Narrative textNarrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/fables/myths/epic) and its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

A narrative text is a text amuse, entertain and deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways. Narrative deal with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind, which in turn finds a resolution.

The narrative text short story is telling of a story or an account of a sequence of events. One of the four traditional forms of composition (along with description, exposition, and persuasion). Narration differs from exposition, which can also relate a sequence of events, in that narration need not be factual and may be written from the perspective of a character in the text.

The generic sctucture of a narrative text:1. Orientation: Sets the scene and introduces the participants.2. Complication: A crisis arises3. Resolution: The crisis is resolved, for the better or for worse.4. Re-orientation: Optinal5. Evaluation: A stepping back to evaluate the plight

Example :Rabbit and Bear

Once upon a time, there lived as neighbours, a bear and a rabbit. The rabbit is a good shot. In contrary, the bear is always clumsy ad could not use the arrow to good advantage.narrative text - bos-sulap.blogspot.com One day, the bear called over the rabbit and asked the rabbit to take his bow and arrows and came with bear to the other side of the hill. The rabbit was fearing to arouse the bear's anger so he could not refuse it. He consented and went with the bear and shot enough buffalo to satisfy the hungry family. Indeed he shot and killed so many that there was lots of meat left after the bear and his family had loaded themselves and packed all they could carry home.narrative text - bos-sulap.blogspot.com The bear was very gluttonous and did not want the rabbit to get any of the meat. Th e rabbit could not even taste the blood from the butchering as the bear would throw earth on the blood and dry it up. The poor rabbit would have to go home hungry after his hard day's work.narrative text - bos-sulap.blogspot.com The bear was the father of five children. The youngest child was very kind to the rabbit. He was very hearty eater. The mother bear always gave him an extra large piece of meat but the youngest child did not eat it. He would take it outside with him and pretended to play ball with the meat. He kicked toward the rabbit's house and when he got close to the door he would give the meat with such a great kick. The meat would fly into the rabbit's house. In this way, the poor rabbit would get his meal unknown to the papa bear.

Spoof a funny and silly piece of writing, music, theatre, etc. that copies the style of an original work. Spoof text can be tricky as it has an unpredictable ending. This unpredictable ending is called Twist. Because of the unpredictable ending of the story, it can be very funny and amusing.

noun

1a humorous imitation of something, typically a film or a particular genre of film, in which its characteristic features are exaggerated for comic effect: a Robin Hood spoof

2a trick played on someone as a joke: word got out that the whole thing had been a spoof

verb

1imitate (something) while exaggerating its characteristic features for comic effect: it is a movie that spoofs other movies

2hoax or trick (someone): they proceeded to spoof Western intelligence with false information

interfere with (radio or radar signals) so as to make them useless: that meant that the Americans might not be able to jam or spoof his systems

Example :

Loving Money Too MuchThere was a man who liked money very much. He worked all of his life and wanted to save all of his money for his own future. He was a real miser when it came to his money. He loved money more than just about anything.Even, just before he died, he said to his wife; "Now listen, when I die, I want you to take all my money and place it in the casket with me. I wanna take my money to the afterlife." So he asked his wife to promise him with all her heart that when he died, she would put all the money in the casket with him.Well, one day, he really died. Then he was stretched out in the casket. The wife was sitting there in black clothes next to her closest friend. When they finished the ceremony, just before the undertakers got ready to close the casket, the wife said "Wait just a minute!"She had a box in her hands. She came over with the box and placed it in the casket. After that the undertakers locked the casket down and rolled it away. Not long after that, her friend said, "I hope you were not crazy enough to put all that money in the casket."The wife turned to her friend and replied; "Yes, because I have promised." Then she continued; "I can't lie. I promised him that I was going to put that money in that casket with him." Feeling shocked, her friend said; "You mean that you have put every cent of his money in the casket with him?" Then the wife answered; "Surely I did. I got it all together, put all the money into my account and I just wrote him a check."

RecountsPurpose

The purpose of a recount is to list and describe past experiences by retelling events in the order in which they happened (chronological order). Recounts are written to retell events with the purpose of either informing or entertaining their audience (or both).

Types of recount

Personal recountThese usually retell an event that the writer was personally involved in.

