Tea FROM FIELD

TO CUP

BY JACQUES MELDRUM

“Tea is drunk to forget the din of the world”

Tien Y’heng

Definition of TeaTea is an agricultural product of leaves and leaf buds. Its scientific name is “Camellia Sinensis” Tea also refers to a hot drink prepared from tea leaves and boiling water and is the second most popular drink in the world (other than water.) The four most common types of Tea are: Black Tea, Green Tea, Oolong Tea, and White Tea. All types of tea can be made from the same plant but are manufactured in different ways.

“Herbal Tea” is an infusion of leaves, flowers, fruits, and herbs, but contains no Camellia Sinensis.

History of TeaCamillia Sinensis is thought to have originated in Southeast Asia. The Yunan province is said to be home to the worlds oldest tea tree (3,200 years old)!The Chinese have used tea for thousands of years. People of the Han Dynasty used tea leaves as medicine. One day the Emperor put a leaf in hot water and sipped it. This is meant to be the story of how tea first started.

ContentsIntroduction to the Tea

Industry - Page 1Tea Production - Climate,

Blending & Additives - Page 2

Tea Import, Export & Consumption - Page 3

The Manufacturing Process - Page 4

Packaging of Tea - Page 5Tea Trends & Innovations -

Page 6Tea as part of our Heritage

& Culture - Page 7Other Uses of Tea - Page 7Fair Trade of Tea - Page 7Health Effects & Benefits -

Page 8Unusual Facts & Quotes -

Page 9Glossary & References -

Page 10

ClimateThe tea plant grows in mainly tropical and sub tropical climates near the tropic of Cancer and Capricorn. The rain needs to be up to 1000 – 1250 mm of rain per year as well as temperature’s between 10 – 30 centigrade. It is best grown in acidic soils and at high altitude’s (up to 1500 meters) as the plants grow more slowly and develop better flavour.A tea plant can if undisturbed can grow into a tree but is cut down to waist height to make picking easier.

Blending and additivesAlmost all tea’s sold in developed countries e.g U.S. Australia, England and Japan are blends, which have better taste for a higher price.Some tea’s are not pure, but have had other chemical additives added to them. Many tea’s have scents and flavours added to them such

Tea Production

Countries Where Tea is grown!

There are 13 major tea producing countries in the world.

1. India

2. China

3. Kenya

4. Sri Lanka

5. Turkey

6. Indonesia

7. Vietnam

8. Japan

9. Argentina

11. Iran

12. Malawi

13. Uganda.

Content of Tea -What’s in it?

¨ Catechins – a type of Antioxidant, which can make up to 30% of the dry weight!

¨ Theanine and Caffeine which makes up to 3% of its dry weight

¨ Theobrimine and theophylline as well as fluoride.

Import and Export of TeaChina, India, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, and Kenya are the top tea exporters. In 2006, 1.55 million tones of tea were exported globally.

India, Kenya and Sri Lanka together account for more than 50 percent of global tea exports.

China exports most of the world’s tea (with a whopping 28%!) and is the only country to produce industrial quantities of ALL the different types of Tea.

India was the top producer of tea for nearly a century until China took over and is famous for its Darjeeling and Assam tea. Both its tea production and tea export declined in 2009. India’s tea production is 62.6 million kilos and it exports 11.36 million kilos.

Sri Lanka is the 3rd biggest tea producing country (9% of the worlds tea market) and one of the worlds leading exporters, contributing 19% of the global demand in 2006.

Africa and South America have greatly increased their tea production in recent years, the great majority is exported to Europe and North America. Kenya is the largest exporter of tea to the United Kingdom.

Vietnam specializes in high quality green teas including lotus tea, and jasmine tea which is used in Vietnamese Iced Coffee.

The largest countries to import Tea are: CIS (Commonwealth Independent States,) EU

Countries Where Tea is Consumed

Tea is the most popular consumed manufactured drink In the world, including coffee, chocolate, soft drinks, and alchohol put together!

World tea consumption grew by 1% in 2006, reaching 3.64 million tones. For the first time ever, China consumed more tea than India. Its total consumption of tea increased by an amazing 13.6%.

Whilst India is a big tea drinking country, its consumption per person is quite small (750grams per person per year) compared with the United Kingdom which is the worlds greatest tea drinking nation. They consume 2.3 kg of tea per person per year. Ireland is the second biggest consumer (1.5 kg per person per year) and then New Zealand (1 kg per person per year.)

