network management principles and practice mani subramanian 2nd edition appendix b

Section B.1. Project Structure and Evaluation

B.1. Project Structure and EvaluationWe are presenting a suggestion list for projects to accompany the course. Most of these projects have beenundertaken by students in the past 3 years, who have found them interesting. Each project is expected totake 20 to 30 hours of student time. The projects can be done as individual or group projects. If the projectis done as a group, there should be a clear distinction of each student’s contribution for grading purposes.The group comprises typically 2–4 students. I strongly recommend a presentation of the project to the classby each individual or group at the end of the course. The presentation is limited to 10–15 minutes.Laboratory or software projects are presented to the instructor outside of the presentation.

A possible way of structuring the project is to allow students to pick a project from the list or come up withtheir own suggestion. The students are expected to select a project and their partners in the first few weeksof the course. An outline of the projects with deliverables is expected during the middle of thequarter/semester. The final report is due a week before the end of the quarter/semester.

The grading criteria for the project are creativity, content, report (organization and completeness), andpresentation.

Network Management: Principles and Practice > Review of Information ... file:///D:/TC Engg/8th Semester/TMN/Book Network Management Princ...

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Section B.2. Projects

SNMP is a poll-based network management system:

There are open-source SNMP stacks available on the Internet.Choose one of them and develop a polling engine for an NMS.The student should do a performance evaluation of the engine.

1.

Laboratory setup of a managed LAN with low-end NMS (e.g.,OpenNMS): Students load PCs with the operating system withTCP/IP stack. They set up multiple LANs using a hub. An NMS isloaded on a PC, which then manages the LANs. Severalmanagement applications are practiced.

2.

Laboratory setup of a managed virtual LAN with low-end NMS:

Multiple LANs are set up as VLANs and a network managementsystem is set up to manage them. This project can also be doneas a special report expanding the role of VLANs.

3.

Set up an enterprise NMS by downloading several of theopen-source NMSs available on the Internet. Perform fault andperformance management. This usually requires the student tohave had some prior experience with a UNIX system. This canbe combined with another group setting up the LANs.

4.

Configuring system management—Big Brother/Spong:

Big Brother or Spong can be downloaded and configured tomanage systems in local networks. Interesting modificationscan be done to the original systems in this project.

5.

Web-based management:

This popular project is done by several groups, each oneimplementing a different version of Web-based management.This project can be a software development project or atheoretical one in depth.

A Web interface can be added to an existing SNMP managementsystem. A Web-interface module to an HP OpenView Network

6.


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Node Manager is available and has been tried in this project.Other variations are possibilities in this approach. The wholeproject can be done from scratch starting with an SNMP tool.

For advanced computer science classes, try experimenting withXML schema and CORBA-based NM.

Traffic measurement using MRTG:

MRTG freeware can be downloaded and set up on a host tomeasure the traffic at an interface of a network component.

7.

HFC management:

This area of network management affords numerousopportunities for hands-on-project if facilities exist. Faultlocalization is a challenge in this project. A study—bothanalytical and laboratory, including QoS management forbroadband—is an opportunity here.

8.

ADSL management:

A wealth of ADSL projects can be undertaken both as alaboratory project, as well as theoretical study project. Inaddition, it can be extended to other DSL technologies.

9.

Set up a management system for a WiFi network.10.

Use of Tcl/Tk for network management:

The scripting tool in general is an area of study for a project innetwork management. Specifically, Tcl/Tk [Zeltserman andPuoplo, 1998] is very useful as a management tool.

11.

Event correlation:

We have dealt with several technologies for event correlation.The implementation of any one would be an interesting project.

12.

RMON:

A simple RMON tool, for example tcpdump, can beimplemented to do statistical measurement and analysis of thetype of traffic.

13.

Software simulation:

Many of the above projects could be simulated using commontools and could be an exciting way to accomplish a laboratory

14.


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project when the facilities are lacking. Research networksimulation tools that are available as freeware to use in thisproject.

Develop an SNMP trap simulator for SNMP versions and acquirethem using one of the NMS projects or a commercially availableNMS.

15.