Factual recountRecording an incident, eg. a science experiment, police report.

Imaginative recountWriting an imaginary role and giving details of events, eg. A day in the life of a pirate; How I invented...

Features of recounts

focuses on individual participants/events

Structure

the recount has a title, which usually summarises the text specific participants (Mum, the crab) The basic recount consists of three parts:

1. the setting or orientation - background information answering who? when? where? why?

2. events are identified and described in chronological order. 3. concluding comments express a personal opinion regarding the events

described details are selected to help the reader reconstruct the activity or incident (Factual

Recount) the ending may describe the outcome of the activity, eg. in a science activity

(Factual Recount) details of time, place and incident need to be clearly stated, eg. At 11.15 pm,

between Reid Rd and Havelock St a man drove at 140 kms toward the shopping centre (Factual Recount)

descriptive details may also be required to provide information, eg. He was a skinny boy with a blue shirt, red sneakers and long tied back hair (Factual Recount)

includes personal thoughts/reactions (Imaginative Recount)

Language

is written in the past tense (she yelled, it nipped, she walked) frequent use is made of words which link events in time, such as next, later, when,

then, after, before, first, at the same time, as soon as she left, late on Friday) recounts describe events, so plenty of use is made of verbs (action words), and of

adverbs (which describe or add more detail to verbs) details are often chosen to add interest or humour to the recount. use of personal pronouns (I, we) (Personal Recount) the passive voice may be used, eg. the bottle was filled with ink (Factual Recount)

Example :

Bomb in Bali

The bomb, in the resort of Kuta, destroyed the Sari Club and a crowded nightspot. Many people have fallen victims to this blast. Many of them were foreign tourists, especially from Australia. They were burner beyond recognition. Some tourist who were at the scene of the blast said there were two explosions around the nightclub. One bomb had exploded outside Paddy’s Bar before a Bar bomb hit the Sari Club which was located some meters away.

Hundred were injured in the explosion and about 220 Australians remain unaccounted for. The U.K. Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, said that 33 Britons were among those killed in the Bali attack. The Australian Primer Minister, John Howard, called its borders, saying it had been a problem for a long time.

Lists of missing people have been posted in Bali and official said that it could take days to identity all the victims, some of whom were trapped in the Sari Club by a wall of flames. A notice board at the hospital in Bali includes a section called “Unknown Identity” and detailed list on victims such as : “Young girl in intensive care, 11-14 years old, face burned, income, Causation,” or “Girl in intensive care, about 5 years old, 130 cm, fair skin, Caucasian with reddish brown hair. She has a purplish belly button ring.”

Many embassies, including the British and the American, are advising their people to cancel spending their planned holidays in Indonesia, and all U.S. citizens in the country have been told to leave including diplomats and non-essential government staff.

Anecdote Text

Definition Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.

Generic Structure 1. Abstract2. Orientation3. Crisis4. Incident.

Language Feature 1. Using exclamation words; it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc2. Using imperative; listen to this3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?4. Using action verb; go, write, etc5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward6. Using simple past tense

Example :

Snake in the Bathroom

How would you like to find a snake in you bath?

We had just moved into a new house, which had been empty for so long that everything

was in a terrible mess. Anna and I decided that we would clean the bath first, so we set to,

and turned on the tap.

Suddenly to my horror, a snake’s head appeared in the plug hole. Then out slithered the

rest of his long thin body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath,

spitting and hissing at us.

For an instant I stood there quite paralyzed. Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily

came running and killed the snake with the handle of a broom.

Anna, who was only three at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed

I had to pull her out of the way or she’d probably have lean over the bath to get a better

look.

We found out later that it was a black mamba, a poisonous kind of snake. It had

obviously been fast asleep, curled up at the bottom of the nice warm water-pipe. It must

have had an awful shock when the cold water came trickling down! But nothing to the

shock I got! Ever since then I’ve always put the plug in firmly before running the bath

water

Analytical Exposition Text

Definition of Analytical Exposition

Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding.

Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.

Generic Structure of Analytical Exposition

1. Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s position

2. Arguments: Explaining the arguments to support the writer’s position

3. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position

Language Features of Analytical Exposition

Using relational process

Using internal conjunction

Using causal conjunction

Using Simple Present Tense

Example :

Is Smoking Good for Us?

Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands people

die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times as many as die in

road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of diseases caused by smoking.

Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day,

we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty

cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of

bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die

of heart disease than non smokers.

Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In

one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if

he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.

Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much money from

smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.

Hortatory Exposition A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the

listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. To strengthen

the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the fundamental reasons

of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as argumentation.

Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals, magazines,

newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc. Hortatory

expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated people. The

generic structure of Hortatory exposition usually has three components:

(1) Thesis

(2) Arguments and

(3) Recommendation.

Generic Structure

1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern

2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation

3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done

based on the given arguments

Generic Features

1.A Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants,

except for speaker or writer referring to self.

2.It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or

speaker thinks or feels about something. For example: realize, feel etc.

3.It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens,

e.g. ….has polluted… etc.

4.It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.

5.Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments:

Firstly, secondly …, Finally, etc.

Example :

Where Should Be after High School?

The National examination result will be publicly enounced in next short time. Euphoria

will flood for those who get success. In the other hand, It will be sorry to hear that there

are some of them do not succeed in their national final examination. For those who

succeed soon will think to decide; where will they be after graduating high school?

Actually it will be easy to decide for those has been arranged and thought earlier but for

those have not planed yet, it will be quite confusing.Continuing study or looking for work

is the primary choice among them. When they think about continuing study, they will

think hard about the time and cost. How long the higher study will last? And how high is

about the cost. In the same way, when they think about straightly seeking job, what skill

and competence they have got is a big matter of questioning. So, doing both choices in

the same time is an alternative.Continuing study as well as seeking job is possibly done

but it will be hard for them. Conventionally studying in the university needs much time to

spend especially in the first year. It is true because they have to do and adapt a lot of

things in their new higher school. it will be very hard to looking for job. Therefore it

should come to their mind of continuing studying at higher school from their own home.

As result, the available time will be more flexible for them. Then it will be very possible

to seek job and get the appropriate one. This type of studying is publicly known as

distance learning.As the alternative method of studying, besides the conventional

studying which students and the lecturer have to meet in the fixed time and place

regularly, distance learning provides possibility to grow better. Possibly working and

studying surely will create high quality graduate. Distance learning should appear as a

considerable choice for them.

Explanation Text

Definition and purposes of Explanation

Explanation is a text which tells processes relating to forming of natural, social, scientific

and cultural phenomena. Explanation text is to say 'why' and 'how' about the forming of

the phenomena. It is often found in science, geography and history text books.

Generic structure of Explanation

General statement; stating the phenomenon issues which are to be explained.

Sequenced explanation; stating a series of steps which explain the phenomena.

Language Feature of Explanation

Featuring generic participant; sun, rain, etc

Using chronological connection; to begin with, next, etc

Using passive voice pattern

Using simple present tense

Example :

How do seasons happen?

Seasons come to us regularly. We have probably noticed that it gets warmer in summer or

dry season while it get colder in the winter or wet season. However do we know how

these seasons change?

Seasons happen and change every year. This happens because the earth tilts back and

forth as it goes around the sun. During the summer, the earth tilts toward the sun. It

makes half of the earth hotter. this condition is what we call summer. During the other

half of the year, the earth tilts away from the sun. As a result, it makes that half of the

earth cooler. This cool condition is then what we call winter.

The different parts of the world have the same season at different times. In the northern

half of the world , winter happens during the months of December, January and February.

The regions are such North America and Europe. In the other hand, the southern half of

the world have winter during the months of June, July and August.The regions are like

South America and Australia. How does this difference happen? The same season

happens at different times because the top and bottom halves of the earth tilt away from

the sun at different times.

Procedure Text

Procedure text  is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a

sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a

sequence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also

uses the temporal conjunction such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.procedure is a

specified series of actions or operations which have to be executed in the same manner in

order to always obtain the same result under the same circumstances (for example,

emergency procedures). Less precisely speaking, this word can indicate a sequence of

tasks, steps, decisions, calculations and processes, that when undertaken in the sequence

laid down produces the described result, product or outcome. A procedure usually

induces a change. It is in the scientific method.

