museum building

7/26/2019 Museum Building

1/82

ABSTRACT

Like civil engineering, museums have ancient antecedents but began to mature and expand in the

eighteenth century. One of the most famous and historically important museums of any type or era

was built in Alexandria, Egypt, by direction of Ptolemy !Figure 3-1". t was world#renowned

for its famous library, facilities for scholars to work and gather, and

Figure 3-1: Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-246 BC),pictured on a brone coin that !as minted in "le#andria

durin$ his rei$n% (&is 'ather, Ptolemy I, !as one o'

"le#ander the reats $enerals)%

Ptolemy II established the museum !ith its library in

"le#andria, the capital city o' the Ptolemaic *mpire% +rom

its ree name, ouseion, has come the *n$lish !ord

museum%

collections of artifacts brought from around the known $ellenic world. %cientific

information was included, though it was not the only sub&ect patroni'ed by the Ptolemaic dynasty at

the museum over the following ()* years. +hat time span can be easily pictured as the dynasty

between the deaths of two famous people Alexander the -reat, one of whose generals was Ptolemy

, the founder of the dynasty in Egypt, and leopatra !leopatra /", the last of the Ptolemaic rulers.

0rom that legacy in $ellenic time, (1** years ago, the name of the Ptolemaic museum, the2ouseion has come down to us as the English word 3museum.4 2any museums, whether they

are science museums or museums devoted to other realms, still have many of the characteristics of

their namesake. 2useums today still serve the ancient purpose of preserving and passing on

from one generation to another civili'ation5s knowledge. +he museum of Alexandria, however,

did not offer exhibits to the public, which is the hallmark of the modern science museum, which was

only to come during the Enlightenment period in Europe.

Page | 1


2/82

Early forerunners of today5s science museum included personal collections of scientific ob&ects

maintained in an individual5s residence, often in cabinets, and the term 3cabinets of curiosities4 was

often used. An example is the extensive natural history collection of the 6utch pharmacist

Albertus %eba !788)#7918", and the evolution in the 79**s and 7:**s of royal family collections in

Europe into national government exhibits open to the public. ;sing non#precious ob&ects,

science museums today sometimes bring 3cabinets of curiosities4 out onto the museum floor

or into a classroom, such as the 0O%% kits developed by the Lawrence $all of %cience in " tells the

fascinating story of how the classification of ob&ects in the @oyal ommission for the Preservation of

6anish Antiuities by hristian BCrgensen +homsen !79::#7:8)" led to the now familiar divisions of

prehistory into the %tone Age,


3/82

construction of such features of our built environment such as bridges, highways, and ports, and the

structure of buildings and utility plants.

+he research conducted in a ational %cience 0oundation#funded pro&ect that forms the basis for this

publication, !;@EE (**:" points out that the potential is great for collaboration between science

museums and civil engineers, and that this aim has been only slightly reali'ed. De have designed

this document to facilitate collaboration between these two communities.

Any profession or sub&ect area has its own terminology and its own forces that drive it in a particular

direction. ivil engineers on the one hand and science museum professionals on the other are two

distinctly different groups. $owever, their goals are mutually supportive in some respects.


4/82

that some effort and finesse is reuired to exploit the intersection of the interests of these two

communities rather than expecting civil engineering to play a predominant role in a typical science

museum. reativity in seeking out these opportunities is reuired, which in itself is an opportunity

rather than a problem 6esigning new solutions is more stimulating than resorting to a recipe book

and following what has already been done. +he purpose of this document will have been fulfilled

if the civil engineer obtains a better understanding of the needs of the science museum professional

and can therefore successfully propose a collaboration, and likewise if the latter has more familiarity

with civil engineering and is encouraged to explore that sub&ect area with engineers.

-raphically, the overlap in goals of the engineer and the science museum professional, as represented

by a /enn diagram, is a small area. !Bohn /enn was an English mathematician who advanced the

theory of sets, how items share characteristics, and also the theory of probability that is used by

engineers today in designing adeuately safe construction". +he intersection of the two circles, the

area representing the common interests of the two communities, is only a small part of each of

their own areas !Figure 1-1). $owever, within that intersection or overlap area, the alignment of

goals and interests is very close, and the potential for mutually rewarding collaboration is great.

Figure 1-1. Illustration o' the o.erlap o' interests o' science museum pro'essionals and ci.ilen$ineers

Page | 4


5/82

Contents

7. SiteAnalysis ......................................................................................................................... 13

(. SitePlanning ........................................................................................................................ 16

1. Building Envelope AndInsulation .................................................................................. 22

?. ArchitecturalPlanning ....................................................................................................... 27

). ire! "i#e Sa#ety! $atural "ighting %

&entilation '(elevant E)tract ro* $BC2++,- ........................................................... 3,

8. evelop*ent Control (ules

'(elevant E)tract ro* /P2+21- ............................................................................... 00

9. BuildingServices ................................................................................................................ 07

:. Barrier reeEnviron*ent ................................................................................................. ,+

Page | 5


6/82

>. Case study uggenhei* /odern Art /useu*! $.4444444444. ,,

Page | 6


7/82

SiteAnalysis

All ideas come about through some sort of

observation. It sparks an attitude; someobject or emotion causes a reaction in the

other person.- Graham Chapman

5he site visit is the rst gear in the design process. A detailed site

analysis has to e done so as to understand the #eatures o# the site!8hich 8ill e very i*portant during the design. 5he purpose o# thesite analysis is to record and evaluate in#or*ation on the site and

its surroundings! and to use this evaluation in the design response.

Location

5his is the rst aspect that one needs to loo9 at. :here is the sitelocated;


8/82

direction #ro* 8hich the

8ind co*es. ed through theinteriors.

Soil Type &

ConditionSoils vary #ro* place to place. 5heir properties also vary according

to the type o# soil. Sandy soil! clayey soil! laterite etc! all havedi?erent properties! 8hich a?ect the design

Page | 8


9/82

o# the uilding. 5his is veryi*portant #ro* a structural

point o# vie8 8hiledesigning uildings.

