nanotechlhnology and the eneegyrgy industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }aerosol...

24
h l dh Nanotechnology and the Energy Industry Evan L. Floyd Doctoral Candidate, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Upload: others

Post on 21-Aug-2020

5 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

h l d hNanotechnology and the Energy Industrye gy dust y

Evan L. FloydDoctoral Candidate, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Page 2: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

US NanoMetro Mapphttp://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/map/

Page 3: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Why are Nanomaterials so Popular?Why are Nanomaterials so Popular?

Spun Carbon Nanotubes (left)p ( )Natural Cotton Fiber (below)

50‐100 um

4 um

2 um

Page 4: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Nanotechnology and the dEnergy Industry

Nano sized vs. Nanomaterial

Nanomaterial Uses

Concerns about Nanomaterials

The good newsThe good news

Page 5: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Nano Sized vs  NanomaterialNano Sized vs. Nanomaterial

Nanomaterials are technically defined(ISO/ TS 27687:2008)

At least 1 dimension < 100 nmAt least 1 dimension < 100 nm

Intentionally produced

Nanoplate ‐ 1 dimensions <100 nm  (graphene)Nanoplate 1 dimensions <100 nm  (graphene)

Nanofiber – 2 dimensions <100nm  (carbon nanotubes, Si nanowires, nano trees), )

Nanoparticles – 3 dimensions <100nm  (quantum dots)

IIOSH Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology

Page 6: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Nano Sized vs  NanomaterialNano Sized vs. Nanomaterial

Nano sized matter has existed for eonsVolcanic ash, smoke, sea spray, virus aerosols, lightning strike…lightning strike…

Man made nano sized matter is not necessarily nanomaterialy

Diesel particulate, stack emissions, welding fume

Nano sized materials (<100nm) are referred  to as Ultrafine particles

Page 7: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Nano Sized Welding FumesNano Sized Welding Fumes

Mild Steel welding fume  at successive stages of a cascade impactorcascade impactor

NeuroToxicology ‐gyVolume 30, Issue 6November 2009Pages 915–925Pages 915 925

Page 8: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Toxicity Trends of Ultrafine MaterialsToxicity Trends of Ultrafine Materials

As size decreases, toxicity increases (LD50 gets lower)

“…research suggests that, among different particle gg g psizes, Ultrafine particles are potentially the most dangerous owing to their”

Small SizeSmall Size

Deep penetration

Large surface area / volume ratio

High content of redox cycling organics

High rates of retention in the lungs

Xia, Li, Nel,  Public Health Reviews, Potential Health Impacts of Nanoparticles (2009), p.138

Page 9: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Ultrafine Toxicity Applied to lNanoparticles

While certain differences exist between ultrafines and  engineered nanomaterials, many similarities remain

Both are expected to exhibit increased toxicity due to large surface area / volume ratios

d d d f l f d bToxicity paradigms derived from ultrafine studies can be applied to nano

Oxidative Stress Paradigm

Page 10: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Oxidative Stress Paradigmg

Page 11: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Limitations Applying Ultrafine h lresearch to Nanoparticle exposure

Nanoparticles may differ from Ultrafine particles in:Nanoparticles may differ from Ultrafine particles in:

Page 12: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Nanomaterial UsesNanomaterial Uses

Medical / Health Related

Electronics and Technology

l dMaterials and Engineering

Page 13: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Nanomaterials in Medicine/ HealthNanomaterials in Medicine/ Health

Quantum dots  ‐ band gap proportional to sizeUnique optical properties improve imaging (CT scans) and can be targeted to tumorsbe targeted to tumors

Used in microchip arrays

Nano Silver (nAg) –Nano Silver (nAg) antimicrobial  properties

Used to prevent disease transmission from surfaces, sanitize laundry  claimed to cure malaria and HIV (non‐clinical trials)

http://www.nanocotechnologies.com

laundry, claimed to cure malaria and HIV (non clinical trials)

Nano Zinc Oxide –UV absorption in sunscreen and cosmetics

Page 14: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Nanomaterials in l d h lElectronics and Technology

Quantum Dots – transistors and photovoltaic cells

Carbon nanobutes – electron microscope tips, photovoltaic cells, touch screen technology, cloaking/ camoflauge, super conductors

l lSilicon nanowires – electronics, transistors

http://www.nanohedron.com/Pan_octopus_small.jpg

Page 15: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Nanomaterials in l dMaterials and Engineering

Carbon nanotubes –Adsorption of CO2 and organic vapors, charge storage, enhancing photovoltaic efficiency, additive to conventional materials for tensile strengthg

TiO2 –UV absorption, catalysis, enhancing photovoltaic efficiency

Nanodiamond thin films – coatings on high wear surfaces to improve longevity and performance

Ex: engine cylinder walls and piston rings, bearing surfaces, etc.

