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Vocabulary:Abrasion SlopeAgents of erosion SortedBarrier island Static equilibriumBeaches StreamBurial Stream drainage patternsCemented TributariesChannel shape Unsorted

UNIT 9: SURFACE PROCESSESPACKET 10: WEATHERING, EROSION &

DEPOSITION, LANDSCAPES

EARTH SCIENCEMS. GILL

NOTE PACKET #9

NAME:___________________CLASS:_________ DATE:______ ________

Weathering and Erosion… what’s

the difference anyway? P.S I’m

Ziggy

Unit 9: Surface Processes Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #10

Chemical precipitation U-shaped valleysChemical weathering ValleysCompacted VelocityDelta V-shaped valleysDensity WatershedDeposition Wave actionDepositional WeatheringDischarge WindDrumlins Zone of breaking wavesDune Dynamic equilibrium Erosion EscarpmentsFinger LakesFlood Flood plainGlaciersGradientInorganicKettle lakesLandformsMeanderMorainesMountainsOrganicOutwash plainParallel scratchesPhysical weathering PlainsPlateausPrecipitationRateRate of depositionRidgesSandbarsSand-blasted bedrockSediments

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A. Weathering: is __________________________________________________________________________________________

For weathering to occur the rocks must be exposed to one or more of the following:

1. ____________________________________________________________

2. ____________________________________________________________

3. ____________________________________________________________


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Evidence of Weathering:

The end product of the weathering of rocks is ______________________________.

We classify sediments by size: Use the reference table pg. 6 to complete the chart below

Sediment Name

Range of diameter (cm)

BoulderCobblePebbleSandSiltClay Dissolved particles

Not visible (in solution)

Chemical Weathering:Rocks are broken and the chemical composition is ______________________. Examples of chemical weathering: Oxidation: Occurs when _________________ from air combines with ____________________ to form oxides.

Ex. _________________________________ Carbonation : Occurs when _________________containing ___________ acid dissolves minerals.

Ex. __________________________________

Pollution : Can speed up the rate of weathering. Oxides of ______________ & _______________ make rainwater unnaturally acidic.Ex. __________________________________

Hydration: Occurs when ________________ such as mica and feldspar absorb _____________ and weaken to form ______________________

Use the grid at right the complete the chart below:Temp Precipitatio

nType of Weathering

A 5 100

B 20 100c -10 50

Physical Weathering:Rocks are broken into smaller pieces without changing the ______________________ nature of rock.Explain how the following can cause physical weathering in the following ways:

* Freezing/thawing of water:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Abrasion:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________* Biologic activity: :___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

* Human Actions: :__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


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Climate Affects Weathering : Physical weathering dominates in ________________, _________________ climates

Chemical weathering dominates in ________________, _________________ climates

In general when there is more _______________________ there is more weathering.

Soil formation : ______________________________ &_______________________________ (WBA) Soil sits on top of solid bedrock. Soil is the combination of:______________________, ________________________, ____________________ The end product of the weathering of rocks and biologic activity is_________________.

Soil Horizons (layers):

_______________________________________________-A

_______________________________________________-B

_______________________________________________-C

The two types of sediment (soil) are:1. ________________________ : ____________________________________________________

2. ________________________: _____________________________________________________

Soil associations (characteristics): 3 ways that soil can differ in various locations:

1. ________________________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________________________

Weathering Rates: Rate of weathering also depends on:______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

If your increase surface area, you will _____________________ the rate of weathering.

B. Erosion : is ________________________________________________ and Depositing them elsewhere.

Erosion is driven by the force of ***______________***

The agents of Erosion are: ___________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________


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Each Agent of Erosion Produces it’s Own Characteristic Shape and Texture in the sediment and its own unique landscape. -RUNNING WATER ________________ AND________________ THE ROCK SURFACE ALSO MAKES IT_______________________

- WIND BLOWN SEDIMENTS _________ AND __________ THE ROCK SURFACE

- SMALL SEDIMENTS IN THE GLACIER _____________ & ______________THE ROCK SURFACE, BUT LARGE SEDIMENTS ________________ AND ________________ THE ROCK SURFACE

-GRAVITY FALLS: FALLEN ROCKS ARE _______________& _________________

* THE PRIMARY AGENT OF EROSION ________________ __________________


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Landscape Development: A landscape refers to the general shape of a region on the Earth’s surface. The shape of a landscape is also known as its ___________________________We describe landscape regions in terms of the: Heights of hills, Shapes of hillsStream patterns, Soil type (rock composition)LANDSCAPE REGIONS:Landscape regions can be classified as one of the following:__________________________, ______________________, _______________________, ____________________________ or ___________________________.