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Section C.1. Network Basic Tools Lab

Read about functions and the use of the following basic network toolcommands. You can invoke man commandname to obtain the manualpage of a command in a UNIX system.

ping1.

traceroute2.

nslookup3.

host4.

dig5.

Use these commands in the Lab to do the following practice exercises.You may create your own additional exercises and be prepared todiscuss them in class.

Choose any IP address in your subnet or outside and find thename of the host.

1.

Ping at least two public institutions’ addresses inside andoutside India. Analyse your results and note the significantpoints.

2.

Execute traceroute to the following IP addresses and analyze:

www.gatech.edu

ns1.bangla.net


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Section C.3. SNMP Applications

Apply the SNMP tools you have learned to the following applications.

Application 1: Choose any three hosts and determine which of thehosts has been running the longest.

Application 2: Use SNMP system MIB and find all the information aboutthe hosts that you used in Application 1.

Application 3: Acquire the routing table of a router using IP MIB andfind out the approximate size of the table.

Application 4: Your instructor has set the snmpd.conftable in a hostwith different community users accessing different profiles ofinformation from the database.

Inspect the configuration file (/etc/snmpd.conf) for the SNMP daemonrunning on the host. Attempt an snmpwalk using each of the communitynames it defines. Compare the amount of information available witheach.

Application 5: Your instructor will give you MIB views for differentgroups of users. Modify the snmpd.conftable to implement those views.


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Section C.2. SNMP Tools Lab

This lab is designed to learn the SNMP-testing tools. Many tools areavailable on public domain.

The SNMP test tool is an interactive tool to obtain values of severalmanaged objects, one at a time.

Get, Get-next, and Set are the SNMP commands that we learnedunder SNMP architecture/messages. Execution of these will returnan SNMP Response message. Pay particular attention to index andinstance in this exercise.

SNMPWalk uses snmpgetnext to trace the entire MIB. A networkstatus command is used to test the status of network connectionsof a host.

Exercise the following test tools:

snmptest

snmpget

snmpgetnext

snmpset

snmptrap

snmpwalk

snmpnetstat


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Section D.1. Fourier Transformation

Any periodic signal x(t), which repeats itself with a period T, can bedecomposed into an infinite number of frequency components withfundamental frequency

f0 = 1/T0 and ω0 = 2πf0 = 2π/T0

and its harmonics

fn = n/T0 =nf0

where n = 1, –2,...

and

ωn = nω0 = n2πf0

The decomposed representation in the frequency spectrum is defined asthe Fourier series. The Fourier series can be written as:

X(t) = a0/2 + a1 cos ω1t + a2 cos 2ω1t + ... + b1 sin ω1t + b2 sin 2ω1t+ ...

where an and bn are coefficients of harmonic terms.

Figure D.4 (a) shows a pulse train xn(t) of amplitude A, pulse width T,and periodicity of T0. This can be shown using Fourier analysis[Forouzan, 2006]:

where

Cn = (AT/T0) sin (πnT/T0)/(πnT/T0) = (AT/T0) sinc (nT/T0)

Figure D.4. OFDM


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We define a sinc function, where

Sinc (nT/T0) = sinπ (n T/T0)/π(nT/T0)

The value of the sinc function sin (πx)/(πx) equals 1 at x = 0 and equals0 at x = 1, 2, 3,.., which are integral multiples of T. The sinc function isshown in Figure D.4 (b). The Fourier spectrum of xn(t) is often used asa measure of the signal bandwidth1/T in Hertz for a pulse train withpulse width T.

We can observe from Figure D.4(b) that if the subcarrier frequenciesare separated by the periodicity fc = 1/T, they will all be orthogonal toeach other. This is the basic concept of OFDM. The multicarriertransmission, classified as OFDM, mitigates ISI.


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Appendix D. Spread Spectrum Technology: OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a modulationscheme that comprises multicarrier, multisymbol, and multiratetechniques using spread spectrum technology. It is convergedtechnologies of spread spectrum, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), andmultiple input multiple output (MIMO) antennae.

Broadband services require transmission of modulation of broadbandsignal at a high digital data rate. Due to frequency selective fading, thedigital pulses in the time domain are spread out, interfering withneighboring digits and thus causing inter-symbol interference (ISI). Thisis shown in Figure D.1.

