Key

Ste

ps

in t

he

NE

BA

Step

1: I

dent

ify p

oten

tial i

mpa

cts

on e

cosy

stem

ser

vice

s (F

igur

e 5)

Step

2: D

eter

min

e su

itabl

e m

etric

s an

d in

dica

tors

suc

h as

:• E

colo

gica

l Ser

vice

Val

ue (d

isco

unte

d se

rvic

e ac

re y

ear [

dSAY

]; $$

$ pe

r acr

e)• H

uman

Use

Val

ue ($

$$)

• Hum

an R

ecre

atio

n U

se V

alue

(Use

r Day

s/$$

$)• E

cono

mic

Mea

sure

s (e

.g.,

tax

reve

nue

incr

ease

s)At

Site

74,

the

Hab

itat E

quiv

alen

cy A

naly

sis

(HE

A) m

etho

dolo

gy w

as u

sed

to m

easu

re th

e ch

ange

in

ecos

yste

m s

ervi

ces

over

tim

e, g

iven

the

rem

oval

and

land

use

sce

nario

s ev

alua

ted.

With

in th

e H

EA

met

hodo

logy

, one

or m

ore

indi

cato

rs a

re ty

pica

lly s

elec

ted

to re

pres

ent t

he e

colo

gica

l ser

vice

fl ow

s fro

m

a ha

bita

t. Fo

r Site

74,

the

Beld

ing’

s sa

vann

ah s

parro

w a

nd li

ght-f

oote

d cl

appe

r rai

l wer

e se

lect

ed a

s ec

olog

ical

indi

cato

rs.

Step

3: Q

uant

ify th

e ch

ange

s in

spe

cifi c

eco

syst

em s

ervi

ces

At S

ite 7

4, c

hang

es in

eco

syst

em s

ervi

ces

wer

e qu

antifi

ed

as fo

llow

s:• T

he h

abita

t sui

tabi

lity

inde

x (H

SI) w

as d

eter

min

ed fo

r eac

h in

dica

tor s

peci

es;

• The

pre

-con

tam

inat

ion

leve

l of s

ervi

ces

(bas

elin

e) fo

r eac

h ha

bita

t are

a (F

igur

e 6)

was

det

erm

ined

;• T

he H

SI w

as re

duce

d to

acc

ount

for e

xist

ing

cont

amin

atio

n; a

nd

• The

eco

logi

cal s

ervi

ce lo

sses

and

gai

ns fo

r eac

h al

tern

ativ

e w

ere

calc

ulat

ed u

sing

the

appr

oach

de

velo

ped

by N

OA

A. I

n th

e H

EA

, eco

logi

cal s

ervi

ces

are

mea

sure

d in

a m

etric

use

d to

defi

ne

serv

ice

fl ow

s ov

er ti

me.

Thi

s m

etric

is k

now

n as

a s

ervi

ce a

cre

year

(SAY

). Fo

r exa

mpl

e, a

1-a

cre

tidal

mar

sh

dete

rmin

ed to

be

perfe

ct h

abita

t for

the

clap

per r

ail (

an H

SI o

f 1 o

r 100

%) p

rovi

ding

hab

itat f

or th

e cl

appe

r rai

l for

1 y

ear i

s eq

uiva

lent

to o

ne S

AY.

To refl e

ct th

e ne

t pre

sent

val

ue (t

he c

urre

nt v

alue

of

serv

ices

that

will

be re

ceiv

ed a

t a fu

ture

dat

e), S

AY v

alue

s m

ust b

e di

scou

nted

. Th

is d

isco

unte

d va

lue

is re

ferre

d to

as

a dS

AY.

Step

4: A

sses

s th

e ch

ange

s in

eco

syst

em s

ervi

ces

betw

een

alte

rnat

ives

• Rem

oval

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ives

at S

ite 7

4 m

ay in

clud

e:

- N

o Ac

tion

Alte

rnat

ive

– pr

ovid

es a

bas

elin

e fo

r com

paris

on

- Ex

cava

tion

and

Offs

ite D

ispo

sal

-

Cap

ping

-

Hot

Spo

t Rem

oval

in M

arsh

Are

as• T

he E

ngin

eerin

g Ev

alua

tion

and

Cos

t Ana

lysi

s (E

E/C

A) E

valu

atio

n C

riter

ia in

clud

e:

- Ef

fect

iven

ess

-

Impl

emen

tabi

lity

-

Cos

tFi

gure

7 s

how

s th

e ris

k re

duct

ion

unde

r eac

h re

mov

al a

ctio

n al

tern

ativ

e as

it re

late

s to

cos

t and

eco

logi

cal

serv

ice

loss

es. B

ecau

se th

e N

EBA

is c

urre

ntly

und

er re

view

with

the

U.S

. Nav

y, th

is is

a h

ypot

hetic

al

diag

ram

of t

he N

EBA

resu

lts. F

or th

is e

xam

ple,

it w

as a

ssum

ed th

at th

ere

are

no h

uman

-use

ser

vice

s at

th

e si

te. T

his

diag

ram

is u

sed

in th

e N

EBA

to d

eter

min

e a

brea

k po

int a

t whi

ch a

n al

tern

ativ

e is

pro

tect

ive

(i.e.

, ris

ks a

re m

anag

ed) a

nd e

nviro

nmen

tal l

osse

s an

d re

mov

al a

ctio

n co

sts

are

min

imiz

ed.

Val

ue

of

the

NE

BA

Ap

pro

ach

The

NEB

A ap

proa

ch is

a v

alua

ble

tool

for r

isk

and

rest

orat

ion

man

ager

s be

caus

e it:

• use

s qu

antifi

abl

e m

etric

s pr

ovid

ing

a ju

stifi

able

ba

sis

for d

ecis

ions

,• u

ses

met

hodo

logi

es th

at a

re c

onsi

sten

t with

the

polic

y an

d di

rect

ion

of n

atur

al re

sour

ce a

genc

ies,

• s

how

s be

nefi t

s to

the

publ

ic a

nd d

emon

stra

tes

envi

ronm

enta

l sus

tain

abilit

y, a

nd• a

llow

s fo

r im

prov

ed e

nviro

nmen

tal m

anag

emen

t and

en

viro

nmen

tal s

tew

ards

hip

at lo

wer

cos

ts.

Ack

now

led

gem

ents

Nav

al W

eapo

ns S

tatio

n Se

al B

each

Nav

al F

acilit

ies

Engi

neer

ing

Com

man

d So

uthw

est

Ne

t E

nv

iro

nm

en

tal

Be

ne

fit

An

aly

sis

(N

EB

A):

Ne

t E

nv

iro

nm

en

tal

Be

ne

fit

An

aly

sis

(N

EB

A):

Us

es

in

Re

me

dia

tio

n/R

es

tora

tio

n D

ec

isio

n-m

ak

ing

fo

r a

Fo

rm

er S

ke

et

Ra

ng

eU

se

s i

n R

em

ed

iati

on

/Re

sto

ra

tio

n D

ec

isio

n-m

ak

ing

fo

r a

Fo

rm

er S

ke

et

Ra

ng

e

Chr

istin

e A

rena

l1 , Lin

da S

ands

2 , Pei

-Fen

Tam

ashi

ro3 , J

enni

fer

Sulli

van4 , S

i Le4 , a

nd B

ryan

t Won

g2

1 CH

2M H

ILL, S

acra

men

to, C

A, U

SA 2 C

H2M

HILL

, San

ta A

na, C

A, U

SA 3 N

aval

Wea

pons

Sta

tion

Seal

Bea

ch, S

eal B

each

, CA

, USA

4 Nav

al F

acili

ties

Engi

neer

ing

Com

man

d So

uthw

est,

San

Die

go, C

A, U

SA

Intr

od

ucti

on

Site

74

is a

form

er s

keet

rang

e th

at w

as c

onst

ruct

ed in

the

late

196

0s a

nd

oper

ated

for a

bout

25

year

s (F

igur

e 1)

. The

se a

ctiv

ities

hav

e re

sulte

d in

w

ides

prea

d di

strib

utio

n of

sol

id le

ad s

hot a

nd b

roke

n cl

ay ta

rget

s. T

he s

ite

cons

ists

of a

bout

23.

4 ac

res,

with

10.

