Chapter 14New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Galileo believed that all aspects of nature could be described in terms of ________.A. spiritual harmoniesB. the motion of atomsC. their relation to celestial vibrationsD. mathematical relationshipsAnswer: DPage Ref: 421Skill: FactualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

2. The scientific fact that the orbits of the planets are elliptical was discovered by ________.

A. NewtonB. GalileoC. BraheD. KeplerAnswer: D Page Ref: 421Skill: FactualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

3. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the discoveries that most captured the public imagination were made in ________.

A. medicineB. natural historyC. chemistryD. astronomyAnswer: DPage Ref: 418Skill: FactualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

4. Who published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and rejected the notion of an earth-centered universe?

A. Tycho BraheB. Nicolaus CopernicusC. Galileo GalileiD. Johannes KeplerAnswer: B Page Ref: 419Skill: FactualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

5. Who addressed the issue of planetary motion and established a basis for physics that endured for more than two centuries?

A. Nicolaus CopernicusB. Isaac NewtonC. Johannes KeplerD. Galileo GalileiAnswer: B Page Ref: 422Skill: FactualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

6. Who is known as the father of empiricism?A. Isaac NewtonB. Francis BaconC. Johannes KeplerD. Galileo GalileiAnswer: B Page Ref: 423Skill: FactualTopic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

7. Although he invented analytic geometry, whose most important contribution was to develop a scientific method that relied more on deduction?

A. René DescartesB. Francis BaconC. Isaac NewtonD. Johannes KeplerAnswer: A Page Ref: 425Skill: FactualTopic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

8. Descartes divided existing things into two categories: body and ________.A. modalityB. GodC. metaphorD. mindAnswer: DPage Ref: 425Skill: FactualTopic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

9. Hobbes saw human beings as ________.A. naturally docileB. basically goodC. basically justD. self-centered, power-hungry creaturesAnswer: D Page Ref: 426Skill: FactualTopic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

10. Maria Winkelmann made her contributions in the field of ________.A. natural historyB. medicineC. astronomyD. biologyAnswer: CPage Ref: 433Skill: FactualTopic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution

11. How many people were sentenced to death for witchcraft or harmful magic between 1400 and 1700?

A. 1.5 to 2 millionB. 2,000 to 3,000C. 500,000 to 600,000D. 70,000 to 100,000Answer: DPage Ref: 440Skill: FactualTopic: Continuing Superstition

12. What percentage of people accused of witchcraft in the early modern period were women?

A. 80 percentB. 100 percentC. 50 percentD. 10 percentAnswer: A Page Ref: 441Skill: FactualTopic: Continuing Superstition

13. In the sixteenth century, midwifery was a trade often pursued by ________.A. noble womenB. merchant’s wivesC. elderly or widowed womenD. male barbersAnswer: CPage Ref: 443Skill: FactualTopic: Continuing Superstition

14. Baroque art first emerged in ________. A. Paris, FranceB. papal RomeC. Florence, ItalyD. Buckingham Palace, London, EnglandAnswer: B Page Ref: 445Skill: FactualTopic: Baroque Art

15. Galileo named the moons of Jupiter after the Medicis because ________.A. he wanted to flatter his patronsB. looking for famous names, he could only think of the Medicis C. he was in love with a Medici noblewomanD. it was the custom to name heavenly bodies after living peopleAnswer: APage Ref: 421Skill: FactualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

16. Nicolaus Copernicus’s breakthrough was to show how ________.A. the earth moved around the sunB. the sun moved around the earthC. the sun was dotted with sun spotsD. the earth was accompanied by other planets in our solar systemAnswer: APage Ref: 419Skill: FactualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

17. The experiences of the English Civil War led Thomas Hobbes to summarize his views about strong central government in his book ________.

A. Second Treatise of GovernmentB. Leviathan C. Discourse on MethodD. Gulliver’s TravelsAnswer: BPage Ref: 426Skill: FactualTopic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

18. Baroque art became associated with ________.A. the RenaissanceB. English nobilityC. Roman CatholicismD. popular ProtestantismAnswer: CPage Ref: 445Skill: FactualTopic: Baroque Art

19. Jonathan Swift’s satire of the new sciences was ________.A. LeviathanB. Gulliver’s Travels C. First Treatise of Government D. Letter Concerning TolerationAnswer: BPage Ref: 437Skill: FactualTopic: The New Science and Religious Faith

20. Brahe’s assistant was ________.A. Francis BaconB. Rene DescartesC. Johannes KeplerD. John LockeAnswer: CPage Ref: 420Skill: FactualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

21. The scientist most known for his work on the laws of gravitation was ________.A. Tycho BraheB. Isaac NewtonC. Francis BaconD. John LockeAnswer: BPage Ref: 422Skill: FactualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

22. The most famous institution dedicated to the new sciences was the ________.A. Berlin Academy of ScienceB. Royal Society of LondonC. University of ParisD. French Academy of ScienceAnswer: BPage Ref: 430Skill: FactualTopic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge

23. The woman who brought René Descartes to advise on the new science academy was ________.

A. Queen Christina of SwedenB. Maria CunitzC. Elisabetha HeveliusD. Maria WinkelmannAnswer: APage Ref: 432Skill: FactualTopic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution

24. The author of Pensées, published posthumously, was _________.A. Denis DiderotB. René de ChateaubriandC. René DescartesD. Blaise PascalAnswer: DPage Ref: 435Skill: FactualTopic: The New Science and Religious Faith

25. The clergy _________ the search for witches.A. condemnedB. ignoredC. endorsedD. pitiedAnswer: CPage Ref: 440Skill: FactualTopic: Continuing Superstition

26. Baroque art aligned with the ideas of the scientific revolution because it ________.A. paralleled the interest in human anatomy and the natural worldB. departed from classic religious scenesC. depicted largely mathematical ideasD. was commissioned by the leaders of the new scientific worldAnswer: APage Ref: 444Skill: ConceptualTopic: Baroque Art

27. In the early sixteenth century, the standard explanation of the place of the earth in the heavens combined the works of ________.