Figure D.1. Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)

The basic principle of operation of OFDM is to divide the broadband-modulated carrier into narrowband segments. All the narrowbandsegments are transmitted in parallel over subcarrier channels. Since thefading is flat over a narrow band, there is less distortion of the signaland hence, less ISI. Instead of modulating a single carrier at the rate ofR symbols per second (sps), each of the N subcarriers separated byabout R/N Hz are modulated and each symbol is transmitted at R/N sps.This is shown in Figure D.2. Figure D.2(a) shows the single carriermodulation, and Figure D.2(b) shows the multicarrier for the samedigital signal. Figure D.3 shows the system representation ofmulticarrier multisymbol OFDM at the transmitting end. The multicarriersystem could be further improved by making each subcarrier orthogonalto others.

Figure D.2. Multicarrier Multisymbol Transmission


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[View full size image]

Figure D.3. Multicarrier Multisymbol System


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Acronyms

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project

3GPP2 Third Generation Partnership Project in US

AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting

ACSE Application Control Service Element

ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

ANSI American National Standards Institute

ASK Amplitude Shift Keying

ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATU ADSL Transmission Unit

ATU-C ATU at the Central Office/Network End

ATU-R ATU at the Remote/Customer Premises End

BWA Broadband Wireless Access

BER Basic Encoding Rules

BER Bit Error Rate

BERT Bit Error Rate Tester

BISDN Broadband ISDN

CAP Carrierless Amplitude Phase modulation

CAPWAP Configuration and Provisioning of Wireless Access Point

CBC Cipher Block Chaining

CBR Case-Based Reasoning

CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone ConsultativeCommittee

CEBus Consumer Electronic Bus

CIM Common Information Model

CIMOM CIM Object Manager

CLI Command Line Interface

CLTS Connectionless Transport Service


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CMIP Common Management Information Protocol

CMIS Common Management Information Service

CMISE Common Management Information Service Element

CMTS Cable Modem Terminating System

COM Component Object Model

COPS Common Open Policy Service

CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture

COTS Connection-Oriented Transport Service

CPE Customer Premises Equipment

CSMA/CA Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance

CSMA/CD Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with Collision Detection

DBMS Database Management System

DCE Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment

DCE Distributed Computing Environment

DCF Distributed Communication Function in TMN

DCF Distributed Coordination Function in 802.11

DCN Data Communications Network

DCOM Distributed Component Object Model

DDD Direct Distance Dialing

DES Data Encryption Standard

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DLL Data Link Layer

DMI Desktop Management Interface

DMTF Desktop Management Task Force

DOCS Data-Over-Cable System

DOCSIS Data-Over-Cable System Interface Specifications

DOM Document Object Model

DTE Data Terminating Equipment

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

DSLAM Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexer

EAP Extensible Authentication Protocol


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EGP External Gateway Protocol

EIA Electrical Industries Association

ELAN Emulated Local Area Network

EMS Element Management System, Enterprise ManagementSystem

EPON Ethernet PON

eTOM Enhanced Telecom Operations Map

FCAPS Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, andSecurity

FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface

FEC Forward Error Correction

FSK Frequency Shift Keying

FTAM File Transfer and Access Management

FTP File Transfer Protocol

FTTN Fiber to the Neighborhood

GDMO Guidelines for Definition of Managed Objects

GMPLS Generalized MPLS

GUI Graphical User Interface

HAVi Home Audio–Video Interoperability

HCF Hybrid Control Function

HDSL High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line

HFC Hybrid Fiber Coaxial cable

HMAC Hashed Message Access Code

HTML Hypertext Markup Language

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol

IAB Internet Advisory Board

IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol

IDEA International Data Encryption Algorithm

IDL Interface Definition Language

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IGP Internal Gateway Protocol


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IIOP Internet Inter-Orb Protocol