MOUNTAINS: ____________________, ____________________ &______________

HIGH PEAKS AND DEEP VALLEYS2. IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC ROCK3. STEEP STREAM GRADIENTS4. STEEP SLOPES5. FOLDED, FAULTS, TILTED ROCK LAYERSPlateau 1. FLAT OR ROLLING HILLS2. DEEP CUT STREAM VALLEYS3. HORIZONTAL LAYERS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK

Plains1. MOSTLY FLAT- FEW HILLS2. HORIZONTAL SEDIMENTARY LAYERS3. MEANDERING STREAMSGlacial LandscapesGlaciers deposit _______________________ sediments. Bedrock acted upon by glaciers is generally polished and ____________________ or striated by sediment in the ice. Glacial valleys are generally __________ shaped. Other glacial land scape feature include: eskers, kettle lakes, kettle holes, drumlins and moraines. Landscapes shaped streams and riversThrough erosion, a river creates valleys, waterfalls, flood plains, meanders and oxbow lakes. Rivers often from on mountain slopes due to melting ice caps. There a river generally follows a straight narrow coarse, creating a deep V-Shaped valley. Lower down a river usually flows over more gently sloping land. Here the river spreads out, forming a water wide river valley. The flat wide area of land along a river is a flood plain. A meander is a loop-like bend in the course of a river. Sometimes a meandering river forms a oxbow lake, a meander that has been cut off from the river. Landscapes shaped by streams and rivers primarily affected by the action of _________________and ________________. The resistance of the bedrock beneath the stream or river will dictate the drainage pattern and river shape. Less resistant rock with weather and eroded faster than more resistant rock, cause areas of low elevation where rivers and streams will flow. Deposition at the mouths of running results in the formation of deltas and alluvial fans and the formation of sedimentary rock.

C. Deposition: The ______________________ of particles and fragments. It is also called ________________________________________Deposition usually occurs under water under the forces of gravity.The agents of deposition are: ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________


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See pages 2 & 3 in your ESRT! You have to use them together! They map the same place!

Most of New York State soils are not residual, they are ____________ by ___________Landscape Development:Landscape results from the opposing forces of _____________ and _______________ Uplift is often caused by ______________________ ________________________ The resulting geologic events include __________________, _____________________ _______________ & ___________________ which create _____________________The most important leveling agent is erosion by ________________ ______________

Notice how the rock types weather differently. --> Differences in rock resistance creates varied & interesting landscapes. Which rock is least resistant?

Other agents include ___________ &_________driven by the force of _____________If uplifting forces have been dominant the landscape will be _____________________.If erosion has been dominant the landscape will be ____________________________If uplifting and leveling forces are in balance, the landscape is in ______________________________________________________________The term sedimentary basin is used to refer to any geographical feature exhibiting subsidence and consequent infilling by sedimentation. As the sediments are buried, they are subjected to increasing pressure and begin the process of lithification. As more and more sediment is deposited into the basin, the weight of all the newer sediment may cause the basin to subside further because of isostasy. A basin can continue having sediment deposited into it, and continue to subside, for long periods of geological time; this can result in basins many kilometers in thickness. Geologic faults can often occur around the edge of, and within, the basin, as a result of the ongoing slippage and subsidence


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The Influence of Climate on Landscape: A change in climate can also create an _____________ ___________ which leads to glaciers and glacial landscapes.

