muscles - bio 411

Muscles of Upper Extremity

MUSCLE ORIGIN/INSERTION/ACTION/INNERVATION CHART

Muscles of Upper Extremity

Muscle Name

OriginInsertionActionInnervation

Pectoralis MajorMedial third of clavicle, front of sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

Lateral lip of intertubercular grooveAdducts, flexes, medially

rotates arm

Medial and lateral

pectoral

Pectoralis MinorRibs 3-5Coracoid process of scapulaProtract, depress, medially rotate scapula

Medial pectoral

SubclaviusUpper border of 1st ribSubclavian groove of clavicleProtract and depress clavicleNerve to subclavius (5th and 6th cervical nerves)

Serratus AnteriorRibs 1-8Ventral surfaces of vertebral (medial) border of scapulaProtract and rotate the scapula

Long thoracic

TrapeziusOccipital bone, spines of

C7 and T1-12, and

ligamentum nuchae

Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula

Retract and rotate scapula, tilt head back, upper portions elevate scapula, lower portion can depress scapulaCranial nerve XI (spinal accessory nerve)

Rhomboid MajorSpines of T2-5

Vertebral (medial) border of

scapula between spine and inf. angleRetract and rotate the scapula

Dorsal scapular

Rhomboid MinorLigamentum nuchae, spines of C7 and T1

Vertebral border of spine ofscapulaRetract and rotate the scapula

Dorsal scapular

Levator ScapulaeTransverse Processes of C1-4

Vertebral border of

scapula above spine Elevate and rotate of scapula

3rd and 4th cervical spinal nerves and dorsal scapular

Latissimus DorsiThoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, spines of T7-T12, and lower 3 ribs

Intertubercular groove of

humerus

Extend, medially rotate, and adduct arm at shoulder

Thoracodorsal

DeltoidLateral 1/3 clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula Deltoid tuberosity of humerusAbduct arm; anterior fibers flex the arm, posterior fibers extend the arm

Axillary

Muscle Name


Teres MajorInferior angle of scapulaLesser tubercle of humerus

Medially rotates and adducts arm at shoulder

Lower subscapular

Teres MinorLateral border of scapulaGreater tubercle of humerusLateral rotation of arm at shoulder

Axillary

SubscapularisSubscapular fossa of

scapula

Lesser tubercle of humerusMedially rotate and adduct arm at shoulder

Upper subscapular

SupraspinatusSupraspinatus fossa of

scapula

Greater tubercle of humerus Abduct arm at shoulderSuprascapular

InfraspinatusInfraspinatus fossa of

scapula

Greater tubercle of humerusLateral rotation of arm at shoulderSuprascapular

Long Head of BicepsSupraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Tuberosity of radius and to ulna by the bicipital aponeurosis

Flex forearm at elbow, supinate forearm, and

flex arm at shoulder

Musculocutaneous

Short head of bicepsCoracoid process of scapula

Tuberosity of radius and to ulna by the bicipital aponeurosis

Flex forearm at elbow, supinate forearm, and

flex arm at shoulder

Musculocutaneous

Coracobrachialis

Coracoid process of

scapulaHumerusFlex arm at shoulderMusculocutaneous

BrachialisHumerusCoronoid process of ulna and

ulnar tuberosity

Flex forearm at elbowMusculocutaneous

Lateral Head of Triceps

HumerusOlecranon of ulnaExtend forearm at elbowRadial

Long Head of TricepsInfraglenoid tubercle of

scapula

Olecranon of ulnaExtend forearm at elbowRadial

Medial Head of Triceps

HumerusOlecranon of ulnaExtend forearm at elbowRadial

BrachioradialisLateral supracondylar line of humerusDistal radiusFlexes forearm at elbowRadial

AnconeusLateral epicondyle of humerusOlecranon of ulnaExtend forearm at elbowRadial

Muscles of the Wrist and Hand

Muscle Name


Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis

Lateral supracondylar ridge (longus) and lateral epicondyle (brevis) of humerusBase of 2nd metacarpal (long); base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals (brevis)

Extend and abduct hand at wrist

Radial

Extensor DigitorumLateral epicondyle of humerusMiddle and distal phalanges of fingers 2-5 via extensor expansion

