nanotechnology and environmental protection i. introduction shu-chi chang, ph.d., p.e., p.a....
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Nanotechnology and Environmental ProtectionI. Introduction
Shu-Chi Chang, Ph.D., P.E., P.A.Assistant Professor1 and Division Chief2
1Department of Environmental Engineering2Division of Occupational Safety and Health,
Center for Environmental Protection and Occupational Safety and Health
National Chung Hsing University
9/16/2008
Outline
Instructor’s background Course overview and grading policy
Overview of this course Grading policy Textbook and references
Introduction of Nanotechnology and Environmental Protection
Instructor’s background
Ph.D., Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, U.S.A. (Ranked at the 3rd place in 2008)
Award Government Scholarship: Sole grantee in Environmental
Engineering in year 2000. Professional qualification
PE, Environmental Engineering (1989) PE, Industrial Safety Engineering (1997) CPA, ISO 14000 (1996, Naville & Clark) CPA, ISO 9000 (1997, Mercedes-Benz)
Professional Expertise Environmental microbiology and
nanobiotechnology (8 years) Bioremediation of contaminated soils and
groundwater (6 years) Integrated quality, environmental, safety, and health
management ( 5 year)
Dissertational Research
Rapid detection and enumeration of mycobacteria in metalworking fluids: technology development and validation
Tools Flow cytometry Fluorescent antibody and nucleic acid dyes Functionalized magnetic nanoparticle (dia. 25 nm
and 60 nm) Statistical data analysis
Contributions Shortened assay time by more than 95% Single colony-forming-unit sensitivity ~98% specificity Good correlation over 4 orders of magnitude Can effectively reduce health hazards and
environmental burdens
Extended Research
Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes Nano-emulsion: novel industrial fluid
formulations Flow-Genomics™: an ultrasensitive
and high-throughput single molecule detection platform
Instantaneous characterization of microbial ecosystems: rapid identification of structural and functional roles of numerous microorganisms in a microbial ecosystem
Award: Ms. Hsin-Yue Chen won the “Outstanding Research Award” granted by NSC, Taiwan.
Others
University of Michigan Dioxin Exposure Study (UMDES)
Soil, blood, dust, and questionnaire Data analysis
Modeling Pattern analysis Exposure pathway modeling
Flow GenomicsTM
Microbial fuel cell Environmental impact of nano-materials (EINM)
Bioremediation experience
Expert system programmer (Bioremediation Advisor)
Investigation Soil sampling and analysis Groundwater sampling and analysis Soil gas sampling and analysis
Remediation Off-site remediation On-site remediation In-situ remediation (pioneered the in-situ air sparging
bioremediation in Taiwan) Technology transfer
Speaker for a session on in-situ bioremediation technology transfer to Chinese Petroleum Corporation, Taiwan
Expert system illustration
Original fact pool 1
Evolved fact pool 1
Rule base or knowledge base
Evolved fact pool 2
Evolved fact pool 3
Evolved fact pool n
Evolved Rule base or knowledge base 1
Current Research
Applications of nanoemulsions Bioremediation of chlorinated solvent
contaminated sites Sustainable industrial fluid Growth enhancer Magnetite nanoparticle synthesis for arsenic
removal Environmental microfluidics
Single cell packaging High throughput genomic study platform
Overview of this course (1)
Teaching goals To gain basic understanding of nanotechnology. To review the technical areas of environmental
protection To learn the current applications to environmental
engineering and energy engineering To be familiar with the possible environmental
impacts due to nanomaterials
Overview of this course (2)
Main topics Short history of nanotechnology Basic rules about the nano-world Fabrication and characterization of
nanomaterials Nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes Nano-Sensors Ecological impacts of nanomaterials Nanotechnology application to remediation,
adsorption, and membrane processes Micro- and nano-fluidics
Overview of this course (3)
Style Fact and engineering oriented
Understanding first, memorization second
Quantification and calculation is necessary
Group learning and communication A short group oral presentation A group term project and presentation
Grading policy All lectures, assignments and exams will be in English. Short oral
presentation has to be in English. However, questions, term paper, and homework are allowed to be finished in either Chinese or English.
Homework will be handed out probably every three weeks and a term paper will be assigned to each group of students, usually 3 students in a group. Each group will also give a short presentation apart from the term project presentation.