Topography

5opography re#ers to theslope and level o# the land @8hether the land is at andplain! or 8hether it is sloping;ro* a design point o# vie8! a

sloping site 8ill e *ore

challenging. I# a site issloping! the e)act slope cane interpreted #ro* adetailed Contour *ap. 5hecontourlocations and spacing o# contours 8ill play a ig role in the siting o#the uilding. It is al8ays etter to design uildings along 8ith thecontours! integrating it into the design to reduce unnecessarycutting and lling o# soil.

Vegetation & NaturalFeatures5he natural vegetation present on the site is very i*portant. Any

good design 8ill integrate it into the design! highlight % accentuateit to create a har*onious 8hole. 5he vegetation 8ill consist o# allthe trees! ora and #auna present on the site. 5hese should e*ar9ed onto the site plan so that it 8ill assist during the designstage. Along 8ith the location! the type o# trees! the si>e o# thetrees! dia*eter or spread o# the ranches! heights etc are to e

identied

Precipitation &Hydrology

5he a*ount o# rain#all that the site receives and also the ti*eperiod during 8hich the rain#all occurs are to e #ound out.

Page | 9


10/82

5he (elative


11/82

i*portant 8hile planning the>oning in the site.

Surrounding land uses &

uildings #ne also needs to pay attention to the surrounding landuses anduilding around the site. I# the landuses are inco*patile! it *ay

lead to creation o# issues in the design. Also! the height andsetac9s o# ad=acent uildings are i*portant in a?ecting the o8

o# air and also sunlight.

Pro$inent Vision lines % Visuallinages #

5his eco*es a very i*portant ele*ent in the design process. 5hevie8s to the site as 8ell as the vie8s #ro* the site are to ecare#ully considered 8hile designing.

Locally a'ailaleresources (

ne also needs to nd out 8hat *aterials are availale in andaround the site! 8hich can e used in the design. 5his is especially

relevant today 8hen the design has to e as sustainale as possile!

y reducing the transportation energy % costs.

Page | 11


12/82

SitePlanning

Great things are done by a series of small thingsbrought together.

- Vincent Van Gogh

Site planning and design reDuire the pro#essional to consider aroad range o# concerns in the synthesis o# a design concept.5here are the physical aspects o# the site itsel#! the vision orprogra* o# the client! the designers o8n creative inclination! theconcerns o# the co**unity! and the interests o# the end user.

5he >oning reDuire*ents are intended to regulate the density andgeo*etry o# develop*ent! speci#ying road8ay 8idths and par9ingand drainage reDuire*ents! and dene natural resource protection

areas.

NeighourhoodCharacter

A co*prehensive understanding and appreciation o# conte)t andthe alancing o# neighorhood character and strategic planningo=ectives *ust e the starting point #or any design. 5his reDuiresan understanding o# a proposed develop*ent and its relationshipsto the surrounding pulic setting! neighoring properties! and anyidentied strategic issues relating to the site.

SitePlanning/ust incorporate an accuratedescription o#F

F Shape! si>e! orientation o# the siteand ease*ents.

F "evels and contours o# the site and the di?erence in levels

et8een the site and surrounding properties.

F 5he location and height o# e)isting uildings on the site and

Page | 12
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/v/vincent_van_gogh.htmlhttp://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/v/vincent_van_gogh.html


13/82

surrounding properties.

F 5he use o# surrounding uildings! including location o#haitale roo*s.

F 5he location o# private open space o# surrounding properties and

the location o# trees! #ences and other.

F "andscapeele*ents.

F Solar access to the site andsurrounding properties.

F Street #rontage #eatures such as poles! street trees! #ootpathsand 9er crossovers.

Page | 13


14/82

F 5he location o# shops! pulic transport services and pulic open

space 8ithin 8al9ing distance.

F /ove*ent syste*s through and around the site.

F Any other notale #eature or characteristic o# the site orsurrounding areas.

F Constraints and opportunities such as heritage places.

F Current access to direct sunlight in su**er and 8inter.

F (educeG*ini*i>e total i*perious area.

F e*arcate the >one o# develop*ent.

SitePlan

Page | 14


15/82

Site andSlopes

ood designing #ollo8 grades and run along ridge lines. Steep site

slopes o#ten reDuire increased cut and ll i# uilding are sited usingconventional. I# incorporated into the initial sudivision layout

process! slope can e an asset to the develop*ent. or areas 8ithrolling terrain 8ith dissected ridges use *ultiple short ranch cul

desacs o? collector streets.

)se SiteFingerprinting

Page | 15


16/82

Site ngerprinting '*ini*al disturance techniDues- can e use to

#urther reduce the li*its o# clearing and grading! therey*ini*i>ing the hydrologic i*pacts. Site ngerprinting

Page | 16


17/82

includes restricting ground disturance y indenti#ying the s*allestpossile area and clearly delineating it on the site. (educe paving

and co*paction o# highly per*eale soils.

Site PlaningPrinciples

Do nothar$

/a9e no changes to the site that 8ill degrade the surroundingenviron*ent. Pro*ote pro=ects on sites 8here previous disturanceor develop*ent presents an opportunity to regenerate ecosyste*services through sustainale design.

PrecautionaryPrinciple

Be cautious in *a9ing decisions that could create ris9 to hu*an andenviron*ental health. So*e actions can cause irreversile da*age.

E)a*ine the #ull range alternatives @ including no action and eopen to contriutions #ro* all a?ected parties.

Design *ith nature andculture

Create and i*plant designs that are responsive to econo*ic!environ*ental! and cultural conditions 8ith respect to the local!regional! and gloal conte)t.

Page | 17


18/82

Page | 18


19/82

Planning Ne* Pedestrian Lins

)se a decision($aing hierarchy o" preser'ation+

con'ersation+ and regeneration /a)i*u* and *i*ic the

7ene6tso# ecosyste* services y preserving e)isting environ*ental

#eatures! conserving resources in a sustainale *anner! andregenerating lost or da*aged ecosyste* services.

Pro'ide regenerati'e syste$s as intergenerational e,uity

Provide #uture generations 8ith a sustainale environ*entsupported y regenerative syste*s and endo8ed 8ith regenerativeresources.

