n waarvoor wordt myke tyson geschorst in de wedstrijd tegen evander holyfield bij de wereldtitel...
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Waarvoor wordt Myke Tyson geschorst in de wedstrijd tegen Evander Holyfield bij de wereldtitel zwaargewicht boksen?
© Amsterdamse Media Vragenlijst. Paulien Klomps
Two forms of amnesia
Syndromes leading to Organic Amnesia Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome Alzheimer’s Anoxia, tumors, accidents, everything
that damages or blocks the blood flow to certain regions
What regions? Medial temporal lobe Basal forebrain
Medial diencephalon Frontal lobes
Ribot gradient
0
0.5
1
75-'84 65-'74 55-'64 45-'54 35-'44
Controls (n=16)
Korsakoff's (n=6)
Alzheimer's (n=8)
Adapted from: Kopelman (1989). Neuropsychologia.
TracelinkModeling consolidation and amnesia
M Meeter
The TraceLink model
Simulation model
Stochastic neurons, firing likelihood determined by input and inhibition
Both layers connected to itself and each-other
Hebbian learning Patterns consist of a
random collection of trace nodes and link nodes
Scheme of a simulation
Learning phase: acquisition of 15 patterns
After acquisition of a pattern, 3 consolidation trials
Consolidation: one random attractor strengthened
Simulated with TraceLink Retrograde amnesia with Ribot gradient
(damage to link structures) Anterograde amnesia correlated with RA
(damage to link structures) Anterograde amnesia without RA
(damage to modulatory structures) Temporary amnesia (TGA)
(hypo-perfusion of link structures) Isolated retrograde amnesia
(damage to trace-link connections) Implicit memory in amnesia Consolidation of arousing stimuli Levels of processing Semantic dementia
(damage to trace connectivity)
Simulating retrograde amnesia through a lesion of the link system
0
0.5
1
0 5 10 15
newest patterns oldest patterns
Control
Lesion
Chance level
Simulating semantic dementia through diminished trace connectivity
0
1
0 5 10 15
recent remote
Control
R.A.
Sem. Dem.
Empirical claims Lesions to link structures (e.g., medial
temporal lobe) produce correlated AA and RA, with the RA showing a Ribot gradient
Discrete lesions to modulatory structures (e.g., basal forebrain) produce AA without RA
Lesions involving both the link and modulatory system produce lowly correlated AA and RA
Only strong patterns are consolidated
Meten & vergetenMeetinstrumenten voor retrograde amnesie
Two forms of amnesia
Measuring retrograde amnesia (RA)
RA can only be measured indirectly, by comparing memory of patient with what is normal
Items must assess memories that every respondent has
Items must be dateable: it must be clear which period is assessed
Three test types
Public events tests AMV: Amsterdamse Media Vragenlijst DNMT: Daily News Memory Test
Autobiographical tests AGI: Autobiografisch Geheugeninterview
Vocabulary tests NVT: Nieuwe Vocabulairetest
Public events tests I
Amsterdamse Media Vragenlijst I.c.w. Paulien Klomps & Denny Borsboom Questions from ’70s, ’80s and ’90s, that at
least 70% of controls have correct Has been tested on normal controls
Example from ’70s: Waardoor komt het Drentse plaatsje Beilen in
december 1975 in het nieuws?
Public events tests II
Daily News Memory Test (in prep.) I.c.w. Steve Janssen & Jaap Murre Available on internet (http://memory.uva.nl) Questions about news events Selected from daily expanding database
Example from Feb. 9th
NL: tegen wat botste de Amerikaanse onderzeeer USS Greeneville op 9 februari?
Int.: with what did the American submarine USS Greeneville collide on February 9, 2001?
Autobiographical Tests
AGI, Autobiografisch Geheugeninterview I.c.w. Jaap Murre Adaptation from AMI (Kopelman, Wilson &
Baddeley, 1989) Questions about life events Is being tested in normal controls
Example (recent period): Waar heeft u het afgelopen jaar kerstmis
gevierd?
Vocabulary test
Nieuwe Vocabulaire Test (in prep.) I.c.w. Eveline de Wilde Consists of neologisms from ’70s, ’80s and
’90s Participant has to define the neologisms, and
later choose correct definition from 3 distracters
Example (’90s): Wat betekent Euro
Goals of the battery
Practical goals Offer doctors tests for retrograde amnesia
that may be helpful in diagnosis Developing memory test portal for
neuropsychologists
Theoretical goals Open up Dutch amnesic populations for
research on retrograde amnesia Characterize remote memory in given patient
populations in precise ways Test for Ribot gradients on short time scales
in patients with limited retrograde amnesia.