A. Ptolemy and AristotleB. Plato and AristotleC. Aquinas and BaconD. Socrates and PlatoAnswer: A Page Ref: 419Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

28. Which of the following is Tycho Brahe’s major contribution to science?A. He created a vast body of astronomical data from which his successors could work.B. He did groundbreaking scientific research in which he suggested that Mercury and

Venus revolved around the sun.C. He proved Copernicus’s research incorrect and published his own geocentric

findings.D. He proved that the moon and other planets revolved around the earth.Answer: A Page Ref: 420Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

29. Newton was a strong supporter of ________.A. empiricismB. inspirationC. divine guidanceD. rationalismAnswer: A Page Ref: 422Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

30. Many proponents of mechanism believed________.A. machines should do the work of humansB. human beings were machines, slaves to religionC. humans are machines whose purpose is to produce knowledgeD. the world can be explained in mechanical metaphorsAnswer: D Page Ref: 423Skill: ConceptualTopic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

31. Francis Bacon believed that________.A. the study of nature began with the articulation of general principlesB. knowledge of nature should be used to improve the human conditionC. knowledge of nature was primarily useful for what it told us about the divineD. the best era of human history lay in antiquityAnswer: B Page Ref: 423Skill: ConceptualTopic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

32. According to Hobbes, human beings escape the terrible state of nature by ________.A. becoming selfless and obeying othersB. taking part in a tacit contractC. naturally being sociableD. embracing ChristianityAnswer: B Page Ref: 427Skill: ConceptualTopic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

33. In Locke’s view, the relationship between rulers and the governed has its foundation in __________.

A. military powerB. divine willC. trustD. economic inequalityAnswer: C Page Ref: 428Skill: ConceptualTopic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

34. According to Pascal’s famous wager, ________.A. it is best to believe God exists and stake everything to gain the lot; if God should

prove not to exist, comparatively little will have been lostB. it is best to live life to the fullest, regardless of your religious beliefs, and if God does

exist, seek forgiveness near the end of your lifeC. it is best to believe that God does not exist so that if he does exist, you will be joyful

rather than disappointedD. only one person in a hundred would be savedAnswer: A Page Ref: 435Skill: ConceptualTopic: The New Science and Religious Faith

35. Based upon your knowledge of the text, which of the following is the most plausible cause of the witch hunts?

A. The droughts causing famine, especially in Ireland, led to the death of many, and because the witches claimed to control the weather, they were to blame.

B. Witches were primarily women, and because women bore children that were causing an economic and scientific panic, they were to blame.

C. The corrupt government needed a distraction from the bad publicity, and because the same women that were suspected of being witches were spreading the news of corruption, politicians saw witch hunts as an answer to both of their problems.

D. Religious divisions and warfare threatened the security of society, and the witches were the scapegoats of a social panic.

Answer: D Page Ref: 440Skill: ConceptualTopic: Continuing Superstition

36. The witch hunts ended because, among other things, ________.A. they threatened the social orderB. Protestants were more preoccupied with the devilC. the power of words seemed greater after GutenbergD. no judges were leftAnswer: APage Ref: 444Skill: ConceptualTopic: Continuing Superstition

37. Charles I’s employment of Rubens illustrated to the people of England that ________.

A. baroque art demonstrated religious truthsB. Charles opposed a monarchial governmentC. Galileo was incorrect and should be condemnedD. Charles I had Roman Catholic sympathiesAnswer: D Page Ref: 445–446Skill: ConceptualTopic: Baroque Art

38. The most elaborative baroque monument to political absolutism was ________.A. Pope Urban VIII’s tabernacle in RomeB. Charles I’s palace in LondonC. Louis XIV’s palace at VersaillesD. Franz Joseph’s palace in ViennaAnswer: C Page Ref: 446Skill: ConceptualTopic: Baroque Art

39. The heliocentric universe was introduced by ________.A. Nicolaus CopernicusB. Isaac NewtonC. Johannes KeplerD. Galileo GalileiAnswer: APage Ref: 419Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

40. As Brahe’s assistant, Kepler ________.A. stayed closely aligned to the theories of Brahe long after Brahe’s deathB. grew jealous of Brahe’s fame and worked to discount the research they had

completed togetherC. was considered inferior to Brahe as a scientistD. helped collect the scientific data and then interpreted it in his own way after Brahe’s

deathAnswer: APage Ref: 420–421Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

41. Prior to 1600, the scientific world viewed Copernicus’s understanding of the universe with ________.

A. full acceptance and approvalB. complete rejectionC. caution and interestD. religious outrage and condemnationAnswer: CPage Ref: 419Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

42. How did the telescope change the understanding of the universe for scientists?A. It increased the accuracy of physical observations.B. It required a new level of mathematical accuracy.C. It improved navigation.D. It required increased attention to scientific subjects.Answer: APage Ref: 421Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Scientific Revolution

43. In his Discourse on Method, Descartes attacked ________.A. Locke’s methodB. the use of reason aloneC. the churchD. received truthsAnswer: DPage Ref: 425Skill: ConceptualTopic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

44. The idea that humans were, by nature, creatures of reason and basic goodwill is an idea embraced by ________.

A. Locke, in opposition to the ideas of DescartesB. Hobbes, in opposition to the ideas of John LockeC. Locke, in opposition to the ideas of Thomas HobbesD. Bacon, in opposition to the ideas of John LockeAnswer: CPage Ref: 428Skill: ConceptualTopic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science