Support a li'ing process Continuously revaluate assu*ptions and

values and adapt to de*ographic and environ*ental change.

)se a syste$s thining approach

Hnderstand and value the relationships in an ecosyste* and use anapproach that reects and sustains ecosyste*s services reestalish the integral and essential relationship et8een natural

processes and hu*an activity.

Page | 19


20/82

Page | 20


21/82

Sur'ey Site Plan -Point to e considered.!i" Survey site plan should e prepared to the scale and scale

indicated in the na*e plate o# the dra8ing.

!ii" Side i*ensionsGAnglesGdiagonals! as *easured duringsurvey should only e indicated in the plan. Any di*ensionindicated on the asis on Jscaled out #or* the plan *ay lead to

con#usionG co*plication 8hile dra8ing plans etc.

!iii" S.S. Plans should contain J9ey plan indicating oard #eatures o#the surroundings.

(..:. o# the roads i# any surrounding the plot should also egiven.

!iv" (e#erence to >one o# /aster Plan o# AG/CG$/C shoulde given.

!v" etailed in#or*ation aout e)isting services 'i.e. :atersupply! Se8erage! rains! Electricity- to e given.

!vi" "ocation and si>e o# trees and or any other ostacle 'li9eElectric over head line- in the plot to e given.

!vii" (e#erence to land 'area! (evenue Khasra $o. etc. - as handedover to e given.

Co*pare the land area as handed over and area o# land as8or9ed out on the ais o# survey and reconcile thediscrepancy! i# any. 'etailed calculation o# areas o# land onthe asis o# survey to e given in the plan itsel# underLnotesM-.

!viii" J$a*e plate o# dra8ing should e o# standard si>e and should

indicate #ollo8ingF!a" $a*e o# ivision.!b" $a*e o# 8or9.!c" $a*e % Signature o# the PersonGo?icial 8ho has 'have-done the survey.!d" ate o# Survey.!e" $a*e % Signature o# the PersonG ?icial 8ho has

'have- prepared and chec9ed the plans.

Page | 21


22/82

!f" Scale.!g" $a*e % Signature o# N.E. ! A.E. and E). Engr.!h" ra8ings $o. 'as recorded in the ra8ing (egister o# theivision-.

!ix" $orth "ine to e clearly indicated.

!x" "egendGSy*ols should e indicated properly.

Page | 22


23/82

/uilding 0n'elope &!nsulation

he interior of the house personi!es the private"orld;

the e#terior of it is part of the outside "orld.

- $t e phenGardiner

5he Building envelope uilding enclosure is the physical separatoret8een the interior and the e)terior environ*ents o# a uilding. Itserves as the outer shell to help *aintain the indoor environ*ent'together 8ith the *echanical conditioning syste*s- and #acilitateits cli*ate control. Building envelope design is a speciali>ed area o#architectural #unctions o# the uilding envelope

F

SupportF

ControlF

inish

5he Control #unction is the core o# good per#or*ance! rain

control! air control! heat control!

Control o# air o8 is i*portant to ensure indoor air Duality! control

energy consu*ption! and avoid condensation and to provideco*#ort. 5hrough co*ponents o# the uilding envelope 'interstitial-itsel#! as 8ell as into and out o# the interior space! a?ect uilding

insulation !


24/82

a?ectF

F $eighorhoodcharacter.

F Sunlight to ad=oininguildings.F penspaces.F

Privacy.F verloo9ing o#other uses.F 5he Duality o# spaces insidethe uilding.

F 5he a*enity and usaility o# privateopen spaces.F 5he sense o# pedestrian scale and a*enity inneary streets.

Page | 24


25/82

Height and

1assing Building

height canrein#orce an

areaOs character.Appropriateuilding height isderived #ro*

local conte)t!street conditions

and charactero=ectives #or anarea! specic

design o=ectives.or e)a*ple! theprotection o#

vie8 lines! thenatural #eatures o#

an area! or solaraccess to thepulic real* *aye i*portant

o=ectives.

StreetSetacs

5he setac9 o# uildings #ro* a street edge a?ects ho8 usesrelate to the pulic space o# the street. ront setac9s! are also an

i*portant aspect! Setac9s add to the apparent readth o# thead=oining street and provide space #or plantings.

2elationships to Ad3oining/uildings

5he pro)i*ity o# uildings to each other a?ects the a*enity o#spaces inside the uilding! the Duality o# space et8een uildings!

visual and acoustic privacy and solar access to private and sharedopen spaces. 5he challenge is to provide appropriate separation

Page | 25


26/82

et8een uildings to *a)i*i>e light! air and outloo9 8hile *eetingstrategic planning goals and respecting neighorhood character.

Page | 26


27/82

Vie*s to and "ro$2esidential )nits

&ie8s onto and across streets and other pulic spaces are

encouraged. or these #rontages! the design o# each uilding 'or

the use o# linds or other screening devices- is to deal 8ith issueso# privacy. &ie8s #ro* one uilding into ad=oining uildings are!generally not acceptale! and the design o# ne8 uildings ise)pected to li*it intrusion into the privacy o# e)isting properties.5he location and design o# uildings! and open spaces *ust ecare#ully orchestrated to *aintain reasonale levels o# privacy #orad=acent develop*ent.

0'aluation o" /uilding

0n'elopeL5he area that separates conditioned space #or* unconditioned

space or the outdoors. A uilding envelope includes all co*ponentso# a uilding that enclose conditioned space. Building envelopeco*ponents separate conditioned spaces #ro* unconditionedspaces or #ro* outside air.M

LA uilding envelop is the separation et8een the interior and thee)terior environ*ents o# a uilding. It serves as the outer shell to

protect the indoor environ*ent as 8ell as to #acilitate its cli*atecontrol.M

!$pro'e$ent o" 04isting/uilding 0n'elope(educing outside air inltration into the uilding y i*proving

uilding envelope tightness is usually Duite #easile! during reroong e)tra insulation can typically e added 8ith little

di?iculty. :indo8s and insulation can e upgraded during *ore

signicant uilding i*prove*ents and renovations.

