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Post on 21-Dec-2015
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Human major senses : Vision Hearing Touch Taste Smell
The central senses : Vision Hearing Touch
4 stages of human information processing
Encoding Comparison Response selection Response execution
plus The processes of attention and
memory
The perceptual system
Visual Perception - use in design of visual interfaces Perceiving size and depth -visual
angle, visual acuity perceiving brightness - the amount of
light emitted by an object Perceiving colour - hue, intensity and
saturation
2 approaches in explaining visual perception
The constructivist – perception involves the intervention of representation and memories
The ecological – perception is a direct process, information is simply detected rather than being constructed
The capabilities and limitation of visual processing
Visual processing involves the transformation and interpretation of image
Our expectation is an important factor in what will be interprated Eg. Ambiguous shapes, Muller-Lyer, Ponzo, text
Perception - the process of becoming aware of objects representation - appearance of things
Reading
Steps of reading: 1) visual pattern perceived 2) decoded to an internal representation 3) syntactic and semantic analysis Eye, jerky movements (saccades), fixation
(during which perception occurs) Adults read 250 word/minute Words are recognize as quickly as a single
character Capitalizing words will effect speed and
accuracy
RED BLACKYELLOWBLUEREDGREENYELLOWBLACKBLUEBLACKREDYELLOWGREENBLUEGREEN
ZYPQLEKFSUWRGXCIDBWOPRZYPQLEKFXCIDB SUWRGWOPR SUWRGZYPXCIDB QLEKFWOPR
PadasuatuhariyanggelapAhmadtelahpergikepasarmalamuntukmembeliikanyuSampaiDipasarmalamitudiatidakdapatmenjumpaiikanyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalumembelinyadenganhatiyangriangria
PadasuatuhariyanggelapAhmadtelahpergikepasarmalamuntukmembeliikanyuSampaiDipasarmalamitudiatidakdapatmenjumpaiikanyutetapitejumpadenganikanbilislalumembelinyadenganhatiyangriangria.
Hearing
The human ear outer ear (protect and amplify) -
processing sound middle ear (vibration occurs and
transmit to inner ear) inner ear (send impulses to the
auditory nerves) We can determine what and where 20 Hz < Frequency < 15 kHz
Others
Touch - hot, cold, feeling of action such as picking up a glass, pressing the keys on the keyboard Important means of feedback
Movement = reaction time + movement time movement time depends on the
physical abilities ( age, fitness) reaction time (speed of senses)
Memory
Sensory - iconic, echoic and haptic memory Short-term - scratch-pad for temporary
recall 35*6 examples number sequence, chunking,
meaning Long-term - episodic memory (events)
semantic memory (facts, concepts and skills)
remember, forgetting and retrieval
3 types of memory
Sensory store – holds information for a very brief period of time (a few tenth of a second)
Short-term memory store - holds limited information for a short period of time (a few seconds)
Permanent long-term memory store - holds information indefinitely
Examples
If the light is on then the day is getting darker
The light is on Therefore…. ????
Some people are criminals Some criminals are murderers So.. ????
Statement: If a card has a vowel in one side it has an even number on the other.
Which card will you need to pick up to test the statement?
4 E 7 K
Examples
There are 8 glasses of water in the kitchen. You need to carry them to the dinner table in the dining room.
How would you go about doing the above task?
Learning
Learning by doing, like driving a car Computer systems - manual, steps
written in such a way that make user feel overloaded users use prior knowledge to use a new system
Errors Skill acquisition
Errors
2 types : Mistakes : occur through conscious deliberation Slips : done unintentionally
A captured error -frequent activity to intended action description error - action on wrong object data-driven error - external data interruption of action associative-activation error - internal thoughts
interruption of action loss of activation error -forgetting something in the
middle of action mode error - being in a state without knowing it
Skill acquisition
Declarative - facts about the world Procedural - how we do things inability to absorb and put into action
declarative instruction will lead to problems in learning how to use a system
offer few options so declarative knowledge small
later on can use more complicated systems
Mental-models, knowledge
Knowledge - analogical, propositional, distributed network of general knowledge - the schemata
Mental-models - the model people have of themselves, others, the environment and the things with which they interact
Why mental-models are important?
To design interfaces that match user’s mental models >> not easy since actual mental model experiments are difficult to find
What is the difference between images and mental models?Analogy of a movie, the frame and the short snippets of a movie
Structural and Functional models
Structural - describes how devices and systems works
Functional - describes how to use devices and systems
Metaphors
What are metaphors? Descriptions of an abstract concept in a
familiar form Verbal, Interface metaphors
eg. Describing using the save and find files system in a word processor
Conceptual model A model of how human understand things
around them.
Cognitive model A representation of some aspect of the mind,
involving the acquisition of knowledge (understanding, remembering, reasoning, learning)
Traditional cognitive framework in HCI Incomplete -individual user performing various
tasks at the interface in an inadequate conceptual framework.
More practical view of the cognitive framework
The design of real systems for real people to carry out real work activities in real organizational settings.
2 approaches in cognitive psychology describing the activity of the brain
Computational approaches – conceptualize the cognitive system in terms of goals, planning and action involve in task performance
Connectionist approaches – simulate behaviour through using programming models
Distributed cognitionA theory whose goal is to provide an explanation that goes beyond the individual.
In distributed cognition “functional systems” isThe collection of actorsComputer systems and technologyThe environmental setting
Social and Organizational Aspects
Group commnunications: face-to-face, multi-party conversations computer-mediated multi-party
communication constraints such as the images and
sound that can be transmitted across the communication line
appearance of users Organization - paperles, automated office,
electronic cottage, global village