muscles acting on the hip and lower limb

Muscles acting on the Hip and Lower Limb

ppt # 7

Muscles Acting on the Hip and Lower Limb

• largest muscles found in lower limb

• less for precision, more for strength needed to stand, maintain balance, walk, and run

• several cross and act on two or more joints

• leg – the part of the limb between the knee and ankle

• foot – includes tarsal region (ankle), metatarsal region, and the toes

10-2

10-3

Muscles Acting on the Hip and Femur

• anterior muscles of the hip– iliacus

• flexes thigh at hip• iliacus portion arises from iliac

crest and fossa– psoas major

• flexes thigh at hip• arises from lumbar vertebrae

– they share a common tendon on the femur

Figure 10.33

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Iliopsoas:IliacusPsoasmajor

Adductorlongus

Adductorbrevis

Pectineus

Gracilis

Insertion ofgracilis ontibia

Piriformis

Obturatorexternus

Adductormagnus

10-4

Posterior Muscles Acting on Hip and Femur

• lateral and posterior muscles of the hip– tensor fasciae latae

• extends knee, laterally rotates knee

– gluteus maximus• forms mass of the buttock• prime hip extensor• provides most of lift when

you climb stairs– gluteus medius and

minimus• abduct and medially rotate

thigh

Figure 10.34


Gluteusminimus

Quadratusfemoris

Piriformis

GemellussuperiorObturatorinternus

Gemellusinferior

Sacrum

Gluteusmedius

Gluteusmaximus

Coccyx

Ischialtuberosity

Iliac crest

Obturatorexternus

Lateral rotators:

Superficial Deep

10-5

• lateral rotators - six muscles inferior to gluteus minimus

• deep to the two other gluteal muscles– gemellus superior– gemellus inferior– obturator externus– obturator internus– piriformis– quadratus femoris

Figure 10.34


Gluteusminimus

Quadratusfemoris

Piriformis

GemellussuperiorObturatorinternus

Gemellusinferior

Sacrum

Gluteusmedius

Gluteusmaximus

Coccyx

Ischialtuberosity

Iliac crest

Obturatorexternus

Lateral rotators:

Superficial Deep

Posterior Muscles Acting on Hip and Femur

10-6

Muscles Acting on Hip and Femur

• medial (adductor) compartment of thigh

• five muscles act as primary adductors of the thigh– adductor brevis– adductor longus– adductor magnus– gracilis– pectineus

Figure 10.33


Iliopsoas:IliacusPsoasmajor

Adductorlongus

Adductorbrevis

Pectineus

Gracilis

Insertion ofgracilis ontibia

Piriformis

Obturatorexternus

Adductormagnus

10-7

Muscles Acting on the Knee and Leg

• anterior (extensor) compartment of the thigh– contains large quadriceps femoris muscle

• prime mover of knee extension• most powerful muscle in the body• has four heads – rectus femoris, vastus lateralis,

vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius– all converge on single quadriceps (patellar) tendon– extends to patella– then continues as patellar ligament– inserts on tibial tuberosity

– sartorius – longest muscle in the body• tailor’s muscle

10-8

Anterior Thigh Cadaver Muscles

Figure 10.35


Tensor fasciae latae

Iliopsoas

Sartorius

Iliotibial band

Quadriceps femoris:Rectus femorisVastus lateralisVastus medialis

Quadriceps tendon

Patella

Femoral veinFemoral arteryPectineus

Adductor longus

Gracilis

Lateral

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Rebecca Gray, photographer/Don Kincaid, dissections

Medial

10-9


Figure 10.36


Iliac crest

Iliopsoas:Iliacus

Psoas major

Anterior superioriliac spine

Iliotibial band

(a) Superficial (b) Deep

Sartorius

Quadriceps femoris:

Rectus femoris

Quadricepsfemoris tendont

Patellarligament

Adductor magnus

GracilisAdductor longus

Pectineus

Medial compartment:

L5

Adductor brevis

Anterior compartment:

Tensor fasciaelatae

Vastusintermedius

Patella

Vastus lateralisVastus medialis

10-10


• posterior (flexor) compartment of the thigh– contains hamstring

muscles– from lateral to medial;

biceps femorissemitendinosussemimembranosus

Figure 10.37


Gluteus mediusGluteus maximus

Iliotibial band

Short head

Biceps femorisHamstring group:

Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus

Adductor magnus

Gracilis

Vastus lateralis

Long head

10-11

Muscles of the Leg

• crural muscles, acting on the foot, are separated into 3 compartments.– anterior compartment (red)– fibular (lateral) compartment (green)– posterior (superficial = pink) (deep = purple)