Installing a syste* in a ne8 uilding or upgrading the eDuip*ent inan e)isting structure! its opti*al per#or*ance 'and reduced energyde*and- depends on a high per#or*ance uilding envelop. A tight!insulated shell including ther*ally e?icient 8indo8s and doors!

Page | 27


28/82

creates an environ*ent that enales ulti*ate control o# conditionedair and ventilation de*and and costs.

A radiant Aoor syste*! #or instance geother*al or passive solar

energy are hard to i*ple*ent short o# gutting the place you call.

05iciency and /uilding0n'elope

H#actor *easures heat loss #or* a 8indo8. 5he rate o# loss givenas the H#actor o# a #enestration asse*ly. 5he lo8er the nu*er!

the etter the per#or*ance o# the asse*ly! generally! thosenu*ers range #ro* +.2+ and 1.2+. /ost e)perts reco**end that#acility

Page | 28


29/82

e)ecutives see9 out 8indo8 asse*lies 8ith a H#actor lo8er than+.3, in colder cli*ates. Solar


30/82

(&alues.

(&alue o# a *aterial can vary depending on the J*ode o# heat

trans#er you are trying to loc9 'radiant or conductive- so #ordi?erent seasons it can e advantageous to use *aterials 8ithdi?erent Dualities to suit 8hether you 8ant to stop heat getting out

':inter- or heat getting in 'Su**er-.

5he higher the (&alue o# a *aterial the etter an insulator it is!

ut this usually also i*plies higher costs.

Page | 30


31/82

Also o# i*portance is the degree o# e)ternal te*perature rangeneed to deal 8ith 8here you live.

Passi'e Solar & 2

Value&alue is Duite i*portant in passive solar uilding design! 9no8ing

the correct (&alues #or the e)ternal 8alls! oors and ceilings is 9eyin 8or9ing out 8hat is ter*ed JS9in "osses i.e. a*ount o# heatthat gets lost #ro* the passive solar uilding the surroundingenviron*ent. 5he (&alue o# a sustance is its direct *easure o# itsresistance to trans#erring energy or heat (&alues are e)pressedusing the *etric units '*2.KG:-. 5he higher the gure the etter it

is at resisting energy trans#er! the easier it is to *aintain a

di?erence in te*peratures across it #or a longer ti*e.

(&alue *easures per *eter sDuared the a*ount o# degrees Kelvinte*perature di?erence reDuired to trans#er one 8att o# energy. So

an (&alue o# 1 *eans per *eter sDuared a single degree di?erence8ill trans#er one 8att o# energy. So an (&alue o# 2 8ill trans#erhal# a 8att o# energy #or a degree o# di?erence.

Page | 31


32/82

ArchitecturalPlanning

%Architecture is the "ill of an epoch translated intospace.&

'eis Van (er )ohe

An o?ice uilding *ust have e)ile and technologicallyadvanced8or9ing environ*ents that are sa#e! healthy! co*#ortale! durale!

aestheticallypleasing! and accessile. It *ust e ale toacco**odate the speci6c space and eDuip*ent needs o# the tenant.

Special attention should e *ade to the selection o# interiornishes and art installations! particularly in entry spaces!con#erence roo*s and other areas 8ith pulic access.

Types o" Spaces

An o?ice uilding incorporates a nu*er o# space types to *eetthe needs o# sta? and visitors. 5hese *ay includeF

O5icesF ?icesF /ay e private orse*iprivate.F Con#erence (oo*sG/eeting roo*s

0$ployee%Visitor SupportSpacesF

Convenience Store! Kios9! or&ending /achinesF "oyF Central location #or uilding directory! schedules! andgeneral in#or*ationF Atria or Co**on SpaceF In#or*al! *ultipurpose recreation andsocial gathering spaceF Ca#eteria orining


33/82

F 5oilets or(estroo*sF Physical itness

AreaF

Interior or Sur#acePar9ing Areas

Ad$inistrati'eSupport SpacesF Ad*inistrative ?icesF /ay e private or se*iprivateacoustically andGor visually.

Operation and1aintenance SpacesF eneral StorageF or ite*s such as stationery! eDuip*ent! andinstructional *aterials.F ood Preparation Area orKitchenF Co*puterGIn#or*ation 5echnology 'I5- Closets. See :B

Auto*ated ataProcessing Center #or PC Syste* related in#or*ation.

F /aintenanceClosets

Page | 33


34/82

Cost(0""ecti'e

5he highper#or*ance o?ice should e evaluated using li#ecycleecono*ic and *aterial evaluation *odels. 5o achieve the opti*u*per#or*ance value engineering provides a *eans #or assessing theper#or*ance versus cost o# each design ele*ent and uildingco*ponent. In the design phase uilding develop*ent! properly

applied value engineering considers alternative design solutions toopti*i>e the e)pected costG8orth ratio o# pro=ects at co*pletion.

)ranPlanning5he concentration o# a large nu*er o# 8or9ers 8ithin one uilding

can have a signicant i*pact on neighorhoods. Consideration o#transportation issues *ust also e given 8hen developing o?icestructures. ?ice uildings are o#ten i*pacted y uran planningand *unicipal >oning! 8hich atte*pt to pro*ote co*patile landuse and virant neighorhoods.

F Consideration should e given 8hen selecting o?ice locationsto the distance the *a=ority o# occupants 8ill have to travel toreach the o?ice.

F nce a uilding has een constructed and occupied! it iscritical that longter* per#or*ance e conr*ed through anaggressive process o# *etering! *onitoring and reporting..

Functional%Operational

5he uilding design *ust consider the integrated reDuire*ents o#the intended tenants. 5his includes their desired i*age! degree o#

pulic access! operating hours! gro8th de*ands! security issuesand vulneraility assess*ent results! organi>ation and group si>es!

gro8th potential! longter* consistency o# need! group asse*lyreDuire*ents! electronic eDuip*ent and technology reDuire*ents!acoustical reDuire*ents! special oor loading and lingGstoragereDuire*ents! special utility services! any *aterial handling oroperational process o8s! special health ha>ards! use o# vehiclesand types o# vehicles used! and econo*ic o=ectives.

