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G.R. No. L-72370 May 29, 1987BF NORTHWEST HOMEOWNERSASSOCIATION, INC. v. INTERME!IATEA""ELLATE CO#RT

EN BANC$G.R. No. L-72370. May 29, 1987.%

BF NORTHWEST HOMEOWNERSASSOCIATION, INC., &'()()o*'+, v.INTERME!IATE A""ELLATE CO#RT a* BFHOMES, INC. +'&o*'*(.

! E C I S I O N

MELENCIO-HERRERA, &T/' o+' )' o+ +'o()o* ) 4/)/ Co+( /a5+))()o* ov'+ a()o* (o a** O+'+,R'o()o* a*6o+ !'))o* o (/' Na()o*a Wa('+

R'o+' Co*) NWRC +'a()v' (o 4a('+ +a(' (/' R':)o*a T+)a Co+( o+ (/' Co+( oA&&'a;T/' a*('''*( a( /av' >'*( a oo4?R'&o*'*( BF Ho>', I*. ) a a)*('*a*' o 4a('+4o+ y('> a((/' BF Ho>' S'+.O* Nov'>>'*(, &&.8D-8, Roo.I( ) (/' o+':o)*: R'o()o*, O+'+ a*

Co>&+o>)' A:+''>'*( (/a( (+)::'+' (/')*()(()o* o (/+'' '&a+a(' a' '( o( /'+')*'o4*'+ Ao)a()o*, I*.T/' F)+( S)(BF No+(/4'( Ho>'o4*'+ Ao)a()o*I*. v. BF Ho>', I*.C)v) Ca' No. 307 ASSOCIATION >'>) )' )*a+y W+)( o I*5*()o* )'


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O* y 7, 198, (/) Co+( S'o* !)v))o*,)>)' (/' &'()()o* o+ a o >'+)(. A*(o*)o"'+o= Mo()o* o+ R'o*)'+a()o* 4a ao'*)', 4)(/ (/' '*)a 'o4*'+= Ao)a()o* I*.v. BF Ho>', I*.

C)v) Ca' No. 78D ' o&+o>)' A:+''>'*( )*' )( 4a *o( a &a+(y(/'+'(o.T/' T+)a Co+(, 4)(/ :' o)o A:)*ao a:a)*&+'))*:, )>)' (/' )(, o* (/' :+o* o ao 5+))()o*. O* a&&'a, +'&o*'*( A&&'a('Co+(, )* )( !'))o* &+o>:a(' o* A:( 1,198 )* AC-G.R. CJ No. 0D912, (a)*' (/')>)a 1 '*( )*(/' ?S" 02778 !'))o*? (/a(?)*' (/' Na()o*a Wa('+ R'o+' Co*) 4a)*v'(' 4)(/ (/' a>' &o4'+ a* *()o* o (/'o+>'+ ">))o* )* o a+ a

4a('+4o+ ) o*'+*' )( ) +'ao*a&+'' 4)(/ >'+)(.T/' Na()o*a Wa('+ R'o+' Co*) NWRC4a +'a(' R' a* G)')*'&+o>:a(' ))o*4a a'*(a()o* No. 1%. R)*: a* '))o* o (/'Boa+ 4'+' a&&'aa' >a**'+ a (/'+)*: a* '))o* o (/' ">))o*, (/a( ), (o (/' S&+'>' Co+(. I( )

(/o' Boa+ (/'+'o+', 4/)/ >ay ))o*, ) +(/'+ /o4*


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(/' ">))o* 4'+' '&+'yo*'++' (/' +a* a* &+)v)':' o :' oCo+( o F)+( I*(a*' S'. 2, CA No. 1D, aa>'*' >))o*'+. I( >'>' Co+( 4/)/ 4av'(' 4)(/ 5+))()o* (o +'v)'4, >o)y o+ '(a)' a*y o+'+, +)*:, o+ '))o* o (/'Co>>))o* S'. 3, CA No. 1D. I* o*(+a(,'))o* o (/' NWRC o* 4a('+ +):/(o*(+ov'+)' a+' a&&'aa, '(.S'. 21 $1%, B.". B:. 129 +'a()*: (o a( o+o>))o* o a* )*'+)o+ Co+( S'. D, R' ,R' o Co+(. LL5+Co*)'+)*: (/' &')))(y 4)(/ 4/)/ ".!. No.107, a &')a a4, (+'a( a&&'a +o> (/' NWRC(/'+' ) *o +oo> (o a&&y S'()o* 9$3% o B.". B:.129, &+a, a :'*'+a a4, 4/)/ o*'+ ')v'a&&'a(' 5+))()o* (o (/' Co+( o A&&'a ov'+'))o* o a)-5))a a:'*)'. T/' a( (/a(

o*' ) &')a a* (/' o(/'+ ) :'*'+a +'a(' a&+'>&()o* (/a( (/' &')a ".!. No. 107 ) (o a)*)*: a* ''&()o* (o (/' :'*'+aB.". B:. 129, '()o* 9$3%, o*' a a :'*'+a a4 o(/' a*, (/' o(/'+ a (/' a4 o a &a+()a+ a'. N')(/'+ 4o S'()o* 9$2% o (/' a>' a4 7:)v)*: (/' Co+( o A&&'a ')v' o+):)*a5+))()o* ov'+ a()o* o+ a**>'*( o5:>'*( o R':)o*a T+)a Co+( )*a&&)aa' )* (/' ?S" 02778 !'))o*?a)*(a)* a+' a&&'aaa' *o)()*()o*, Co+( /o *')(/'+ >a' o*'. 8B')', o*)'+)*: (/a( +a('-))*: ) >'+'y a*)*)'*( (o (/' :+a*( o a '+())a(' o &'+)( o C)v) Ca' No. 78D. T/'Na()o*a Wa('+ R'o+' Co*) /a &'a' a a &a+(y ''*a*( )* (/' a) a'. Noo(.

SO OR!ERE!.T''/a*'', C.., a&, F'+*a*, Na+vaa, G()'++',+., C+, "a+a, F'))a*o, Ga*ayo, "a)a, B))*,Sa+>)'*(o a* Co+(', ., o*+.

Foo(*o('

1. ()' o' F. Ra'a, +., &o*'*(',o*++' )* ))o* a* (o >o)y o+ '(a)' / o+'+, +)*:, o+ '))o* 4/'* )( 'a+ya&&'a+ (/a( (/'+' 4a *o 'v)'*' >))o*. T/' 'v)'*' &+''*(' (o (/'Co>>))o*, (o:'(/'+ 4)(/ (/' +'o+ o (/'


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&+o'')*: ))o* (o (/'S&+'>' Co+(. A*y o+'+, +)*:, o+ '))o* o (/'Co>>))o* >ay )'4)' ')a('A&&'a(' Co+( /a ''+)' . . .

?3 E)v' a&&'a(' 5+))()o* ov'+a )*a 5:>'*(, '))o*, +'o()o*, o+'+, o+a4a+ o R':)o*a T+)a Co+( a* a)-5))aa:'*)', )*(+>'*(a)()', >))o*,''&( (/o' a)*: 4)(/)* (/' a&&'a(' 5+))()o*o (/' S&+'>' Co+( )* ao+a*' 4)(/ (/'Co*()(()o*, (/' &+ov))o* o (/) A(, a* o&o' o

()' M)a:+o A. G'+>a*, o' A. R. M'o, a*A+'o M. Laa+o &o*('*('. . "'**' '*( o 5:>'*( o R':)o*aT+)a Co+(K a* . . . 8. Co:a('-"a>o)v' "/). I*. v. G)>'*', 1SCRA 27 191. 9. Go*a' v. "+ov)*' o Io)o, 38 SCRA209 1971.10. S'' Ca)>)>, '( a. v. Ho*. "'+o A.Ra>)+', '( a., No. L-3D32, Nov'>a, L-0DD,May 19, 198D, 129 SCRA 30DK E*a+*a)o* v.

Ba(aa+, L-1883, Ma+/ 27, 191, 1 SCRA 80.

G.R. No. L-D827 May 31, 1979GERAR!O !. ABE-ABE, ET AL. v. L#IS !.MANTA, ET AL.

SECON! !IJISION$G.R. No. L-D827. May 31, 1979.%

GERAR!O !. ABE-ABE, FELICIANO

MA!RONA, LORETO JAL!EH#EA,MELECIO "EALOSA, "ELAGIO BABIA,#ANITO T#MILA", TIMOTEO CHAN,RICAR!O BACOR, ES#S !ORIA, JITELIANO!ORIA, "ABLO SIMITARA, JIRGILIO TAR!E,"OLICAR"O RAGAS, EMILIANO E!#LAN,!ORICO LAG#NA, FELICIANO MA!RONA,R., CARMEN L. BALBAS, SERJAN!O TAR!E,OSE !AGON!ON, ANGEL OCLARIT,#L!ARICO BABIA, !IOGENES !IOLANTO,

ARISTON BABAEL, LEONCIO !ORIA,"LATON BACOR, LORETO !ION, ORGE"AHILANGCO, ES#S BARLAAN, TELESFOROE!#LAN, SEG#N!O AC#LAN, ANTONIOBARCELONA, LORENO SILAGAN, AG#STIN"ABELLORE, ISI!RO !AGO"LO, MAMERTOSIMITARA, CONRA!O MAHINA, BENN#E, IGNACIA BABALCON, E"IFANIA

ABE-ABE. !ONATO LLO"E, ANGEL TORINO,HILARIO LLANASA, TRAN#ILINO "#RO,IONG LASA, INES MEOC, RO#ESABI!O, HOS"ICIO LLO"E, BERNAR!AABE-ABE, OSE LAG#NA, MARCELABABALCON, SEJERINO ABE-ABE,MAG!ALENO BACOR, ROBERTO CHAN,ROBERTO BA!ANA, MACRINA ". ECOBEN,SERGIO !A"#AT, FA#STINO !AGON!ON,ALFRE!O "AHILANGCO, #L"IANO OCLARIT,CORNELIO CABASAGAN, BONIFACIO

!AGON!ON, R#FO !ALWAG, MIG#ELTAR!E, CESARIO E!"AN, L#ISA CHAN,IGNACIO "EALOA, ALFONSO ARA!O,ISAAC LABOR, TEOFILO LAWRETE,FRANCISCA BABAEL, MAIMO H#ERBANA,FELI !AG#"LO, TEO!ORO !AGON!ON,NEMESIO HONC#LA!A, "ANCRASIO!AGON!ON, ROBERTO ABA!AOS, BEN"AGA, RAMON RAGO, NARCISO SANCHE,IIGO !AGON!ON, ISI!RO SIMITARA,BALBINO "ABELLORE, CRESENCIO