ILMI Integrated Local Management Interface

IP Internet Protocol

IPC Inter-Processor Communication

IrDA Infrared Data Association

IRTF Internet Research Task Force

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

ISO International Organization for Standardization

ITU International Telecommunications Union

ITU-T ITU—Telecommunications Sector

JDBC Java Database Connectivity

JDMK Java Dynamic Management Kit

JIDM Joint Inter-Domain Management

JMAPI Java Management Application Interface

JVM Java Virtual Machine

JMX Java Management Extensions

LAN Local Area Network

LANE Local Area Network Emulation

LLC Logical Link Control

LMDS Local Multipoint Distribution Service

MAC Medium Access Control

MAN Metropolitan Area Network

MBR Model-Based Reasoning

MCNS Multimedia Cable Network System

MD Message Digest

MF Mediation Function in TMN

MIB Management Information Base

MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

MIT Management Information Tree

MMDS Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service

MOM Manager of Managers


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MOTIS Message Oriented Text Interchange Standard

MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching

MRTG Multi Router Traffic Grapher

MSO Multiple Systems Operator

MSSP Multiservice Switching Platform

MTNM Multitechnology Network Management

MTOSI Multitechnology Operations System Interface

MUWS Management Using Web Service

NAT Network Address Translator

NGN Next Generation Network

NGOSS New Generation OSS

NID Network Interface Device

NIU Network Interface Unit

NMF Network Management Forum

NMS Network Management System

NOC Network Operations Center

OAM Operation, Administration, and Maintenance

OAMP Operation, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning

OASIS Organization for the Advancement of StructuredInformation Services

OC Optical Carrier

ODBC Open Database Connectivity

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OLT Optical Line Termination

ONU Optical Network Unit

OS Operations System

OS Operating System

OSF Operation System Function in TMN

OSF Open Systems Foundation

OSGi Open Service Gateway Initiative

OSI Open System Interface

OSPF Open Shortest Path First

OSS Operations Support System


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PAN Personal Area Network

PBX Private Branch eXchange

PCI Protocol Control Information

PCF Point Coordination Function

PDU Packet Data Unit

PEM Privacy Enhanced Mail

PGP Pretty Good Privacy

PING Packet Internet Groper

PON Passive Optical Network

PPP Point-to-Point Protocol

QAF Q-Adapter Function in TMN

QoS Quality of Service

RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service

RBR Rule-Based Reasoning

RF Radio Frequency

RFC Request for Comments

RIP Routing Information Protocol

RMI Remote Method Invocation

RMON Remote Monitoring

ROSE Remote Operation Service Element

RPC Remote Procedure Call

RSA Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman (Cryptographic Algorithm)

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SDU Service Data Unit

SGMP Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol

SHS Secure Hash Standard

SLA Service Level Agreement

SMAE System Management Application Entity

SAX Simple API for XML

SMAP System Management Application Process

SMASE System Management Application Service Entity

SMF System Management Function


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SMI Structure of Management Information

SMTP Simple Mail Transport Protocol

SNCIP Subnetwork-Independent Convergence Protocol

SNDAP Subnetwork-Dependent Access Protocol

SNDCP Subnetwork-Dependent Convergence Protocol

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol

SOA Service Oriented Architecture

SOAP Simple Object Access Protocol

SONET Synchronous Optical NETwork

SPF Shortest Path First

STS Synchronous Transport Signal

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

TDM Time Division Multiplexing

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

TE Traffic Engineering

TMF TeleManagement Forum

TMN Telecommunications Management Network

TR Token Ring

UDDI Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration of WebServices

UDP User Datagram Protocol

UI User Interface

UNI User Network Interface

UPnP Universal Plug and Play

USB Universal Serial Bus

URL Universal Resource Locator

USM User-Based Security Model

UWB Ultra-Wide Band

VACM View-Based Access Control Model

VDSL Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line

VLAN Virtual Local Area Network

VT Virtual Terminal

W3C World Wide Web Consortium


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WAN Wide Area Network

WBEM Web-Based Enterprise Management

WBM Web-Based Management

WCS Wireless Communication Service

WEP Wired Equivalency Protocol

WPA WiFi Protected Access

WiFi Trade name for Wireless LAN

WIMA Web-Based Integrated Management Architecture

WiMax Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

WLAN Wireless LAN

WSDL Web Services Definition Language

WSF Workstation Function in TMN

WMI Windows Management Interface

XML Extensible Markup Language

XPath XML Filter

XSL XML Style Sheet

XSLT XML Transformer to Other Documents


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Glossary

Abstract Syntax Notation (ASN.1)A formalized syntax language used to define managed objects.