Page | 34


35/82

Fle4iility

5he highper#or*ance o?ice *ust easily and econo*ically

acco**odate #reDuent renovation and alteration. 5hese*odi6cations *ay e due to *anage*ent reorgani>ation! personnelshi#ts! changes in usiness *odels! or the advent o# technological

innovation! ut the o?ice in#rastructure! interior syste*s! and#urnishings *ust e up to the challenge.

F Consider raised oors to allo8 #or easy access to caling andpo8er distriution! as 8ell as advanced air distriutioncapailities to address individual occupant co*#ort.

Page | 35


36/82

F Incorporate #eatures such as plugandplay oor o)es #or po8er!data! voice and er! *odular and harnessed 8iring and uses!and con#erencing hus to allo8 #or daily e)iility at 8or9 as 8ellas #uture reorgani>ation o# o?ice 8or9stations.

Producti'e

:or9er Satis#action! e strategies such as increased #resh air ventilation rates!the specication o# non to)ic and lo8polluting *aterials andsyste*s! and indoor air Duality *onitoring.

F Provide individuali>ed cli*ate control that per*its users to settheir o8n! locali>ed te*perature! ventilation rate! and air*ove*ent pre#erences.

F Access to 8indo8s and vie8! opportunities #or interaction!and control o# oneOs i**ediate environ*ent are so*e o# the#actors that contriute to i*proved 8or9place satis#action.

F $atural light is i*portant to the health and psychological 8elleing o# o?ice 8or9ers.

5he design o# o?ice environ*ents *ust place e*phasis on

providing each occupant 8ith access to natural light and vie8s tothe outside. A *ini*u* o# 1++1,+ "H o# di?used indirectnatural light is desirale.

F 5he acoustical environ*ent o# the o?ice *ust e designed andintegrated 8ith the other architectural syste*s and #urnishingso# the o?ice. Special consideration *ust e given to noise controlin open o?ice settings! 8ith asorptive nish *aterials! *as9ing8hite noise! and su?icient separation o# individual occupants.

TechnicalConnecti'ity

5echnology has eco*e an indispensale tool #or usiness!industry! and education. iven that technology is consider the#ollo8ing issues 8hen incorporating it! particularly in#or*ationtechnology 'I5-! into an o?iceF

Page | 36


37/82

F Plan ne8 o?ice uildings to have a distriuted! roust! ande)ile I5 in#rastructure.F uring the planning stage! identi#y all necessary technological

syste*s 'e.g.! voiceG caleGdata syste*s such as audioGvisualsyste*s! spea9er syste*s! Internet access! and "ocal Area$et8or9s Q"A$R G :ideArea $et8or9s Q:A$R G :irelessidelity Q:IIR-! and provide adeDuate eDuip*ent roo*s andconduit runs #or the*.

F Consider and acco**odate #or 8irelesstechnologies! as appropriate.F or e)isting o?ice uildings! consider i*proving access to the

I5 in#rastructure as renovations are underta9en.

Page | 37


38/82

Architectural DesignFeatures7lareControl

F "i*it or protect the vie8s o# e)tre*ely right e)terior sur#aces!such as par9ed cars and large paving or sand areas. 5hereected glare #ro* these sur#aces can e visuallyunco*#ortale.

F :hen using an interior shade! select a lightcolor shade to*ini*i>e heat gain.F 5o *aintain an e)terior vie8 8hile shading the 8indo8! consider

ne screens that reduce illu*ination and glare 8hile allo8ing

contact 8ith the vie8. Another option is to use screens or louvers

that operate up8ard #ro* the 8indo8 sill.

7la8ingSelectionF Select insulated lo8e gla>ing units to reduce ther*al In general!

spaces do*inated y cooling loads should loads and provide

etter co*#ort in peri*eter >ones.F


39/82

VisileTrans$ittance

5he percent o# the visile spectru* stri9ing the gla>ing thatpasses through the gla>ing *entioned as visile trans*ittance. 5his

value changes 8ith angle o# incidence.

"o8er trans*ittance gla>ing 8ill also typically result in etterdistriution o# daylight at a *ore appropriate illu*ination level.

Solar Heat 7ainCoe5icient -Shgc.

S


40/82

F $orth#acing 8indo8s can typically have high Sing

co*pared to the solar gain o# clear single and doule pane gla>ingand *any tinted single pane gla>ing 8indo8s

1aintain Ther$al Co$"ortF :indo8 and shading design are strongly lin9ed to peri*eter

>one co*#ort! regardless or air te*perature.


41/82

orientations *a9es shading e)tre*ely di?icult 8ithoutloc9ing the entire 8indo8. Keep 8indo8to8all ratio et8een+.3+ and +.0+.


42/82

e)terior pro=ecting shadingele*ents.

F Begin 8indo8 design 8ith oth interior consideration and

e)terior appearance concerns si*ultaneously. Place 8indo8s

pri*arily to provide vie8 and light.F Identi#y 8hich occupant tas9 est enet #ro* daylight e#orelaying out tas9 locations

on oors. Put tas9s reDuiring lo8! uni#or* light levels or 8ith

periodic occupancy 'e.g. telephone closet- in the uilding core.Keep interior nishes lightcolored.

F iscuss daylighting concepts 8ith lighting designer or consultantto ensure that electric

lighting design

process.F Built a si*ple *odel and vie8 it outdoors #or lighting Duality andglare.

Technical Tips For 2oo"s and WallsF Additional cost o# insulation pays ac9 in energy savings that

result #ro* correctly si>ing the


43/82


44/82

2oo"Asse$ly

F Choose et8een dualpane and singlepane gla>ing. 5his is thecritical rst decision in gla>ing selection. Although higher in rstcost! dualpane insulating gla>ing typically i*proves co*#ort inperi*eter >ones! i*proves acoustic per#or*ance! Singlepanegla>ing 8ith e)terior shading can e e?ective in *ild cli*ates.

F Choose a spectrally selective gla>ing. Select a *oderate visiletrans*ittance #or glare

control ',+7+ is good starting point! depending on visual tas9s!8indo8 si>e and glare sensitivity the larger the 8indo8s or the*ore critical the glare control! the lo8er the desirale visiletrans*ittance-.