Extends digits 2-5 at all joints

Radial

Extensor Digiti MinimiLateral epicondyle of humerusExtensor expansion of digit 5

Extends digit 5 at all jointsRadial

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Lateral epicondyle and ulna

Base of 5th metatarsalExtends and adducts hand at wrist

Radial

Abductor Pollicis Longus

Radius, ulna and interosseous membraneBase of 1st metacarpalAbduct and extend first digit (thumb) at CMC jointPosterior interosseous

Extensor Pollicis Brevis

Radius and interosseous membraneProximal phalanx of thumbExtend thumb at CMC and MCP joints

Posterior interosseous

Extensor Pollicis Longus

Ulna and interosseous membraneDistal phalanx of thumbExtends thumb at CMC, MCP and IP joints Posterior interosseous

Extensor IndicisPosterior ulna and interosseous membraneExtensor expansion of 2nd digit

Extends index finger at all jointsRadial

SupinatorLateral epicondyle of humerus and ulna

Wraps around lateral surface of radius

Supinates forearmRadial

Pronator TeresMedial supracondylar

ridge of humerus and coronoid process of ulna

Lateral surface of radiusPronate forearmMedian

Flexor Carpi RadialisMedial epicondyle of humerus2nd and 3rd metacarpalsFlex and abduct hand at wristMedian

Palmaris LongusMedial epicondyle of humerusPalmar aponeurosisFlex hand at wrist, tenses palmar aponeurosisMedian

Flexor Carpi UlnarisMedial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon and posterior ulnaPisiform, hamate, 5th metacarpalFlex and adduct hand at wristUlnar

Muscle Name


Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Medial epicondyle of humerus, ulna and radiusMiddle phalanges of digits 2-5Flexes all joints from wrist to middle phalanges of digits 2-5

Median

Flexor Pollicis LongusRadius and interosseous

membrane

Distal phalanx of thumbFlex all 3 joints of thumbMedian

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

Ulna and interosseous

membrane

Distal phalanges of digits 2-5Flex hand at wrist, flex all joints digits 2-5Median to radial side of muscle; ulnar to ulnar side of muscle

Pronator QuadratusDistal ulnaDistal radiusPronates forearmMedian

Abductor Pollicis Brevis

Scaphoid, trapezium and flexor retinaculumProximal phalanx of thumbAbduct thumb

Median

Flexor Pollicis BrevisTrapezium (superficial);

Trapezoid, capitate (deep)

Radial side of proximal phalanx

(superficial and deep) Flex thumb at CMC and MCP jointsMedian; deep head

by ulnar nerve

Opponens PollicisTrapezium, flexor retinaculum1st metacarpalRotate thumb into opposition with digit 5

Median

Adductor PollicisCapitate, 2nd and 3rd

metacarpals (oblique), 3rd

metacarpal (transverse) Proximal phalanx of thumb (oblique and transverse)

Adduct thumb

Ulnar

Abductor Digiti MinimiPisiformProximal phalanx of digit 5Abduct digit 5

Ulnar

Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis

Hook of hamate, flexor retinaculumProximal phalanx of digit 5Flex digit 5 at MCPUlnar

Opponens Digiti Minimi

Flexor retinaculum5th metacarpalRotate digit 5 into opposition with thumb

Ulnar

Lumbricals of the hand

Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

extensor expansion of digits 2-5

Flex digits 2-5 at MCP joints, extend digits 2-5 at IP

joints

Lateral two, median;

medial two, ulnar

Dorsal interossei of hand (4)Adjacents sides of two metacarpalsExtensor expansion of digits 2-4Abduct digits 2-4; assist lumbrical actions

Ulnar

Palmar interossei (3)2nd, 4th and 5th metacarpalsExtensor expansion of digits 2, 4, 5Adduct digits 2,4, and 5; assist lumbrical actions

Ulnar

Muscles of the Thorax

Muscle Name


External IntercostalsLower border of superior ribUpper border of inferior ribElevate ribs during inspiration

Intercostal nerves

Internal IntercostalsInner surface of superior ribUpper border of inferior ribDraw ribs downward during forced expiration

Intercostal nerves

Transversus ThoracisInner surface of body;

xiphoid process

Costal cartilages of ribs 2-6Draw ribs downwardIntercostal nerves

Quadratus LumborumIliac crest12th rib, transverse process of

lumbar vertebrae

Lateral flexion of spinal column at lumbar vertebraeBranches of ventral

rami of L1-4

Psoas MajorUpper 4 lumbar transverse processes; last thoracic; upper 4 lumbar discs

