

o 1& *- ne *++

o 1&; 1+ l"

o 1& ,1+ l"

o 1&- 11 l" *++

• * Investi(ations 8Timeline:

o *&1 Mammoth Task

o *&* The Lirst !teps

o *&J The Cooker @andles

o *& Breakthro(h

o *&; Tracin( the R6O

o *& The Nemesis

• J =olice Accsations

• Aftermaths

• ; References

• P7ternal links

The timeline (iven b" the Mmbai =olice/edit0

March *++/edit0

&he conspiracy is hatched. @e&'s /=am -heema masterminds the blasts at hismansion in 2ahawalpur with two modules of *0 and @e& and their leaders.

Ma" *++/edit0

+? persons are sent to their training camp in 2ahawalpur. &hey are trained to make

bombs, fire guns and resist interrogation.


21/29

*; ne *++/edit0

@e& infiltrates bombers. 3amal /nsari(the prime accused) transports two Pakistanis

$ia Depal border, /bdul 0a8id transports fi$e $ia 2angladesh border and unknown

man escorst four from 3achchh(Ju8arat)

*- ne *++/edit0

&he men are lodged in % different places in 0umbai suburbs. &wo lodged in

0alad, four in 2andra, two in 2ori$ali and three in 0umbra.

1+ l"/edit0

Chsan llah transports + to ? kg of 1:K from Pakistan $ia 3andla. /mmonium

nitrate bought in 0umbai. cookers purchased from different shops in *anta -ru=.

,1+ l"/edit0

2ombs made in 0d. /li's flat in Jo$andi. Cach cooker filled with .+ kg 1:K and#.+


22/29

Breakthro(h/edit0

>irst success came on 4uly, when police intercept calls from 0umta= -howdhury

to brother in law, 3amal /hmed /nsar at 2asupatti, 2ihar.

Tracin( the R6O/edit0

-otton swab method re$eals >aisal *heikh's house in 2andra which was used to store bombs.

The Nemesis/edit0

3amal /nsari and Chtesham module was unearthed by /&*. &his un$eiled the module

led by >aisal *heikh. 0astermind 1aheel *heikh still missing.

/lleged /ccused

*o far # people from across ndia ha$e been arrested and charges ha$e been framedagainst them.

6 %pril 201&

• IM cofonder !adi3 !heikh declared hostile witness b" defence

advocates&/10

=olice Accsations/edit0

&he ndian Police had initially suspected that the blasts were masterminded by the

banned *0 and carried out by the @e& with substantial help from the Pakistaniintelligence agency, *. Ehen the 0umbai Police -hief, /D 1oy, made the abo$e

allegations, and reiterated that there was good e$idence of the *'s hand in it.

7owe$er, he said that they would need more e$idence to pro$e the fact in a court of

law.

Police ha$e said that ma8ority of the ndian conspirators in the blasts ha$e been

arrested. ha$e escaped to Pakistan. /lso, one ndian conspirator died in the blast,

whose body had remained unidentified since the blasts.

Police ha$e also stated that out of the Pakistanis in$ol$ed, were gunned down in

an encounter in Dorth 0umbai on /ugust. Police say they ha$e e$idence and

locations of all the other ;, who they say are in Pakistan.

Aftermaths/edit0


23/29

:iplomatic relations between ndia and Pakistan soured after the allegations, with

Pakistan denying all the allegations as "baseless" and saying it "definitely" won't hand

o$er any suspect to ndia. ndia's P0 has also repeatedly said there is "concrete"

e$idence against Pakistan and it will be presented to them. ndian 7ome 0inistry

officials ha$e also $ociferously backed up that claim. /lso, an ndoPak "8oint antiterror mechanism" had been signed between the ndian P0 and Pakistani President in

-uba in *eptember ??5, under which the two countries agreed to "mutually combat

terrorism". &he ndian P0 has repeatedly said that Pakistan's response to the e$idence

presented by ndia will be a "litmus test to their commitment to the 8oint antiterror

mechanism and its efforts to combat terrorism." 7owe$er, most ndian analysts ha$e

lambasted the 8ointanti terror mechanism saying it is a "farce"

Reactions to the *++ Mmbai attacksLrom )ikipedia# the free enc"clopedia

mp to? navi(ation# search

Candle li(ht vi(ils were held in the followin( da"s&

'eactions to t#e 200 Mumbai attac)s were on the local, national and international

le$els. Political reactions in 0umbai and throughout ndia included a range of

resignations and political changes. Bther reactions included condemnation of the

attacks by an ndian 0uslim organisation and Daxalites. nternational reactions to the

attacks was widespread, with many countries and international organisations

condemning the attacks and expressing their condolences to the ci$ilian $ictims.