Purpose:

To help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions.

Text Organization:

Goal:(The final purpose of doing the instructions)

Materials:(ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions)

Steps:(a set of instructions to achieve the final purpose)

Language Features :

Use of imperatives (e.g.: cut, don’t mix)

Use of action Verbs (e.g. : turn, put, mix)

Use of connectives (e.g. : first, then, finally, …)

Use of adverbial phrases (e.g. : for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top)

Example :

The Procedure of Making Meatballs

What you need for the ingredients 1 kilo of very fine minced meat (preferably beef) 2 eggs 300 grams of tapioca-flour 4-8 cloves of garlic 1 red onion 1 teaspoon of white pepper 2 teaspoons of salt

The steps to make meatballs

These steps are instruction on how to make meatballs, just meatball, the soup is made

separately.

First of all,mix garlic, red onion, salt, and white pepper in a mortar or mixer.

Second step, mix the spice-mixture with the eggs, the tapioca-flour and the minced meat.

After that, use your fingers, add a cup of water, and keep on working until the mixture

feels soft and smooth.

Then, boil some water in a rather large pot, at least about 2 liters.

Next step, start rolling the mixture into small meatballs.

Finally, lower the meatballs into the boiling water. When they float up to the surface the

meatball are ready to serve.

Description Text

Definition and Purpose of Description Text

Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to

describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

The Generic Structure of Description Text

Descriptive text has structure as below:

Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.

Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.

The Language Feature of Description Text

Using attributive and identifying process.

Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.

Using simple present tense

Example :

The moonMoon is the earth's satellite which we often see in the night. The Moon is the one place in

our solar system where humans have visited. For the firs time on July 20, 1969,

astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed the Lunar Module of Apollo 11 on

the surface of the Moon. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the Moon.

However do you know what descriptive facts about the Moon are?

The moon rises in the east and sets in the west. It moves toward the east in our sky by

about 12 degrees each day. The Moon is about 384,400 kilometers from Earth. The Moon

has a diameter of 2,000 miles which is like to 3,476 kilometers.

The surface of the Moon has many things, such as craters, lava plains, mountains, and

valleys. Scientists believe the craters were formed around 3.5 to 4.5 billion years ago by

meteors hitting the moon's surface. The Moon does not have atmosphere, wind and

weather that is why the footprints left there on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts will

remain there for millions of years.

The Moon is not a light source. It mean that Moon does not make its own light. It reflects

light from the sun. All of us can can see the Moon especially in the night because light

from the Sun bounces off it back to the Earth. If the Sun wasn't there, we can not see the

Moon.The moon influences many of the tides in the oceans. This is because of the gravity

force between the Earth and Moon. At full Moon and new Moon, the Sun, Earth and

Moon are lined up, producing the higher than normal tides. When the Moon is at first or

last quarter, it forms smaller neap tides.

Report Text

Definition of Report

Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of

systematic observation and analysis

Generic Structure of Report

1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public

place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general

2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part ,

customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials

Language Feature of Report

• Introducing group or general aspect

• Using conditional logical connection; when, so, etc

• Using simple present tense

Example :

Human Boddy Energy

Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other machines. This living

machine needs fuel to supply it with energy. The fuel is provided by the food which we

eat. However do we know how much we need to stay healthy?

The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of heat

which is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The number of

calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which the people are

involved in. For example; people will need more calories for standing than for sitting,

people need more for running than for walking, etc.

The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical

substances. They are carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories

per gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains

different proportion of these substances.These three chemical substances are all important

for body staying healthy.