45. How did scientists interact with universities during the scientific revolution? A. Universities were often criticized by scientists.B. Universities were generally praised by scientists.C. Scientists were eager to be hired by universities.D. Universities wanted to take credit for the discoveries of scientists.Answer: APage Ref: 429Skill: ConceptualTopic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge

46. The learned societies that emerged in the 1600s are best described as ________.A. forums for intellectual exchangeB. political clubsC. social gatheringsD. closely linked to universitiesAnswer: APage Ref: 430Skill: ConceptualTopic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge

47. The Enlightenment was the ________.A. eighteenth-century movement that held that change and reform were both desirable

through the application of reason and scienceB. twentieth-century movement that brought scientists and philosophers together to

reconcile their differences on the state of the natural worldC. eighteenth-century movement that attempted to interpret the events of scripture based

on scientific observations of the natural worldD. nineteenth-century movement that saw the growth of industry and the increase of

manufacturingAnswer: APage Ref: 432Skill: ConceptualTopic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge

48. The Berlin Academy of Science denied Maria Winkelmann’s application to continue her husband’s study because ________.

A. she was a womanB. her husband had diedC. her work was considered inferior to the work of other scientistsD. she had angered the upper level hierarchy of the AcademyAnswer: APage Ref: 433Skill: ConceptualTopic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution

49. The book on astronomy by Maria Cunitz was ________.A. initially rejected by the scientific worldB. recognized as her own work only after her husband added a prefaceC. considered an important accomplishment for a woman of her dayD. widely read and distributed in universitiesAnswer: BPage Ref: 432–433Skill: ConceptualTopic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution

50. According to Francis Bacon, the Bible and nature ________.A. should be explained by scientistsB. must be compatible since they shared the same authorC. are directly opposed on countless points and must be reconciledD. are inadequately explained by the Roman Catholic ChurchAnswer: BPage Ref: 439Skill: ConceptualTopic: The New Science and Religious Faith

51. The scope of witchcraft persecutions showed that _________.A. the Catholic Church was losing its powerB. the Protestant Reformation had run its courseC. the wars of religion were overD. belief in witchcraft was commonAnswer: D Page Ref: 440Skill: AnalyticalTopic: Continuing Superstition

52. Which of the following is true of the scientific revolution?A. It was not rapid.B. It involved a large collective of people that numbered in the thousands.C. It was a unified movement.D. Everything associated with the revolution was new and groundbreaking.Answer: A Page Ref: 418Skill: AnalyticalTopic: The Scientific Revolution

53. The greatest example of empiricism is shown by the work of ________.A. Blaise PascalB. Tycho Brahe and Johannes KeplerC. Thomas HobbesD. PtolemyAnswer: C Page Ref: 419–421Skill: AnalyticalTopic: The Scientific Revolution

54. Opposing ________, it was natural that the scientific revolution would also often find itself in opposition to _________.

A. reason; the churchB. received truths; political authorityC. the deductive method; empiricismD. scholasticism; universitiesAnswer: DPage Ref: 429Skill: AnalyticalTopic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge

55. Pascal’s attitude toward reason was that it was ________.A. un-ChristianB. of little use C. insufficient for grasping religious conceptsD. superior to faith in understanding the worldAnswer: C Page Ref: 435Skill: AnalyticalTopic: The New Science and Religious Faith

Chapter 16The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The heart of the eighteenth-century colonial rivalry in the Americas lay in ________.A. the middle WestB. the Ohio River valleyC. the West IndiesD. the lower Saint Lawrence River valleyAnswer: CPage Ref: 484Skill: FactualTopic: Mercantile Empires

2. A peninsulare was a person ________. A. born in the New WorldB. born in SpainC. who owns land in the New WorldD. who owns land in SpainAnswer: BPage Ref: 486Skill: FactualTopic: The Spanish Colonial System

3. As a result of a scarcity of labor, which of the following nations were the first to quickly turn to importing African slaves? A. Holland and FranceB. France and SpainC. Portugal and HollandD. Spain and PortugalAnswer: DPage Ref: 489Skill: FactualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

4. The first slaves traded, dating to the early sixteenth century, in the transatlantic economy landed on ________.A. North America in Spanish FloridaB. North America in the British VirginiaC. the West Indies and South AmericaD. the coast of Dutch GuianaAnswer: CPage Ref: 488Skill: FactualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

5. Black slaves had the fewest legal protections in ________. A. British areasB. French areasC. Dutch areasD. Portuguese areasAnswer: DPage Ref: 496 Skill: FactualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

6. A vast increase in the number of Africans brought as slaves to the Americas occurred during the eighteenth century, with most arriving in ________.A. the Carolinas or VirginiaB. the Caribbean or BrazilC. Mexico or FloridaD. Granada or PeruAnswer: BPage Ref: 490Skill: FactualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

7. Colonial trade in the transatlantic world roughly followed a geographic ________.A. lineB. triangleC. squareD. pentagonAnswer: BPage Ref: 490Skill: FactualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

8. The War of Jenkins’s Ear was fought by England to block incursions on British trade by ________.A. RussiaB. FranceC. PortugalD. SpainAnswer: DPage Ref: 498Skill: FactualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

9. Maria Theresa’s great achievement was ________.A. the defeat of Frederick IIB. the reconquest of SilesiaC. her granting of additional privileges to the nobilityD. the preservation of the Habsburg empire as a major political powerAnswer: DPage Ref: 498Skill: FactualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars

10. The French and Indian War formally erupted in the summer of ________.A. 1745B. 1765C. 1755D. 1775Answer: CPage Ref: 499Skill: FactualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

