A

Seminar Report

On

ROBOTICS

A project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the

award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

Mr. D.NARESH 09TJ1A0416

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

PULIPATI PRASAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES , KHAMMAM.

(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)

2012– 2013

PULIPATI PRASAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES , KHAMMAM.

(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Seminar report Entitled “ROBOTICS” is a

bonafide record of work carried out by

Mr. D.NARESH 09TJ1A0416

We hereby accord our approval of it as a project report carried out and

presented in a manner required for its acceptance in partial fulfillment for

award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Of

Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad.

During the academic year 2012– 2013

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Mr. V.VENKATNARAYANA

M.TECH

SEMINAR SUPERVISOR Mr. CH.RAJESH

M.TECH

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to thank my guide Mr. CH.RAJESH, for his support

through my thesis for his support and encouragement, which was always

there when I needed it.

I take the opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to

Mr. V.VENKATANARAYANA, Head of the Department of Electronics &

Communication Engineering, PULIPATI PRASAD INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE, Khammam for his technical information and

support which helped me in successfully completing this project.

I wish to express my profound thanks to Dr/Prof. V.VINOD BABU

Principal, PULIPATI PRASAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &SCIENCE,

Khammam for providing necessary facilities to make this project a

success.

I place on record my sincere thanks to all the teaching and non-

teaching staff members, my friends who have helped me directly or

indirectly in successful completion of this project work.

I thank my parents, for their absolute confidence in me. It is to them

that I dedicate this work.

Finally I would like to thank God almighty, for this blessed opportunity

Mr. D.NARESH

(09TJ1A0416)

PRINCIPALMr. V.VINOD BABU

M.TECH, (P.HD)

DECLARATION

I declare that the project entitled “ROBOTICS” recorded in this

report does not form part of any other thesis on which a degree has been

awarded earlier. I further declare that this project report is based on my

work carried out at the “PULIPATI PRASAD INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY &

SCIENCE”, Khammam in the B.Tech course.

REPORTED BY

Mr. D.NARESH

(09TJ1A0416)

PLACE: Khammam

DATE:

INDEX

S.NO CONTENTS P.NO

1 Abstract 1

2 Introduction 2

3 Robotics 4

4 Why Robotics 5

5 Laws of Robotics 6

6 Types of Robotics 7

7 Components of Robotics 8

8Applications 15

9Advantages 18

10Conclusion 19

11 References20

ROBOTICS

Abstract:

Robotics is a prominent component of manufacturing

automation which will affect human labour at all levels, from unskilled

workers to professional engineers and mangers of production. It is

possible; perhaps likely, that robotics will become a field, like today’s

computer technology, which is pervasive throughout our society.

Robotics technology is controlled by means of programming, and

the ability to program a robot is dependent on its level of technology.

Successful implementation of robotics in useful applications is obviously a

function of the technology and programming. Today, robots are highly

automated mechanical manipulators controlled by computers.

An industrial robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional

manipulator designed to move materials, parts , tools, or special devices

through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of

tasks.

INTRODUCTION:

Today the human analogy of an industrial robot is very

limited. Robots do not look like humans, and they do not behave like

humans. Instead, they are one-armed machines which almost operate

from a fixed location on the factory floor. Future robots are likely to have

a greater number of attributes similar to the attributes of humans. They

are likely to have grater sensors capabilities, more intelligence, a higher

level of manual dexterity(skill in using one’s hands), and a limited degree

of mobility(movable). There is no denying that the technology of robotics

is moving in a direction to provide these machines with more and more

capabilities like those of humans.

Science fiction has no doubt contributed to the development of

robotics, by planting ideas in the minds of young people who might

embark on careers in robotics, and by creating awareness among the

public about this technology.

Automation and robotics are two closely related technologies. In an

industrial context, we can define automation as a technology that is

concerned with the use of mechanical, electronic, and computer-based

systems in the operation and control of production. Examples of this

technology include transfer lines, mechanized assembly machines,

feedback control systems (applied to industrial processes), numerically

controlled machine tools, and robots. Accordingly, robotics is a form of

industrial automation.