Humid (moist) Arid (dry)SlopeSoilType of Weathering


Landscape Review Questions: Use the two New York State Maps on pages 2 and 3 of your Reference Tables to answer the following questions:

1. Which of the landscape regions occupies the greatest area in New York State? _______________2. In which landscape region can you find the finger lakes?_________________________3. In which landscape region can you find Mt. Marcy? __________________________________4. List 5 cities that are located in the Allegheny Plateau: ______________________________5. List 3 cities that are located in the Erie-Ontario Lowlands: __________________________6. Which landscape region is the youngest? ____________________________________7. What is the distance between Mt. Marcy and Slide Mt. In Miles and Kilometers?_______________

Landscape RegionGeologic time period theRegion was formed

Dominant rock type(classification)

Erie-Ontario LowlandsAdirondack MountainsTug Hill PlateauHudson-Mohawk LowlandsNewark LowlandsAtlantic Coastal PlainAllegheny Plateau

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The Influence of Humans:Through the use of ___________________________ humans have been able to alter the shape of of the land. We can make changes in the landscape in a few months that would take nature hundreds of years to achieve. It could also take hundreds of years to remedy the __________________________ effects of technology. Environmental planning and conservation can help to preserve our soil, water, and air.


DISCHARGE & VELOCITY OF RUNNING WATERRunoff: includes all the water that moves over Earth’s surface, and due to gravity run off always moves downhill. The amount runoff in an area depends on five main factors: amount rain, amount of vegetation, type of soil, shape of land and how people use the land.

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AGENT #1 RUNNING WATER: (STREAMS, RIVERS & FLOODS)PARTICLES ARE CARRIED IN SEVERAL WAYS IN RUNNING WATER DEPENDING ON THEIR _____________ AND _______________________. THE FASTER THE WATER THE BIGGER THE LOAD IT CAN CARRY. AS A STREAM OR RIVER SLOWS DOWN IT RELEASES OR DEPOSITS THE PARTICALS IT CARRIES IN SIZE ORDER, DROPPING LARGER COBBLES FIRST AND SMALLEST PARTICLES LIKE CLAY LAST. THREE WAYS STREAMS TRANSPORT SEDIMENT: Sediments __________________________________ Examples: Salts and Calcite

Sediments__________________________________Examples: Clay and Silt (colloids)

Sediments ____________________________________ Examples: sand, pebbles and cobbles

***SEDIMENTS LEFT BEHIND BY STREAMS AND WIND ARE: ______________ Meaning dropped off in size order But note that Glacial deposits are unsorted.WHAT IS THE MINIMUM VELOCITY NEEDED TO CARRY A PEBBLE? ________WHAT IS THE MINIMUM VELOCITY NEEDED TO CARRY A BOULDER? _______

As a stream slows down from 100 cm/s to .5 cm/s, which list in order which particle will be deposited. Which particles will stay in suspension? ________________________________________________________________________________


Streams: natural channels which allow water to flow downhill Discharge: VOLUME OF WATER FLOWING PAST A SPOT IN A GIVEN AMOUNT OF TIME. In other words the amount of water. The more discharge the faster the stream. Most runoff gets into streams and as runoff increases, __________________________!

A. Sources of water for streams: ___________________ & _________________B. In moist climates, streams are fed by _________________ during dry periods. C. In dry climates, streams lose water to the _____________________.

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THE VELOCITY OF A STREAM DEPENDS ON :

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

_________________________________________

Water moves faster on the _________________ of a bend.Water moves slower on the _________________ of a bend.On a straight path the maximum velocity is in the _________ below the ___________

Factors that determine stream discharge:A. ___________________

• time lag (between max. rainfall and max. stream discharge)

• takes time for runoff to reach the stream B. ____________________

Increased vegetation blocks overland flow and slows stream response

C. __________________ or _________________ (same)• The land from which the water comes, that drains

into the stream• Large drainage basin more discharge• Small drainage basin less discharge

D._____________________________Rapid runoff if …..

• ground is paved• impermeable (bedrock)• frozen

Discharge

Velo

city

EROSIONAL-DEPOSITIONAL SYSTEM:

____________________ or ____________________ are examples of this kind of system. Within a stream system energy transforms from ________________to _____________ energy

____________________will dominate in the steeper section and

____________________ in places of less gradient or slope.

Kinetic energy depends on _________________ velocity increases,

kinetic energy increases and more erosion occurs. Potential energy depends on _______________ not slope, energy is stored and depostion occurs.