"ABELLORE, !E!ING "ABELLORE, T#ANTIA, LEON LIGAN, FILOMENO GAM#TAN,EMILIANO BIWANG, CECILIO AWATIN,"E!RO GOMONIT, AJELINO TIRARIRA,!O!O GOMONIT, TEOGENES GOMONIT,FELIMON "ABELLORE, !OMINGO IGNILAN,MARIO "ABELLORE, ROSA I"ANAG,ALFRE!O BABARAN, JICENTEECHA#RE, AMBROSIO OCLARIT, MELECIO"#TOL, ARTEMIO G#IRITAN, #STINIANO!AGON!ON, "ATERSON BACLAO, LA#RO

!AGON!ON, E#GENIO TAGO!, LAARO!AGON!ON, AIME !AGON!ON, ANSELMOABIAN, IRENEO ING#ITO, OSE GAERLAN,CATALINO AR!IN, CORAON CAL#B,"E!RO BAAO, FELI"E #""OS, SOLE!A!NER, FELI"E AR!IN, "LACI!O AR!IN,CONSTANCIO AGB#, CAN!ELARIO LA!IO,E!#AR!O AR!IN, #RS#LA !AG#"LO,MATIAS !AG#"LO, ISABELA NOG#ERA,!EMOCRITO A"ARTE, A"OLONIA CIMACIO,JICENTE TAALE, FE!ERICO RAGO,

ALBERTO ESTANILLA, R#FINO LAGRIA,GERONIMO RAGAS, EMILIANO SONGCO,E"IFANIO NOG#ERA, FELOMINO BACOR,NICOLASA !AGON!ON, L#ISITO!AGON!ON a* SALJA!OR CORRALES,&'()()o*'+, v. #!GE L#IS !. MANTA o (/'Co+( o F)+( I*(a*' o Ca>):)* a* "E!RO ".ROM#AL!O, +'&o*'*(.

"'+o R. L&o, +. o+ &'()()o*'+.


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BENIGNO S. A#INO, &'()()o*'+-a&&''', v.THE !IRECTOR OF LAN!S, o)' (/' &+o'')*:, a* /o (/a( (/'&+o&'+(y )* '()o* ) o (/' &a)*. B(/'+'&o* ' /) +):/( (o a &o+()o* o (/' &+o&'+(y(o C. C (/'* '*'avo+ (o o*)+> a S&a*)/ ()(',a* a:a)* (/' !)+'(o+ o La* 5o)* )'. T/'a* 4a a(ay o&)' '*( o (/' &a)*. T/) &a+a>o*( &)*)(+a()o* o 5()' '&')ay o*: (/'>4a (/' !)+'(o+ o La*, o* (/' :+o* (/a( (/'a* 4a a &a+( o (/' &a)* '*(. T/' a&&)a*( )* (/) a' )*a( ) *o( &+o' a*y ()(' o+ :+a*( +o> (/'S(a('. O* A:( 23, 191, (/' Co+( o F)+(I*(a*' +'*'+' )( 5:>'*( '*y)*: (/'+':)(+a()o* a* (a)*)*: (/' o&&o)()o* o (/'


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)* :'*'+a ('+> a*, ) /' &+''+, a a (a('>'*(/o4)*: (/' &a+()a+ o+' o+ /a+a('+ o /)()('. T/'+' ) (/'* a', *'a+ (/' '*, a &a+a:+a&/):/( '+'y a o*'++)*: a o+ )*a*y 4)' a'( (/' &+)*)&' o a5)a()o*. Ho4a* )( '*(, )* 4/o' avo+ (/' &+o*o*'>'*( )>a'; '( / ) (/' a*o>ay 4/)/ ) &+''*(')* (/' '))o* *o4 >a'.L'( )( &' :+o* (/a( (/' a&&)a*( /a a)' (o &+ov'a +':)(+a', o+ o* (/' :+o* (/a((/' )*)v)a o&&o*'*( a&&'a+ (o a)*(a)* a +':)(+a()o* &+o'')*:>ay '*( 4o ''> (o '>a:a( (+)>o*4'a(/ A( No.1D1 T/' "'*'K a* (/'


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a&&'a' 5:>'*( > & (/' )*)*: o (/' (+)ao+( )* a) &+o'')*: )* (/) 4)'?1. T/a( A>' "y4oo J'*''+ Co. I*.,+'&+''*(' ' "y4oo J'*''+ Co., I*., a(' ' )*(o(/' &o')o* o Ma+)a*o I*)' a* A'+ I*)'K

. T/a( (/' &o')o* o (/' a&&)a*( A>'"y4oo J'*''+ Co., I*., ) o*()*o, av'+'a* & 192 (o (/' &+''*( a* (a)*: (/'&o')o* o (/' I*)' 4/o 4'+' :+a*(' +o>4/o> (/' a&&)a*( ' )>>'>o+)aK7. T/a( (/' a* o:/( (o &+ov'>'*(,a) )>&+ov'>'*( 4'+' ''* &a*y +o> (/' I*)' o+ (/' (o4*)(' oMao*ao*, Ia'*' o*y o* y 17, 1981, o+

o*: a('+ (/' 1973 Co*()(()o* /a :o*' )*(o''(, (/' a(('+ ) (/' o++'(y a&&)ao*4'a(/ A( No. 1D1, a a>'*', +'a?SEC. D8. T/' oo4)*: '+), a* (/')a*' o a '+())a(' o ()(' (/'+'o+, *'+ (/'La* R':)(+a()o* A(, (o 4)(

'v' o+ (/+o:/ (/')+&+'''o+-)*-)*('+'( /av' >')a('y&+'')*: (/' ))*: o (/' a&&)a()o* o+o*)+>a()o* o ()(' ''&( 4/'* &+'v'*(' ' (o /av' &'+o+>' a (/' o*)()o*''*()a (o a Gov'+*>'*( :+a*( a* /a oo4*'+/)& o+ a( 'a( 30 y'a+ /a )*o+)()' 4/o /a, ' )>>'>o+)a, o+ o+ >o+' (/a*(/' +')+' 30-y'a+ &'+)o a* 4'+',


15/45

(/'+'o, '*()(' (o ''+)' (/' +):/( :+a*(' )*S'()o* D8 o (/' "', a (/' 'o+-)*-)*('+'( o (/' I*)',) )a))' (o a)+' a* +':)('+ o4*'+/)& oa) a* *'+ a*y &+ov))o* o (/' 1973Co*()(()o* o(/'+ (/a* S'()o* 11 o )( A+()' IJa+'ay +''++' (o.

G)v'* (/' o+':o)*:, (/' '()o* ' )* 192 o )* (/' &+o/)&a*y, a o>'() o+&o+a()o*>o+' (/a* 0Q o (/' a&)(a (o o 4/)/ )

F))&)*o-o4*', /a &+/a' )* 19D7 (4o o( )*Ta*ay, R)a +o> (/' "):)*: &o'. T/' o( /aa()o* o ()(' (o a) o(. T/' o+(,a>)*: (/a( (/' o( 4'+' &)'(/' a&&)a()o* o* (/' :+o* (/a( M'+ao, a5+))a &'+o*, 4a *o( a))' (o a&&y o+

+':)(+a()o* *'+ S'()o* D8a' a*y )()*()o* o+a))a()o*. T/' &+o/)' 4a :)v'* ay &+ov'= &o')o*o+ (/' *''a+y ()>' a* 4' o *o( ov'+oo (/'a+:>'*( (/a( (/) >'a* >ay &+ov' )* +':)(+a()o*&+o'')*:. I( >ay )y &o')o* 4'+' )* a*:'+, ) /'/a +'a 'v'+y 4o+ o )(. T/' 4o+ =>ay &+ov'=a+')('*, a 4' o+ o+' a(':o+)a a*:a:', )*S)

?. . . I* avo+ o Ja'*()* S), (/'+' ), >o+'ov'+,(/' &+'>&()o* 5+) '( ' 5+' '(a'*)*: A( No. 92, (/a( a (/' *''a+y+')+'>'*( o+ a :+a*( '*( 4'+'o>&)' 4)(/, o+ /' /a


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'+())a(' o ()(' (o a) a* *'+ (/' &+ov))o*o C/a&('+ JIII o a) A(. So (/a( 4/'* A*:'aRao* a&&)' o+ (/' :+a*( )* /'+ avo+, Ja'*()*S) /a a+'ay a)+' ay' &+)va(' &+o&'+(y, a( 'a( y +oo(' )( )* 5+)&+'*'.H'+)o, )* &a+()a+, a&&'a+ (o a()v' 11?. . . S'o*y, *'+ (/' &+ov))o* o R'&a o &' (o /av' a)+', '*(:+a*(, 4)(/o( (/' *'')(y o a '+())a(' o ()('a)(y, (/' a o 4/)/o' *o( a'( (/' ':a ))'*y o (/' ()(' a4o &()o*, o*)+>a()o* &+o'')*: 4o, )*(+(/ o+' (/a* a o+>a)(y, a( (/' >o()>)(' (o a'+(a)*)*: 4/'(/'+ (/' &o')o*a)>' ) o (/' +')+' /a+a('+ a* '*:(/ o()>'K a* +':)(+a()o* (/'+'*'+ 4o *o( o*'+()(', &y +'o:*)' a ()(' a+'ay v'('. T/'&+o'')*: 4o *o( o+):)*ay o*v'+( (/' a*+o> & (/' >o>'*( (/' +')+' &'+)o o &o')o*&'('. A 4a o 4' &( )* Ca+)@o,?. . . T/'+' a+' )*)a()o* (/a( +':)(+a()o* 4a'&'(' +o> a, ' /a a &'+'(+):/( (o >a' / a))()o*, (/'+' a(('+, )* (/' 1973 Co*()(()o* 4/)/ a>' )*(o''( a('+ &+o/) a)+)*:a* o4*)*: &+)va(' a*.Ev'* o* (/' &+o&o)()o* (/a( (/' a* +'>a)*'('/*)ay ?&>'>o+)a

&o')o* o (/' I*)' a* (/')+ a*'(o+, *()()(' )* (/')+ avo+ 4a a(ay o*)+>' )*a&&+o&+)a(' &+o'')*: *'+ (/' ")(a()o* (/'* '(a*( 4a (/a( o+&o+a()o* o

*o( a)+', /o o+ 'a' &a()o* &+o'')*: 4'+'(a*',(/a( (/' Co*()(()o* a**o( )>&a)+ v'(' +):/(.?W' /o (/a( (/' a) o*()(()o*a &+o/)'*( Co., I*.