The Manufacturing Process of TeaThe Manufacturing Process of Tea has 8 Key steps

Planting

Tea Plant’s are planted in rows approximately 1 meter apart and must grow for five years before its leaves can be picked. When the plant is 30 years old it is no longer productive. Tea plants are fertilized using Soya Bean Cakes, and other organic manure. Chemical fertilizers are rarely used because when pests are found, the effected plants are removed to prevent their spread and to avoid the use of pesticides. Tea bushes are pruned every 4 to 5 years to keep them at the right height for the pluckers to pick the tea from (known as the ‘plucking’ table)

Picking

The tea picking season depends on local climate. In Hangzhou China, famous for its green tea, picking starts from the end of March through to October. The same plants are picked 20- 30 times at intervals of 7 – 30 days. A skilled picker can pick up to 600 grams of green tea leaves in 1 day. It is exhausting and labor intensive with 3000 tea leaves needed to produce just 1 kg of unprocessed tea. After plucking leaves are sent to factories for processing.

There are 4 main steps in manufacturing black tea including:

Withering

This process reduces the moisture content in the tea leaf (up to 70%) and can take up to 17 hours. Leaves are laid out in troughs where air is passed through the tea leaving the tea leaves “wilted.”

Rolling

There are 2 types of rolling..

Orthodox – Leaves are rolled between rollers until gently broken.

Cut, Tear, Curl – Leaves are torn into smaller pieces by a machine.

The rolling process is necessary to release enzymes in the leaf so that oxidation begins.

Oxidation

The broken leaves are laid on tables to oxidize which creates the flavor, colour, and strength of the tea. In this process the tea leaf changes from green to a deep brown at 26 degrees centigrade. The process takes up to 2 hours and if left too long the flavour of the tea will be spoilt.

Green Tea oxidisation

When making green tea, the oxidization process is left out so the tea remains green in colour and delicate in flavour . To stop the leaf oxidizing, the leaf is pan fried or steamed!

Drying

To stop the oxidation process, the tea leaves are heated in hot air dryers which reduces the moisture down to about 3%. The dried tea is now ready to be sorted into grades before packing.

Tasting and blending

This process, is critical in manufacturing tea and requires the skills of expert blenders. A tea Taster and Blender will train for five years to become qualified. Their job involves selecting tea from all over the world and blending them to produce the exact flavour. Small samples of tea are purchased from tea brokers and tasted for quality, flavour and colour. Each sample blend is brewed with water boiled in a copper kettle and poured over five grams of tea in a special white ceramic cup. The leaves are infused for exactly 6 minutes before they are tasted. The tasters job also requires them to taste the tea after blending and during packing.

Sorting

and Packaging Sorting (or grading) is the final stage In the tea process and is VERY important. Leaves are sorted into different sizes and then classified on their appearance and type. When sufficient amounts of each grade have been sorted, it is packed into foil lined paper sacks which keep the tea dry. Tea chests are used for larger leaf teas as they provide extra protection against the leaves being damaged in transit!

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Packaging of teaTea is usually packaged in six different forms.

Loose Tea – Tea leaves are packaged loosely in a canister or other container and are commonly vacuum sealed for freshness. The Consumer must individually measure the portion of tea for a cup, mug, or teapot. Many consumers prefer loose tea as it allows them to brew it stronger or weaker. Strainers, filtered teapots and infusion bags are used to prevent floating loose leaves. A more traditional way is to use a 3 piece lidded teacup called a “gaiwan.” The lid of the Gaiwan is tilted to remove the leaves when pouring the tea into a different cup before drinking.Tea-bags - Tea leaves are packed into a small envelope known as a tea-bag and are very popular because they are easy to use and convenient. The history of tea-bags dates back to 1907 when an American tea merchant distributed samples of his tea in small Chinese silk bags with a drawstring. It wasn’t until World War 2 when the potential of this method was fully realized. Tea was rationed during WW2 and in 1953 after rationing in the UK ended, Tetley launched the tea- bag to the UK. Tea-bags contain lower quality tea and they lose their flavour quickly because they are exposed to the air.Pyramid Tea-bags – “Pyramid Teabags” have a 3D pyramid shape which allows more room for tea leaves to expand while brewing allowing better flavour. They were introduced by Lipton and PG tips in 1996.Compressed Tea – Some teas are still compressed for transport and storage. Compressed Teas last for longer periods of time without spoiling compared with loose leaf tea.Instant Tea – Instant teas are similar to freeze dried coffee. It was first developed in the 1930’s but has only recently become popular. These products often have

Latest Tea Trends and innovations

There are many new products being launched in the market, making tea more popular and more profitable than ever! As traditional black tea sales decline, specialty tea sales continue to grow. It is projected that the tea market as a whole will reach $10 billion by 2010, but the Specialty Tea Market in the U.S alone, is worth $6.8 billion! Trends and innovations include:

New Tea flavours and variations such as Chai, and specialty hot and Iced tea’s. Green tea is becoming more popular due to its health benefits, such as Antioxidants.