Access ModeThe MIB access privilege defined in an SNMP agent based oncommunity name to a network element—read only orread-write.

Access PolicyA pairing of an SNMP community name with an SNMPcommunity profile is defined as SNMP access policy.

Accounting ManagementAdministration of cost allocation of the usage of networkresources.

Agent ModuleA management software module resident in a networkcomponent that can be queried for information by anothersoftware module resident in network manager. The agentmodule can also generate and transmit information in anunsolicited manner. These are called notifications (traps inSNMPv1).

Aggregate Managed ObjectA group of related managed objects. It is represented by a


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conceptual table of rows, each row comprising a list of scalarmanaged objects. The columns of the table are columnarobjects, with each row being an instance of the entry. Thisgroup is distinct from MIB groups.

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)A digital-to-analog modulation scheme in which the carrier isamplitude modulated.

Application Control Service Element (ACSE)Sets up and coordinates the activities of setting up andreleasing an association with an application. This is used inconjunction with ROSE in OSI management.

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)Digital subscriber line that carries multimedia information fromthe central office to the customer premises. The downstreamand upstream frequencies are different, hence the termasymmetric.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)A cell-based technology that is used to transport digital data. Aswitch that switches ATM protocol is called ATM switch.

ATM ForumAn industry-sponsored international organization acceleratingcooperation on ATM technology.


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ADSL Transmission Unit (ATU)ATU is an ADSL modem. ATU-C is located at the central officeand ATU-R is at the remote (customer premises) site.

Authentication KeyA secret key derived from a chosen password of the user(SNMPv3) that is used in authenticating the legitimacy of theuser accessing a secure system.

AutodiscoveryIn a network management system, the process of discoveringthe components of a network-automatically, usually using theping commands. This is done when the system is turned on andduring maintenance on a scheduled basis.

Basic Encoding Rules (BER)The encoding rules used to code ASN.1 syntax defined objects.SNMP message is encoded in BER using type, length, and value(TLV).

BeaconA management enabling stations to establish and maintaincommunications in an ad-hoc wireless network in an orderlyfashion.

BridgeA device that connects two LANs at the data link layer.

Broadband NetworksBroadband networks are multimedia networks that provideintegrated services of voice, video, and data over the same


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medium. It is the short form for broadband ISDN (BISDN). Thenetwork comprises WAN using ATM technology and the localloop based on cable, digital subscriber line, and wirelesstechnologies. The services offered are referred to as broadbandservices.

Cable ModemA device used in broadband services that modulates anddemodulates from the customer equipment to the radiofrequency signal that is carried on the cable.

Case-based ReasoningA paradigm used in network management that is based oncomparing a problem to previously encountered cases to derivethe cause of the problem.

Cipher Block Chaining Method of Data Encryption Standard(CBC-DES)

A symmetric encryption protocol recommended in SNMPv3 forsecure communication.

CodebookIn network management, codebook is a matrix of problems andsymptoms that is generated modeling the network. Multiplesymptoms are correlated to isolate the root cause of theproblem.

Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP)OSI standard management protocol, which is object-oriented.

Common Management Information Service (CMIS)


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A management service function provided in OSI managementthat uses CMIP protocol. CMISE is a CMIS Element.

CommunityPairing of two SNMP entities that can communicate with eachother is called an SNMP community and is given a namecommunity name. All SNMP entities with the same communityname can communicate with each other. A pairing of MIB viewwith SNMP access mode is called community profile.

ComplianceDefined in SNMPv2 as the minimum set of modules andmandatory groups that should be implemented in an SNMPentity for it to be declared compatible with SNMP.

Configuration ManagementSetting and changing of configuration of networks and networkcomponents.

ConformanceSNMPv2 defines conformance in units of OBJECT-GROUPS. TheSNMP conformance of a product is specified includingcompliance modules and additional OBJECT-GROUPS.

Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA)CORBA standard provides a communication bus for distributedapplications to interact over the network.


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CORBA Management TechnologyObject-oriented CORBA-based technology for implementation ofdistributed management application architecture.

CORBA AgentA server with IDL interfaces for each GDMO.