4 ac

res

of u

plan

d ha

bita

t and

13 a

cres

of m

arsh

hab

itat d

ivid

ed b

y C

ase

Roa

d (F

igur

e 2)

. Th

e te

rrest

rial h

abita

t loc

ated

eas

t of C

ase

Roa

d is

pre

dom

inan

tly

cove

red

with

shr

ubs

and

tall

gras

ses,

thou

gh s

ome

area

s ar

e de

void

of

vege

tatio

n. W

est o

f Cas

e R

oad,

the

mar

sh/ti

dal h

abita

t is

dom

inat

ed b

y sa

ltwor

t, sh

oreg

rass

, est

uary

sea

blite

, and

cor

dgra

ss a

nd is

loca

ted

with

in

the

Seal

Bea

ch N

atio

nal W

ildlif

e R

efug

e (N

WR)

. Ext

ensi

ve s

ampl

ing

at

the

site

indi

cate

d th

at le

ad a

nd a

ntim

ony

conc

entra

tions

in th

e so

il an

d se

dim

ent r

ange

d as

follo

ws:

– So

il C

once

ntra

tions

: Pb:

5 to

80,

300

mg/

kg; S

b: 0

.1 to

3,9

30 m

g/kg

– Se

dim

ent C

once

ntra

tions

: Pb:

8.7

to 1

54,0

00 m

g/kg

; Sb:

19.

8 to

2,

980

mg/

kg

Res

ults

of t

he T

ier I

I Eco

logi

cal R

isk

Asse

ssm

ent i

ndic

ated

risk

s fro

m

antim

ony

and

lead

exp

osur

e to

resi

dent

bird

s an

d m

amm

als,

and

risk

s fro

m le

ad s

hot t

o bi

rds.

Lea

d an

d an

timon

y co

ncen

tratio

ns in

sed

imen

t al

so p

ose

a ris

k to

sed

imen

t inv

erte

brat

es. B

ecau

se p

ortio

ns o

f the

site

fe

ll w

ithin

the

Seal

Bea

ch N

WR

and

pro

vide

d ha

bita

t for

the

fede

rally

en

dang

ered

ligh

t-foo

ted

clap

per r

ail a

nd th

e st

ate-

enda

nger

ed B

eldi

ng’s

sava

nnah

spa

rrow

(als

o a

fede

ral c

andi

date

spe

cies

), th

e im

pact

s of

po

tent

ial r

emov

al a

ctiv

ities

wer

e a

conc

ern.

The

chal

leng

e w

as to

stri

ke a

bal

ance

bet

wee

n th

e ris

ks to

wild

life

from

con

tam

inan

t exp

osur

e an

d ha

bita

t los

s or

dis

rupt

ion

to s

ensi

tive

spec

ies

caus

ed b

y th

e re

mov

al a

ctio

n. U

sing

a p

roce

ss d

escr

ibed

as

a N

et E

nviro

nmen

tal B

enefi

ts A

naly

sis

(NEB

A), a

rang

e of

act

ions

, inc

ludi

ng

exca

vatio

n an

d of

fsite

dis

posa

l of c

onta

min

ated

sed

imen

ts a

nd s

oils

, ca

ppin

g, a

nd h

ot-s

pot r

emov

al in

mar

sh a

reas

, in

com

paris

on to

the

no-

actio

n al

tern

ativ

e w

ere

eval

uate

d fo

r Site

74.

Add

ition

ally,

rest

orat

ion/

crea

tion

of a

nea

rby

wet

land

was

con

side

red

as m

itiga

tion

for h

abita

t los

s w

ithin

the

mar

sh a

reas

of t

he s

ite a

nd is

incl

uded

in th

e N

EBA

.

Figu

re 1

. Site

74,

Old

Ske

et R

ange

Ligh

t-foo

ted

Clap

per R

ail

Bel

ding

’s Sa

vann

ah S

parr

ow

Figu

re 2

. Site

Map

Figu

re 5

. Eco

syst

em S

ervi

ces

Figu

re 6

. Hab

itat D

elin

eatio

n M

ap

Figu

re 7

. Hyp

othe

tical

Rem

oval

Act

ion

Alte

rnat

ives

Eva

luat

ion

Th

e N

EB

A P

roce

ss a

s A

pp

lied

to

Sit

e 74

Whe

n th

e U

.S. N

avy

set o

ut to

cle

an u

p th

e fo

rmer

Nav

al

Wea

pons

Sta

tion

Seal

Bea

ch s

keet

rang

e in

Cal

iforn

ia, i

t ne

eded

an

obje

ctiv

e w

ay to

eva

luat

e th

e tra

deof

fs a

mon

g ec

olog

ical

ben

efi ts

and

cos

t. W

hile

cos

t pro

vide

s a

clea

r m

easu

re o

f val

ue, e

colo

gica

l ben

efi ts

are

not

as

easy

to p

in

dow

n. T

he N

EBA

proc

ess

was

sel

ecte

d to

qua

ntify

eco

logi

cal

benefi t

s an

d pr

ovid

e a

basi

s fo

r com

parin

g tra

deof

fs. N

EBA

eval

uate

s an

d co

mpa

res

rem

oval

act

ion

alte

rnat

ives

with

in a

n ob

ject

ive

anal

ytic

al fr

amew

ork.