11. The Seven Years’ War was fought mainly in ________.A. South AmericaB. North AmericaC. South AsiaD. Southern EuropeAnswer: BPage Ref: 500Skill: FactualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

12. Much credit for Britain’s victory in the Seven Years’ War should go to ________.A. Robert WalpoleB. George IIIC. William Pitt the ElderD. Samuel FoxAnswer: CPage Ref: 500Skill: FactualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

13. Europe’s balance of power was upset when Prussia’s King Frederick II seized the Austrian province of ________.A. SilesiaB. AustriaC. GermanyD. the NetherlandsAnswer: A Page Ref: 498Skill: FactualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

14. The defensive alliance aimed at preventing the entry of foreign troops into German states was the ________.A. Treaty of Aix-la-ChapelleB. Convention of WestminsterC. Treaty of HubertusburgD. Treaty of Paris of 1763Answer: BPage Ref: 499Skill: FactualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

15. Benjamin Franklin gained assistance against Britain from ________.A. GermanyB. Holland C. Spain D. FranceAnswer: DPage Ref: 502Skill: FactualTopic: The American Revolution and Europe

16. The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was ________.A. a new idea of how alliances could be usedB. a shift in alliancesC. the alliance of most of Europe against AustriaD. a division of Europe into east and westAnswer: BPage Ref: 499Skill: FactualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

17. The act that put a tax on legal documents and other items such as newspapers was the ________.

A. Stamp ActB. Sugar ActC. Intolerable ActsD. Declaratory ActAnswer: APage Ref: 501Skill: FactualTopic: The American Revolution and Europe

18. What crop, more than any other, increased the early demand for slave labor?A. sugarB. cottonC. tobaccoD. potatoesAnswer: APage Ref: 489–490Skill: FactualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

19. Britain changed the outcome of the Seven Years’ War when it came to the aid of ________.A. FranceB. AustriaC. PrussiaD. RussiaAnswer: CPage Ref: 499Skill: FactualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars

20. The war that gave the world a successful government without kings was the ________.A. Seven Years’ WarB. War of Jenkins’s EarC. American RevolutionD. War of Austrian SuccessionAnswer: CPage Ref: 506Skill: FactualTopic: The American Revolution and Europe

21. Although the primary trade pattern of the transatlantic economy was from Africa and Europe to the Americas, a secondary trade pattern existed between ________.A. New England and the West IndiesB. New England and IndiaC. the West Indies and South AmericaD. the West Indies and IndiaAnswer: APage Ref: 490Skill: FactualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

22. To what region was the greatest number of slaves sent?A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. the West IndiesD. South AmericaAnswer: CPage Ref: 490Skill: FactualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

23. The philosophy of John Locke contributed to the rhetoric surrounding which war?A. the American RevolutionB. the War of Jenkins’s EarC. the War of the Austrian SuccessionD. the Seven Years’ WarAnswer: APage Ref: 504Skill: FactualTopic: The American Revolution and Europe

24. The intendants used by Charles III amounted to an expansion of _________.A. slaveryB. royal powerC. the power of the creolesD. sugar cultivationAnswer: BPage Ref: 486Skill: FactualTopic: The Spanish Colonial System

25. The leader of the Yorkshire Association Movement was ________.A. Christopher WyvilB. Lord NorthC. John WilkesD. William Pitt the YoungerAnswer: APage Ref: 505Skill: FactualTopic: The American Revolution and Europe

26. The commercial empires of the 1700s were a feature of the _________ stage of European imperialism. A. first B. secondC. thirdD. fourthAnswer: BPage Ref: 482Skill: ConceptualTopic: Periods of European Overseas Empires

27. Which of the following factors allowed European nations to exert influence and dominance over much of the world?A. cultural superiorityB. religious convictions and the spread of Christianity to new coloniesC. technological superiorityD. agricultural advances and population increasesAnswer: CPage Ref: 483Skill: ConceptualTopic: Periods of European Overseas Empires

28. Mercantilist thinkers assumed that ________.A. a stable economy was one that maintained its wealth, not allowing it to grow or declineB. only modest levels of economic growth were possibleC. rapid growth every fiscal year was possible and necessaryD. a capitalist system was superior to any other economic systemAnswer: BPage Ref: 484Skill: ConceptualTopic: Mercantile Empires

29. Under mercantilism, colonies existed to provide markets and natural resources for the industries of the home country, and in turn, the home country was to ________. A. protect and administer the coloniesB. educate and Christianize the coloniesC. generate free trade for the colonies to spur the local economyD. produce agricultural and manufactured goods to supply the coloniesAnswer: APage Ref: 484Skill: ConceptualTopic: Mercantile Empires

30. According to the text, which of the following were closely related?A. warfare in West Africa and slavery in the AmericasB. warfare in Latin America and the political development of the Ohio River valleyC. warfare in Eastern Europe and the political development of the American coloniesD. warfare in Western Europe and the economic development of Indian commerceAnswer: APage Ref: 489Skill: ConceptualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

31. What two areas were often the source of conflict and wars between the great powers in the mid-eighteenth century?A. China and the access to the Mediterranean SeaB. the African coast and access to the Mediterranean SeaC. overseas empires and central and eastern EuropeD. overseas empires and western EuropeAnswer: CPage Ref: 498Skill: ConceptualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

32. Frederick II’s invasion of Silesia offset the continental balance of power and ________.A. drew England into a war in North AmericaB. shattered the provisions of the Pragmatic SanctionC. led to the defeat of the Spanish trade monopolyD. sparked the outbreak of the Seven Years’ WarAnswer: BPage Ref: 498Skill: ConceptualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