When the rate of erosion equals the rate of deposition _______________________ ______ __________________ is reached.

Erosion occurs more often on _____________________ and

Deposition occurs in large bodies of _______________________

Streams that flow over ____________ valleys may develop ______________ (bending) paths because of Erosion and deposition.


*You will have to be able to draw the cross-section ofa stream channel along a curved or straight path.

Look at the Diagram on the Right -Erosion occurs at points _______ & _______

-Deposition occurs at points ______& ________

Maximum erosion occurs where there is maximum __________________ as indicated by the shaded areaIn each stream cross section.

Water Sheds:

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X

Y

Z

Y

Z

X

River Landscape development: The maturity of a river depends upon the portion of the land that has been worn down to or near ______________________ _________________________. This depends on the bedrock that is beneath the stream.

The 3 stages of landscape maturity ( describe each diagram) Young: 1.MUCH OF THE LAND AT HIGH ELEVATIONS2. STEEP HILL SLOPES3. FAST STREAMS4. DEEP V-SHAPED VALLEYSMature: 1. ROUNDED HILL SLOPES (IF MOIST CLIMATE)2. STREAM VALLEYS ARE BROAD3. STREAMS BEGIN TO MEANDEROld:1. MOSTLY ERODED TO BASE LEVEL2. STREAMS HAVE LOW SLOPE (GRADIENT)3. STREAMS MOVE SLOW & MEANDER4. FERTILE AND THICK SOIL HORIZON A

All of the land that drains into a particular river or stream is called a drainage basin or watershed. Watersheds are divided by high elevations such as mountain ranges.


A tributary is a stream that flows into a larger stream. A drainage basin is the land area from which a river and it’s tributaries collect water. A divide is the high ground between two drainage basins.

A stream bank is the land area along side the river or stream.

Watershed practice questions:1. An environmental scientist needs to prepare a report on the potential effects that a proposed surface mine in New York State will have on the watershed where the mine will be located. In which reference materials will the scientist find the most useful data with which to determine the watershed’s boundaries?a. topographic maps b. geologic time scalesc. tectonic plate maps d. planetary wind maps

2.Which lettered section represents the watershed of the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers?a. A b. B c. C d. D3.The pattern of stream drainage shown on theWatersheds map is influenced most by thea. structural features of the bedrock b. differences in soil compositionc. activities of humans d. temperature of the area

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4. The photograph below shows a sign near the Esopus Creek in Kingston, New York. The main purpose of the word "watershed" on this sign is to communicate that the Esopus Creek

a. is a tributary of the Hudson Riverb. is a flood hazard where it flows into the Hudson Riverc. forms a delta in the Hudson Riverd. contains ancient fish fossils

Stream Drainage Patterns The bedrock of an area will cause streams to drain in a pattern that can be seen from overhead. Theses are called _______________________ _____________________ the geologic structures below create the following drainage patterns.

1 2 3 4


1. Which stream drainage pattern above would most likely develop on the surface of a volcano? __________2. Which map shows the stream drainage pattern that usually develops on the surface of horizontal rock layers? ___________________3. Which map shows the stream drainage pattern that develops on a domed mountain?________ 4.The diagram below represents a geologic cross section in which no overturning has occurred. The letters identify specific regions in the cross section. Match the letters to the drainage patterns above, one pattern is used twice and another is not represented at all.