17/45

/'(a+'. "'()()o*'+= &+o/)'*(, '*( o+ ' )' a* '(a&)a*' 4)(/ (/' +')+'>'*( o (/' "a()o*&+o'')*: 4'+' )*()((' ' )* )( o4**a>' >( '*( (o (/' a*.A )( ) *'()o*a'v' o*)+>' a* +':)('+', o*y a +):)( ()&))(y o o+( a()o*.A>)*: (/a( (/'+' 4a a ('/*)a '++o+ )* *o(/av)*: )' (/' a&&)a()o* o+ +':)(+a()o* )* (/'

*a>' o (/' "):)*: &o' a (/' o+):)*a o4*'+a* v'*o+, () )( ) o*'' (/a( (/'+' ) *o&+o/) (o (/' 'v)'*', ).'. a )' )*(/' *a>' o (/' o+):)*a &'+o* 4/o a *a(+a&'+o* a+' y a))' (o a&&y o+ o+>a

o*)+>a()o* o (/' ()(' (/a( (/'y /a a)+' &()o* a* >a*a(' o (/' "a()o* o ()(' (o(/' &+)va(' a* o a)+' a* o o+'/a*:'.?T/'+' ) ao *o(/)*: (o &+'v'*( A>' +o>+'o*v'y)*: (/' a* (o (/' I*)' a* (/' a(('++o> (/'>'v' a&&y)*: o+ o*)+>a()o* o ()('

a*, a('+ )a*' o (/' '+())a('6 o ()(' )* (/')+*a>', '')*: (/' a* '. B( (/)4o &(y /a+a',4/'+'a (/' a>' +'( ) >o+' ')a)oy a*&'')y o&a+a()v'y +''*( v)*(a:', )* a +'a'*', )( )*a()o*a* )*)+y )* >a*y &a( a'. I*'', )( ) 4o+(/*o()*: (/a( (/' >a5o+)(y o&)*)o*, a 4' a (/'o*++)*: o&)*)o* o C/)' ()' F'+*a*o a*()' A a&&y)*: o+o*)+>a()o* o a* )>&'+'( ()(' (o &


18/45

R''+'*' (o (/' 1973 Co*()(()o* a* )( A+()'IJ, S'()o* 11, 4a o*y (a*:'*()a, )>)(' (o aa)* o&)*)o*, a* >ay, )*(/a( o*('(, ' ) /'+'', 4)(/o( o( )*(/) )*(a*'.SO OR!ERE!.F'+)a, a&, F'+*a*, Aa>&ay, C+, "a+a a*F'))a*o, ., o*+.G()'++', +., ., I +')('+a(' >y o*++'*' )*M'+ao v. Ca(+o-Ba+(oo>', a*, (/'+'o+',)'*( /'+'.

S'&a+a(' O&)*)o*

TEEHANPEE, C.., o*++)*:I a> /o*o+' y '*( a( y )'*()*: o&)*)o* )* (/' *', 1982 M'+aoa* I:')a *) C+)(o a', 1 4/)/ ) /'+')*&/', ?'&+'' 4/a( ) (/' a+ 1909 a' o Ca+)@o 2 (/+o:/ (/' 192a' o S) 3 a* (/' o*: )*' o a' )('(/'+')* (o (/' a('( 1980 a' o H'+)o D (/a( ?)( )'(a y2, 189D )* S) *'+ (/' o a4 $(/) &'+)o 4a+'' (o =a( 'a( (/)+(y y'a+ )>>')a('y&+'')*: (/' ))*: o (/' a&&)a()o* o+o*)+>a()o* o ()('= '*>'*( oCo>>o*4'a(/ A( No. 1D1, ')va'*( (o (/'&'+)o o a))()v' &+'+)&()o* % ' (o/av' &'+o+>' a (/' o*)()o* ''*()a (o a

Gov'+*>'*( :+a*( a* /a &()o* 5+) '( ' 5+' '(a' &+)va(' &+o&'+(y, a( 'a()ao /) a&&)a()o* o+ +':)(+a()o* 4/)/ +'v'+'(/' )>)a o (/' +':)(+a()o* o+( a a)+>'' Co+( a* ao&(' (/' )ay &+ov'= a+')('*, a 4',o+ &o' a* a


19/45

'++o*'o a>&()o* (/a( (/' a* +'>a)*' &>'>o+)a, +'&o*'*(o+&o+a()o*= a4 &+/a' +o> (/'> o (/' a*)* 192 a* "D >))o* )*v'(>'*( +'o*)*:&+'>a*))&a)(y oMao*ao*, Ia&a)+' &()o* o (/' "a()o* o ()('&+o'')*: o+ o+>a)a()o* a* )a*' o (/''+())a(' o ()(' 4/)/ (/'y a4y a* va)y(+a*'++' (o +'&o*'*( o+&o+a()o*.

I* a(, (/' >a*y a>'*>'*( (o (/' A( '('*)*:(/' &'+)o o+ (/' ))*: o / a&&)a()o* o+5))a o*)+>a()o* o )>&'+'( a* )*o>&'('()(' (o a)'*aay a&&y (/'+'*'+ o+ o*)+>a()o* o ()(' ) )*''( a ('/*)a)(y o &+o'+' a* *o( o

(a()>(a*), ) &+o&'+y a&&)a' o (/' o+):)*a &'+o* 4/o a *a(+a&'+o* a+' y a))' (o a&&y o+ o+>ao*)+>a()o* o (/' ()(' (/a( (/'y /a a)+' &()o* a* >a*a(' o (/' "a()o* o ()(' (o(/' &+)va(' a* o a)+' a* o o+'/a*:'.? 8 I*'', (/'* C/)' ()' E*+)'M. F'+*a*o )'4)' )'*(' ao*: (/' a>' )*'+o> (/' >a5o+)(y +)*: (/'+')* a* /' ?I )'*()*oa+ a (/' o&)*)o* o (/' Co+( 4o/a+a('+)' / 5+))()o*a ''( (/a( (/'a&&)a*( 4a M'+ao, a 5+))a &'+o* +a(/'+(/a* (/' *a(+a &'+o*-(+a*'+o+, *'+ (/'

&a+()a+ )+>(a*' o (/) a', a a*)*+>o*(a *o / )aa5o+)(y +)*: o* (/' '()o* o' (/'y 4'+'a)+' a()o* o (/' ()('.Ao+)*:y, (/' o*()(()o*a &+ov))o* (/a( *o&+)va(' o+&o+a()o* o+ ao)a()o* >ay /oa)'*a)( (/' ))*:o / a&&)a()o* (o *a(+a )()'* 4/o >ay&+ov' (/')+ *)&(' a* o&'* &o')o* o&


20/45

&'+o* )' (/' a&&)a()o* o+ o*)+>a()o* o ()('(o (/' &+)va(' a*.MELENCIO-HERRERA, ., )'*()*:S'()o* D8 o (/' "'*( o a (a(('. H'*', )( ) a :'*'+a&+)*)&' (/a( (/' o+( /o, ) +'ao*a'a*)*:', )*o&'+a()v', o+ *:a(o+y.I a (a((' ) a)+y '&()'+ o*(+()o* )&+''++', O*' &a+( o a (a((' >ay *o(


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o *o ''(. Mo+'ov'+, *o(4)(/(a*)*: (/' :'*'+a+' a:a)*( (/' '*a+:'>'*( o '('*)o* o a(a((' ay a' / &+ov))o* ''(a ) &&)' &)a()o*.? ")ao v. I)*o) L)o+ Co*(+oCo>. 11 III 2 D, 1D3 NE 2 D7K )(' )* 73 A>.+. 2 &&. D22-D23.T/' (a((o+y &+ov))o* a* (/' o*()(()o*a&+o/)a**'+ (/' &o)y (/ a) o4* a* (oavo) a o*(+()o* 4/)/ 4o a('+ o+ ''a((/a( &o)y.I* )*', I o*)+> >y a/'+'*' (o (/' +)*: o (/)

Co+( )* M'+ao v. Ho*. Ca(+o-Ba+(oo>', 11DSCRA 799 $1982% a* +'a(' a'.

Foo(*o('

1. 11D SCRA 799. 2. Ca+)@o v. I*a+ Gov'+*>'*(, D1 "/). 93,9DD. 3. S) v. Rao*, D8 "/). D2D. D. H'+)o v. !a+, 9 SCRA D37. . O a) !'+''6R':a()o* o *' 2,

1880. . *'+o+)*: &&)'. 7. 3 "/). D. 8. 108 "/). 21. 9. 21 SCRA 7D3.10. 29 SCRA 70.11. T/'+' 4a 4)(/a a a('+ a(('>&( '4/a( o('*(/' )>&o+( o (/' o(+)*', )* /) o*++'*' )*M'+ao 11D SCRA 799, 810-813.12. #*'+o+)*: &&)'K (/' &+ov))o*

+''++' (o ) S'()o* D8, a( &. 810.

G.R. No. L-DD237 F'', 11DSCRA 799 1982 a* R'&


22/45

TO "#BLIC LAN!S CONJERTE! TO "RIJATEOWNERSHI" #N!ER "#BLIC LAN! ACT. I* !)+'(o+ o La* v. Ma*)a E'(+) Co., 13SCRA 8 S'&('>


23/45

o+&o+a()o* /a &+/a' (/' a* o+):)*ay o (/'&a)* +o> &a+()' 4/o /a, >'>o+)a. I(/a (/'+'a('+ )*()((' &+o'')*: o+o*)+>a()o* o ()(' *'+ S'()o* D8&y . . . a* a)'*(a )+>(a*', &+o()v'o a ''( /a+y >o+' (/a* &+o'+a a* )**o4)' a'()*: (/' ' )* (4o a('+ a', !)+'(o+ oLa* v. Ma*)a E'(+) Co., 13 SCRA 8S'&('>'. R'.o* A&&., &&. 20-22, 3. . R'. o* A&&., &&. D8-D9.

7. SEE '.:., Ba)4a: T+a*)(, I*. v. C.A., G.R.No. 7D93, a*. 7, 1987. 8. SEE '.:., Ma*a&a v. CA.K G.R. No. 989,a*. 12, 1987K Jaa+(a v. I.A.C., G.R. No. 7D97,*' 30, 1987.