F Balance the conict et8een glare and use light. I# glare is ananticipated prole*!

and i# an architectural solution to glare is not possile then

select a gla>ing visile trans*ittance that is a co*pro*iseet8een glare and light. A visile trans*ittance as lo8 as 2,

*ay still provide adeDuate daylight.F :indo8 si>e and gla>ing selection can trade o? 8ith each

other. Hse the e?ective

aperture approach 8hen *a9ing these decisionF "arger 8indo8

Page | 44


45/82

area reDuires lo8er visile trans*ittance s*aller 8indo8s

reDuires high visile trans*ittance. A good target value #ore?ective aperture is et8een +.3+ and +.0+.

F Big 8indo8s reDuire etter gla>ing. 5he igger the 8indo8! the

lo8er the reDuired solarheat gain coe?icient and visile trans*ittance. 5he igger the

8indo8! the greater the need #or insulating gla>ing. "arge areaso# ine?icient gla>ing ring *a=or co*#ort and energy costpenalties! cooling syste* penalties! and *ay not e per*itted yuilding codes.

Page | 45


46/82

F ont assu*e that dar9 glass provides good solar control.ar9 gla>ing can loc9 *ore light than heat! and there#oreonly *ini*ally reduce cooling load. ar9 glass can producegloo*y interior at*osphere and *ay a?ect productivity and

asenteeis*. 5oday! solar control is availale in *uch clearergla>ing.

F ont count on gla>ing alone to reduce heat gain and disco*#ort.I# direct solar ea*s

co*e into the uilding! they still create a *echanical cooling loadand disco*#ort #or occupants in their path. E)terior shadingco*ined 8ith a good gla>ing selection is the est 8indo8

strategy. Interior shading options can also held control solar heatgain.

Page | 46


47/82

Fire and Li"eSa"ety

2ele'ant 04tract "ro$

N/C(:;;ones shall e *ade use o# in land use develop*ent planand shall e designated as #ollo8sFa" ,ire one o. / 0 5his shall co*prise areas having residential'roup A-! educational

'roup B-! institutional 'roup C-! and asse*ly 'roup -! s*all

usiness 'Sudivisions E1 - and retail *ercantile 'roup -uildings! or *ess 8hich are under develop*ent #or suchoccupancies.

Page | 48


49/82

2estrictions on the Type o" Construction "orNe* /uildingsBuildings erected in ire Tone $o. 1 shall con#or* to constructiono# 5ype 1! 2! 3 or 0.

Openings in Separating Wallsand Floors

At the ti*e o# designing openings in separating 8alls and oors!

particular attention shall e paid to all such #actors as 8ill li*it respread through these openings and *aintain re rating o# the

structural *e*er.

or 5ypes 1 to 3 construction! a door8ay or opening in a separating

8all on any oor shall e li*ited to ,.6 *2 in area 8ith a *a)i*u*height G8idth o# 2.7, *. Every 8all opening shall e protected 8ithreresisting doors having the re rating o# not less than 2 hr. Allopenings in the oors shall e protected y vertical enclosurese)tending aove and elo8 such openings! the 8alls o# suchenclosures having a re resistance o# not less than 2 h. penings in

8alls or oors 8hich are necessary to e provided to allo8passages o# all uilding services li9e cales! electrical 8irings!

telephone cales! plu*ing pipes! etc! shall e protected y

enclosure in the #or* o# ductsGsha#ts having a re resistance notless than2h.

VerticalOpening

Every vertical opening et8een the oors o# a uilding shall esuitaly enclosed or protected! as necessary! to provide the

#ollo8ingFa" (easonale sa#ety to the occupants 8hile using the *eans o#egress y preventing

spread o# re! s*o9e! or #u*es through vertical openings #ro*

oor to oor to allo8 occupants to co*plete their use o# the*eans provide a clear height o# 2 1++ ** in the passageGescape

Page | 49


50/82

path o# the occupants.

Fire Stop or 0nclosure o"Openings

:here openings are per*itted! they shall not e)ceed three#ourthsthe area o# the 8all in the case o# an e)ternal 8all and they shalle protected 8ith re resisting asse*lies or enclosures having a

re resistance eDual to that o# the 8all or oor in 8hich these aresituated.

Air(conditioning andVentilation

Airconditioning and ventilating syste*s shall e so installed and

*aintained as to *ini*i>e the danger o# spread o# re! s*o9e or#u*es #ro* one oor to other or #ro* outside to any occupieduilding

Page | 50


51/82

Airconditioning and ventilating syste*s circulating air to *orethan one oor or re area shall e provided 8ith da*pers designed

to close auto*atically in case o# re.

Arrange$ent o"04its

E)its shall e so located that the travel! distance on the oor shallnot e)ceed the distance given in 5ale.

5he travel distance to an e)it #ro* the dead end o# a corridor shallnot e)ceed hal# the distance specied

Tra'el Distance "or

Occupancy andType o"

Construction

1Clauses 0.0.1!0.,.1and 0.,.2-

S> 7roup o"Occupancy

1a4i$u$ Tra'el

Distancei- /ercantile3+*

All uildings! 8hich are 1, * in height or aove!and all uildings8ith any o# the occupancies! having area *ore than ,++ sD.*. oneach oor shall have a *ini*u* o# t8o staircases. 5hey shall e o#enclosed type at least one o# the* shall e on e)ternal 8alls o#

uildings and shall open directly to the e)terior! interior open space

or to an open place o# sa#ety.

!nternalStaircases

O5ice /uilding Shall Ha'e Staircase

Page | 51


52/82

Width >?< 1

5he e)it sign 8ith arro8 indicating the 8ay to the escape routeshall e provided at a suitale height #ro* the oor level on the8all and shall e illu*inated y electric light connected to corridor

circuits.

Hori8ontal04its

5he 8idth o# hori>ontal e)it shall e sa*e as #orthe e)it door8ays.

A hori>ontal e)it shall e eDuipped 8ith at least one reGs*o9e door

o# *ini*u* 1 h re resistance! o# sel#closing type. urther! it is

reDuired to have direct connectivity to the re escape staircase #orevacuation.