There are three broad classes of industrial automation: fixed

automation, programmable automation, and flexible automation. Fixed

automation is used when the volume of production is very high and it is

therefore appropriate to design specialized equipment to process the

product very efficiently and at high production rates. Programmable

automation is used when the volume of production is relatively low and

there are a variety of products to be made. In this case, the production

equipment is designed to be adaptable to variations in product

configuration.

Of the three types of automation, robotics coincides most closely

with programmable automation. An industrial robot is a general-purpose,

programmable machine which possesses certain anthropomorphic, or

humanlike, characteristics. The most typical humanlike characteristic of

present-day robots is their movable arms. The robot can be programmed

to move its arm through a sequence of motions in order to perform some

useful task.

ROBOTICS

• It is a field of Engineering that covers the mimicking of human

behavior.

• Robotics includes the knowledge of Mechanical, Electronics,

Electrical & Computer Science Engineering.

What is Robotics

• The word robotics is used to collectively define a field in engineering

that covers the mimicking of various human characteristics

• Sound concepts in many engineering disciplines is needed for working in

this field

• It find its uses in all aspects of our life

What a Robot can mean?

• An automatic industrial machine replacing the human in hazardous

work.

• An automatic mobile sweeper machine at a modern home.

• An automatic toy car for a child to play with.

• A machine removing mines in a war field all by itself and many

more…

WHY ROBOTICS ?

• Speed

• It can work dangerous environment

• To perform repetitive task

• Efficiency

• Accuracy

• Adaptability

Laws of Robotics

The term robotics was coined in the 1940s by science fiction writer Isaac

Asimov.

Asimov's Laws of Robotics:

• A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a

human being to come to harm.

• A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except

where such order would conflict with the First Law.

• A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection

does not conflict with the First or Second Law.

Types of Robot

• Wheeled

• Legged

Climbing

• Flying

Components of ROBOTS

o Structure

o Power source

o Actuation

o Sensing

o Manipulation

o Locomotion

Structure

• The structure of a robot is usually mostly mechanical and can be

called a kinematic chain.

• The chain is formed of links (its bones), actuators (its muscles), and

joints which can allow one or more degrees of freedom.

Power Supply

• Suitable power supply is needed to run the motors and associated

circuitry

• Typical power requirement ranges from 3V to 24V DC

• 220V AC supply must be modified to suit the needs of our machine

• Batteries can also be used to run robots

• Robots are driven by different motors :-

o DC Motors

o Stepper Motors

o Servo Motors

• DC Motors

o As the name suggests, a motor which uses a DC (Direct

Current) power

o Can run in both directions

o Speed Controllable

• Stepper Motors

o Used for measured rotation Can be held at a particular

position of the shaft

o Ideal for many autonomous robots requiring higher precision

• Servo Motors :

o Used in closed loop control systems in which work is the

control variable.

o An integral feedback device (resolver) or devices (encoder and

tachometer) are either incorporated within the servo motor or

are remotely mounted, often on the load itself

ACTUATION

• Actuators are the "muscles" of a robot, the parts which convert

stored energy into movement.

• The most popular actuators are electric motors.

MANIPULATION• Robots which must work in the real world require some way to

manipulate objects; pick up, modify, destroy, or otherwise have an

effect.

• Thus the 'hands' of a robot are often referred to as end effectors,

while the arm is referred to as a manipulator.

• Some manipulators are:

o Mechanical Grippers

o Vacuum Grippers

o General purpose effectors

LOCOMOTION• It is concerned with the motion of the robot.

• Robot contains different types of drives:-

o Differential drive

o Car type

o Skid steer drive

o Synchronous drive

o Pivot drive

o Articulated drive

DIFFERENTIAL DRIVE

ACKERMAN DRIVE

SKID STEER DRIVE

SYNCHRONOUS DRIVE

PIVOT DRIVE

Articulated Drive

Application of ROBOTICS

Robots in our Every Day Life

Let's start with life, as we know it.Did you know that your life is affected virtuval every day by robots?

If you ride in a car, an industrial robot helped build it. If you eat cookies, there are robot assembly lines to help make and pack them. The computer you use to send e-mails and use for research almost certainly owes its existence, in part, to industrial robots. Industrial robots are even used in the medical field, from pharmaceuticals to surgery.

From the manufacturing of pagers and cell phones to space exploration, robots are part of the every day fabric of life.