G.R. No. L-DD222 S'&('>a)* ov'+)*: 'v'+a &a+' o a*

)(a(' )* (/' Ba++)o o Ba*a), C)(y o B(a*4a )' o* !''>


24/45

1. O+'+)*: (/' &a)*() (o &ay (o (/'''*a*( (/' > o++'&o*)*: (o (/' a+'a o(/')+ +'&'()v' a*, o>&(' >a(/'>a()ay a("7.0 &'+ a+' >'('+ "+ov)', /o4'v'+, T/a((/o' 4/o /av' +'')v' (/')+ /a+' o (/' '&o)(/a +'')v' o*y (/' )'+'*' A*, &+ov)',+(/'+, (/a( 4)(/ +'&'( (o Lo( No. 297-A a*3018-A, (/' a>o*( o++'&o*)*: (/'+'(o /a '*( (/'+'o /a /av'a'K a*3. O+'+)*: (/' &a)*() (o &ay (/' Co(.

SO OR!ERE!. 2!)a:+'')*: 4)(/ (/' a>o*( o 5( o>&'*a()o*a* (/a( &a+( o (/' '))o* 4/)/ o+'+' (/'&'()()o*'+ (o &ay o(, (/' a(('+ )' a* a&&'a 4)(/(/' Co+( o A&&'a 4/)/ a)+>' (/' (+)a o+(='))o* ?4)(/ (/' o' >o))a()o* (/a( (/'&a)*()-a&&'a*( /o *o( &ay o(.? 3S() *o*v)*', (/' &'()()o*'+ )' 4)(/ (/'&+''*( &'()()o* o+ +'v)'4 o* '+()o+a+) o* &'*a()o* (o y a( "7.06. >'('+ 4/)/ 4a (/' o4'(a>o*( +'o>>'*' (/' Na()o*a H):/4ay >( ( '('+. T+', (/' o4*'+ o a* a(ay 4)(/)* (/'

"12 a* "10 a 4) o' o>' a>o*(, &'*a()o* o (/' '&+o&+)a(' a* >( ay (/' &+''*' o (/'>'*()o*' '(a'*( a+'( va' o (/' a'(' a* o+(/' oo4)*: +'ao* S#LTAN HOTEL . . . A(/o:/ )( ) *'a+ (/' o Ba*a) A)+&o+(, )( ))(' a+ +o> (/' ('+>)*a o (/' *'4 a)+&o+(. I*a(, )( ) *o o*:'+ )* o&'+a()o* o+ aa*:a* Roa 4a a)+'


25/45

T/' "/))&&)*' A+>y R''+va()o* a( Ba*a),B(a* C)(y, 4a a)+' o>'()>' )* 193 *'+"+')'*()a "+oa>a()o*. T/' a+>y '('+ )* 19.I( ) 4o+(/4/)' >'*()o*)*: (/a( (/'' o+ D'(a'*( a+' a ao*: (/' *a()o*a /):/4ay,4/'+'a (/' *'4 Ba*a) A)+&o+( ) oa(' a'+y o:o*a a* *'+-'v'o&'. I* a(, (/'B(a* C)(y M'>o+)a "a+ 4/)/ ) a>o(

a5a'*( (o (/' a) a)+&o+( a* a)+' >/ a('+(/a* (/' ))*: o (/' '&+o&+)a()o* a' )* 1970 4ao*y '('+. T/) a( 4a ('())' (o >)(('' o (/' a>' C)(y, (o 4)(8 A('+ 4'):/)*: (/' 'v)'*' o* +'o+ a*o*)'+)*: (/' &'a)*: )' )*a*(y a:+)(+a a* o:o*a a'v)'*' yBa++a, a* (/' F+'' M'(/o)( C/+/ a 'a+)'+>'*()o*' >ay >o* *o4':' (/a( ) (/'+' a+' 'v'+ao>>'+)a '(a'*(, )* a '+(a)* a+'a a )*(/' a' a( >'+)a )* *a(+' a* (/' a* ++o*)*:(/'> /av' ' o (/'> o&)*'(/a( (/' >a+'( va' o (/' a'(' &+o&'+()' 4'+'

'v'* o4'+ (/a* "1.00 &'+ a+' >'('+. So>',/o4'v'+, o+'(/a* "1.00 &'+ a+' >'('+ '('+ ) o *o>o>'*( )* (/) a'. A >'*()o*' '*()o*'. T/' )'+'*( (a 'a+a()o* &'::)*: (/'va' &'+ a+' >'('+ o (/' a'(' a* a( ".2a* ".0 a**o(


26/45

T/'+' ) *o /o4)*: (/a( (/' o+( a&&o)*('o>>))o*'+ a&&)' )':a &+)*)&' (o (/''v)'*' )((' (o (/'> o+ (/a( (/'y /a)+':a+' a 'a+ &+'&o*'+a*' o 'v)'*'. T/'a>o*( o "7.0 &'+ a+' >'('+ a aa&(' '*( o '++o+, 4' a:+''4)(/ (/' &'()()o*'+ (/a( (/' >a+'( va' o a*'&+o&+)a(' &+o&'+(y ) '('+>)*' a( (/' ()>' o(/' (a)*:, 11 y'(, )* (/) a', (/'+' ) *o /o4)*:(/a( (/' +'&o*'*( o+( )+':a+' (/) &+)*)&'.I* a)+>)*: (/' '))o* o (/' o+( a o. (/'+'&o*'*( o+( >'+'y >'*()o*' a a*a('+(/o:/( (/' 'vaa()o* o (/' &'o a* (/' +)')* (/' &+)' o o>>o)()' o*( o "7.0 a 5(o>&'*a()o*. LL5+

WHEREFORE, (/' '))o* a&&'a' +o> )/'+'o*( "7.0 &'+ a+' >'('+ (o(/' &+)va(' +'&o*'*( )*)*: ':a )*('+'( +o>(/' (a)*: o (/' a*, M''*)o-H'++'+a, "a+a a*"a)a, ., o*+.

Foo(*o('

1. 1(/ ))a !)(+)(, B+a*/ II, (/'Ho*o+a'+= *a>'. I (/'+' ) a*y &a+(y 4/o a*'()o* /) ()(' o* (/' :+o* (/a( )( )*'(/'+')* a o+'( a*, &+)va(' +'&o*'*( &o)( (/a()( /o '*(.

T/) o*('+-a+:>'*( ) a* ''(' &+'('*)o*. I* (/'a' o Ga(/a)a* v. "av))*, '( a., (/' Co+( /a(/' oa)o* (o +'*'+ (/' oo4)*: +)*: ?A (o(/' a':' a o &'+o*a)(y o ''*a*(-a&&'a*( (o aa) a&&'''= a* :+a*( a*'+())a(' o ()(' o+ (/' +'ao* (/a( a) a&&'a*(a+' >'+' &+o&'()v' /o>'('a a&&)a*(, )( )))'*( (o +'>a+ (/a( ayv)*)a(' a* ''* a:a)*( )*(+'+ 4)(/o(


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D. I!.K I!.K FOREST LAN!K A!JERSE"OSSESSION THEREOF CANNOT CONJERTIT TO "RIJATE "RO"ERT. I* Jaa+(a, '( a.v. Ho*. I*('+>')a(' A&&'a(' Co+(, '( a., 4/'+'(/' o+):)*a &+o'')*: 4a ao a()o* o )>&'+'( ()(' a'a**o( o>>'*' *() a('+ o+'( a* /a (/' '))o* o(/' o+>'+ I*('+>')a(' A&&'a(' Co+( )* AC-G.R.CJ No. 0003D, 1 +'v'+)*: )* (o(o (/' '))o* )*C)v) Ca' No. 2212 o (/' (/'* Co+( o F)+(I*(a*', B+a*/ II, N'va J)aya, (/' )&o)()o*o +'&o*'*( o+( (/'))*: o (/' o>&a)*( *() &o')o* ) y+'(o+' a a(a a>a:'.

D. O+'+)*: ''*a*(-a&&''' (o &ay (/' >o "2,000.00 a ''>&a+y a>a:' a* "1,000.00a a* o+ a((o+*'y= ''.Co( a:a)*( (/' ''*a*(-a&&'''.?SO OR!ERE!.?REJERSE!.? 2T/' a*('''*(a a( 4/)/ ' (o (/' ))*: o (/'o+):)*a a()o* )( "-993 a('+ a +v'y o (/' a+'a )*vov'. T/'+'a('+,&'()()o*'+ o&)' a) 78. /'(a+' o &a(+'a* a* '*' (/' a>', 4)(/o( a*y' a+'a, (/'

)+( &'+>)( /av)*: '&)+' o* *' 30, 192.F)*ay, o* A:( , 198, &'()()o*'+ '*('+' )*(o a'a' a:+''>'*( 4)(/ (/' S'+'(a+y o A:+)(+'a* Na(+a R'o+', a* ' G. Ro+):', *'+"a(+' L'a' A:+''>'*( No. 1228 ov'+)*: (/')'*()a a+'a o+ a &'+)o o 11 y'a+. L) A)(a*( C/)' Ma)>o A.A'('a a&&)a()o* Sa(+*)*o!o(o+ a* L) Ca+' (/) +v'y, &'()()o*'+ +''(' )* a'(('+ (o (/' o)' o (/' B+'a o Fo+'(+y a(N'va J)aya (/' +'oa()o* +v'y o /) &a(+'a* &+a*( (o 4/)/ (/' )(+)( o+'('+ '*(Fo+'('+ N)a)o "aa (o +'oa(' (/' a>' o*A&+) 2, 19. A a+(o:+a&/'+ o (/' B+'a o

