mutations - bcs biology 2015-2016bcsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/2/2/0/42205181/mutations... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mutations - BCS Biology 2015-2016bcsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/2/2/0/42205181/mutations... · 2018. 8. 29. · Are+Mutations+Helpful+or+Harmful? •Mutations happen regularly •Almost](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081523/5fcf6407bdb8e23c33393828/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mutations
![Page 2: Mutations - BCS Biology 2015-2016bcsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/2/2/0/42205181/mutations... · 2018. 8. 29. · Are+Mutations+Helpful+or+Harmful? •Mutations happen regularly •Almost](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081523/5fcf6407bdb8e23c33393828/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What Are Mutations?
•Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA•May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring)•May occur in gametes(eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring
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Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful?
•Mutations happen regularly•Almost all mutations are neutral •Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations•Many mutations are repaired by enzymes
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Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful?
•Some type of skin cancers and leukemiaresult from somaticmutations•Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial)
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Types of Mutations
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Chromosome Mutations
•May Involve:•Changing the structure of a chromosome•The loss or gain of part of a chromosome
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Chromosome Mutations
•Five types exist:•Deletion•Inversion•Translocation•Nondisjunction•Duplication
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Deletion
•Due to breakage•A piece of a chromosome is lost
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Inversion
•Chromosome segment breaks off•Segment flips around backwards•Segment reattaches
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Duplication
•Occurs when a gene sequence is repeated
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Translocation
•Involves two chromosomes that aren’t homologous•Part of one chromosome is transferred to anotherchromosomes
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Translocation
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Nondisjunction
•Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis•Causes gamete to have too many or too few chromosomes
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Chromosome Mutation Animation
![Page 17: Mutations - BCS Biology 2015-2016bcsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/2/2/0/42205181/mutations... · 2018. 8. 29. · Are+Mutations+Helpful+or+Harmful? •Mutations happen regularly •Almost](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081523/5fcf6407bdb8e23c33393828/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
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Gene Mutations
•Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene•May only involve a single nucleotide•May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.
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Types of Gene Mutations•Include:•Point Mutations•Frameshift•Substitutions•Insertions•Deletions
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Point Mutation
•Change of a singlenucleotide•Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution of ONE nucleotide in a gene
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Point Mutation
•Sickle Cell disease is the result of one nucleotide substitution•Occurs in the hemoglobin gene
![Page 22: Mutations - BCS Biology 2015-2016bcsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/4/2/2/0/42205181/mutations... · 2018. 8. 29. · Are+Mutations+Helpful+or+Harmful? •Mutations happen regularly •Almost](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081523/5fcf6407bdb8e23c33393828/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Frameshift Mutation
•Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides•Changes the “reading frame” like changing a sentence•Proteins built incorrectly
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Frameshift Mutation
•Original:•The fat cat ate the wee rat.•Frame Shift (“a” added):• The fat caa tet hew eer at.
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Amino Acid Sequence Changed
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Substitution, Insertion, Deletion
•Occur the same way as in a chromosome mutation•Substitution: one nucleotide exchanged for another• Insertion: one nucleotide added•Deletion: one nucleotide deleted/taken out
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Gene Mutation Animation