CORBA-based ManagerA network manager with distributed management applications.

CounterAn SNMP application-wide data type, whose value is anon-negative integer. Its value is monotonically increasing andwraps around when it reaches a maximum value.

Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)Any equipment in the customer or subscriber premises, which isconnected to the service provider network. The CPE networkinterfaces to the service provider network at the “demarcationpoint.”

Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexer (DWDM)Wavelength Division Multiplexer is add–drop Optical signalmultiplexer. DWDM was developed for erbium-doped fiberamplifiers (EDFAs), which is an economical system.

DESCRIPTORDefines a unique mnemonic name for an object type and beginswith lower case letter.


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Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)A device at the central office that multiplexes several ATU-Cmodems.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)Transmission link (loop) between the central office and thecustomer premises that carries information in a digital format.There are several implementations of DSL: Asymmetric DSL, inwhich the upstream and downstream bands are different; HDSLis high data rate DSL, which offers symmetric service at ahigher data rate; VDSL, very high data rate DSL is asymmetricat a very high data rate (up to 52 Mbps).

Digital Over Cable System Interface Specifications (DOCSIS)Specifications for cable modem access technology approved bythe MCNS industry consortium.

DiscoveryA process in network management system that discoversnetwork elements and builds an inventory of network elementsand links. See autodiscovery.

Dynamic Host Configuration ProtocolConverts and dynamically allocates global IP address to local IPaddress in local networks.

Element Management System (EMS)Lowest level in management hierarchy that manages thenetwork elements directly.

Emulated LAN (ELAN)


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Emulated LAN is an ATM network configured as a LAN andcoexists with Ethernet LAN.

EthernetA LAN based on bus architecture that uses CSMA/CD mediumaccess protocol and operates at 10 Mbps speed. Fast Ethernetfunctions at 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet at 1 Gbps.

eXtensible Markup Language (XML)A markup language for document exchange in the Web.

Fast ChannelIn ADSL, the channel that handles audio and real-time videowith fast buffers.

Fault ManagementDetection and isolation of the problem causing the failure in thenetwork.

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)A LAN based on token-ring technology that uses fiber mediumand operates at 100 Mbps. It can be implemented as either asingle or a dual ring configuration.

Forward Equivalent Class (FEC)FEC is used to map forwarding of a packet to a next hop port ina router.

Gateway


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A router that connects two networks and can perform protocolconversion.

GaugeAn SNMP application-wide data type, whose value is anon-negative integer. Its value can move either up or down andpegs at a maximum value.

Get-Bulk-RequestAn SNMP message issued by the manager to an agent toretrieve a group of managed objects and their values in bulk.

Get-Next-RequestAn SNMP message issued by the manager to an agent toretrieve the object ID and the value of the next managed objectin the MIB.

Get-RequestAn SNMP message issued by the manager to an agent toretrieve the value of a managed object.

Get-ResponseAn SNMP message issued by an agent to a manager in responseto either a get or set request message. It is simply calledresponse in SNMPv2.

Guidelines for Definition of Managed Objects (GDMO)The technique that is adopted to specify managed objects inOSI management using templates.


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Half Bridge/Half RouterProvides a method to connect a LAN via a bridge to a router.This configuration is deployed for access to service provider bysmall office–home office customer on an as-required basis usinga dial-up link.

High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL)Digital subscriber line that operates in duplex mode at T1 or E1rate.

HMAC ProtocolsThe authentication protocols used for authentication scheme insecurity management. It is based on hashing algorithm (H) toderive message access code (MAC). Two common algorithmsused in SNMP security management are HMAC-MD5-96 andHMAC-SHA-96.

HomePlugHomePlug, also known as PLC (Power Line Communication),distributes data over power line in the house.

HomePNAHomePNA (Home Phoneline Network Alliance) is a technologythat can distribute broadband over the phone line in the house.

HubA LAN in a box. It is a hybrid of star topology with eitherEthernet or token-ring configuration inside the hub.

Hybrid Fiber Coaxial Cable (HFC) TechnologyThe HFC technology is based on multimedia services provided


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over the television cable system. It is also called cable modemtechnology.

Inform-RequestAn SNMPv2 message from a manager to another manager.