Deposition by Streams and Rivers:Deltas and Alluvial FansAs water moves it carries sediment with it. Anytime moving water slows down, it deposits some of this sediment. Deposition creates landforms such as alluvial fans and deltas. When a river flows out of a mountain valley, the water slows and deposits sediments in a fan shaped structure called and alluvial fan. Horizontal sorting is characteristic of this wide sloping deposit. A river ends when it flows into a still body of water such as an ocean or lake. There th e water slows downs, also deposition sediment in a horizonatally sorted pattern. These sediments build up form a delta. 1. Fan-shaped sediments deposits at the mouth of rivers

and called deltas. The Nile, Amazon and Mississippi rivers have well-developed deltas

2. Alluvial Fans form as the result of sediments being washed down a mountain.

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RATES OF RIVER AND STREAM DEPOSITION DEPEND ON:

Particle size: _____________ particles (clay, silt) settle more slowly than larger particles. ___________ do not settle out of solution unless the solution becomes ___________________.___________________ & ____________________ are the ions that come out of solution.Particle shape: ___________ between water and the surface of particles ________ settling. As surface area _____________ the time it takes to settle ________________3. Particle density: ___________ particles settle faster.Complete the Graphs Below: Label each axis

VELOCITY OF TRANSPORTING MEDIUM:The slower the velocity of the water the ______________ the particles will settle. It takes longer for particles to settle in ________________________ water.

SORTING OF SEDIMENTS:Horizontal sorting: _________________

_______________________________

________________________________

________________________________


FLOODING:______________________________________________________• precipitation rate exceeds infiltration rate• hurricane- storm surges• impermeable ground (bedrock, frozen, paved, saturated already)

Flood Plains 1. Flooded sediments build up on the sides of rivers, forming natural levees. The flood plains

beyond them are the most fertile lands in the world. 2. Occasionally, heavy rains over a short period of time cause flash floods. Flooding can occur

very quickly, creating a great deal of property damage. 3. Flooding cause a great deal of erosion and subsequently

Deposits a lot of sediment into a river basin at one time.

4. Vertical Sorting: Results from the deposition of a large amount of material at once into a body of water such as a pond, lake or ocean basin.

5. Cross Bedding: _____________________________________________________________________

Crossbedding result from multiple depostions events. So the picture to the right represents three flooding events whereThe river or stream dumped sediment into a lake bed or ocean basin

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Summary: Erosion by running water results in the following landscape features.1) V-Shaped valleys 2) oxbow lakes 3) meandering rivers 4) sorted particles in layers 5) rounded and smaller sediments 6) Deltas 7) alluvial fans

V shaped valley

Meandering streams

Sorted round sediments


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Agent #2 WIND:Erosion by wind occurs primarily in ___________ climates.The particles transported (eroded)by wind are __________________________.

Agent #3: Gravity (Erosion by Mass Movements): Movement of loose earth material down a slope due to gravity

a. Slow movement is called creep. b. Sudden movements of material are called landslides. They can occur with soil, ice, snow or

rock. c. Clay and Silt that are saturated with water can form mudflows. These can be quite

devastated. Examples: Avalanches and Landslides

Wind:Sediments left by wind are ________________.Sand dunes may form with a gentle slope facing into the wind. ( ______________________)and a steep slope on the opposite (______________________) When wind direction changes sand dunes cross each other creating a feature known as _______________ _____________________.

Most sand dunes are well ___________ in sloping ___________.The sand grains are _______________ and ___________________

Deposition on Coastlines by Ocean Waves and Currents:-Wind influences the direction of ocean waves. The sand grains are ______________ & _____________ .

________________ generates waves.

Waves more sand ____________________ to the shore.

Barrier beaches may form like Jones beach or Fire Island.

Wave action rounds sediments as a result of ____________.The long shore current moves sediments parallel to the shore. Humans put up jetties and groinsto stop erosion on the windward side of the structure.


The diagrams below represent four different examples of mass movements that transports sediments due to gravity:

1. Which erosional force acts alone to produce avalanches and landslides?a. gravityb. winds c. running water d. sea waves

2. Sharp-edged, irregularly shaped sediment particles found at the base of a rock cliff were probably transported bya. gravityb. wind c. ocean waves d. running water

3. The diagram below shows the surface features of a landscape.Based on the features shown, which erosional agent had the greatest effect on tree growth and the structures that humans have built on this landscape?a. running waterb. moving icec. prevailing windd. mass movement

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AGENT #4 GLACIAL EROSION:When more snow in winter accumulates than ________________ in the summer the snow at the bottom turns to ____________. If it becomes thick enough, it’s weight will cause it to move under the pull of ____________________

Characteristics of Glacial Erosion:Glaciers create ______ shaped valleysSediments left behind by glaciers are ______________ & _____________________Sediments left behind by glaciers are _____________________________4. Glaciers are like rivers of ice.