24/29

0edia co$erage highlighted the use of new media and internet socialnetworking tools

(including &witter and >lickr ) in spreading information about the attacks, obser$ing

that internet co$erage was often faster than moretraditional media sources.

Contents

• 1 India

o 1&1 Criticism of politicians and resi(nations

o 1&* Criticism of resce operation

o 1&J Indian Mslim or(anisations

o 1& 6emand for selfdefense

o 1&; Tribte to victims

• * International reactions

o *&1 !pranational

o *&* Reli(ios commnities and or(anisations

o *&J !tates

*&J&1 !pport

*&J&* Qeneral

• J Travel

• Media covera(e

•

; References

India/edit0

!ee also? Aftermath of the November *++ Mmbai attacks

n a tele$ised address Prime 0inister 0anmohan *ingh said ndia would Ngo afterO

indi$iduals and organisations behind the terrorist attacks, which were Nwellplanned


25/29

with external linkagesO.[! n addition, the attacks were "intended to create a sense of

panic by choosing highprofile targets and indiscriminately killing innocent

foreigners", *ingh said in a tele$ised address to the nation. [! @eader of the

opposition @ 3 /d$ani asked the people of ndia to stay united during the emergency.[#!

7e also said, "Ee will take the strongest possible measures to ensure that there is norepetition of such terrorist acts".[%!

Criticism of politicians and resi(nations/edit0

ndians criticised their political leaders after the attacks, contending that their

bickering and ineptitude were at least partly responsible. &he Times of India noted on

its front page that NBur politicians fiddle as innocents die". [+! /nger with the political

class in the wake of the 0umbai terror attacks boiled o$er with slain D*J commando

0a8or *andeep nnikrishnan's father sho$ing 3erala -hief 0inister 9. *.

/chuthanandan.[5! Public furor was further exacerbated with /chutanandan's

statement in a tele$ision inter$iew that "if it had not been *andeep's house, not e$en adog would ha$e gone there",[6! which was posted online.[![dubious & discuss! /fter this

became contro$ersial the chief minister issued a written apology, stating that his

remarks were misunderstood.[original research!

Bn #? Do$ember 0inister for 7ome /ffairs *hi$ra8 Patil resigned, taking moral

responsibility for the security lapse. /fter his resignation, P. -hidambaram was made

nion 0inister for 7ome /ffairs[;![?!and Prime 0inister 0anmohan *ingh took o$er

the >inance 0inistry from -hidambaram. ndia's Dational *ecurity /d$isor 0. 3.

Darayanan also offered to resign the same day, but *ingh did not accept hisresignation.[!

-hief 0inister of 0aharashtra 9ilasrao :eshmukh also resigned[why! on :ecember

??,[! and was replaced a few days later by /shok -ha$an. Bn :ecember :eputy

-0 1. 1. Patil resigned when Dationalist -ongress Party (D-P) leader *harad

Pawar asked him to tender his resignation[#! and he was replaced by -hhagan

2hu8bal. Patil was under pressure to resign after commenting on the attacks that "bade

bade deshon mein chhote chee' hote rehte hai" (small things happen in big countries).[citation needed !

Criticism of resce operation/edit0

D*J commandos based in 0ehram Dagar, Palam /irport, :elhi took ? hours to

reach the sites.[%![+! &hey were ready at ???, but had to wait three hours (until

?#+) for an aircraft to arri$e from-handigarh when the policy was that a plane be at

Palam permanently. &he D*J commandos landed at 0umbai /irport at ?++, but


26/29

had to wait an hour for the 2ombay police to arrange 2C*& buses for them. &hey

reached the &a8 0ahal 7otel and the Bberoi &rident 7otel at ?6??, but initially were

not gi$en detailed maps of the buildings.[%! &he operations in the &a8 0ahal hotel and

Dariman 7ouse were conducted under the glare of the media, which may ha$e

assisted the terrorists by remo$ing the element of surprise.

[5!

Indian Mslim or(anisations/edit0

/n ndian 0uslim organisation, the ndian 0uslim -ouncil, refused to bury the nine

attackers in *outh 0umbai's 0arine @ines 2ada Iabrastan (2ig Jra$eyard). &hey

also sent messages to other 0uslim organisations in ndia asking them to refrain from

burying them. &he council said it was trying to send a message to all cemeteries in

ndia that none of the bodies should be buried on ndian soil.[6![![;![?!

4a$ed /nand, a writer and acti$ist said, "&hey (attackers) claim to be doing this in the

name of slam. Ee ha$e to tell them, 'Dot in our name'". [! &he organisation alsoconducted prayers for peace and harmony.[!