33. The war over the Austrian succession and the British-Spanish commercial conflict might have remained separate disputes; what united them was ________.A. the role of FranceB. the immediate British conquest of the French coloniesC. the slow-moving Prussian threat to the Low CountriesD. the lasting Prussian threat to FranceAnswer: APage Ref: 499Skill: ConceptualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

34. At the outbreak of the French and Indian War, new political alliances formed in Europe and included an alliance between ________. A. Prussia and AustriaB. Great Britain and AustriaC. France and Great BritainD. France and AustriaAnswer: DPage Ref: 499Skill: ConceptualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

35. From the British victory in the French and Indian War, Great Britain became not only a European power, but also a world power until ________. A. the worldwide depression in the 1930sB. World War IC. World War IID. the beginning of the Cold WarAnswer: CPage Ref: 500Skill: ConceptualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

36. What was the outcome of the 1783 Treaty of Paris?A. The treaty granted independence to the American colonies.B. The treaty granted control of all of Canada and the eastern half of the Mississippi River valley to Britain.C. The treaty ended the Seven Years’ War.D. The treaty preserved the Habsburg dynasty.Answer: APage Ref: 502Skill: ConceptualTopic: The American Revolution and Europe

37. What was the reaction of the American colonists to the Quebec Act?A. The Americans regarded the Quebec Act as an attempt to prevent their mode of self-

government from spreading beyond the Appalachian Mountains.B. The Americans felt that the Quebec Act would support their political plans.C. The Americans were threatened by the Quebec Act because it allied France to the

Native Americans.D. The Americans embraced the Quebec Act as a precedent for resisting Britain.Answer: APage Ref: 502Skill: ConceptualTopic: The American Revolution and Europe

38. At the conclusion of the French and Indian War, what two imperial problems did the British government face?

A. the costs of maintaining its empire and the vast expanse of new territory in North America that it had to organize

B. how to protect itself from the Spanish Empire in North America and the loss of its North American territories

C. how to integrate the French-speaking territories peacefully into British holdings and the costs of maintaining its empire

D. the vast expanse of new territory in North America that it had to organize and how to avoid a Spanish attack on its newly-conquered land

Answer: APage Ref: 501Skill: ConceptualTopic: The American Revolution and Europe

39. After 1713, what did the following colonies have in common: Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Bermuda, Jamaica, and Barbados?

A. They were all founded by Christopher Columbus.B. They were all important sugar producers.C. They all relied on slave labor.D. They were all British colonies.Answer: DPage Ref: 483Skill: ConceptualTopic: Mercantile Empires

40. What was one of the most important causes that drove European nations to increase their taxes in the mid-eighteenth century?

A. They wished to settle more colonies in the New World.B. They wished to import more slaves from Africa.C. They wished to increase their trade networks.D. They had to pay off their war debts from prolonged wars.Answer: DPage Ref: 501Skill: ConceptualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars

41. What did the world learn about the Atlantic Passage from memoirs and ship logs?A. Cargo was shipped in filthy conditions.B. Sailors were treated with respect and good pay.C. The work of sailors was unrelenting and brutally hard.D. The process of moving Africans to the Americas was horrific and inhumane.Answer: DPage Ref: 494–495Skill: ConceptualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

42. What conditions in Africa facilitated the capture and forced transport of African slave labor? A. stable political relations between African communitiesB. political unrest and intertribal warfareC. strong trade networks within AfricaD. well-developed transportation and roads in AfricaAnswer: BPage Ref: 489Skill: ConceptualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

43. Religion among slave communities in the Americas is best described as ________.A. ChristianB. a mixture of Christian and African traditionsC. forbidden, but practiced in secretD. virtually nonexistent Answer: BPage Ref: 496–497Skill: ConceptualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

44. What advantage did the peninsulares receive in the Spanish Colonies?A. They received land.B. They received the revenue from silver mines.C. They received the best, most profitable jobs in the region.D. They were treated like second-class citizens.Answer: CPage Ref: 486Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Spanish Colonial System

45. The Yorkshire Association Movement was started in England to ________.A. reduce taxesB. decrease involvement in foreign warsC. abolish slaveryD. reform the governmentAnswer: DPage Ref: 505Skill: ConceptualTopic: The American Revolution and Europe

46. What were the effects of the Yorkshire Association Movement?A. The movement collapsed without effect.B. Many people gained experience with political protest.C. Parliament implemented a permanent economical reform.D. George III made long-term bonds with the House of Commons.Answer: BPage Ref: 505–506Skill: ConceptualTopic: The American Revolution and Europe

47. What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1763?A. Britain received all of Canada, the Ohio River valley, and the eastern half of the

Mississippi River valley.B. The American colonies were granted independence from Britain.C. The continental conflict of the Seven Years’ War ended with no significant changes

in prewar borders.D. Spain received all of South America as well as areas in North America, including

Florida, Mexico, California, and the Southwest.Answer: APage Ref: 501Skill: ConceptualTopic: Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars

48. What prompted the emergence in Europe of eating dessert after a meal?A. the discovery of chocolateB. the introduction of New World customsC. the increased access to sugarD. the introduction of coffeeAnswer: CPage Ref: 491Skill: ConceptualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

49. What was the British motivation for passing the Stamp Act and the Sugar Act?A. Britain wanted to exert authority over the unruly colonists.B. Britain needed to raise money to pay its debts.C. Britain was losing money on sugar and legal papers.D. The British Parliament was feeling pressure from citizens to force more contributions

from the colonists.Answer: BPage Ref: 501Skill: ConceptualTopic: The American Revolution and Europe

50. The technique used to assure discipline, prevent injury to the crew, and prevent suicide among Africans on the Atlantic Passage was to ________.