Composition of final score Homework assignments: 10%, zero score for late submission. Short group oral presentation (15 minutes): 10% Term paper (Research proposal) + presentation: 25%, 7 pages min and 10 pages
max, not including references. Font in size 12 and double spaced. References should be no less than 7 citations. Preferably in English.
Midterm: 25% and Final: 25% Participation: 5%
Best Proposal Award: extra credit 5 points. (highest score99)
Group learning and presentation
Why Promotion of team spirit and interaction Chance to investigate the topic you are
most interested in environmental nanotechnology or environmental problems associated with nanomaterials
Getting familiar with the format of research proposal writing and oral presentation in an international symposium.
Environmental professionals need better communication skills than any other engineering disciplines
ScheduleWeek Date Topic
1 9/16 Overview of this course
2 9/23 Nanotechnology and the Environment (I)
3 9/30 Nanotechnology and the Environment (II)
4 10/7 Nanotechnology and energy, and Nanomaterial fabrication (I)
5 10/14 Nanomaterial fabrication (II)
6 10/21 Structural characterization of nanomaterials
7 10/28 Chemical characterization of nanomaterials
8 11/4 Midterm Exam (in-class, 2 hour exam)
9 11/11 Nanomaterial toxicity assessment
10 11/18 Nanomaterials for groundwater remediation
11 11/25 Membrane processes and adsorption
12 12/2 Environmental impacts of nanomaterials
13 12/9 Life-cycle assessment of nanomaterials (oral presentation)
14 12/16 Nanoemulsion for remediation (oral presentations)
15 12/23Microfluidics for medical and environmental applications (oral presentation)
16 12/30 Quantum dots (oral presentation)
17 1/6 Group term project presentation
18 1/13 Final Exam (take home for 24 hours)
Textbook and references
Textbook Wiesner & Bottero, 2007. Environmental
Nanotechnology. McGraw Hill Companies, New York, NY. (Not required)
References Course pack (handouts) Course slides (on-line available with password) Current journal articles (on-line available
through http://lib.nchu.edu.tw )
For lecturing slides, please refer to http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/shucc
Office hours and others
Office hours: Thursday: 12pm (noon) ~ 1pm Other time: by appointment
Lab tour: electron microscope lab in NCHU (TBA)
Introduction to this course: “Nanotechnology and Environmental Protection”
Shu-Chi Chang, Ph.D., P.E., P.A.Assistant Professor1 and Division Chief2
1Department of Environmental Engineering2Division of Occupational Safety and Health,
Center for Environmental Protection and Occupational Safety and Health
National Chung Hsing University
9/16/2008
Outline
What is nanotechnology What is environmental protection The interface between nanotechnology
and environmental protection Environmental applications of nanotech Environmental impacts of nanotech A hands-on preparation on
nanostructured surface Summary
What is nanotehnology ? Dimension < 100 nm Dr. Feynman’s talk on
nanotechnology Dr. Drexler’s book: “Nanosystems” Dr. Smalley’s Fullerene and Nano-
energy
There’s plenty of room at the bottom
The beginning of nanotehnology: Dr. Feynman’s talk --“What I want to talk about is the problem of manipulating and controlling things on a small scale.” (12/29/1959 at Caltech)
Questions: Why cannot we write the entire 24
volumes of the Encyclopedia Brittanica on the head of a pin? (write and read)
Physical way to chemical synthesis Learn from and incorporate with
biological entities
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html
There’s plenty of room at the bottom
Other possibilities Stored in 555 atoms as a bit as DNA
stored one bit in about 50 atoms Better electron microscope with
resolution at <0.1nm to see single atom Tiny robots to do what we want them to
do Making computer with line width at
around 40nm. How about chemical vapor deposition (CVD)?
Lubrication of tiny cars as small as 0.5mm
Swallow the surgeon into your body Nano mass production Bottom-up synthesis -> LED light Quantum dots?
There’s plenty of room at the bottom
Two high school prizes $1,000 to the first guy who can take
the information on the page of a book and put it on an area 1/25,000 smaller in linear scale in such manner that it can be read by an electron microscope.
another $1,000 to the first guy who makes an operating electric motor---a rotating electric motor which can be controlled from the outside and, not counting the lead-in wires, is only 1/64 inch cube.