Lesser trochanter of femurFlexes thigh at hipBranches of ventral rami

of lumbar nerves L1-L3

Psoas MinorBodies of T12 and L1Iliopsoas fascia and pectinal line of pubis

Flexes thigh at hipVentral ramus of L1, L2

IliacusIliac fossaLesser trochanter of femurFlexor thigh at hipFemoral nerve

Rectus AbdominisPubic crest, pubic symphysisCostal cartilages 5-7; xiphoid processFlex vertebral column and

compress abdomen; stabilizes pelvisT7-T11 intercostal

and subcostal (12th

thoracic)

External ObliqueLower 8 ribs (5-12)Anterior iliac crest, linea alba, pubic tubercleCompress abdomen; both sides flex vertebral column, one side (unilateral contraction) rotates vertebral column to opposite side T7-T11 intercostal

and subcostal

Internal ObliqueLumbar fascia, iliac crest and lateral half of inguinal

ligament

Ribs 10-12, linea

alba, pectineal line (via conjoint tendon)

Compress abdomen; both sides flex vertebral column, unilateral contraction rotates vertebral column to same side T7-T11 intercostal, subcostaliliohypogastic and

ilioinguinal

Transverse AbdominusInternal surface of costal cartilage of ribs 7-12; lumbar fascia, iliac crest, lateral 1/3 of inguinal ligamentLinea alba, pubic crest, pectineal line (via conjoint tendon)Compress abdomenT7-T11 intercostal, subcostal

iliohypogastic and

ilioinguinal

Muscles of the Thigh

Muscle Name


Rectus Femoris

(Part of Quadriceps Femoris)Anterior inferior iliac spinePatella and tibial tuberosity

through patellar ligament

Extend leg at knee and flex thigh at hipFemoral

Vastus Lateralis

(Part of Quadriceps Femoris)Greater trochanter of femur, lateral lip of linea asperaPatella and tibial tuberosity


Extend leg at kneeFemoral

Vastus Medialis

(Part of Quadriceps Femoris)Intertrochanteric line; medial lip of linea asperaPatella and tibial tuberosity



Vastus Intermedius(Part of Quadriceps Femoris)Shaft of femurPatella and tibial tuberosity



Sartorius

Anterior superior iliac spine

Medial surface of tibiaLaterally rotate and flex thigh at hip, flex leg at knee

Femoral

PectineusPectineal line of pubisPectineal line of femurFlex, adduct thigh at hip

Femoral

Adductor Longus

Body of pubisMedial lip of linea asperaFlex, adduct thigh at hip

Obturator

Adductor Brevis

Body and inferior ramus

of pubis

Pecitineal line of femur and proximal linea asperaFlex, adduct thigh at hip

Obturator

Adductor Magnus*

Inferior ramus of pubis, ramus of ischium and

ischial tuberosity

Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera and adductor tubercle

Upper: Adduct, flex thigh at hip

Lower: Adduct, extend thigh at hip

Upper: Obturator

Lower: Tibial sciatic

GracilisBody of pubisMedial surface of tibiaAdduct thigh at hip, flexes leg at knee

Obturator

Gluteus Maximus

Ilium and sacrumIliotibial tract and gluteal

tuberosity of femur

Extend and laterally rotate thigh at hipInferior gluteal

Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus*

IliumGreater trochanter of femurAbduct thigh at hip; Anterior: Flex and medially rotate thigh

Posterior: Extend and laterally rotate thigh

Superior gluteal

Muscle Name


Tensor Fasciae Latae

Iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine

Iliotibial tract (to lateral condyle of tibia)Flex, abduct thigh at hipSuperior gluteal

Piriformis

Superior Gemellus

Inferior Gemellus

Obturator Internus

Quadratus Femoris

Obturator Externus

PelvisGreater trochanter and posterior part of femur

Lateral rotators of thigh at hipNerve to muscle

name

Biceps Femoris

Long head: ischial tuberosity

Short head: linea aspera

Fibular headFlex leg at knee, extend thigh at hipLong head: Tibial sciatic

Short head: Common peroneal sciatic

SemimembranosusIschial tuberosityMedial condyle of tibiaFlex leg at knee, extend thigh at hipTibial sciatic