A. tightly pack the Africans in the ship’s holdB. feed the Africans well and keep them entertainedC. keep the Africans in iron shackles throughout the voyageD. kill any African who created unrest during the voyageAnswer: CPage Ref: 495Skill: ConceptualTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

51. The use of Coromantee illustrates ________.A. the harsh conditions imposed by slaveryB. the common origins of most slaves in the AmericasC. religious customs among black slavesD. the survival of African culture under slaveryAnswer: DPage Ref: 496Skill: AnalysisTopic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy

52. The mid-eighteenth-century wars had what impact on the domestic politics of the nations that took part?

A. Conscription meant that war affected all sectors of European society.B. The use of total warfare meant that every aspect of life was impacted directly.C. The impact was felt primarily through the demands for taxation caused by the wars.D. Fought primarily in France and Britain, the conflicts devastated these two nations directly.Answer: CPage Ref: 498Skill: AnalysisTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

53. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, resulted in which of the following?A. Prussia retained SilesiaB. Spain’s defeat in North AmericaC. France renewed Britain’s privilege from the Treaty of UtrechtD. the end of British power in southeast AsiaAnswer: APage Ref: 499Skill: AnalysisTopic: Mid-Eighteenth Century Wars

54. The Intolerable Acts were prompted by ________.A. colonial protest of earlier tax measuresB. the need to raise revenueC. Thomas Paine’s Common SenseD. the end of the Seven Years’ WarAnswer: APage Ref: 502Skill: AnalysisTopic: The American Revolution and Europe

55. The American Revolution had what effect on British policy in the short term?A. The pace of reform increased.B. The Yorkshire Movement quickly achieved its aims.C. Some reforms were achieved.D. The country underwent a reactionary period.Answer: CPage Ref: 506Skill: Analysis Topic: The American Revolution and Europe

Chapter 17The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The two most important influences on Enlightenment thought were ________.A. Galileo and CopernicusB. Newton and CopernicusC. Locke and NewtonD. Galileo and LockeAnswer: CPage Ref: 513Skill: FactualTopic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment

2. An expanding, literate public and the growing influence of secular printed materials created a new and increasingly influential social force called ________.

A. public opinionB. social premiseC. societal driveD. communal viewAnswer: APage Ref: 515Skill: FactualTopic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment

3. Written by Voltaire in English and later translated to French, ________ praised the virtues of the English, especially their religious liberty, and implicitly criticized the abuses of French society.

A. Second Treatise on GovernmentB. Essay on Customs C. Letters on the EnglishD. Elements of the Philosophy of NewtonAnswer: CPage Ref: 516Skill: FactualTopic: The Philosophes

4. ________, an eighteenth-century philosopher, was known as the “Jewish Socrates.”A. Thomas HobbesB. Baruch SpinozaC. René DescartesD. Moses MendelssohnAnswer: DPage Ref: 522Skill: FactualTopic: The Enlightenment and Religion

5. Who wrote The Persian Letters?A. Charles de MontesquieuB. Blaise PascalC. René de ChateaubriandD. Moses MendelssohnAnswer: APage Ref: 522Skill: FactualTopic: The Enlightenment and Religion

6. ________ published On Crimes and Punishments, in which he applied critical analysis to the problem of making punishments both effective and just.

A. John TolandB. Denis DiderotC. Jean Le Rond d’AlembertD. Marquis Cesare BeccariaAnswer: DPage Ref: 524Skill: FactualTopic: The Enlightenment and Society

7. The most important political thought of the Enlightenment occurred in ________.A. FranceB. HollandC. EnglandD. ScotlandAnswer: APage Ref: 526Skill: FactualTopic: Political Thought of the Philosophes

8. ________ contended that the process of civilization and the Enlightenment had corrupted human nature.

A. Adam SmithB. Jean-Jacques RousseauC. René DescartesD. Charles de MontesquieuAnswer: BPage Ref: 527Skill: FactualTopic: Political Thought of the Philosophes

9. Herder is famous for his early views concerning ________.A. intellectual realismB. cultural relativismC. social democracyD. relative absolutismAnswer: BPage Ref: 529Skill: FactualTopic: Political Thought of the Philosophes

10. ________ maintained that women were not naturally inferior to men and that women should have a wider role in society.

A. Adam SmithB. Jean-Jacques RousseauC. René DescartesD. Charles de MontesquieuAnswer: DPage Ref: 530Skill: FactualTopic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment

11. Which of the following styles of art utilizes lavish, often lighthearted decoration with an emphasis on pastel colors and the play of light?

A. Baroque B. RococoC. Impressionism D. NeoclassicismAnswer: BPage Ref: 532Skill: FactualTopic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art

12. Which of the following styles of art embodies a return to figurative and architectural modes drawn from the Renaissance and the ancient world?

A. RococoB. AbstractC. ImpressionismD. NeoclassicismAnswer: DPage Ref: 532Skill: FactualTopic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art

13. ________, who embodied enlightened absolutism more than any other monarch, forged a state that commanded the loyalty of the military, the Junker nobility, the Lutheran clergy, and a growing bureaucracy.

A. Joseph IIB. Maria TheresaC. Frederick the GreatD. Catherine IIAnswer: CPage Ref: 539Skill: FactualTopic: Enlightened Absolutism

14. As part of her territorial aspirations, Catherine the Great painlessly annexed the newly independent state of ________ in 1783.

A. EstoniaB. CrimeaC. LivoniaD. RomaniaAnswer: BPage Ref: 546Skill: FactualTopic: Enlightened Absolutism

15. How did Voltaire come to admire English culture?A. He read the works of English philosophes.B. He visited England on holiday.C. He was the French ambassador to England.D. He lived in exile in England.Answer: DPage Ref: 516Skill: FactualTopic: The Philosophes

16. The issue most relevant to physiocrats was ________.A. legal reformB. women’s social statusC. legislative reformD. property rightsAnswer: DPage Ref: 524Skill: FactualTopic: The Enlightenment and Society

17. The subject matter of Rococo-style paintings, with scenes of leisure, romance, and seduction, led to a feeling of hostility toward the ________.

