Napoleon Bonaparte

1769-1821

Early LifeEarly Life

Born in CorsicaBorn in Corsica

Aristocratic family Aristocratic family with many brothers with many brothers and sistersand sisters

Military school at the Military school at the age of 14age of 14

Military SuccessMilitary Success

Success on the battlefield Success on the battlefield led to rapid advancementled to rapid advancement

Other French generals Other French generals who lost battles were who lost battles were declared traitors, and declared traitors, and executedexecuted

Napoleon led the troops Napoleon led the troops that crushed the rebellion that crushed the rebellion against the Government against the Government (Directory) in 1795(Directory) in 1795

Building up PowerBuilding up Power

From 1795-1799,Napoleon ’s French Army From 1795-1799,Napoleon ’s French Army conquered Italy, defeated Austria, and conquered Italy, defeated Austria, and invaded Egyptinvaded Egypt

Married Josephine (a widow with two Married Josephine (a widow with two children), but had no children with her. He children), but had no children with her. He later married the daughter of the Austrian later married the daughter of the Austrian Emperor, a diplomatic marriage that did Emperor, a diplomatic marriage that did produce an heir.produce an heir.

Taking OverTaking Over

Coup d ’e tat: Napoleon Coup d ’e tat: Napoleon takes over the takes over the GovernmentGovernment

1799 Napoleon returns 1799 Napoleon returns from Egypt, takes over from Egypt, takes over the government,creates the government,creates the Consulate - with the Consulate - with himself as First Consul himself as First Consul (of 3)(of 3)

Napoleon’s PoliciesNapoleon’s Policies

Napoleonic CodeNapoleonic CodeCivil Code which makes many of the ideas Civil Code which makes many of the ideas

of the French Revolution into law.of the French Revolution into law. Sets standards for equality before the law Sets standards for equality before the law

of all citizens. of all citizens.

In 1804, Napoleon proclaimed himself In 1804, Napoleon proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon I.Emperor Napoleon I.

Napoleonic WarsNapoleonic Wars

Much of the Napoleonic War is a struggle Much of the Napoleonic War is a struggle between the “whale ” (Britain :the dominant between the “whale ” (Britain :the dominant naval power )and the “elephant ” (France : the naval power )and the “elephant ” (France : the dominant army on landdominant army on land

Consolidating PowerConsolidating Power Knowing he could not defend Knowing he could not defend

his North American colonies, his North American colonies, he sold Louisiana to the he sold Louisiana to the United States (Louisiana United States (Louisiana Purchase) to fund his war.Purchase) to fund his war.

Napoleon conquers Spain, Napoleon conquers Spain, defeats Prussia and Austria defeats Prussia and Austria and makes peace with and makes peace with Russia, giving him control of Russia, giving him control of most of Europe at the height most of Europe at the height of his power in 1812. of his power in 1812.

Changing GovernmentChanging Government

Napoleon places his brothers and relatives into monarchies Napoleon places his brothers and relatives into monarchies around Europe (Joseph becomes King of Spain, Jerome as around Europe (Joseph becomes King of Spain, Jerome as King of Westphalia, etc.)King of Westphalia, etc.)

Declares economic war on Britain Declares economic war on Britain

Closes the ports of Europe, the Continental System, to British Closes the ports of Europe, the Continental System, to British ships/trade. ships/trade.

Sparks the War of 1812 between the British and the United States Sparks the War of 1812 between the British and the United States because it was during their conflict with France, that England was because it was during their conflict with France, that England was kidnapping colonials from ships and forcing them to fight kidnapping colonials from ships and forcing them to fight (impressments(impressments).).

Napoleon’s Empire by 1812Napoleon’s Empire by 1812

Problems with RussiaProblems with Russia Napoleon ’s Fall (Resurrection & Fall again)Napoleon ’s Fall (Resurrection & Fall again)

Russia fails to enforce the Continental System Russia fails to enforce the Continental System

Napoleon invades Russia with the “Grand Army,” a joint force of Napoleon invades Russia with the “Grand Army,” a joint force of French,Austrians,and Prussians totaling up to 600,000 men.French,Austrians,and Prussians totaling up to 600,000 men.

Russia avoids a major battle and draws the Grand Army Russia avoids a major battle and draws the Grand Army to Moscow,then burns it down. to Moscow,then burns it down.

To Napoleon, if you take the capital, you win the war.To Napoleon, if you take the capital, you win the war.

The Russians burnt their own crops and towns to make sure the French The Russians burnt their own crops and towns to make sure the French had little to eat (known as had little to eat (known as scorched-earth policscorched-earth policy).y).

The End for NapoleonThe End for Napoleon

The French had to retreat in the winter and Napoleon lost The French had to retreat in the winter and Napoleon lost most of his army to the freeze conditions and starvation. As most of his army to the freeze conditions and starvation. As he retreats his allies desert him.he retreats his allies desert him.

At the “Battle of All Nations ” Napoleon is defeated and sent At the “Battle of All Nations ” Napoleon is defeated and sent to exile on Elba.to exile on Elba.

As France has trouble stabilizing their new government, As France has trouble stabilizing their new government, Napoleon returns to take over the Government. After 100 Napoleon returns to take over the Government. After 100 Days, Napoleon is again defeated and then sent to St. Days, Napoleon is again defeated and then sent to St. Helena, a British controlled island in the middle of the Helena, a British controlled island in the middle of the Atlantic. He dies in exile seven years later. In the 1830s, his Atlantic. He dies in exile seven years later. In the 1830s, his remains are returned to France and he receives a hero ’s remains are returned to France and he receives a hero ’s welcome!welcome!

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

What did the Congress accomplish?What did the Congress accomplish?

1.1. Gave a balanced settlement which ensured no major conflict for Gave a balanced settlement which ensured no major conflict for forty years (the Crimean War, 1854-6) and then until 1914. forty years (the Crimean War, 1854-6) and then until 1914. Balance of PowerBalance of Power

2. Adopted a fair policy of no great rewards and no great punishments 2. Adopted a fair policy of no great rewards and no great punishments and was generous to the defeated France, so as not to give rise and was generous to the defeated France, so as not to give rise to French feelings of revengeto French feelings of revenge

3. Adopted a policy to restore the 3. Adopted a policy to restore the status quo ante bellum status quo ante bellum [the situation [the situation as it was before the war] — a return to 1793 as far as possible. as it was before the war] — a return to 1793 as far as possible. This was perhaps rather short-sighted and regressive although This was perhaps rather short-sighted and regressive although the policy-makers were working within their knowledge and did the policy-makers were working within their knowledge and did not have second sight to foretell the future.not have second sight to foretell the future.

4. Restored monarchies across Europe.Louis 4. Restored monarchies across Europe.Louis XVIII,Louis XVI ’s brother, was restored to the XVIII,Louis XVI ’s brother, was restored to the throne of France. The other kings in Spain, the throne of France. The other kings in Spain, the German states, and Italian kingdoms were also German states, and Italian kingdoms were also restored to the throne as if it were 1789 again. restored to the throne as if it were 1789 again. Legitimacy.Legitimacy.

5. Ignored demands for greater democracy and 5. Ignored demands for greater democracy and nationalism; this led to the majority of conflicts nationalism; this led to the majority of conflicts in the Nineteenth Century, between and within in the Nineteenth Century, between and within countries. countries.

What did the Congress accomplish? What did the Congress accomplish?