La*, Ea)o M)+a*a, /'+')* &'()()o*'+ a* &+)va('+'&o*'*(, a 4' a 'v'+a a


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o( o4*'+ o+ a)>a*( o a) '*+oa/)*: o( '('a "a('*( No. 12D17 4a)' (o &+)va(' +'&o*'*( ov'+ a &a+' o a*)(a(' )* I*a(o Fao+a*,o*(' (/' +'oa()o* +v'y. O* Ma+/ 1, 1972,Fo+'('+ Ca:)oa )((' /) >'>o+a*> (o (/')(+)( o+'('+ )*)a()*: (/a( (/' a+'a )* (/' ()(':+a*(' (o &+)va(' +'&o*'*( (+av'+' a &o+()o* o(/' &a(+' a* o &'()()o*'+ a* (/a( o*y 3./'(a+', >o+' o+ ', 4a v'+))' (o >'*a()o* 4a >a' (/a( (/' a&&)a()o* )'o+a*> +'&o+( o!)(+)( Fo+'('+ Fao+a*, 4a o+4a+' (o (/'!)+'(o+ o Fo+'(+y, Ma*)a, (/+o:/ (/' R':)o*a!)+'(o+ o (/' B+'a o Fo+'(+y, R':)o* No. 2,T:':a+ao, Ca:aya*, 4/o )* (+* )*o+' (/'a>' o* *' 23, 1972. O* Nov'> o&y)*: a*()va()*: (/' )&(' &o+()o* o 1.D9 /'(a+'.A a o*''*', &+)va(' +'&o*'*(, )' a*a()o* o+ +'ov'+y o &o')o* 4)(/ a>a:'.A('+ (+)a, (/' o+( a o +'*'+' 5:>'*( o*May 28, 1981 )* avo+ o (/'+')* ''*a*( a*a:a)*( (/' &a)*(), a* o+'+)*: (/' &a)*() (o &ay(/' ''*a*( (/' a>o*( o "1,D00.00 a a(a a*

)():a()o* '&'*', "3,000.00 o+ a((o+*'y= '',a* (o &ay (/' o( o (/' )(. DO* a ?"a+()a Mo()o* o+ R'o*)'+a()o*? )' '*' '*( ) /'+'o()o* o++'o*)'+a()o*, a(' O(o'>o+a*> )* &&o+( (/'+'o, >)((''++o+ o a4 1 )* o*)*: (/a( (/' a* )*)&(' ) a)'*ao*)' a*'+())a()o* o Fo+'('+ "aa a* Ca:)oaK 2)* o*)*: (/a( &'()()o*'+, a &a(+' 'a'&'+>)(('', /a *o ':a &'+o*a)(y (o '()o* (/'

&a('*( a* ()(' o &+)va(' +'&o*'*( !o(o+ ov'+(/' )&(' a+'aK a* 3 4/'* )( +' (/a( &+)va('+'&o*'*( ) '*()(' (o (/' a4a+ o a>a:'. O* (/' )+( a):*>'*( o '++o+, &'()()o*'+>a)*(a)* (/a( +'&o*'*( o+( /o *o( /av'+')' o* (/' '+())a()o* )'


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'+())' (/a( (/' a* 4a 4)(/)* (/' Fo+'( o*'a('+ /av)*: o*(' a* a(a v'+))a()o* +v'yo (/' a+'a.W' a:+'' 4)(/ &'()()o*'+, ay, )* &o)*( o (+)( a4, a' ))o* (/a( (/' o' '(+)a o*(+a(, (/' &a(+' 'a' &'+>)(:+a*(' (o &'()()o*'+ 4a )' a('+ a '+)' o

a(a )*v'():a()o*, oa+ a* ('/*)a, o (/''*a()o* 4a >a' (o (/' !)+'(o+ oFo+'(+y o+ (/' *))a()o* o a '+())a()o*a*6o+ &a('*( )' )* avo+ o (/' o4*'+ a*6o+a)>a*( 4/o' o( /a )*(+' &o* &'()()o*'+=

a* a+'a, )*)*: &+)va(' +'&o*'*( /)>',/ )*va)a()o* o+' (/a* &+'&o*'+a(' ov'+ a*')*)('y ov'++)' (/' '*'+va(' 'v)'*()a+y va'o (/' '+())a()o* o A>'*' a* v'('v'+y >/ 'a+)'+ (/a* a*y a)> (/'+'o* '+o> 19D9 (o 199 +)*: 4/)/ (/' a* 4a *'+&a(+' 'a' &'+>)( :+a*(' (o &'()()o*'+ a (/'>o+' '* +''*' (o (/' a( (/a( a) a* 4a4)(/)* (/' Fo+'( o*' a o*y a* o (/' a(':o+yo &'*(, *o( 4/'* )( )*vov' o&&o)*:+):/( o &+)va(' )()'* a:a)*( 'a/ o(/'+.O* (/' 'o* a):*' '++o+, &+)va(' +'&o*'*(>a' (/' +)&o(' (/a( &'()()o*'+ a**o( '()o* (/'va))(y o (/' ()(' +':)('+' )* (/' o+>'+= *a>'.

I (/'+' ) a*y &a+(y 4/o a* '()o* /) ()(' o*(/' :+o* (/a( )( )*' (/'+')* a o+'( a*,&+)va(' +'&o*'*( &o)( (/a( )( /o '*(. 18 T/) o*('+-a+:>'*( ) a* ''(' &+'('*)o*.I* (/' a' o Ga(/a)a* v. "av))*, '( a., 19 (/'Co+( /a (/' oa)o* (o +'*'+ (/' oo4)*:+)*:?A (o (/' a':' a o &'+o*a)(y o ''*a*(-a&&'a*( (o aa) a&&'''= a* :+a*( a*'+())a(' o ()(' o+ (/' +'ao* (/a( a) a&&'a*(

a+' >'+' &+o&'()v' /o>'('a a&&)a*(, )( )))'*( (o +'>a+ (/a( ayv)*)a(' a* ''* a:a)*( )*(+'+ 4)(/o(


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+''+va()o* a* +'v'+(' (o (/' &a)* o+)&o)()o* *'+ (/' &+ov))o* o (/' M)*)*: A(.!)&o)()o* )* avo+ o a*y &a+(y &+'&&o'o>&)a*' )*'+a'&o)(, )ov'+y o >)*'+a '&o)( a* oa()o*o >)*)*: a)>. I( 4a o*y a('+ / 4)(/+a4aa* +'v'+)o* (/a( a*y o / a( o a' 4)(/)* (/' a+'a a* o*' a*&'+o+>' )*)*: '*(+y a* oa()o*, (/ )*'a+ v)oa()o* o (/' a4.

! E C I S I O N

!AJI!E, R., &T/) ) a &'()()o* o+ +'v)'4 o* '+()o+a+) *'+ R'D o (/' R'v)' R' o Co+( )' )*: Co. /'+')*a('+ +''++' (o a&'()()o*'+ o* 11 Nov'> o B'+*a+o O. Ja' a*ao)a(' &+)va(' +'&o*'*( /'+')* va) a*')()*: a* 'a+)*: (/' (/)+(''* 13 o' >)*'+aa)> o /'+')* &'()()o*'+ * a* vo) a*4)(/o( ''(.

T/' a*('''*( a( a* &+o'')*: 4/)/ :av'+)' (o (/' &'()()o* a+' a oo4So>'()>' )* *' 199, &+)va(' +'&o*'*( )' a&+o('( a:a)*( &'()()o*'+ 4)(/ (/' B+'a o M)*'4/)/ 4a o'(' a M)*' A>)*)(+a()v' Ca'No. J-2. 2 T/'y a':' (/'+')* (/a( (/'y a+'oa(o+ a* a)>-o4*'+ o o+(''* 1D o'>)*'+a a)> )(a(' )* (/' R'. S'. ?!?, C)(y oBa:)o Ba:)o To4*)(' R''+va()o*, 4/)/ a+'&+o&'+y >a+' a* )'*())' o* (/' :+o* a* )*(/')+ +'&'()v' 'a+a()o* o oa()o* )' a*

+':)('+' )* ao+a*' 4)(/ (/' M)*)*: A( o* 20May 199 a( 118 ".M. )* (/' O)' o (/' M)*)*:R'o+'+ o Ba:)o C)(y, a ay a('+ "+')'*()a"+oa>a()o* No. 72, 4/)/ +''a' o+ >)*)*:&+&o' (/' a+'a )* '()o* +o> (/' Ba:)oTo4*)(' R''+va()o*, 4a o*++' )* , 4/)/ o*)(

4)(/ a* ov'+a& (/' o' >)*'+a a)> o &+)va('+'&o*'*(K (/' o*)( )*, o+ ov'+a&&)*: 4a ))o* a* '*)a o (/'a':a()o* o (/' &+o('( a*, a a)+>a()v'''*', av'++' (/a( )*)*: o&'+a()o* o*(' )>>')a('y a5o)*)*: (/' a+'a

ov'+' )*)*:

&+&o' 4a >a' o'y o+ )( ')v' )*'+a a)>4)(/)* (/' a+'a '>)*'+a a)> a* a':' +':)(+a()o* o (/''a+a()o* o oa()o* o >)*'+a a)> 4)(/)*/ a+'a 4'+' ''(' (/+o:/ '')( a* )* +ao &'()()o*'+= +):/(K (/' o*)()o* '( o( )*"+')'*()a "+oa>a()o* No. 72 >a' )()>&o)a' a

)ov'+y o >)*'+a )* a* (o >)*' (/' a+'aov'+'


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4/)/ ) ':+':a(' +o> (/' >a o (/' &a)* o+ a &')) &' ) *o( o&'* (o >)*)*: '*(+y a* oa()o*''&( 4/'* +''a' (/'+'+o> )* ao+a*' 4)(/(/' &+ov))o* o S'()o* 1D o Co>>o*4'a(/ A(No. 137, a a>'*', o(/'+4)' *o4* a (/'M)*)*: A(, a a>'*', 4/)/ +'a a oo4=SEC. 1D. La* 4)(/)* +''+va()o* o+ &+&o'

) o(/'+ (/a* >)*)*:, 4/)/, a('+ /+''+va()o* ) >a', a+' o* (o ay


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>)*'+a +''+v' o&'* (o >)*)*: oa()o* a*vaa)*'+a o) a* :a 4/)/ a+':ov'+*' )*)*: ) o* (o )*)*: oa()o*, a* )* +''+va()o*'(a)*)(+a()o* a* )&o)()o* (a(' a' '*( o A:+)(+' a* Na(+aR'o+' +'*'+' /) '))o* o* (/' a&&'a'(()*: a)' (/' '))o* o (/' !)+'(o+ o M)*'a* 'a+)*: (/' o+(''* 1D o' >)*'+a a)>o &+)va(' +'&o*'*( va) a* ')()*:, 4/)''a+)*: (/' (/)+(''* 13 o' >)*'+a a)> o&'()()o*'+ * a* vo) a* 4)(/o( ''(. I*&&o+( (/'+'o, (/' S'+'(a+y >a' (/' oo4)*:)))()o* C&+