Page | 52


53/82

2e"ugeAreaor uildings *ore than 20 * in height! re#uge area o# 1, SU./. oran area eDuivalent to

+.3 SU./.per person to acco**odate the occupants o# t8oconsecutive oors! 8hichever is higher! shall e provided as underF

5he re#uge area shall e provided on the periphery o# the oor orpre#eraly on a cantilever pro=ection and open to air at least on one

side protected 8ith suitale railings.

or oors aove 20 * and Hpto 3V * W

ne re#uge area on the oor i**ediatelyaove 20 *. or oors aove 3V * W

ne re#uge area on the oor i**ediately aove 3V * and so ona#ter every 1, *. (e#uge area provided in e)cess o# thereDuire*ents shall e counted to8ards A(.

FireLi"ts

:here applicale! re li#ts shall e provided 8ith a *ini*u*capacity #or X passengers and #ully auto*ated 8ith e*ergencys8itch on ground level. In general! uildings 1, * in height oraove shall e provided 8ith re li#ts.

0$ergency and 0scapeLightingE*ergency lighting shall e po8ered #ro* a source independent o#

that supplying the nor*al lighting.

Escape lighting shall e capale o# indicating clearly anduna*iguously the escape routes.

Fire Detection andWarning

Page | 53


54/82

In uildings o# such si>e! arrange*ent or occupancy 8here a re*ay not itsel# provide adeDuate 8arning to occupants! auto*aticre detection and alar* #acilities shall e provided! 8here

necessity! to 8arn occupants early o# the e)istence o# re! so that

they *ay escape! and to #acilitate the orderly conduct o# re e)itdrills.

FireProtection

ire E)tinguishersGi)ed ire ightingInstallations

All uildings depending upon the occupancy use and height shall eprotected y re e)tinguishers! 8et riser! do8nco*er! auto*atic

sprin9ler installation! highG*ediu* velocity 8ater spray! #oa*!gaseous or dry po8der syste* in accordance 8ith the provisions

Page | 54


55/82

Static Water Storage Tans

A satis#actory supply o# 8ater #or the purpose o# re ghting shall

al8ays e availale in the #or* o# undergroundGterrace level static

storage tan9 8ith capacity specied #or each uilding 8itharrange*ents or replenish*ent y *ains o# alternative source o#supply at the rate o# 1+++ litreG*inute #or underground static tan9.:hen this is not practicale! the capacity o# static storage tan9's-shall e increased proportionately in consultation 8ith the local rerigade.

Page | 55


56/82

Lighting

Principles o#"ighting

Aims of Good2ighting

NaturalLighting

2ele'ant 04tract "ro$

N/C(:;;es anddisposition o# openings '8ind action-! and- convection e?ects arising #ro* te*perature o# vapour pressure

di?erence 'or oth- et8een inside and outside the roo* and thedi?erence o# height et8een the outlet and inlet openings 'stac9e?ect-.

Design 7uidelines "or NaturalVentilation

/y *indaction+A uilding need not necessarily e oriented perpendicular to theprevailing outdoor 8ind


61/82

It *ay e oriented at any convenient angle et8een +Y and 3+Y8ithout loosing any enecial aspect o# the ree>e. I# the prevailing

8ind is #ro* East or :est! uilding *ay e oriented at 0,Y to theincident 8ind so as to di*inish the solar heat 8ithout *uch

reduction in air *otion indoors.

Inlet openings in the uildings should e 8ell distriuted and

should e located on the 8ind8ard side at a lo8 level! and outletopenings should e located on the lee8ard side. Inlet and outletopenings at high levels *ay only clear the top air at that level8ithout producing air *ove*ent at the level o# occupancy.

/a)i*u* air *ove*ent at a particular plane is achieved y

9eeping the sill height i# the opening at X, percent o# the criticalheight 'such as head level- #or the #ollo8ing reco**ended levelso# occupancyF

1- or sitting on chair+.7, *!

Inlet openings should not as #ar as possile e ostructed y

ad=oining uildings! trees etc. In roo*s o# nor*al si>e having

identical 8indo8s on opposite 8alls.

reatest o8 per unit area o# openings is otained y using inletand outlet openings o# neary eDual areas at the sa*e level.

:here the direction o# 8ind is Duite constant and dependale! thesi>e o# the inlet should e 9ept 8ithin 3+ to ,+ percent o# the totalarea o# openings and the uilding should e oriented perpendicular

to the incident 8ind.

ontal louvers! hori>ontal sashes a?ects 8ind*otion in the space.

&entilation conditions indoors can e a*eliorated y constructinguildings on earth *ound having a slant sur#ace 8ith a slope o# 1+Y

on upstrea* side.


62/82

/y Stac0""ect

$atural ventilation y stac9 e?ect occurs 8hen air inside a uildingis at a di?erent te*perature than air outside. 5hus in heated

uildings or in uildings cool outside air 8ill tend to enter throughopenings at lo8 level and 8ar* air 8ill tend to leave through

openings at high level. It 8ould! there#ore! e advantageous toprovide ventilators as close to ceilings as possile. &entilators canalso e provided in roo#s as! #or e)a*ple! co8l! ventpipe! coveredroo# and ridge vent.


63/82


64/82

overn*ent "and use shall e as per Integrated o?ice co*ple).


65/82

'ii- 5he nor*s o# ovt. use 'undeter*ined- shall e as perapproved layout G sche*e! 8hich develop*ent controls shall e

as per respective use pre*ises.

Hse Pre*ises Hse Tones( C1 C / P

&E($/E$5'i- "ocal G overn*ent *aintenance P P P P P'ii- ?ices o# utility services P P P P P

P Per*itted

( @(esidential area

C1 (etail Shopping! eneral Business and Co**erce! istrictCentre! Co**unity

Centre! $on


66/82

#or construction o# auto*ated *ultilevel par9ing to providededicated par9ing structures #or additional needs.


67/82

'ii- or the provision o# car par9ing spaces! the space standardsshall e as given'iii- In the use pre*ises! par9ing on the given standards shall eprovided 8ithin the plot.