InheritanceIn OSI network management, managed object classes areinherited from other managed objects. There are severalcategories of inheritance, such as single inheritance andmultiple inheritance.

Instructional Scientific and Medical Service (ISM)A wireless transmission system that operates over twofrequency bands (902–928 MHz) and (2400–2483.5 MHz) witha range of 0.5 and 15 miles, respectively.

Integrated Local Management Interface (ILMI)A management interface between two ATM interfacemanagement entities (IMFs) that provides view of configurationand fault parameters across user network interface (UNI).

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)Integrated voice and digital services over a single medium.Narrow-band ISDN, referred to as basic rate, carries twochannels. Broadband ISDN, or simply broadband services, is acell-based technology at high data rate.

Interleaved ChannelIn ADSL, the channel that handles data signal, which cantolerate latency and hence interleaved between the fast channel


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signal.

InternetA worldwide network that is based on TCP/IP suite of protocols.

IpAddressAn SNMP application-wide data type that defines four groups ofdotted decimal notation of IPv4.

Java Management Extensions (JMX)A Java-based management architecture proposed by SunMicrosystems.

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)LDP is the protocol used by egress LSR to notify LSP to all theaffected routers.

Label Switching Path (LSP)End-to-end path of an MPLS circuit.

Label Switching Router (LSR)A router capable of supporting MPLS protocol.

Local Area Network (LAN)A LAN is a shared medium serving many DTEs located in closeproximity, as in a building or a campus environment.


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Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS)A wireless transmission system that operates over twofrequency bands (27,500–28,350 MHz) and (31,000–31,000MHz) with a range of about 3 miles.

M-ACTIONAn OSI management service element that performs operation inmanaged objects and sends confirmations on an optional basis.

Managed ObjectCommonly, a network element that can be managed remotelyby network management system. In TCP/IP-based networkmanagement, it consists of object type and object instance. Arigor-ous definition of a managed object is that it is a node inthe MIB that could be either a physical or a logical entity.

Managed Object ClassAn object-oriented definition of managed objects in OSI networkmanagement.

Management Information Base (MIB)A management information tree containing Internetmanagement objects. A management object holds a uniqueposition and ID in the MIB. The portion of the MIB that anetwork element permits an SNMP agent to access is called MIBview.

Management Information TreeA hierarchical tree structure used to organize managed objectsand object classes. It is called MIB.in SNMP and naming tree orcontainment tree in OSI.


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Management Using Web Services (MUWS)Use of Web services for a system management framework.

Management of Web Services (MOWS)Management model to manage Web services.

M-CANCEL-GETAn OSI management service element that cancels a requestmessage.

M-CREATEAn OSI management service element that creates amanagement object class.

M-DELETEAn OSI management service element that deletes amanagement object class.

Media Access Control ProtocolLower sublayer protocol in OSI layer 2 that interfaces with thephysical layer protocol.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)It can be defined as that segment of the network that connectsthe wide area network to the broadband access network. Thereare wired and wireless MANs. While the latter is actually accessnetwork for the metropolitan area, the former is concerned withextending the WAN closer to the head end of the accessnetwork.


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M-EVENT-REPORTAn OSI management service element that generates unsolicitednotifications to another open system.

M-GETAn OSI management service element that retrieves attributesand values from managed objects.

MIB BrowserAn SNMP tool to browse through the MIB. It is also called MIBwalk.

M-interfaceFive interfaces M1–M5 are defined between networkmanagement system and either private or public networks formanagement of telecommunication networks including ATMnetworks.

MODULE-IDENTITYAn ASN.1 macro that describes the semantics of an informationmodule in ASN.1 syntax.

M-SETAn OSI management service element that sets or modifiesattributes of managed objects.

Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS)A wireless transmission system that operates over thefrequency band of 2500–2686 MHz with a range of up to 35


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miles.

Multiple Systems Operator (MSO)MSO is a service provider, which owns and operates severalcable television systems and used to provide primarily cable TVservice. MSOs are now providing broadband services over cable.

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) NetworkMPLS is a WAN technology that replaces IP and ATM networks.It combines the richness of IP and the performance of ATMnetworks

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) LabelA label is a short, fixed length, locally significant identifier,which is used to identify a FEC.