?T/' +'o+ o (/) a' /o4 (/a( (/' a+'a 4/'+')*(/' >)*)*: a)> o Ja', '( a. a* (/' Ba:)oGo M)*)*: Co>&a*y /a )*)*: oa()o* )' +o> May 10-20, 199.Co*)'+)*: (/'' a(, a(/o:/ (/' oa()o* o>)*)*: a)> o a&&'a*( 4'+' o*' a+:'y a( a()>' 4/'* (/' a+'a 4a *o( y'( +''a', (/'oa()o* 4'+' o*' o+ )*)/' (4o ay a('+(/' a+'a 4a a+'ay +''a' o+ >)*)*: &+&o'.S/ ', 'o+( a* >o*'y &'*( ' )>&o+(a*' +a(/'+ (/a* )+':a+ (/'>a(o:'(/'+ 4/)/ 4) '+v' *o &+&o' a( a. To'a+' (/' a+'a o&'* o+ o+' o*)(. B')' (o :)v'a >o+' ))*)*: oa()o* o a&&'a*( va) (/'+' ) a*o(/'+

)' (/a( *''a+)y oo4. T/) )' ) (/''()o* o &+''+'*()a +):/( a>o*: a&&'a*(/'+')* 4/)/, a a >a(('+ o a(, ) (/' a>' )'+a)' 4/'* B'+*a+o Ja', '( a. )' (/')+&+o('( o* *' 21, 199 a:a)*( (/' (/)+(''* 13>)*)*: a)> o Ba:)o Go M)*)*: Co>&a*y+'()*: )* (/) a'.I* (/' &+o('( o Ja', '( a. )' )* (/' B+'a oM)*', (/'y a':' &+''+'*' ) +):/( (o 'a'(/' a+'a )* '()o* o* (/' :+o* (/a( (/' ))*: o(/' 13 'a+a()o* o oa()o* o&+o('(a*( ov'+a& a* a+' )* o*)( 4)(/ (/o' o+'&o*'*(.Ea>)*)*: (/' 'a+a()o* o oa()o* )' )>)*:'a+a()o* o oa()o* )' &a*y 4'+' +'')v' a( D30 ".M.,ao o* May 20, 199, )* (/' O)' o (/' M)*)*:R'o+'+ o Ba:)o. Sa) ()>' a* a(' 4a )ao y (a>&' o* (/' &&'+ '( /a* >a+:)* o(/' 'a+a()o* )'. T/'' 'a+a()o* ooa()o*, /o4'v'+, 4'+' *o( )>>')a('y +'o+'o+ +':)('+'. A o (/'> 4'+' +'o+' a( (/' a>'


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()>' (/' oo4)*: ay May 21, 199 a( 800o=o )* (/' >o+*)*:.F+o> (/' o+':o)*:, )( ) o&a*y. S'()o* o (/' M)*)*: A( C.A. No. 137 &+ov)'=A 'a+a()o* o oa()o*, a)av)(, &o4'+ oa((o+*'y, a* a o(/'+ o>'*( o+ )*(+>'*( )*

4+)()*:, +':a+)*: o+ a'()*: (/' &o')o* o>)*)*: a)> o+ a*y +):/( o+ ()(' (/'+'(o, o+)*('+'( (/'+')*, /a )*)*:+'o+'+ )* (/' o+'+ )* 4/)/ (/'y a+' )' o++'o+, a* +o> a* a('+ / +'o+)*:, a /o>'*( o+ )*(+>'*( )* 4+)()*: /a o*()(('*o()' (o a &'+o* a* (o (/' 4/o' 4o+ o (/'o*('*( o (/' a>'.=T/' 'a+a()o* o oa()o* o Ja', '( a. /o(/'+'o+' )*)*: &+&o'.G+a*()*: o+ (/' a' o a+:>'*( (/a( (/) ) (+',

(/' >)*)*: a4 :)v' *o &+''+'*' ) +):/( o+'o+( o (/) )*.T/) O)' /a o (/' 'v)'*' o*+'o+, Ba:)o Go M)*)*: Co>&a*y >a' )('a+a()o* o oa()o* )*)*: a)> a5a'*( (o (/' a+'a )* '()o* )*19D7. T/' Co>&a*y a>' (/a( (/' v')* o (/')+o a)> '('* ) (o4a+ (/' a+'a )* '()o*.S'()o* 33 o (/' M)*)*: La4 &+ov)' (/a( 4)(/)*30 ay +o> )ov'+y o >)*'+a, (/' )ov'+'+o+ oa(o+ >( oa(' /) a)> o(/'+4)', /' 4o

o+a*> o A+:>'*(, 7)( )( (/' oo4)*: '++o+ a /av)*: >)((' )*'+a a)> o +'&o*'*(B'+*a+o O. Ja', Bo*)a)o !aa*ay, T'oo+)oS. S'+a)a, A*(o*)o Ra>o, !o>)*ao+Laa>a*a, F+(oo O. Ja', L'o*a+o O.Ja', a* S)v)*o O&'*)a a+' va).$B% R'&o*'*( Ho*o+a' M)*)*:!)+'(o+ o (/' 'a+a()o* o oa()o* o (/' 13>)*)*: a)> o &'()()o*'+.$C% R'&o*'*( Ho*o+ao, !o>)*ao+ Laa>a*a, F+(oo O.Ja', L'o*a+o O. Ja', a* S)v)*o O&'*)a

(o o>&y 4)(/ (/' o*)()o* '( o+(/ )* (/'"+')'*()a "+oa>a()o* No. 72.$!% R'&o*'*( Ho*o+a o&'()()o*'+ 4'+' * a* vo).?I* )( +'o()o* o 27 !''>)*a()o* o (/' 'a+a()o* o oa()o* o (/'&+o('(a*(, &+)va(' +'&o*'*( /'+')*, /o4 (/a(a) 'a+a()o* 4'+' a +'')v'


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)*)v'. I( ) (/ ''* (/a( (/' )*)*: o a( o(/' S'+'(a+y o A:+)(+' a* Na(+a R'o+'o* (/' ()>' a* o(' o (/' ))*: o (/' 'a+a()o*o oa()o* '*( )*4+)()*:, +':a+)*: o+ a'()*: (/' &o')o* o>)*)*: a)> o+ a*y +):/( o+ ()(' (/'+'(o, o+)*('+'( (/'+')*, /a )*)*:+'o+'+ )* (/' o+'+ )* 4/)/ (/'y a+' )' o+

+'o+, a* +o> a* a('+ / +'o+)*:, a /o>'*( o+ )*(+>'*( )* 4+)()*: /a o*()(('*o()' (o a &'+o* a* (o (/' 4/o' 4o+ o (/'o*('*( o (/' a>'.=T/' a( o (/' M)*)*: R'o+'+ )* (a>&)*: a (/''a+a()o* o oa()o* )' )*)*:&+&o' 4a o++'(y )*)*: a4 :)v' *o&+''+'*' ) +):/( o+ 'o+( o (/) )*.=I( ) a a( (/a( 4)(/)* (/)+(y 30 ay +o> (/'a':' )ov'+y o >)*'+a )*'+a a)> ' (/' a+'a 4a() 4)(/)* (/' Ba:)o To4*)(' R''+va()o*.T/' o*('*()o* (/a( *o oa(o+ o(/'+ (/a* (/'&'()()o*'+ Ba:)o Go M)*)*: Co>&a*y a*o>&y 4)(/ (/' o*)()o* (/a( ='&o+a()o* a* a('+>)*)*: o+ '(+a()o* o (/' o+' /o *o( o()o* o+ +'o*)'+a()o* 10 /av)*: )*'+a >a' &+)o+ (o (/' ''()v' a(' o (/) A(,'*( o (/' Co*()(()o*,/a o*()((' a va) )ov'+y, a* (/' &'+o*>a)*: / )ov'+y /a /av' (/' &+''+'*()a+):/( (o oa(' a* 'a' (/' >)*)*: a)> ov'+)*:(/' >)*'+a )ov'+', K a*&o' )*"+oa>a()o* No. 72, o*y (/' &'()()o*'+ 4o )*' o+ '(+a( o+' +o> (/' a+'a )*' )( ao*'

4o /av' a' (o >)*' a* (a' (/' a)> )*(/' a+'a +''a' )*a>/ a( )( /a >)*)*:&+o&'+()' 4/)/ a5o)* (/' a+'a )* '()o* a*4/'+' (**' /av' )*'+a v')* 4/)/ ao :o (o(/' a+'a )* '()o*K &o* (/' o(/'+ /a*, &+)va('+'&o*'*( /a *o a+'a (o &a' a >) o+ (/'>)*)*: o+ '(+a()o* o (/' o+' ))*:

&a*(. 13I* O+ +'o()o* o 1 Nov'>>'*( o* (/' &'()()o*."+)va(' +'&o*'*( )' (/')+ Co>>'*( o* 17!''>>'*( o* F'


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+'&o*'*(, 4)(/o( a*y &+)o+ a:+''>'*(, 4'+' o*')* '):*a()*: 20 May 199 a (/' a(' o (/'o>&'()o* o+ o*)o* o (/' oa()o* 5( aay a('+ Co*:+' '*a(' (/' +'o()o*. S)*'&+)o+)(y o +':)(+a()o* 4a o (>o( )>&o+(a*' o+a &+''+'*()a +):/(, 20 May 199 4a (/' 'a+)'(ava)a(, *'v'+(/'', )*a()o* o (/' oa()o* 4o'*( o+ (/'o>&'()o* o (/' 'a+a()o*.

A &)(+''y '+))*)*: a)> 4)(/)* (/' +''a' a+'a a('+ 19May 199 a* (/a( (/' 'a+a()o* (/'y +':)('+'4'+' )*)*: a)> a* (/'+':)(+a()o* (/'+'o a+' )*va) o+ vo) +o> (/'' (o /av' >a')ov'+)' )* 197 a' *o oa()o* 4)(/)*(/)+(y ay (/'+'a('+. Bo(/ &a+()', /av)*: a>)(('(/a( (/')+ oa()o* 4'+' >a' o*y )* May o 199,>( 'ay '+ (/' a>' a('.F)*ay, (/' S'+'(a+y o A:+)(+' a* Na(+aR'o+' a(' 4)(/o( 5+))()o* o+ :+av'yao+' 5( a* ')(a&o+(a*' +a(/'+(/a* )+':a+ (/'> a(o:'(/'+ 4/)/ 4) '+v' *o&+&o' a( a. To 'a+' (/' a+'a o&'* o+o+'o*)(. B')' (o :)v' a >o+' ) 4)(/)* (/' Ba:)o To4*)('R''+va()o* o* C.F'+*a*', a* o*++' )*


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[G.R. No. 148622. September 12, 2002]

REPUBLIC OF !E P!ILIPPINES,repre"e#te$ b% !ON.!E!ERSON . &L'&RE(, )# *)"+p+)t% " Se+retr% o- t*eEP&R/EN OFEN'IRON/EN &N N&UR&LRESOURCES ENR,CL&RENCE L. B&GUIL&, )# *)"+p+)t% " t*e Re)o#3Ee+5t)e )re+tor o- ENR7Re)o# I #$ ENGR.BIEN'ENIO L. LIP&9ON, )# *)"+p+)t% " t*e Re)o#3

)re+tor o- t*e ENR7EN'IRON/EN&L/&N&GE/EN BURE&UENR7E/B, Re)o# I,

petitioners, vs. !E CI9 OF&'&O, repre"e#te$ b%BEN:&/IN C. E GU(/&N, C)t%/%or, respondent.