ReviewDefinition:

An article that presents a critical evaluation of a text, performance, or production (for example, a book, movie, concert, or video game). A review customarily includes the following elements:

identification of the genre or general nature of the subject being reviewed a brief summary of the subject matter (such as the basic plot of a film or novel) a discussion supported by evidence of the specific strengths and weakness of the

subject reviewed a comparison of the subject with related works, including other works by the same

author, artist, or performer

See also: Book Report Critical Essay Critique Evaluation Essay

Example :

Harry Potter: Order of the Phoenix

I absolutely love the Harry Potter series, and all of the books will always hold a special place in my heart.I have to say that of all the books, however, this one was not my favorite.When the series began it was as much of a “feel good” experience as a huge mug of hot cocoa. The stories were bright, fast-paced, intriguing, and ultimately satisfying.Order of the Phoenix is a different kind of book. In some instances this works…you feel a whole new level of intensity and excitement by the time you get to the end. I was truly moved by the last page. Other times the book just has a slightly dreary, depressing feel. The galloping pace of the other books has slowed to a trot here, and parts of it do seem long, as if we’re reading all about Harry “just hanging out” instead of having his usual adventures. Reading in detail about Harry cleaning up an old house, for example – housekeeping is still housekeeping, magical or no, and I’m not very interested in doing it or reading about other people doing it.A few other changes in this book – the “real” world comes much more in to play rather than the fantasy universe of the previous books, and Harry has apparently been taken off his meds. I know that he had a lot to be grumpy in this book, especially with being a teenager and all, but the sudden change in his character seemed too drastic. He goes from being a warm-hearted, considerate person to someone who will bite his best friend’s heads off over nothing. It just seemed like it didn’t fit with his character, like he turned into a walking cliché of the “angry teen” overnight.The “real” story seemed to happen in the last 1/3 of the book, and this part I loved. I actually liked the ending (and yes, I cried!) as sad as it was. It packed a punch and it made me care about the story even more. Still a really good book, with some editing it would have been great.

New item Definition of News Item

News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day. The events are

considered newsworthy or important. This text can found various news, example: news

paper, magazine and tabloid.  And there is also at news in television and also in radio.

B. Generic Structure of News Item

1. News Worthy Event, representing core of news.

2. Background Events contains a description of the event, what, when, where, who and

how.

3. Sources of information contain comments or testimony from the informant who saw

the incident or who knows the event.

C.  Language Feature of News Item

* Headline

* There are action verb

* There are saying verb, example ;say, tell, inform

* Using direct and indirect / reported speech.

 D. Communicative Purpose

To inform/informing the readers, listener and beholder about events of the day which are

considered newsworthy or important.

Example :

Growing Number of High School Student Smoking

A survey has found about 13 percent of first-time smokers in the country are junior high

school students. It also revealed 89 percent of young female employees were smokers.

The survey was conducted in five major cities across the country, including Surakarta in

Central Java.

Muhammad Syahril Mansyur, the Surakarta Health Agency’s respiratory illness division,

said that the finding of the survey showed an alarming growth rate of Indonesian

smokers. "This situation is a cause for concern,” he said. “It appears the country’s

younger generation is uneducated about the health risks of smoking.”

The Indonesian anti-tobacco campaign has reportedly been deemed as ineffective as the

government refuses to sign the international convention on tobacco control. It said that

cigarette producers contributed to a large amount to state revenue and gave jobs to

thousands of workers.

Discussion TextDefinition of Discussion

Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be

discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in philosophical,

historic, and social text.

Generic Structure of Discussion

Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed

List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented issue

List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point

Recommendation; stating the writer’ recommendation of the discourse

Language Feature of Discussion

Introducing category or generic participant

Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc

Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand, however, etc

Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc

Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc

Example :

Gift Cards Bring Advantages and Disadvantages

Gift cards become more popular during recent years. For example, in one season of

holiday, sales reach $19 billion in United Stated and seem to grow more in the following

season due to their convenience in the side of consumers and retailers.

In retailers side, gift cards bring them some benefits. Selling gift card in simply selling

product. When the cards are sold, they will get benefit. Additionally, gift card tends to be

a matter of image and trend which means it is not strictly influenced by the functionality.

Since gift card is the trend, the sales will increase significantly.

However, there is potential disadvantages in the side of consumers. For example, itune

gift cards apply process in the way of completing the shopping. they need do one step to

another steps in processing the shopping. Likely, most of the steps apply time and date of

validity or expiration. When certain step loose that validating date, the gift cards may be

in risk. The gift card can be rejected to redeem. Again, in retailers side, producing card its

self is costly. It means that there is additional cost which retailers have to pay.

In whatever thing, we need to be wise. if we can use that gift card effectively, the

disadvantages can be reduced.