Some glacial features include:U-shaped valleysMoraines: unsorted sedimentsDrumlins: elongated moraineskettle lakes: round glacial lakefinger lakes: elongated glacial lakeoutwash plains: deposited by melt-water streams Erratic: large rock

deposited by a glacierEscarpment: steep cliffHorn: sharp peak


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Glacial Landscapes:The advance and retreat of glacial ice carves and deposits several distinct features in it’s

path. Glacial geologist study these features to gain insight about the direction of ice movement, climate changes, and the extent of glacial advance. This sheet will serve to look at each feature individually.

Glacial till is very compacted unsorted sediment. Till is deposited directly by the glacier when the glacier melts away. Glacial till deposits are very resistant to erosion because these deposits were compacted under the weight of the ice. Some till deposits are found in elongated hills called moraines. Moraines are made of till (unsorted and un-layered) that accumulated in front of advancing ice, as the ice moved it pushed this material up in front of it. The location of a moraine signifies where the ice stopped for a period of time or the furthest extent of glacial advance.

As the ice advances it picks up and incorporates rock particles into the ice. This process is called plucking. As these sediments are drag along the base of the moving ice, they break down and weather into smaller pieces, along the way they polish and scratch the bedrock beneath. The scratches left behind are evidence for the direction of glacial advance and are referred to as striations. Some larger pieces of rock that become incorporated into the ice make their way to the top of the glacier, here it is protected by the ice rather than dragged along the bottom. These large pieces can be transported and deposited thousands of miles from their original location. These boulders are called erratics. Geologist study the composition of these erratics to determine their geographic region of origin. Larger features also left behind by glaciers include kettle lakes, eskers and drumlins:

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Glaciers:Sediments left by glaciers are ________________.Glacial __________________ are large rocks that have been transported by glacial ice without being broken into pieces.

Some glacial features include:

1. ________________________ 2. ________________________3. ________________________ 4. ________________________5. ________________________ 6. ________________________7. ________________________

Eskers are long, narrow, steep-sided ridges of coarse sand and gravel deposited by a stream flowing under a melting sheet of glacial ice.


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Kettle lakes are formed when a large boulder sized chunk of ice becomes buried by sediment. When the ice melts the water seeps into the ground leaving a void, resulting in a topographic depression called a kettle hole. If the topography of the kettle hole intersects the water table, then the hole will have water in it and this is called a kettle lake.

Drumlins like moraines are also formed of till. They are elongated features that can reach a kilometer or more in length. One end is quite steep and the other end has a gentle slope. The steeper end is called the Stoss and faced into the ice flow. The Lee slope is the more gentle slope and points toward the direction of ice movement. From an areal view drumlins can look like tear drop shapes. It is common to find several drumlins grouped together. The collection of drumlins is called a swarm. Drumlins are thought to form under the ice, sediment was pushed up until too much sediment accumulated and the glacier could no longer push it. Rather the glacier flows over the deposit instead of continuing to push it. The tapering leeward side is formed as sediment is dragged down slope as the glacier moves over the drumlin.

CROSS-SECTIONAL VIEW AERIAL VIEW

1. ____________________:

A bed of sorted gravels and deposits

2. _____________________: A long winding ridge left by a stream that flowed in an ice tunnel under the glacier.

3. _______________________: water filled hollow left by a block of ice.

4._______________________: A long hummocky mound of debris left at the front of the glacier.

5. _______________________: The long rounded mound of till formed under the flowing ice and usually occurring in groups.

6. _______________________: A fairly flat area beyond the terminal moraine

Fill in the blanks on the RIGHT using the following terms:-Outwash plain-Esker-Kettle Lake-Terminal Moraine-Drumlin-Sorted sands and gravels


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name€¦ · web viewthe steeper end is called the stoss and faced into the ice flow. the lee...

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