E C I S I O N

9N&RES7S&NI&GO, J.;

Before us is a petition for review[1] oncertiorari assailing the ecision[!]ate "a# !$%!&&1 of the Regional Trial 'ourt of Davao 'it#%Branch ((% which grante the writ of)ana)us an in*unction in favor ofresponent% the 'it# of Davao% an againstpetitioner% the Repu+lic% represente +# theDepart)ent of ,nviron)ent an Natural

Resources -D,NR./ The trial court alsoirecte petitioner to issue a 'ertificate of Non0'overage in favor of responent/

The anteceent facts of the case are asfollows

On 2ugust 11% !&&&% responent file anapplication for a 'ertificate of Non0'overage-'N'. for its propose pro*ect% the Davao 'it#

2rtica Sports Do)e% with the ,nviron)ental"anage)ent Bureau -,"B.% Region 3I/

2ttache to the application were the re4uireocu)ents for its issuance% na)el#% a. etailelocation )ap of the pro*ect site5 +. +rief pro*ectescription5 an c. a certification fro) the 'it#6lanning an Develop)ent Office that thepro*ect is not locate in an environ)entall#critical area -,'2./ The ,"B Region 3Ienie the application after fining that thepropose pro*ect was within anenviron)entall# critical area an rule that%

pursuant to Section !% 6resiential Decree No/17$8% otherwise 9nown as the ,nviron)entalI)pact State)ent S#ste)% in relation toSection : of 6resiential Decree No% 1171% also9nown as the 6hilippine ,nviron)ent 6olic#%the 'it# of Davao )ust unergo theenviron)ental i)pact assess)ent -,I2.process to secure an ,nviron)ental

'o)pliance 'ertificate -,''.% +efore it canprocee with the construction of its pro*ect/

Believing that it was entitle to a 'ertificateof Non0'overage% responent file a petitionfor )ana)us an in*unction with the RegionalTrial 'ourt of Davao% oc9ete as 'ivil 'aseNo/ !$%1((0!&&&/ It allege that its proposepro*ect was neither an environ)entall# criticalpro*ect nor within an environ)entall# criticalarea5 thus it was outsie the scope of the ,ISs#ste)/ ;ence% it was the )inisterial ut# ofthe D,NR% through the ,"B0Region 3I% toissue a 'N' in favor of responent uponsu+)ission of the re4uire ocu)ents/

The Regional Trial 'ourt renere*ug)ent in favor of responent% the ispositiveportion of which reas as follows

? -prescri+ingguielines for co)pliance with the ,I2 s#ste).%

which re4uires local govern)ent units [email protected] co)pl# with the ,IS law/ Onl# agencies aninstru)entalities of the national govern)ent%incluing govern)ent owne or controllecorporations% as well as private corporations%fir)s an entities are )anate to go throughthe ,I2 process for their propose pro*ectswhich have significant effect on the 4ualit# ofthe environ)ent/ 2 local govern)ent unit% not+eing an agenc# or instru)entalit# of the


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National @overn)ent% is ee)e eclueuner the principle of expressio unius estexclusio alterius.

The trial court also eclare% +ase on thecertifications of the D,NR0'o))unit#,nviron)ent an Natural Resources Office-',NRO.0]


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Anou+tel# therefore% local govern)ent unitsare not eclue fro) the coverage of 6D17$8/

=astl#% ver# clear in Section 1 of 6D 17$8that sai law intens to i)ple)ent the polic# ofthe state to achieve a +alance +etween socio0econo)ic evelop)ent an environ)ental

protection% which are the twin goals ofsustaina+le evelop)ent/ The a+ove04uotefirst paragraph of the ]This 'ourt is not atrier of facts/[1$]

There are eceptional instances when this'ourt )a# isregar factual finings of the trial

court% na)el# a. when the conclusion is afining groune entirel# on speculations%sur)ises% or con*ectures5 +. when theinference )ae is )anifestl# )ista9en% a+sur%or i)possi+le5 c. where there is a grave a+useof iscretion5 . when the *ug)ent is +ase ona )isapprehension of facts5 e. when thefinings of fact are conflicting5 f. when the

'ourt of 2ppeals% in )a9ing its finings% went+e#on the issues of the case an the sa)eare contrar# to the a)issions of +othappellant an appellee5 g. when the finings ofthe 'ourt of 2ppeals are contrar# to those ofthe trial court5 h. when the finings of fact areconclusions without citation of specificevience on which the# are +ase5 i. when thefining of fact of the 'ourt of 2ppeals ispre)ise on the suppose a+sence ofevience +ut is contraicte +# the evience

on recor5 an *. when the 'ourt of 2ppeals)anifestl# overloo9e certain relevant facts notispute +# the parties an which% if properl#consiere% woul *ustif# a ifferent conclusion/[1?]None of these eceptions% however% o+tain inthis case/

The ,nviron)ental I)pact State)entS#ste)% which ensures environ)entalprotection an regulates certain govern)entactivities affecting the environ)ent% wasesta+lishe +# 6resiential Decree No/ 17$8/Section ! thereof states

There is here+# esta+lishe an,nviron)ental I)pact State)ent S#ste)foune an +ase on the environ)entali)pact state)ent re4uire uner Section :of 6resiential Decree No/ 1171% of allagencies an instru)entalities of thenational govern)ent% incluinggovern)ent0owne or controllecorporations% as well as privatecorporations% fir)s an entities% for ever#

propose pro*ect an unerta9ing whichsignificantl# affect the 4ualit# of theenviron)ent/

Section : of 6D 1171% on the other han%provies

Environmental Impact Statements/ E6ursuant to the a+ove enunciate policiesan goals% all agencies aninstru)entalities of the nationalgovern)ent% incluing govern)ent0owneor controlle corporations% as well as

private corporations% fir)s an entitiesshall prepare% file an inclue in ever#action% pro*ect or unerta9ing whichsignificantl# affects the 4ualit# of theenviron)ent a etaile state)ent onE

-a. the environ)entali)pact of the propose action%pro*ect or unerta9ing

-+. an# averse


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environ)ental effect whichcannot +e avoie shoul theproposal +e i)ple)ente

-c. alternative to thepropose action

-. a eter)ination thatthe short0ter) uses of theresources of the environ)ent areconsistent with the )aintenancean enhance)ent of the long0ter) prouctivit# of the sa)e5an

-e. whenever aproposal involves the use ofepleta+le or nonrenewa+leresources% a fining )ust +e)ae that such use anco))it)ent are warrante/

Before an environ)ental i)pactstate)ent is issue +# a lea agenc#% allagencies having *urisiction over% orspecial epertise on% the su+*ect )atterinvolve shall co))ent on the raftenviron)ental i)pact state)ent )ae +#the lea agenc# within thirt# -(&. a#sfro) receipt of the sa)e/

Aner 2rticle II% Section 1% of the Rules anRegulations I)ple)enting 6D 17$8% theeclaration of certain pro*ects or areas asenviron)entall# critical% an which shall fallwithin the scope of the ,nviron)ental I)pactState)ent S#ste)% shall +e +# 6resiential6rocla)ation% in accorance with Section : of6D 17$8 4uote a+ove/

6ursuant thereto% 6rocla)ation No/ !1:8was issue on Dece)+er 1:% 1?$1%proclai)ing the following areas an t#pes ofpro*ects as environ)entall# critical an withinthe scope of the ,nviron)ental I)pactState)ent S#ste) esta+lishe uner 6D 17$8

&. E#)ro#me#t33% Cr)t)+3Pro


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)a*or river s#ste)s5c/ near or a*acent to

traitional prouctive fr# or fishinggrouns5

/ which act as natural+uffers againstshore erosion%strong wins anstor) floos5

e/ on which people areepenent for their livelihoo/

1!/ 'oral reefs% characterie +#one or an# co)+inations of the followingconitions

a/ with 7&H an a+ovelive coralline cover5

+/ spawning annurser# grouns for fish5

c/ which act as natural+rea9water of coastlines/

In this connection% Section 7 of 6D 17$8epressl# states

Environmentally Non-Critical Projects.J 2ll other pro*ects% unerta9ings anareas not eclare +# the 6resient asenviron)entall# critical shall +econsiere as non0critical an shall not +ere4uire to su+)it an environ)entali)pact state)ent/ The National,nviron)ental 6rotection 'ouncil% thru the

"inistr# of ;u)an Settle)ents )a#however re4uire non0critical pro*ects anunerta9ings to provie aitionalenviron)ental safeguars as it )a# ee)necessar#/

The 2rtica Sports Do)e in =angu+ oesnot co)e close to an# of the pro*ects or areasenu)erate a+ove/ Neither is it analogous toan# of the)/ It is clear% therefore% that the saipro*ect is not classifie as environ)entall#critical% or within an environ)entall# critical

area/ 'onse4uentl#% the D,NR has no choice+ut to issue the 'ertificate of Non0'overage/ It+eco)es its )inisterial ut#% the perfor)anceof which can +e co)pelle +# writ of)ana)us% such as that issue +# the trialcourt in the case at +ar/

=!EREFORE, in view of the foregoing%the instant petition is D,NI,D/ The ecision ofthe Regional Trial 'ourt of Davao 'it#% Branch((% in 'ivil 'ase No/ !$%1((0!&&&% granting thewrit of )ana)us an irecting the

Depart)ent of ,nviron)ent an NaturalResources to issue in favor of the 'it# ofDavao a 'ertificate of Non0'overage% pursuantto 6resiential Decree No/ 17$8 an relatelaws% in connection with the construction of the

2rtica Sports Do)e% is 2FFIR",D/

SO ORERE.