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html
Overview (Cont’d)
Who is Dr. Feynman? Awards
Noble Prize Winner in 1965 Albert Einstein Award (1954, Princeton) Lawrence Award (1962).
Distinguished achievements in Quantum Electrodynamics
His research question actually started from his undergraduate study in MIT.
Very good at making complex things simple and popularize science to common audience.
http://www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html
Drexler’s Nanosystems
Contents Preface Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview
PART I. PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES Chapter 2. Classical Magnitudes and Scaling
Laws Chapter 3. Potential Energy Surfaces Chapter 4. Molecular Dynamics Chapter 5. Positional Uncertainty Chapter 6. Transitions, Errors, and Damage Chapter 7. Energy Dissipation Chapter 8. Mechanosynthesis
PART II. COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS Chapter 9. Nanoscale Structural
Components Chapter 10. Mobile Interfaces and Moving
Parts Chapter 11. Intermediate Subsystems Chapter 12. Nanomechanical
Computational Systems Chapter 13. Molecular Sorting,
Processing, and Assembly Chapter 14. Molecular Manufacturing
Systems PART III. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
Chapter 15. Macromolecular Engineering Chapter 16. Paths to Molecular
Manufacturing
Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation
Molecular machinery (1)
A pump selective for neon
http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/gallery.html
Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (www.imm.org).
Molecular machinery (2)
A Molecular Differential Gear
Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (www.imm.org).
Molecular machinery (3)
A Fine-Motion Controller for Molecular Assembly
Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (www.imm.org).
Dr. Smalley’s argument
The scientist first synthesized fullerene, C60.
Drexler's work on nanotechnology was criticized as naive by Nobel Prize winner Richard Smalley in a 2001 Scientific American article
Nobel laureate in 1996 Died at 62 years old in
2005.
Growth of nanotechnology
Nanotech is selling Intel is shipping <100 nm line-width
CPU chips Hard drives LED-based traffic signals CD players Low-friction coating
A irritating news about C60
Growth of nanotechnology
Fear: this tech has been growing too fast.
Size matters Surface atoms dominate Optical behavior and
chemical reactivity NNI quadrupled its budget
on nanotech since 2000. Nanotech economy -> 1
trillion in 2012
Growth of nanotechnology
Repeat of asbestos nightmare Environmental toxicity? C60 may be very good solar cell substrate and
may also convert oxygen and others into radicals
More and more evidences showed that nanomaterials do show high toxicity to some animals and human cells
Funding situation Predictive models are not adequate Labeling on products
Environmental protection
Environmental health as endpoint Human health Ecosystem health
Areas Toxicology: human body Surface water: waste water and drinking water Air: dispersion and deposition Soil: vadose zone Groundwater: aquifer, saturated with water
Environmental applications
Adsorption Membrane processes Groundwater remediation Nanoenergy Biosensors Micro- and nano-fluidics Nanoemulsion and nanosensor
Adsorption
Basic principles Nanoparticles offer >100m2/g specific surface
area Superparamagnetism for magnetically
assisted chemical separation (MACS)
Groundwater remediation
Zero valent iron Biogenic iron oxide Iron oxide
synthesized in solution phase
Nanoenergy
Reactive oxygen species Solar cells
Generate hydrogen from water by using nanoparticles
ROS production by fullerene
Biosensors
Thin film (monolayer) Micro-cantilever Magnetic nanoparticles Quantum dots Nanowire Hydro-gel Biofunctionalized
nanoparticels Components and total
analysis system
Microscopes
Light microscope Electron microscope
Image Courtesy: Scott Robinson, ITG - Beckman Institute www.icob.sinica.edu.tw/pubweb/facility.htm
Nanoemulsion
Novel industrial fluids Drug delivery Nanoemulsion vaccine Nanoemulsion on
tumor cells Cosmetics Remediation Heat conductor Microreactor for
nanomaterial synthesis
Novel industrial fluids
Hypothesis Metastability Ostwald ripening Biodegradability at different
ranges of droplet sizes Size matters
Better stability -> longer shelf life
Low turbidity -> easier optical detection
Smaller size -> higher frequency of collision-> may also have higher fusion rate
Make your own nanosurface
Materials A paper cup A small amount of water A lighter A candle
Steps Observation