“Bubble Tea” – Started in Taiwan in the early 1980’s. This cold beverage has Tappioca Pearls added as flavouring and the drink is shaken which causes bubbles to Form.

Convenient Cold Brew Tea – this cold brew Tea bag is becoming popular for people who

want a quick and convenient option when making iced tea.

Tea-bag as tea “infuser” This is a new form of ‘sea-through’ tea-bag made from a silken nylon material. It contains whole-leaf tea blended with flowers and herbs and allows people to watch the tea leaves interacting with the water.

Ready-to-drink Tea – Tea companies are now partnering with soft drink companies to offer ‘ready-to-drink teas in plastic bottles.

Iced Tea to Go from Lipton – this is tea in a packet that requires a 20 ounce bottle of water to ‘mix, shake and go!’

Tea from concentrate – A growing trend is tea concentrates. A non-electrical tea dispenser allows tea concentrate to mix with water through a mixing valve. Tea is made on demand and keeps for longer.

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TEA AS PART OF OUR HERITAGE

AND OUR CULTURE

‘Tea culture’ is defined as ‘the way tea is made and consumed, by the way people interact with tea, and by the aesthetics surrounding tea drinking.”

Tea is often drunk at social events and many cultures have formal ceremonies involving the drinking of tea, such as Japan, Korea and China.

Unique customs also exist in various countries such as Tibet where tea is brewed with salt and butter.

In the UK, a cup of tea (or a ‘cuppa’ as it is called) is often served with a biscuit and afternoon or ‘high tea’ are social events.

Tea Culture is evident in all aspects of life from music to art, books– even nursery rhymes for children!

OTHER USES OF TEA Tea has long been associated with medicinal purposes but today, its use is even more widespread. These include:Tea and Beauty - Used cold tea bags and tea are used to relieve tired eyes, help hair shine and soothe sunburnt skin.Tea and Cooking - Flavoured tea is used to spice up soups and as a meat marinade.Cleaning with Tea -Tea bags soaked in water help make mirrors sparkle and clean wooden floors and furniture.Gardening with Tea -Dried tea leaves make excellent fertilizers for plants, and help compost decompose faster.Freshening with Tea -Tea is an excellent odour absorber and is often used in fridges to remove smells. It can also be used to freshen and deodorize carpets.Tea and Pets -Tea is a natural inhibitor for fleas so can be used on a pets bedding to prevent fleas and to remove pet smells.

The Mad Hatters Tea party

Health Effects & Benefits of TeaAlthough a great deal of research has been done, there is no conclusive evidence that drinking tea can harm your health. Tea does contain ‘caffeine’ (around 50 mg per cup) which can be bad for you in large doses, so doctors advise people to limit the number of cups of tea per day and to drink decaffeinated, herbal and fruit teas which are caffeine-free.

Tea can be helpful in promoting good health. How?Tea is rich in antioxidants which are known to help prevent tumours. Antioxidants also work to heal the body and repair cells so it is very good for the skin. Tea is low calorie and contains very little fat and carbohydrates. As a result, it is used in products to help people lose weight.

“Tea that helps our head and heart. Tea medicates most every part. Tea rejuvenates the very old. Tea warms the hands of those who’re

The Fair Trade Tea Issue

“In ancient China, according to legend, the finest teas were harvested by white-gloved virgins using

golden scissors”

Even today the nature of the work in tea production hasn’t really changed. It is intensive, time-consuming and skilful work and yet very few tea companies ensure that growers and workers are treated and paid well.

India, Sri Lanka and Africa lead the way in adopting fair trade practises

No more than 1% of tea drunk in America is fair trade tea, although more and more consumers are now demanding it.

The Key principles of Fair Trade are: a fair price for products, fair work conditions, direct trade, democratic and transparent organisations, community development and

“Strange how a teapot can represent at the same time the comforts of solitude and the pleasures of company” -

Author Unknown

Unus

ual fa

cts

& Qu

otes

The Duchess of Bedford, one of Queen Victoria’s Ladies in Waiting Invented the English Afternoon Tea!