In th

is p

roce

ss, f

acto

rs s

uch

as

impa

irmen

t fro

m c

onta

min

atio

n, h

abita

t qua

lity,

reco

very

rate

s fo

r hab

itat a

nd p

rey

item

s, a

nd o

ther

spe

cies

or e

cosy

stem

m

etric

s ar

e us

ed to

cal

cula

te a

n ec

olog

ical

ser

vice

val

ue fo

r the

si

te. I

n th

is w

ay, t

he N

EBA

quan

tifi e

s an

d co

mpa

res

ecos

yste

m

serv

ice

benefi t

s an

d/or

loss

es a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith a

ltern

ativ

e re

mov

al a

ctio

ns a

nd re

stor

atio

n ac

tiviti

es. I

t hel

ps id

entif

y cl

eanu

p al

tern

ativ

es th

at p

rovi

de th

e be

st c

ombi

natio

n of

pub

lic,

natu

ral r

esou

rce,

and

cos

t ben

efi ts

.

EPA

guid

ance

dire

cts

that

the

pote

ntia

l eco

logi

cal i

mpa

cts

of

clea

nup

mus

t be

cons

ider

ed. T

here

fore

, the

Rem

edia

l Act

ion

Obj

ectiv

es (R

AOs)

for S

ite 7

4 w

ere

to:

• red

uce

futu

re e

xpos

ure

of h

uman

and

eco

logi

cal r

ecep

tors

to

con

tam

inat

ed s

oil a

nd s

edim

ent i

n a

cost

-effe

ctiv

e m

anne

r,• c

ompl

y w

ith A

pplic

able

or R

elev

ant a

nd A

ppro

pria

te

Req

uire

men

ts (A

RAR

s), a

nd• b

alan

ce ri

sk to

eco

logi

cal r

ecep

tors

from

con

tam

inat

ed s

oil

and

sedi

men

t aga

inst

the

harm

from

the

habi

tat l

oss

and

disr

uptio

n ca

used

by

the

rem

edia

tion

or re

mov

al e

fforts

Ove

rall

Goa

ls

•Min

imiz

e N

RI t

hrou

gh re

med

ial s

trate

gy•M

anag

e sh

ort a

nd lo

ng-te

rm ri

sks

•Red

uce

time

to re

solu

tion

(tran

sact

ion

cost

s)

•Red

uce

stud

y co

sts,

impr

ove

desi

gn (e

.g.,

eco-

risk)

Para

llel T

rack

Rem

edia

l Inv

estig

atio

nH

uman

Hea

lth/E

co R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

EE

/CA

, FS

RO

DR

emed

ial A

ctio

nO

&M

Cle

anup

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

e In

jury

NR

I

Ove

rall

Goa

ls

•Min

imiz

e N

RI t

hrou

gh re

med

ial s

trate

gy•M

anag

e sh

ort a

nd lo

ng-te

rm ri

sks

•Red

uce

time

to re

solu

tion

(tran

sact

ion

cost

s)

•Red

uce

stud

y co

sts,

impr

ove

desi

gn (e

.g.,

eco-

risk)

Para

llel T

rack

Para

llel T

rack

Rem

edia

l Inv

estig

atio

nH

uman

Hea

lth/E

co R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

EE

/CA

, FS

RO

DR

emed

ial A

ctio

nO

&M

Cle

anup

Rem

edia

l Inv

estig

atio

nH

uman

Hea

lth/E

co R

isk

Ass

essm

ent

EE

/CA

, FS

RO

DR

emed

ial A

ctio

nO

&M

Cle

anup

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

e In

jury

NR

I

Nat

ural

Res

ourc

e In

jury

NR

I

Mar

gina

l R

isks

/Unc

erta

inty

Effo

rt/C

ost (

$)