SemitendinosusIschial tuberosityMedial surface of tibiaFlex leg at knee, extend thigh at hipTibial sciatic

Muscles of the Leg

Muscle Name


Tibialis Anterior

Lateral condyle and surface of tibiaMedial cuneiform and 1st

metatarsal

Dorsiflex and invert footDeep peroneal

Lateral condyle of tibia

and surface of fibula

Middle and distal phalanges of toes 2-5

Dorsiflex and evert foot, extend toes 2-5

Deep peroneal

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membraneDistal phalanx of great toeDorsiflex and invert foot, extend great toe

Deep peroneal

Peroneus Tertius

(Lower fibers of ext. dig. longus) Anterior surface of fibula and tendon of EDLBase of 5th metatarsalDorsiflex and evert footDeep peroneal

Peroneus Longus

Head and lateral surface of fibula

1st metatarsal and medial

cuneiform

Plantarflex and evert footSuperficial peroneal

Peroneus Brevis

Lateral surface of fibulaTuberosity of 5th metatarsalPlantarflex and evert footSuperficial peroneal

GastrocnemiusMedial and lateral condyles and posterior surface of femur

Unites with tendon of soleus and forms the calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) to posterior surface of calcaneus Plantar flex foot (powerful) and flex leg at knee

Tibial

Soleus

Head and posterior

surface of fibula and

soleal line of tibia Posterior surface of calcaneus via calcaneal tendonPlantarflex footTibial

Plantaris

Posterior surface of femurJoins calcaneal tendon to posterior calcaneus

Planterflex foot and flex leg (small contribution for both)Tibial

Popliteus

Lateral condyle of femur and lateral meniscusTibia above soleal lineFlex and medially rotate leg at kneeTibial

Flexor Digitorum Longus

Posterior surface of tibiaDistal phalanges of toes 2-5Flex toes 2-5,

plantarflex foot

Tibial

Flexor Hallucis Longus

Posterior surface of fibula and interosseous membraneDistal phalanx of great toeFlex big toe, plantarflex

Tibial

Tibialis Posterior

Fibula, tibia and interosseous membrane

Tuberosity of all tarsals except talus

Plantar flex and invert footTibial

Muscles of the Neck and FaceMuscle Name


PlatysmaFascia over pectoralis major and deltoid

Inferior border of mandible, skin, and subcutaneous tissues of lower face

Draw corners of mouth inferiorly; tense skin of inferior face and neck (grimace)Facial (CN VII - cervical branch)

Sternocleidomastoid

Manubrium and clavicle

Mastoid process

Unilateral contraction tip head toward shoulder while turning head to opposite side;Bilateral contraction flex cervical vertebrae (chin toward chest)Spinal accessory (CN XI) and C2, C3

Sternohyoid

Manubrium and medial end of clavicle

Body of hyoid

Depress hyoid

C1-C3

Thyrohyoid

Thyroid cartilage

Inferior border of body and greater horn of hyoid

Depress hyoid, elevate larynx

C1

Sternothyroid

Manubrium

Thyroid cartilage

Depress thyroid cartilage

C1-C3

Digastric

Mastoid notch (digastric groove)

Mandible near symphysis

Raise hyoid and base of tongue; depress mandible

Posterior belly: Facial (CN VII)Anterior belly: Trigeminal (CN V mandibular division)

Mylohyoid

Mylohyoid line of mandibleHyoid bone and median rapheElevate hyoid and base of tongue; depress mandibleTrigeminal (CNV mandibular division)

Geniohyoid

Mandible Body of hyoidElevate hyoid and base of tongueC1, C2

Omohyoid

Medial lip of suprascapular notchLower border of body of hyoid

Depress, retract, and steady hyoid C1-C3

Stylohyoid

Styloid process of temporal bone

Body of hyoidElevate and retract hyoid, elongating floor of mouthFacial (CN VII )

MasseterLower border of zygomatic archRamus and coronoid process of mandibleRaise and protract mandibleTrigeminal (CNV mandibular division)

BuccinatorMandible, alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, ptyergomandibular rapheAngle of mouthCompress cheek against molar teethFacial (CN VII)

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