The two most hummed tea songs are "Tea for Two," written in 1924 for the Broadway musical, "No, No, Nanette," and "When I Take My Sugar to Tea," written in 1931.

Tea blenders, in an 8 hour day, taste up to 1,000 different teas from some 10,000 estates in 35 countries An average of three billion cups of tea are consumed daily worldwide.

‘High tea’ refers to afternoon tea served on a dining room table (a high table) as opposed

to on a ‘tea table (a low table!)

“Tea to the English is really a picnic indoors!” - Alice

Walker

High Tea

Tea is known by two names worldwide. The English word tea can be traced back to the name for tea in the Chinese Amoy dialect: Te (pronounced "tay"). ‘Cha’ —the Mandarin Chinese word for tea — gave birth to cha, chai, char and related names still in use today.

The costliest teabag ever, was created for the 75'th anniversary of the PG TIPS tea company. The bag was filled with two hundred and eighty diamonds and expensive limited edition tea leaves. The bag cost 7,500 pounds and was auctioned to raise money for a Children's hospital in Britain.

Until the nineteenth century, solid blocks of tea were used as money in Siberia!

2009

Jacques Meldrum Class 5C

GLOS

SARY

&

REFE

RENC

ES

Caffeine – A chemical compound found in the leaves of a tea bush and acts as a stimulant in the body.

Catechins – An Antioxidant found in the tea plant – Camellia SinensisTheanine – Is an amino acid commonly found in tea.Acidic Soils – Scientifically known as “Soil pH” which is in tea’s acid neutralizing capacity.Pesticides – A chemical fertilizer used to kill pests.Labor Intensive – Work which requires a large number of manual workers.

Wilted – Process where a plant or vegetable loses its freshness.Enzymes – Bimolecular molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions.Vacuum Packed – A method of storing food which expels air, to keep it fresh longer.Antioxidants – A molecule capable of slowing or preventing other molecules to oxidise.Oxidisation is a chemical reaction causing another molecule to change its state or form.Carbohydrates – are organic

compounds that help the body store and transport energy. Environmental Sustainability – The capacity to ensure an environment endures to ensure productivity for the future.Fair trade - is an organized social movement which helps producers of tea and other crops in developing countries promote sustainability.Consumption – Goods that are used by the consumer eg. tea drinker

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Nam dolor. Aliquam fermentum. Nullam convallis urna nec nunc. Aenean tincidunt tristique lacus. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Praesent nunc justo, accumsan in, tincidunt at, venenatis in, felis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aenean tincidunt tristique lacus. Praesent Pellentesque nunc tellus, urna nec iaculis ipsum quiss.

Donec eu ante. Pellentesque quis est eu pede laoreet elementum. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia.Fusce id mauris. Suspendisse ante est, pulvinar quis, vehicula eget, sagittis ut, odio. Pellentesque rutrum euismod nisl.

Donec elit eros, convallis ut, euismod eget, aliquet eu, lorem. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae. Fusce id mauris. Suspendisse ante est.Nam dolor. Aliquam fermentum. Nullam convallis urna nec nunc. Aenean tincidunt tristique lacus. Praesent nunc justo, accumsan in, tincidunt at, venenatis in, felis. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Pellentesque nunc tellus, iaculis quis.

Littera gothica quam nunc putamus parum claram anteposuerit litterarum formas humanitatis per. Lectorum Mirum est notare quam littera gothica quam nunc putamus parum claram anteposuerit; modo typi qui.

Nunc sollicitudin sollicitudin pede. Fusce in pede. Phasellus vitae eros. Aliquam fermentum. Nullam convallis urna nec nunc. Aenean tincidunt tris.

Aliquam amet est, quam leo maecenas mauris turpis leo pharetra, vulputate lacus. Ad ornare donec, fringilla feugiat augue imperdiet laoreet, ipsum enim sit lectus felis at, aliquam blandit donec pede, luctus platea etiam mauris ut. Dui vel diam, vitae et scelerisque erat volutpat viverra velit, risus pellentesque tellus nullam nibh, posuere.

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Praesent nunc justo, accumsan in, dolor sit amet Praesent nunc justo tincidunt at, venenatis in consectetuer ipsum adipiscing elit. Aenean tincidunt tristique lacus.

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