Figure 10.42b


(a)

(b)

Fibularis longusFibularis brevis

(b)

Gastrocnemius(medial head)

Gastrocnemius(lateral head)

Fibula

Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitorum longus

Soleus

Flexor hallucis longus

Tibialis posterior

Tibia

Tibialis anterior

Flexor digitorum longusAnterior (extensor)compartmentLateral (fibular) compartment

Posterior (flexor)compartment, superficialPosterior (flexorcompartment, deep)

Key b

Anterior

Posterior

Lateral Medial

10-12

Anterior Compartment of Leg

• anterior (extensor) compartment of the leg– dorsiflex the ankle– prevent toes from scuffing when walking– fibularis (peroneus) tertius– extensor digitorum longus– extensor hallucis longus– tibialis anterior


Tibialisanterior

Extensordigitorumbrevis

Extensorhallucisbrevis

Fibularistertius

Extensordigitorumlongus

Tibialisanterior

Fibularislongus

Extensordigitorum longus

Fibularisbrevis

PatellaPatellarligament

Gastrocnemius

Soleus

Tibia

Extensor retinacula

Extensorhallucislongus

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 10.39

10-13

Posterior Compartment of LegSuperficial Group

• three muscles of the superficial group– gastrocnemius - plantar flexes foot, flexes knee– soleus – plantar flexes foot– plantaris - weak synergist of triceps surae

• triceps surae – collective name for gastrocnemius and soleus– inserts on calcaneus by way of the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon– strongest tendon in the body


Gastrocnemius:

Heads ofgastrocnemius(cut)

Calcaneal tendon

Calcaneus

Medial headLateral head

Popliteus

Flexordigitorumlongus

Plantaris

Soleus

Flexorhallucislongus

Tendon ofplantaris

Fibularisbrevis

Fibularislongus

Fibularislongus

Gastrocnemius(cut)

Tendon ofgastrocnemius

(a) (b)Figure 10.40

10-14

Posterior Compartment of LegDeep Group

• four muscles in the deep group– flexor digitorum longus – flexes phalanges– flexor hallucis longus – flexes great toe– tibialis posterior – inverts foot– popliteus – acts on knee


Calcaneal tendon(cut)

Calcaneus

(a)

(b) (c)

(d)

Flexor digitorumlongus

Flexordigitorumlongus

Flexor hallucislongus

Flexorhallucislongus

Popliteus

Popliteus

Plantaris (cut)

Soleus (cut)

Fibula

Fibularislongus

Fibularisbrevis

Gastrocne-mius (cut)

Plantar surfaceof the foot

Tibialisposterior

Tibialisposterior

Figure 10.41

10-15

Lateral (Fibular) Compartmentof the Leg

• two muscles in this compartment– fibularis longus– fibularis brevis

• both plantar flex and evert the foot

• provides lift and forward thrust


Calcaneal tendon(cut)

Calcaneus

(a)

Flexor digitorumlongus

Flexor hallucislongus

Popliteus

Plantaris (cut)

Soleus (cut)

Fibula

Fibularislongus

Fibularisbrevis

Gastrocnemius (cut)

Tibialis posterior

Figure 10.41a

10-16

Intrinsic Muscles of Foot• four ventral

muscle layers

• support for arches– abduct and

adduct the toes– flex the toes

• one dorsal muscle– extensor

digitorum brevis extends toes

Figure 10.43

dorsal view

(a) Layer 1, plantar view (b) Layer 2, plantar view

Abductor hallucis

Calcaneus

Lumbricals

Quadratus plantae

(c) Layer 3, plantar view (d) Layer 4, plantar view (e) Layer 4, dorsal view

Adductor hallucis

Flexor hallucis brevis

Abductor hallucis (cut)

Flexor digitiminimi brevis

Abductor digitiminimi

Flexor digitorumbrevis

Plantar aponeurosis(cut)

Flexor digitorumbrevis (cut)

Flexor hallucislongus tendonFlexor digitorumlongus tendonAbductor hallucis(cut)

Flexor hallucislongus tendon (cut)

Flexor digitorumlongus tendon (cut)

Plantarinterosseous

Dorsalinterosseous


Flexor digitiminimi brevis

Quadratus plantae(cut)

10-17

Athletic Injuries• muscles and tendons are vulnerable to sudden and

intense stress

• proper conditioning and warm-up needed

• common injuries; – compartment syndrome– shinsplints– pulled hamstrings– tennis elbow– pulled groin – rotator cuff injury

• treat with rest, ice, compression and elevation

• “no pain, no gain” is a dangerous misconception

muscles acting on the hip and lower limb

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