A. political and social elites of the Old RegimeB. nobles at courtC. monarchyD. peasantryAnswer: APage Ref: 535Skill: FactualTopic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art

18. Who believed that the intent of punishment should be to deter further crime, not to impose the will of God?

A. VoltaireB. RousseauC. WollstonecraftD. BeccariaAnswer: DPage Ref: 524Skill: FactualTopic: The Enlightenment and Society

19. What did Baruch Spinoza and Moses Mendelssohn have in common?A. They were both Jewish.B. They were both Muslim.C. They were both Protestants.D. They were both clergymen.Answer: APage Ref: 522Skill: FactualTopic: The Enlightenment and Religion

20. From where did the first imports of coffee come to supply the European coffeehouses?

A. BrazilB. the CaribbeanC. AfricaD. the Ottoman EmpireAnswer: DPage Ref: 517Skill: FactualTopic: The Philosophes

21. Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert are best known for their great work: ________.

A. Treatise on TolerationB. the EncyclopediaC. Philosophical DictionaryD. Letters on the EnglishAnswer: BPage Ref: 523Skill: FactualTopic: The Enlightenment and Society

22. Which of the following philosophes argued against the abuses of imperialism?A. Moses MendelssohnB. Immanuel KantC. Adam SmithD. Cesare BeccariaAnswer: BPage Ref: 529Skill: FactualTopic: Political Thought of the Philosophes

23. Baruch Spinoza inspired which of these works?A. CandideB. Jerusalem, or, On Ecclesiastical Power and JudaismC. EthicsD. Nathan the WiseAnswer: DPage Ref: 522Skill: FactualTopic: The Enlightenment and Religion

24. Which philosophe is credited with a profound effect on the constitutional form of liberal democracies for more than two centuries?

A. Charles de MontesquieuB. VoltaireC. Baruch SpinozaD. Jean-Jacques RousseauAnswer: APage Ref: 526Skill: FactualTopic: Political Thought of the Philosophes

25. Smith’s theory about how human society moves from barbarism to civilization is called his ________ theory.

A. laissez-faire B. deistC. four-stage D. empirical Answer: CPage Ref: 524Skill: FactualTopic: The Enlightenment and Society

26. When Immanuel Kant called his age “an age of Enlightenment,” he stressed the Enlightenment as _________.

A. the highest stage of human achievementB. Adam Smith’s fourth stageC. part of the pastD. a work in progressAnswer: DPage Ref: 518Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Philosophes

27. The philosophe who popularized the thought of Isaac Newton was ________.A. Voltaire in his work Letters on the EnglishB. Locke in his work An Essay Concerning Human UnderstandingC. Rousseau in his work The Social ContractD. Voltaire in his work Elements of the Philosophy of NewtonAnswer: DPage Ref: 516Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Philosophes

28. Who made up the largest audience for the work of the philosophes? A. monarchsB. the aristocracy and noblesC. commercial and professional urban classesD. clergymenAnswer: CPage Ref: 516 Skill: Conceptual Topic: The Philosophes

29. The two major points in the deists’ creed were ________.A. the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one’s earthly actions and the existence of a rational GodB. the belief in the existence of a rational God and the existence of absolute principlesC. the belief in an afterlife dependent upon one’s earthly actions and the existence of absolute principlesD. the belief in the existence of absolute principles and the illogical nature of God’s existenceAnswer: APage Ref: 518–519 Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Enlightenment and Religion

30. Montesquieu hoped to counter monarchical oppression with ________.A. democracyB. independent branches of governmentC. a legislative body that would head the governmentD. a theocracyAnswer: BPage Ref: 526Skill: ConceptualTopic: Political Thought of the Philosophes

31. What was the purpose of Voltaire’s interest in the execution of Jean Calas?A. Voltaire wished to demonstrate the horror of religious fanaticism and the need for

judicial reform.B. Voltaire was related to Jean Calas and wished to clear his name.C. Voltaire was hired by the family of Calas to clear his name after he was executed.D. Voltaire wanted to demonstrate that religious goals would find the truth in the end. Answer: APage Ref: 519Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Enlightenment and Religion

32. The Encyclopedia ________.A. secularized learning and spread Enlightenment ideas throughout EuropeB. sold about 1,200 copiesC. received official supportD. was written by Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’AlembertAnswer: APage Ref: 523Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Enlightenment and Society

33. Adam Smith advocated ________.A. a large role for government in the economyB. ending England’s mercantile systemC. the elimination of England’s navy and armyD. that government take no part in the economyAnswer: BPage Ref: 524Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Enlightenment and Society

34. His idea that governments should pay for schools shows that Smith ________.A. supported laissez-faire policiesB. was a physiocratC. was a proponent of mercantilismD. was not dogmatic in supporting laissez-faire policiesAnswer: DPage Ref: 524Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Enlightenment and Society

35. According to Smith’s four-stage theory, human societies ________.A. have no real moral basisB. can be religious, secular, scientific, or superstitiousC. move from barbarism to civilizationD. can be classified as hunter-gatherer, pastoral, agricultural, or knowledge-workerAnswer: CPage Ref: 524Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Enlightenment and Society

36. Which connection between work and author is accurate?A. Theologico-Political Treatise: Mendelssohn B. Persian Letters: MontesquieuC. Encyclopedia: Spinoza D. Candide: Diderot Answer: BPage Ref: 526Skill: ConceptualTopic: Political Thought of the Philosophes