6emand for selfdefense/edit0

!ee also? Qn politics in India

&he 0umbai attacks left the corporate sector of ndia angryG $ulnerable sectors

wanted to be armed. n addition, a meeting con$ened by the 3arnataka go$ernment

with industry heads led to demands from industry to be allowed to purchase automatic

weapons for their pri$ate security firms and the right to bear arms.[#!

Tribte to victims/edit0

This section re3ires e7pansion& (ecember 2011)

Daxalites (who are waging an insurgency in parts of ndia) ga$e a gun salute to the

$ictims of 0umbai attack. /ccording to the Times of India, this gesture marked a

significant shift in their policy.[%!

International reactions/edit0

&he 0umbai attacks elicited political responses from around the world, largely

expressing condemnation for the acts of terrorism and condolences for the relati$es ofthose killed.[![+![5!


27/29

!pranational/edit0

• Commonwealth of Nations @ead of the Commonwealth

of Nations Geen PliDabeth II issed a statement that read? FIam shocked and deepl" saddened b" the attacks that occrredin Mmbai& M" tho(hts and pra"ers are with the families ofthose who died and with those who have been in.redF&/*-0

• PU and Lrance Nicolas !arkoD"# in his roles of

both =resident of Lrance and =resident of the PropeanConcil# said? FI stron(l" condemn the indiscriminate violencethat hit "or contr" thro(h this series of (l" and odios

terrorist acts& In this sad moment# I wish to (ive m" sincerestcondolences to the families of the innocent victims of thesereprehensible attacks and e7press m" s"mpath" and m" wishto the in.red for rapid recover"F&/*0/*0 @i(h Representative forthe Common Lorei(n and !ecrit" =olic" avier !olana said? FIcondemn in the stron(est possible terms the heinos terroristattacks thro(hot the cit" of Mmbai& I conve" m" mostsincere condolences to the families of the victims and m"s"mpath" to the Indian athorities& To those who were in.red# I

wish a speed" recover"& These acts show once a(ain the needfor the international commnit" to stand nited a(ainstterrorism and %(ht it with determinationF&/*0

• Hr(anisation of the Islamic Conference A spokesperson

for the HIC e7pressed re(ret over the deaths of innocentpeople de to the attacks the spokesperson conve"edheartfelt condolences to the Indian Qovernment and thefamilies of the victims and wished for the speed" recover" of

the wonded& The spokesperson stressed that sch violent actsrn conter to hman vales and the" cannot be .sti%ed&/*,0

• NATH !ecretar" Qeneral aap de @oop !che'er said? FI

condemn in the stron(est possible terms the mindless and


28/29

indiscriminate terrorist attacks in Mmbai& Attackin( innocentpeople# torists and patients in hospitals is despicable andcowardl"& Hn behalf of the Alliance# I am rela"in( the sincerestwords of solidarit" and s"mpath" to the Indian athorities# toIndian people and especiall" families of the victims& NATH# aspart of the international commnit"# is determined to spare noe'ort to %(ht the scor(e of terrorism which shold have noplace in the *1st centr"&F/*0

• UN !ecretar"Qeneral Ban Kimoon$s spokesperson

stated? FThe !ecretar"Qeneral condemns the rash of shootin(sand blasts in Mmbai toda"# which killed and wonded a lar(enmber of people& !ch violence is totall" nacceptable& The

!ecretar"Qeneral reiterates his conviction that no case or(rievance can .stif" indiscriminate attacks a(ainst civilians&@e calls for the perpetrators to be bro(ht to .stice swiftl"&

The !ecretar"Qeneral sends his deepest s"mpathies to thefamilies of the victims and the wonded and e7presses hissolidarit" with the people and Qovernment of India&&F/*0/J+0 The1; members of the United Nation !ecrit" Concil issed astatement sa"in(# FThe members of the !ecrit" Concile7pressed their condolences to the families of the victims andto the people and Qovernment of India# nderlined the need to

brin( perpetrators# or(aniDers# %nanciers and sponsors of thesereprehensible acts of terrorism to .stice& All acts of terrorismare criminal and n.sti%able# re(ardless of their motivationF&/J10

Reli(ios commnities and or(anisations/edit0

• An(lican Commnion Archbishop of Canterbr" Rowan

)illiams wrote to the @i(h Commissioner of India# !hiv !hankarMkher.ee# the ne7t da" e7pressin( his shock and otra(e ando'erin( 8on behalf of the An(lican Commnion: pra"ers forthose who had lost loved ones# for the in.red and for all thosecarin( for them or dealin( with the on(oin( sie(e? F=eopleever"where stand in solidarit" with the innocent and incondemnation of those who wold destro" innocent lives ot of evil and mis(ided motivesF&/J*0


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mumbai train attack

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