G.R. No. L-289 Ma+/ 2, 1907MATEO CARIO v. INS#LAR GOJERNMENT008 "/) 10

FIRST !IJISION$G.R. No. L-289. Ma+/ 2, 1907.%

MATEO CARIO, &'()()o*'+-a&&'a*(, v. THEINS#LAR GOJERNMENT, +'&o*'*(-a&&'''.

Co'+( B+o(/'+, o+ a&&'a*(.So))(o+-G'*'+a A+a*'(a, o+ a&&'''.

SLLAB#S1. REALTK "#BLIC LAN!SK TITLE. #*'+ (/' '&+' &+ov))o* o (/' a4, a &)'' oa* &()v'y'+ ov'+'):*(y,a* )* o+'+ (o &'+'( (/' ':)()>a(' a))()o* o/ a* '*( o+o>&o))o* o+ ()(' &o))o*.2. I!.K I!.K "OSSESSOR INFORMATIONKTITLE. T/' ()(' *'+ &o'o+y &+o'')*:,(/' o*y ()(' &+''*(' /'+')*, ) *o( a &+o&+)'(a+y()(' a(/o+)' )* '*(o+ a5(>'*( '*(, a* o*y o*(/ a* y'a+.3. I!.K I!.K REJERSION. A('+ (/''&)+a()o* o (/' &'+)o o o*' y'a+ ao4' a()o* o *o( :o +(/'+ (o /o4+):/( o o4*'+/)& o+ ()(' *() a('+ (/' '&)+a()o*


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o (4'*(y y'a+ +o> (/' ()>' o v'+))a()o* o++':)(+y o (/' a>' )* (/' R':)(+y o "+o&'+()', a&+'+)>))o* a>)(&+'+)&()o*, )* ao+a*' 4)(/ (/' ('+> a*o*)()o* &+'+)'('+ 4)(/ (/' a* o S'&a Ca+)@o, H. "/'&

W/)(>a+/, a* Ca)K o* (/' 'a(, )* )*' +**)*:991 >'('+ a* 0 ')>'('+ 4)(/ (/' a* oP)*o, E(''('+a* 0 ')>'('+, 4)(/ (/' a* o TaaaK a* o*(/' 4'(, )* )*' +**)*: 982 >'('+ a* 20')>'('+, 4)(/ (/' a* o S)o Ca+)@o a*May'*:>'*:.By o+'+ o (/' o+( (/' /'a+)*: o (/) &'()()o*,No. 1, a* (/a( o A*(o*)o R'a&o+()o* o a* )*' )* (/' &a+' '( o( )* (/'o+>'+ &'()()o*.T/' I*a+ Gov'+*>'*( o&&o' (/' :+a*()*: o(/'' &'()()o*, a':)*: (/a( (/' 4/o' &a+' oa* ) &'*(a+y a* o+a&+oo, (/' o+( o La* R':)(+a()o* +'*'+' )(5:>'*( )* (/'' ('+>

?T/'+'o+' (/' o+( )* (/a( Ca+)@o a* /)&+'''o+ /av' *o( &o'' ')v'y a*av'+'y a*y &a+( o (/' a) &+o&'+(y &+)o+ (o (/'a(' o* 4/)/ Ca+)@o o*(+(' (/' /o' *o4(/'+' (/a( ) (o ay, o+ (/' y'a+ 1897 a* 1898,a* Ca+)@o /' &o')o* o+ o>' y'a+a('+4a+ o )' a* (/'&+o&'+(y )* '()o* ) a5:' (o )* (/' '))o* o (/' o+( '*( )( ) '', (/a( )* o+ a))' a/o' o* (/' &+o&'+(y )(a(' (o (/' *o+(/ o (/a(

&+o&'+(y *o4 )* '()o*, &+o&'+(y 4/)/,ao+)*: (o (/' &a* a((a/' (o '&')'*(' No.1, a&&'a+ (o ' (o !o*ao* S)>, >ov)*: (o a* )v)*: o*(/' a5o)*)*: &+o&'+(y, 4/)/ a&&'a+ o* (/' &a*ao+'a) (o a+/, a &a' 4/'+' (/' a(/'+ a* (/':+a*a(/'+ o /) 4)', (/a( ) (o ay, O+(':a a*M)*', /a )v' . . .

?I* o+ a' /' /a *o' &o+()o* o (/' &+o&'+(y *o4 a)>' .?B) o ''&()o*, &&. 11 a* 12.1. T/'+'o+' )( ) 'v)'*( (/a( (/) o+( a* *o('+'' (/' +':)(+a()o* o a o (/' &'+))a

'('*)o* o (/' a* '+)'*(a+y 'v)'*'ao>&a*y)*: (/' &'()()o* ) o*)v' &+ooa:a)*( (/' &'()()o*'+K (/) o>'*(a+y &+ooo*)( o a &o'o+y )*o+>a()o* *'+ a(' oMa+/ 7, 1901, a* +':)('+' o* (/' 11(/ ay o (/'a>' >o*(/ a* y'a+K a*, ao+)*: (o /&o'o+y )*o+>a()o*, (/' a* (/'+')* '+)


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&o')o* o (/' a>' &a +o> (/' S(a('. A*(/'+' ) *o 'v)'*' o+ &+oo o ()(' o ':+')o* o(/) a* +o> (/' o>a)* o (/' S&a*)/Gov'+*>'*(, *o+ ) (/'+' a*y &o'o+y)*o+>a()o* ')va'*( (o ()(' &o))o* o+*'+ a:+''>'*(.D. T/' &o'o+y )*o+>a()o* )' /'+')* )*o( (/' ()(' (o &+o&'+(y a(/o+)' )* '*( o* a* F)+(,o+ (/' +'ao* (/a( (/' a* +''++' (o /'+')* ) *o(ov'+' *o+ o' )( o>' 4)(/)* a*y o*' o (/'(/+'' o*)()o* +')+' >')a('y &+'')*: /)*o+>a()o*K o+ (/a( / a* /a '*( 4)(/ (/' S&a*)/Gov'+*>'*( a* +')+' a* *''a+y a( a ()>'*() (/' &' (o o*' y'a+, )* ao+a*' 4)(/a+()' 21, 4/)/ ) a oo4 ? A &'+)o o o*'y'a+, *o( (o a()o* 4/)/ a+' +''++' (o )*a+()' 19 a* 20. A('+ (/' '&)+a()o* o (/) &'+)oo (/' +):/( o (/' ()va(o+ a* &'+o* )*

&o')o* (o oay >*)(y,a* (/' a) &o'o+ a* ()va(o+ o+ (/')+a):* 4o )>&y /av' +):/( *'+ *)v'+a o+:'*'+a ()(' o av'+a:' )* (/' 'v'*( (/a( (/' a* )o 4)(/)* a &'+)o o )v' y'a+ )>>')a('yoo4)*: (/' a*'a()o*. T/' &o'o+ *o()*' *'+ (/) /a&('+ a* o*y a)+' '(/' o4*'+/)& a* ()(' (o *a&&+o&+)a(' o+ +oyaa* )* ao+a*' 4)(/ o>>o* a4.?

. I* ao+a*' 4)(/ (/' &+'')*: &+ov))o*,(/' +):/( (/a( +'>a)*' (o Ca+)@o, ) )( '*( o+S(a(' o /av' o (/' a>' 4)(/)* (/' &'+)o o)v' y'a+ )>>')a('y oo4)*: o+ 'a>&', ) (/''*o*'>'*( o &+/a' /a (/' +'o+ o (/' (+)a o (/' a'. A)' +o> (/)+):/(, )* / 'v'*(, /) &o')o* a a(('(' )* (/'

&o'o+y )*o+>a()o* /'+')* o *o(, )*ao+a*' 4)(/ o>>o* a4, :o (o /o4 a*y +):/(o o4*'+/)& *() a('+ (/' '&)+a()o* o (4'*(yy'a+ +o> (/' '&)+a()o* o (4'*(y y'a+ +o> (/'v'+))a()o* a* +':)(+y o (/' a>' )* o*o+>)(y4)(/ (/' &+ov))o* o a+()' 393 o (/' Mo+(:a:'La4 a* o(/'+ o*)()o* &+'+)>o* a4 (/a( ) (o ay, )v) a4 +'>a)*a( a ()>' )*)(+a()v' a4, )*a>/ a )( o o*y '*(,4/)/ a))' a* '):*a(' (/' +oya a)'*a +o>(/o' a* (+)(y & o+'(+y a*4/)/ o a( *o ()>' &a (o &+)va(' o4*'+/)&*o+ ' 'v'* a('+ (/' a)

+oya '+'' o F'a**'+ o (+a*'+ a* a))()o* o +oya o+o>>o* a* (/'* a&&+o&+)a(', 4/)/ 4'+'(/'*'o+(/ >'+'y a' &)(y 4)(/ o(/'+ a4 '*a(' *'+ (/) a( o

Co*:+' >))o* &+'+)>'>o+)a.?A':a()o* 1. B( a) a( a>)( / &+'+)&()o*o+ (/' &+&o' o o' a()o*,(/' o*y (/)*: (/a( a* a()o*, o*' &a+( o a>',ao+)*: (o (/' ('()>o*y o Ca+)@o, a o 4/)/ )( oo4 (/a( (/'&+')' '('*( /a *o( )*' )* (/' (+)a o(/) a' o* 4/)/ 5:>'*( >):/( '*( a* ()('


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/o *o( o' ):/( o (/' a( (/a(, o*)'+)*: (/')*('*()o* o Co*:+' )* :+a*()*: o4*'+/)& a*()(' (o 1 /'(a+', (/a( Ma('o Ca+)@o a* /)/)+'* /av' a+'ay '''' / a>o*( )*va+)o a)+'>'*( o a*, a o 4/)/ )/o4* )* )'+'*( a' ')' /' a)> /) +):/( /a *o( &o'' a*a)>' a o4*'+ (/' a* )* '()o* )*' ()>')>>'>o+)aK?2. I* )*)*: (/a( (/' a* )* '()o* ) *o( ) a)+>'4)(/ (/' o( o (/) )*(a*' a:a)*( (/' a&&'a*(.A('+ (/' '&)+a()o* o (4'*(y ay +o> (/'*o())a()o* o (/) '))o* '( 5:>'*( 4/'*' )(a>' o+ &+o&'+ a()o*. So o+'+'.To++', Ma&a, W)a+, a* T+a'y, ., o*+.

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