Modern uses of Robots:

1)For EXPLORATION

People are interested in places that are sometimes full of danger, like outer space, or the deep ocean.  But when they can not go there themselves, they make robots that can go there.  The robots are able to carry cameras and other instruments so that they can collect information and send it back to their human operators.

The "Odyssey IIb" submersible robot is shown suspended in a tank.  Research scientists at MIT for ocean exploration developed it.  The inset shows the "Sojourner" microrover robot being repaired at the Jet

Propulsion Labs.  Sojourner landed on the surface of Mars on July 4, 1998 (from National Geographic, July 1997).

2) For INDUSTRY

When doing a job, robots can do many things faster than humans.  Robots do not need to be paid, eat, drink, or go to the bathroom like people.  They can do repetative work that is absolutely boring to people and they will not stop, slow down, or fall to sleep like a human.

"Industrial robots spot weld automobile bodies on an assembly line" (from National Geographic, July 1997).

3)For MEDICINE

Sometimes when operating, doctors have to use a robot instead.  A human would not be able to make a hole exactly one 100th of a inch wide and long.

  When making medicines, robots can do the job much faster and more accurately than a human can.  Also, a robot can be more delicate than a human.

"ROBODOC", a modified industrial robot, drills a precise hole in the femur (thighbone) of this skeleton (from National Geographic, July 1997).  

Some doctors and engineers are also developing prosthetic (bionic) limbs that use robotic mechanisms.  Dr. David Gow, of the Prosthetics Research and Development Team at Princess Margaret Rose Orthopaedic Hospital, made the first bionic arm called the Edinburgh Modular Arm System (EMAS) in 1998.

Campbell Aird, Scottish hotel owner, fitted with the world's first bionic arm (images from The Irish Times web site).

4)  For the MILITARY and POLICE

Police need certain types of robots for bomb-disposal and for bringing video cameras and microphones into dangerous areas, where a human policeman might get hurt or killed.  The military also uses robots for (1) locating and destroying mines on land and in water, (2) entering enemy bases to gather information, and (3) spying on enemy troops.

MERV"- police remote control bomb-disposal robot

"Cypher"- remote control helicopter for military surveillance (6 ft diameter, 50 mile range; (from National Geographic, July 1997).

ADVANTAGES

• Revolution in Medical science and Health care systems.

• New & wide scope in Education & Training.

• A good help in Nuclear industry.

• Used tremendously in Sports activities.

• Play the role of an efficient assistance in Research and Development

sciences.

• Can very well handle household business.

CONCLUSION

• Scientists say that it is possible that a robot brain will exist by 2019 .

• Vernor Vinge has suggested that a moment may come when

computers and robots are smarter than humans.

• In 2009, some robots acquired various forms of semi-autonomy,

including being able to find power sources on their own.

• The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence

has researched on this problem.

References:

1) Brooks, Rodney. "Achieving Artificial Intelligence through Building Robots." Boston: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. 2) Horswill, Ian. "The Polly System." AI and Mobile Robots.3) Vaughan, R. N. Sumpter, A. Frost, and S. Cameron. "Experiments in Automatic Flock Control." Edinburgh, UK, 1998.4) Mark Yim, David G. Duff, and Kimon D. Roufas. "PolyBot: a Modular Reconfigurable Robot." IEEE International Conference on Robotics & Automation. April 20005) Martin, Martin C. and Hans Moravec. "Robot Evidence Grids." CMU RI TR 96-06, 19966) Moravec, Hans. "Robots, After All." Communications of the ACM. October 2003. Vol. 46, No. 10.7) Illah Nourbakhsh, Rob Powers, and Stan Birchfield. "DERVISH: An Office-Navigating Robot." Copyright 1995, AAAI.8) Dieter Fox, Wolfram Burgard, Frank Dellaert, and Sebastian Thrun. "Monte Carlo Localization: Efficient Position Estimation for Mobile Robots." Copyright 1999, AAAI9) R. Grabowski, L. Navarro-Serment, and P. Khosla. "An Army of Small Robots." SciAm Online May 2004.10) LaValle, Steven and James Kuffner. "RRT-Connect: An Efficient Approach to Single-Query Path Planning." Copyright 2000, ICRA