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Unification Nationalism in Italy and Germany in the Mid 19 th Century.

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Page 1: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Unification

Nationalism in Italy and Germany in the Mid 19th Century.

Page 2: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

19 Century Nationalism

•

Most combustible•

Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe)

• Origins in 100 yr. War, French Rev., Napoleon

•

Composed of people with a common:•

Language•

Customs•

Culture•

History

•

These bonds = same government for all•

Opposed the Congress of Vienna and Legitimacy as basis for political unity

Page 3: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Pre-Unification Examples of Nationalistic movements

•

Germany–

Wars of Liberation promoted Unification and Nationalism

–

Metternich could not have National Sovereignty in Germany

–

Nationalism as Spawn of Revolution = Must Suppress

–

1817 Wartburg Castle Demonstration

–

1819 “Karlsbad

Decrees”

•

Italy:

–

Kingdom of Sardinia was the only Italian family (Savoy)

–

Bourbons restored in Naples and Sicily

–

Most Nationalistic sentiment was against the Austrians in the North

–

Conservatives Suppress it to underground org. Ex: Carbonari

Page 4: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,
Page 5: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Count Cavour [The “Head”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”]

King Victor Emmanuel II

Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”]

Italian Nationalist Leaders Italian Nationalist Leaders

Page 6: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Pope Pius IXPope Pius IX

Page 7: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Italian unification:

Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

Page 8: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections:

1820- 1821

Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections:

1820- 1821

“Coalmen.”

Page 9: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea

Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea

Page 10: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858

Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at Plombières, 1858

Page 11: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War,

1859

Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War,

1859

Page 12: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Austria looses control of Venetia.

Venetia is annexed to Italy.

Page 13: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts”

Unites

with Cavour

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts”

Unites

with Cavour

Page 14: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Italy is united!

Page 15: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!

A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

Page 16: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

Page 17: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,
Page 18: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Zollverein, 1834Zollverein, 1834

Page 19: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Prussia/Austria RivalryPrussia/Austria Rivalry

Page 20: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,
Page 21: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Chancellor Otto von BismarckChancellor Otto von Bismarck

“Blood &

Iron”

RealpolitikThe “Iron

Chancellor”

Page 22: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Kaiser Wilhelm IKaiser Wilhelm I

Page 23: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Otto von Bismarck . . . .Otto von Bismarck . . . .The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.

Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.

The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

Page 24: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Otto von Bismarck . . . .Otto von Bismarck . . . .

I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.

A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.

Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

Page 25: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

The German

Confederation

The German

Confederation

Page 26: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Step #1:

The Danish

War [1864]

Step #1:

The Danish

War [1864]The Peace of

Vienna

The Peace of Vienna

Page 27: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

Prussia

Austria

Page 28: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation,

1867

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation,

1867Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.

He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague

http://www.boondocksnet.com/cartoons/
Page 29: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War

1868 revolt in Spain.

Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz.

[a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king.

France protested & his name was withdrawn.

The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.

Bismarck “doctored”

the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Page 30: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Step #4: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Page 31: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Page 32: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Page 33: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire.The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War].

-------------------France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Page 34: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

[r. 1871–1888]

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

[r. 1871–1888]

Page 35: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

Page 36: Nationalism in Italy and Germany in th Century....19 Century Nationalism • Most combustible • Reasserted itself in the Post-Soviet era (Eastern Europe) •Origins in 100 yr. War,

German Imperial

Flag

German Imperial

Flag


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