Coating and growth techniques to improve drill bits and cutting tools

Page 16: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Nanomaterials in the Power IndustryNanomaterials in the Power Industry

Applications of Nanomaterials in the Energy SectorCreated by Dr. Wolfgang Luther for

Hessain Ministry of Economic  Transportation and Urban and Hessain Ministry of Economic, Transportation and Urban and Regional Development

Published August 2008

Page 17: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Concerns about NanomaterialsConcerns about Nanomaterials

CdSeQuantum Dots dissociate under UV light and can lead CdSeQuantum Dots dissociate under UV light and can lead to an exposure of Cadmium and Selenium in vivo

Nano Silver is not harmful to humans but extremely toxic to many aquatic species

Carbon Nanotubes are asbestos‐like and suspected of being carcinogenic  especially multi walled carbon nanotubescarcinogenic, especially multi walled carbon nanotubes

Page 18: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Concerns about NanotechnologyConcerns about Nanotechnology

Highly interdisciplinary field(s), unclear regulatory body/ rules

Fast time to market; <5 yrs from discovery to product

Exercising caution before we “discover” the toxicities of nanomaterials is good Industrial Hygiene practice and good bbusiness

Page 19: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Concerns About NanomaterialsConcerns About Nanomaterials

Nanoaerosols do not remain nano‐sized and monodispersedforever

Through agglomeration they tend to GSD of 1.34

Through nucleated condensation nanoparticles may grow to b d lsub‐micron size (0.1‐0.3 um) and larger

Aerosol Technology; Hinds  1999

Page 20: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Concerns About NanoparticlesConcerns About Nanoparticles

Single Fiber Filtration theory

Aerosol Technology; Hinds  1999

Page 21: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

The Good NewsThe Good News

While single fiber filtration theory tells us 0.2 ‐0.3 um is the most penetrating particle size

HEPA filters and P‐100 respirator cartridges are 99.97%  efficient at the most penetrating particle size (0.2 ‐0.3 um)

l ll bl h l dNanoparticles are especially susceptible to Thermal and Electrostatic precipitation techniques

Page 22: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

The Good NewsThe Good News

Our standard approach is a good starting pointAnticipate – know your products and what is contained therein

Recognize  if you use a product that has the potential for Recognize – if you use a product that has the potential for nanomaterial release then you can be ready to evaluate exposure

Evaluate  classic sampling techniques are effective in Evaluate – classic sampling techniques are effective in capturing/ measuring nanosizedmaterial in air, water and on surfaces

Control  Nanoaerosols behave much like gasses  conventional Control – Nanoaerosols behave much like gasses, conventional engineering controls can be effective

Page 23: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

More Good NewsMore Good News

We have many new tools that really help with Nano assessments

Field portable counting and sizing devices have aboundedCondensation Nuclei Counters – particle count only

Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers – Size selection and countScanning Mobility Particle Sizers Size selection and count

Wide Range Aerosol Spectrometers – Size selection and count

Analytical Methods specifically adapted for NanomaterialsAnalytical Methods specifically adapted for Nanomaterials

6 hr battery life, 10nm – 10um, 1x106 particles/cm3

Page 24: Nanotechlhnology and the Eneegyrgy Industdust yryesafetyline.com/eei/conference s... · }Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd

Useful ResourcesUseful Resources

Approaches to Safe Nanotechnology: 2009, NIOSH

Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Hinds, 2nd edition 1999, Wiley Interscience

l f h l hApplication of Nanotechnologies in the Energy Sector, Luther, 2008; Hessain Ministry of Economy, Transport and Urban and Regional Development