Concentration/Risk

Crit

erio

n Le

vel

Hig

h R

isk

Area

s Low

er %

Hig

her %

Larg

er

Red

uctio

n in

Ris

k

Smal

ler R

educ

tion

in R

isk

•Pro

vide

s fo

rmal

bas

isfo

r alte

rnat

ive

sele

ctio

n us

ing

quan

tifia

ble

met

rics

•Allo

ws

For o

ffset

ting

rest

orat

ion

•Ass

ists

with

risk

m

anag

emen

t dec

isio

ns

NEB

A: C

ompa

res

resi

dual

risk

s in

m

argi

nal a

reas

to

gain

s fro

m a

ltern

ativ

e im

plem

enta

tion

Mar

gina

l R

isks

/Unc

erta

inty

Mar

gina

l R

isks

/Unc

erta

inty

Mar

gina

l R

isks

/Unc

erta

inty

Effo

rt/C

ost (

$)

Concentration/Risk

Crit

erio

n Le

vel

Crit

erio

n Le

vel

Hig

h R

isk

Area

s

Hig

h R

isk

Area

s Low

er %

Low

er %

Hig

her %

Hig

her %

Larg

er

Red

uctio

n in

Ris

k

Larg

er

Red

uctio

n in

Ris

k

Smal

ler R

educ

tion

in R

isk

Smal

ler R

educ

tion

in R

isk

•Pro

vide

s fo

rmal

bas

isfo

r alte

rnat

ive

sele

ctio

n us

ing

quan

tifia

ble

met

rics

•Allo

ws

For o

ffset

ting

rest

orat

ion

•Ass

ists

with

risk

m

anag

emen

t dec

isio

ns

NEB

A: C

ompa

res

resi

dual

risk

s in

m

argi

nal a

reas

to

gain

s fro

m a

ltern

ativ

e im

plem

enta

tion

NEB

A: C

ompa

res

resi

dual

risk

s in

m

argi

nal a

reas

to

gain

s fro

m a

ltern

ativ

e im

plem

enta

tion

Figu

re 3

. Coo

rdin

ated

App

roac

h to

Ass

essm

ent,

Rem

edia

tion

and

Rest

orat

ion

Figu

re 4

. Cle

anup

to C

riter

ion

(Cos

t/Ben

efi t)

This

gui

danc

e an

d th

e R

AOs

for S

ite 7

4 ar

e be

st a

ddre

ssed

thro

ugh

a co

ordi

nate

d ap

proa

ch to

ass

essm

ent,

rem

edia

tion

and

rest

orat

ion

(Fig

ure

3). T

he N

EBA

prov

ides

form

ally

qua

ntifi

ed v

alue

s us

ing

agen

cy-

appr

oved

tool

s an

d te

chni

ques

dev

elop

ed b

y th

e N

atio

nal O

cean

ic

and

Atm

osph

eric

Adm

inis

tratio

n (N

OA

A) to

qua

ntify

and

com

pare

ec

osys

tem

ser

vice

ben

efi ts

and

/or l

osse

s as

soci

ated

with

a re

med

ial,

rem

oval

, or r

esto

ratio

n ac

tion.

The

goa

ls o

f the

NEB

A in

clud

e:• q

uant

ifi ca

tion

of e

cosy

stem

ben

efi ts

of a

n ac

tion,

• com

paris

on o

f ben

efi ts

bet

wee

n ac

tions

, and

• mod

ifi ca

tion

of a

ctio

ns to

max

imiz

e be

nefi t

s

A N

EBA

is u

sefu

l whe

n th

e ba

lanc

e of

risk

s an

d be

nefi t

s fro

m

rem

edia

tion

of a

site

is a

mbi

guou

s. T

hat a

mbi

guity

aris

es w

hen:

• the

site

reta

ins

sign

ifi ca

nt e

colo

gica

l val

ue,

• rem

edia

l or r

emov

al a

ctio

ns a

re e

nviro

nmen

tally

dam

agin

g • e

co-r

isks

are

rela

tivel

y sm

all,

unce

rtain

, or l

imite

d to

a c

ompo

nent

of

the

ecos

yste

m,

• rem

edia

tion

or re

stor

atio

n m

ay fa

il, a

nd

• cos

ts a

ppea

r to

be d

ispr

opor

tiona

te to

risk

redu

ctio

n (b

enefi

t)

Site

74

has

sens

itive

hab

itat t

hat m

ay re

tain

sig

nifi c

ant e

colo

gica

l val

ue

to p

rote

cted

wild

life,

and

rem

edia

l or r

emov

al a

ctio

ns (e

xcav

atio

n an

d re

mov

al a

nd/o

r cap

ping

) are

exp

ecte

d to

be

envi

ronm

enta

lly d

amag

ing.

