nervous system sydney hirrschoff. nervous system function the nervous system is made up of the...
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NERVOUS SYSTEM Sydney Hirrschoff
NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTION The nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs control the body and are responsible for the communication among it’s parts.
http://discoverykids.com/articles/your-nervous-system/
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Central nervous system Made up of brain and spinal cord “Control center” of the body Responsible for memory, processing, and regulation systems Uses sensory information to control the body and maintain homeostasis Determines other functions that make up our personality and who we are
https://www.healthtap.com/topics/vitamins-to-improve-central-nervous-system-function
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord
Has 2 types of cells1. sensory nervous cells- carries information to the central nervous system 2. motor nervous cells- carries information from the central nervous system
https://askabiologist.asu.edu/parts-nervous-system
INTERACTION OF TWO NEURONS
SIMPLE REFLEX ARC
SIMPLE REFLEX ARC ELEMENTS A reflex arc defines the pathway by which a reflex travels, from the stimulus to sensory neuron to motor neuron to reflex muscle movement
Elements Receptor- triggers if stimulus is great enough to generate Sensory neuron-converts external stimuli that comes from the environment into corresponding internal stimuli
Motor neuron- directly or indirectly controls muscles Effector- what is effected by the stimuli
Example of simple reflex arc in action: pulling your hand away from a hot stove
BRAIN PARTS DRAWING
FUNCTIONS OF MAJOR BRAIN PARTS Right hemisphere- controls left half of body, nonverbal skills, special perception
Left hemisphere- controls right half of body, language,
Diencephalon- contains the thalamus and hypothalamus, thus making it an important relay station for sensory information
Brian stem- connects brain to spinal cord and passes messages between them through the medulla
Cerebellum- controls balance and muscular coordination
HOW NERVE IMPULSES TRAVEL
Signals are transmitted from neuron to neuron via an action potential, when the axon membrane rapidly depolarizes and repolarizes.
https://www.boundless.com/biology
KEY CONCEPTS OF HOW NERVE IMPULSES TRAVEL Membrane potential-the difference in electrical polarization or charge between two sides of a membrane or cell wall
Resting potential- position where the neuron is inactive and polarized
Na⁺- outside of the cell contains excess sodium ions
K⁺- inside the of the cell contains excess potassium ions
Action potential-a short term change in the electrical potential that
travels along a cell
Depolarization-a decrease in the difference in voltage between the inside and outside of the neuron
Threshold- point in which a stimulus triggers a nerve impulse
Refractory period- period where everything is put back to normal
ROLE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS Neurotransmitters are the chemicals in the brain that carry information to the whole body
Neurotransmitters tell the heart to beat, stomach to digest, lungs to breathe
Also controls emotions and feelings
Transmit signals from a neuron across a synapse to a target cell.
IPSP- inhibitory Calm the brain and help create balance Control mood
EPSP- excitatory Stimulate the brain Overpower IPSP
http://www.cbsnews.com/news/smart-parents-smart-kids/
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Progressive, neurodegenerative disease that occurs when nerve cells in the brain die
Symptoms and signs: memory loss, confusion, change in personality, language deterioration, restlessness, disorientation of time and place, misplacing things
Today it is considered the most common cause of dementia
Over 5.3 million Americans have Alzheimer’s and most of those suffering are over 65
There are no known treatments yet, but physical and mental exercise can help slow the symptoms
Progressive so will eventually lead to death
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Slowly progressing degenerative disease that results in the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells
medical experts believe the symptoms are related to a chemical imbalance in the brain caused by brain-cell death
Symptoms: trembling of body parts and face, postural instability, impaired balance and stability, stiffness of bones and joints, muscle rigidity
About 60,000 Americans diagnosed per year and over 1 million will have Parkinson’s at any one time
As of today there is no cure all for Parkinson’s Disease. Medicatons, surgery, exercise, physical therapy, and speech therapy may help with symptoms
Chronic and progressive so will eventually lead to death
REFERENCE PAGE
http://www.innerbody.com/image/nervov.html
http://biology.about.com/od/organsystems/a/aa061804a.htm
https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/the-peripheral-nervous-system-pns-13/reflexes-136/components-of-a-reflex-arc-727-2295/
http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n01/arquitet/hemisferios_i.htm
http://psychology.jrank.org/pages/92/Brain.html
https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-nervous-system-35/how-neurons-communicate-200/nerve-impulse-transmission-within-a-neuron-action-potential-762-11995/
http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/understanding-the-transmission-of-nerve-impulses.html
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/membrane+potential
https://www.neurogistics.com/TheScience/WhatareNeurotransmi09CE.asp
http://uhealthsystem.com/health-library/neuro/disorder