/ase$ents'a- Base*ent's- upto the setac9 line *a)i*u* eDuivalent topar9ing and services reDuire*ent! such as Air ConditioningPlant and eDuip*ent! 8ater storage! Boiler! Electric SuStation


68/82


69/82

/uilding Ser'ices(HVAC

Heating+ Ventilation and Air

Conditioning


70/82

than central units! even though

their e?iciency is generallylo8er than that o# central air

conditioners.

In a splitsyste* central air

conditioner! an outdoor *etalcainet contains thecondenser and co*pressor! and an indoor cainet contains theevaporator. In *any split syste* airconditioners! this indoorcainet also contains a #urnace or the indoor part o# heat pu*p.


71/82

Pacaged Air(ConditionersIn a pac9aged airconditioners! the evaporator! condenser! and

co*pressor are all located in one cainet! 8hich usually is placed

on a roo# or on a concrete sla ad=acent to the uilding.

5his type o# airconditioner is typical in s*all co**ercial uildingsand also in residential uildings. Air supply and return ducts co*e#ro* indoors through the uildings e)terior 8all or roo# toconnect 8ith the pac9aged airconditioners! 8hich is usuallylocated outdoors. 5his co*ination o# airconditioner and centralheater eli*inates the need #or a separate #urnace indoor.

Central Air(ConditionersIn central airconditioning syste*s! cooling is generated in a

chillers and distriuted to air handling units or #ancoil units 8ith achilled 8ater syste*. 5his category includes syste*s 8ith air

cooled chillers as 8ell as syste*s 8ith cooling to8ers #or heatre=ection

V2V Air Conditioning

Syste$&(& is a *ulti and direct e)pansion type air conditioning syste*that one outdoor unit can e connected 8ith *ultiples o# indoorunits. 5he a*ount o# re#rigerant can e changed #reely according tothe load in the indoor unit ecause inverter co*pressor is used inthe outdoor unit. Toning in a s*all o?ice is easily *ade possile

8ith indoor unit 8hose *ini*u* capacity is very s*all. Energyconservation is easily handled ecause individual indoor unit can

stop and start its operation as needed.


72/82

Sche*atic iagra* o# &(&

Syste*


73/82

Chilled/ea$Chilled ea*s are predo*inantly used #or cooling and ventilating

spaces! 8here a good indoor environ*ent and individual space

control is valued. Chilled ea*s use 8ater to re*ove heat #ro* aroo* and are located in the roo* space. Chilled ea*s arepri*arily used in locations 8here the hu*idity can e controlled.

Chilled ea*s provide e)cellent ther*al co*#ort! energyconservation and e?icient use o# space due to high heat capacity o#8ater used as heat trans#er *ediu*. Chilled ea* operation issi*ple and troule #ree due to having *ini*u* *aintenance

reDuire*ents. Chilled ea* also supple*ent the e)ile use o#

availale space! at the sa*e ti*e as the high te*perature coolingand lo8 te*perature heating *a)i*i>ing the opportunity #or #reecooling and heating. peration o# the chilled ea*s is used 8herethe internal hu*idity loads are *oderate! the pri*ary air isdehu*idi6ed and any inltration through the uilding is li*ited andcontrolled.


74/82

Sche*atic iagra* o#Chilled Bea*


75/82

/arrier Free Para$eters

%All of us do not have e6ual talent5 but all of us

should have an e6ualopportunity to develop our talents.&

4.,.7ennedy

5o acco**odate the persons 8ith disailities and elderly! eachuilding and its site should e planned and designed as an integralunit #ro* the very eginning o# the design process. e8 integralco*ponents o# the uilding design can e planned #ollo8ing these

considerations.

@er2a$pF :idth should not e less than12++**F Hse#ul #or a s*oothtransition.F ootpath ushed 8ith road8ay! at a gradient note)ceeding that 1F12.F :arning strip to e provided on the 9er sideedge o# the slope.

FoothpathF struction#ree #or the convenienceo# all users.F


76/82

e avoided.F /ollards should e 1+++ ** high! painted in contrasting

colour stripes 8ith clear *ini*u* gap o# 12++ **.

ParingF Par9ing should e 8ithin 3+ *eters o# the *ainentrance the uilding.F 58o accessile par9ing lots 8ith di*ension36++** ,+++**.F International sy*ol o# accessiility painted on the ground andalso on a signpostG

oard.

F irectional signs guiding people to theaccessile par9ing.F :heel stoppers to eprovided! to


77/82

2a$psF entle slopeF 1F12 *a). 1X++ ) 1X++ landing a#ter V*o# travel distance.

F :idthF 1X++** or*ore.F


78/82

at least 3++**.

Section o# A (ailing ra Bar

i)ed on :all


79/82

ra arsshouldF F Be slipresistant 8ithround ends

F


80/82

:arningBloc9


81/82

So$e 04a$ples o" Placing 7uidingand Warning

Tiles at Di""erent Types o"!ntersection


82/82

Circulation AreaF Corridors should have an unostructed 8idth o# 1X++**.F "evel di?erences should e eveled.F 5hresholds and gratings should not e *ore that 1+**.F Protruding o=ects '*ore that 1++** #or* the 8all- to e

placed either in a niche or aove 21++** #or* the oor.F pen spaces elo8 ra*ps! escalator and stairs should eloc9ed out co*pletely y

protective guard rails! raised curs or *ar9ed 8ith a tactilesur#ace.

DoorF Should provide a clear opening o# V++**.F Be tted 8ith lever action loc9s and shape handles o#

circular section! et8eenX++** and 1+++** #or* oor level.

F Also e tted 8ith vision panels at least et8een V++** and1,++** #or* oor level.F Be colour contrasted 8ith the surrounding 8alls and should note heavier than 22$

to open.F A distance o# 0++** to 6++** should e provided eyond the

leading edge o# door to enale a 8heelchair user to *aneuver

and to reach the handle.F Kic9 plates are reco**ended 3++** #or* the otto*! to resist8ear and tear.

Accessile Toilet

A *ini*u* o# one toilet co*part*ent 8ith *ini*u* si>e o# 2+++

) 17,+** is reDuired on each oor having all arrier #ree

provisions.

museum building

Documents