37. Most European thinkers associated with the Enlightenment ________.A. favored the extension of European empires across the worldB. were members of the artisan classC. were proponents of democracyD. were atheistsAnswer: APage Ref: 528Skill: ConceptualTopic: Political Thought of the Philosophes

38. The philosophes generally ________.A. advocated fundamental changes in the social condition of womenB. believed women to be socially equal but not politically equal to menC. said little about womenD. were not avid feministsAnswer: DPage Ref: 529Skill: ConceptualTopic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment

39. Neoclassical paintings were didactic rather than emotional, and their subject matter usually concerned ________.

A. public life or public moralsB. intimate family lifeC. daily routinesD. leisure activitiesAnswer: APage Ref: 536Skill: ConceptualTopic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art

40. Monarchs such as Joseph II and Catherine II made “enlightened” reforms part of their drive to ________. A. increase revenues and gain political supportB. begin the process of moving away from monarchyC. begin the process of moving toward constitutional monarchyD. give commoners more political powerAnswer: APage Ref: 538Skill: ConceptualTopic: Enlightened Absolutism

41. The monarch that most exemplifies enlightened absolutism was ________.A. Joseph IIB. Maria TheresaC. Frederick the GreatD. Catherine IIAnswer: CPage Ref: 539Skill: ConceptualTopic: Enlightened Absolutism

42. Of all the rising states of the eighteenth century, ________ was the most diverse in its people and problems.

A. AustriaB. RussiaC. PrussiaD. FranceAnswer: APage Ref: 40Skill: ConceptualTopic: Enlightened Absolutism

43. Joseph II of Austria ________.A. sought to improve the productivity and social conditions of the peasantryB. increased the tax burden on the peasantryC. reduced the serfs to slavesD. built many Catholic seminaries and allowed the church total autonomyAnswer: APage Ref: 541Skill: ConceptualTopic: Enlightened Absolutism

44. Catherine the Great of Russia ________.A. replaced the nobles with loyal government bureaucratsB. abandoned the ideals of absolutismC. built a strong alliance with the nobilityD. made an alliance with PolandAnswer: CPage Ref: 545Skill: ConceptualTopic: Enlightened Absolutism

45. Why is it surprising that Lady Mary Wortley Montagu was the voice of tolerance of Islam?

A. because most philosophes disdained IslamB. because most Muslims dismissed ChristiansC. because she was married to an ambassadorD. because she was not an educated womanAnswer: BPage Ref: 519Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Enlightenment and Religion

46. Deism reflected Enlightenment intellectual currents in ___________.A. rejecting the notion of a deityB. its rational approachC. having a special role for women in its observationsD. its opposition to IslamAnswer: BPage Ref: 519Skill: ConceptualTopic: The Enlightenment and Religion

47. With what opinion would the editors of the Encyclopedia most likely agree?A. Women should be kept to the same sexual standards as men.B. The right to vote for women would be socially useful.C. Motherhood is a woman’s most important occupation.D. It is reasonable to think that women are as capable as men to be strong rulers.Answer: CPage Ref: 531Skill: ConceptualTopic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment

48. Which statement best summarizes Rousseau’s writings about the role of women in society?

A. Rousseau’s views had little impact on the ideas of his contemporaries.B. Rousseau’s ideas were novel and surprising for most of his readers.C. Rousseau was considered progressive and liberal in his ideas of women.D. Rousseau’s traditional ideas deeply influenced many leaders on the subject of gender

roles.Answer: DPage Ref: 531Skill: ConceptualTopic: Women in the Thought and Practice of the Enlightenment

49. What was the effect of the Prussian Civil Service Commission?A. It subordinated the nobility and aristocracy to the state under Frederick the Great.B. It placed the junkers to the nobles in Prussia under Maria Theresa.C. It led to a rise in the prosperity of the middle class.D. It caused a decrease in property rights for the nobility.Answer: APage Ref: 539Skill: ConceptualTopic: Enlightened Absolutism

50. How did print culture contribute to the Enlightenment and the call for reform throughout Europe?

A. Increasing literacy and the volume of books printed encouraged the discussion of ideas about reform.

B. The greater number of print shops employed a large number of people and raised the standard of life for the middle class.

C. Governments were able to distribute their ideas in writing to a wider number of people.

D. Reference books such as the Encyclopedia were available to most universities.Answer: APage Ref: 514Skill: ConceptualTopic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment

51. After 1688, which of these remained forbidden in Britain?A. Lutherans and UnitariansB. Lutherans and JewsC. Jews and Roman CatholicsD. Unitarians and Roman CatholicsAnswer: DPage Ref: 513Skill: AnalyticalTopic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment

52. Philosophes were most direct in their attacks on Christian __________.A. clergyB. beliefsC. institutionsD. schoolsAnswer: CPage Ref: 518Skill: AnalyticalTopic: The Enlightenment and Religion

53. Smith’s four-stage theory placed European culture ________.A. in the third stageB. at the summit of human achievementC. in the Enlightenment stage of developmentD. in a stage beyond the fourth stageAnswer: BPage Ref: 526Skill: AnalyticalTopic: The Enlightenment and Society

54. Frederick the Great’s religious toleration can be seen as _________.A. based on practical politicsB. an outgrowth of his own atheismC. an attempt to undermine the Ottoman EmpireD. a weapon he used against RussiaAnswer: APage Ref: 539–540Skill: AnalyticalTopic: Enlightened Absolutism

55. Catherine the Great’s reforms were ultimately dampened by which of these considerations?A. the vastness of RussiaB. the expense of war with AustriaC. a number of religious uprisingsD. the need to placate the nobilityAnswer: DPage Ref: 545Skill: AnalyticalTopic: Enlightened Absolutism