Th

e N

EBA

prov

ides

a fo

rmal

bas

is fo

r alte

rnat

ive

sele

ctio

n us

ing

quan

tifi a

ble

met

rics,

allo

ws

for o

ffset

ting

rest

orat

ion,

and

ass

ists

with

ris

k m

anag

emen

t dec

isio

ns. A

NEB

A is

par

ticul

arly

use

ful i

n co

mpa

ring

resi

dual

risk

s in

mar

gina

l are

as to

gai

ns fr

om a

ltern

ativ

e im

plem

enta

tion

(Fig

ure

4).

100

200

300

400

Ecological Service Loss(dSAYs)

Remedial Cost($ millions)

Concentration/Risk

Human Use Value Loss($ millions)

AL

TE

RN

AT

IVE

No

Actio

nAl

tern

ativ

e A

Alte

rnat

ive

B

00

0.5

1.0

1.5

2510 0Al

tern

ativ

e C

1530

Not

e: It

was

ass

umed

that

ther

e ar

e no

hum

an-u

se s

ervi

ces

at th

is h

ypot

hetic

al s

ite.

Prot

ectiv

e

Not

Prot

ectiv

e

Bre

ak P

oint

Alte

rnat

ive

Prot

ectiv

e, R

isks

Man

aged

Bet

wee

n A

lt B

and

C, t

here

is a

larg

e di

ffer

entia

l cos

t for

a m

argi

nal c

hang

e in

risk

100

200

300

400

Ecological Service Loss(dSAYs)

Remedial Cost($ millions)

Concentration/Risk

Human Use Value Loss($ millions)

AL

TE

RN

AT

IVE

No

Actio

nAl

tern

ativ

e A

Alte

rnat

ive

B

00

0.5

1.0

1.5

2510 0Al

tern

ativ

e C

1530

Not

e: It

was

ass

umed

that

ther

e ar

e no

hum

an-u

se s

ervi

ces

at th

is h

ypot

hetic

al s

ite.

Prot

ectiv

e

Not

Prot

ectiv

e

Bre

ak P

oint

Alte

rnat

ive

Prot

ectiv

e, R

isks

Man

aged

Bet

wee

n A

lt B

and

C, t

here

is a

larg

e di

ffer

entia

l cos

t for

a m

argi

nal c

hang

e in

risk

Hab

itat

Dire

ct H

uman

Use

s (e

.g.,

Rec

reat

iona

l, C

omm

erci

al)

Bird

wat

chin

gFi

shin

gSw

imm

ing

Hun

ting

Com

mer

cial

Fis

hing

Exis

tenc

e va

lue

Aest

hetic

val

uePr

eser

vatio

n of

div

ersi

tyTh

reat

ened

& E

ndan

gere

d Sp

ecie

s

Pass

ive

Use

Ecol

ogic

al

Nes

ting

Area

for B

irds

Bree

ding

Are

aEr

osio

n C

ontro

lW

ater

Qua

lity

Enha

ncem

ent

Man

y O

ther

s

Serv

ices

Func

tions

a n

atur

al

reso

urce

(e.g

., ha

bita

t) pr

ovid

es fo

r oth

er

reso

urce

s an

d fo

r hu

man

s. Hab

itat

Hab

itat

Dire

ct H

uman

Use

s (e

.g.,

Rec

reat

iona

l, C

omm

erci

al)

Bird

wat

chin

gFi

shin

gSw

imm

ing

Hun

ting

Com

mer

cial

Fis

hing

Dire

ct H

uman

Use

s (e

.g.,

Rec

reat

iona

l, C

omm

erci

al)

Bird

wat

chin

gFi

shin

gSw

imm

ing

Hun

ting

Com

mer

cial

Fis

hing

Exis

tenc

e va

lue

Aest

hetic

val

uePr

eser

vatio

n of

div

ersi

tyTh

reat

ened

& E

ndan

gere

d Sp

ecie

s

Pass

ive

Use

Ecol

ogic

al

Nes

ting

Area

for B

irds

Bree

ding

Are

aEr

osio

n C

ontro

lW

ater

Qua

lity

Enha

ncem

ent

Man

y O

ther

s

Serv

ices

Func

tions

a n

atur

al

reso

urce

(e.g

., ha

bita

t) pr

ovid

es fo

r oth

er

reso

urce

s an

d fo

r hu

man

s.

Serv

ices

Func

tions

a n

atur

al

reso

urce

(e.g

., ha

bita

t) pr

ovid

es fo

r oth

er

reso

urce

s an

d fo

r hu

man

s.

Case Road Case Road

Mar

sh H

abita

t

ES07

2009

003S

AC