Multitechnology Network Management (MTNM)A management system that manages network ofmultitechnology multivendor network elements.

Multitechnology OSI (MTOSI)A TM Forum standard for framework for OS-OS integration.

Network Address TranslatorConverts global IP to local IP address.

Network Interface Device/Unit (NID/NIU)A device at the customer premises, which is the demarcationpoint between the customer network and service provider


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network.

Network Management System (NMS)A platform that houses the network manager module. Itmonitors and controls the network components from acentralized operation.

NMS ServerA platform in which NMS software runs in a server–clientarchitecture.

NMS ClientA client platform, which accesses NMS server remotely andperforms operations on it. An HTML browser can be used as anNMS client.

Network Operations Center (NOC)A centralized operation to monitor and manage the networkusing network management tools and systems.

NOTIFICATION-TYPEAn ASN.1 macro of notification, which is an event or alarmgenerated by a network management agent and sent to anetwork management system in SNMPv2 and SNMPv3. It istermed as TRAP-TYPE in SNMPv1.

OAMP (Traditionally OAM&P)Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioningfunctions in the telecommunications industry.


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ObjectAn object type, and associated instance.

Object IdentifierIdentifies an object type and is a node in the MIB. It isdescribed in terms of a sequence of numbers or DESCRIPTORsthat describes its position in the MIB, or abbreviated by thename of a reference object type followed by a sequence ofnumbers from that node.

Object TypeThe component of the managed object that is defined by SMIand in the MIB. In TCP/IP management, it consists of an objectidentifier defined by ASN.1 syntax OBJECT-TYPE, and encodedusing BER. It does not include object instance.

Open Service Gateway Initiative (OSGi)A residential software platform that acts as a gateway toresidential network. It supports integration of different homenetworking technologies and delivery of different services andcomponents, called bundles, from service providers.

Operations System (OS)Operations system, in the telecommunications industry, is usedto control the network and network elements. The term is usedin ADSL technology and TMN. The operations system does notdirectly play a role in the information transfer, but helps in theOAMP of network and information systems.

Optical Carrier (OC)The data rate unit of SONET (OC-n) digital hierarchy in the USA.The data rate is 51.84 Mbps.


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Optical Line Termination (OLT)Termination point at the central office of PON link.

Optical Network Unit (ONU)Demarcation point between access network and home networkin PON. The ONU may contain a passive or active element thatdivides access network into individual subscriber cables.

Passive Optical Network (PON)Fiber access network in broadband system.

Performance ManagementMonitoring and management of performance parameters ofnetwork and network components.

Personal Area Network (PAN)There are several wireless personal area networks, each for aspecific application and primarily used at residences for shortrange. Bluetooth is the most popular one, which is specified inIEEE 802.15.1 and is in the unlicensed spectrum of 2.4 GHz.PAN with network control applications for home devices thatrequire low data rate, are specified in IEEE 802.15.4

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)A digital-to-analog modulation scheme in which the phase of thecarrier signal is modulated.


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PingA network tool to test the connectivity to a remote device.

Protocol ConverterA node in a network, which does protocol conversion at layersabove the network layer. It is similar to the gateway, which doesprotocol conversion at the network layer.

Proxy ServerAn SNMP device that converts any protocol to anSNMP-compatible MIB and protocol. It is also used to convertSNMPv1 to SNMPv2 protocol.

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)A digital-to-analog modulation scheme in which the carrier ismodulated with a combination of amplitude and phasemodulation. It is used in HFC and ADSL access technologies.

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)A digital-to-analog modulation scheme in which the phase of thecarrier signal is modulated based on four levels of the signalrepresented by four phase states. It is used in HFC technology.

RediscoveryPeriodic check by NMS for the configuration change in thenetwork.

Remote Monitoring (RMON)Remotely monitoring the network with a probe is termed RMON.The monitored information, gathered and analyzed by RMON, istransmitted to a remote network management system. RMON1


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deals with the data link control layer and RMON2 covers all thehigher layers.

Remote Operation Service Element (ROSE)Issues request to remote system and receives responses in anasynchronous mode. This module is used in conjunction withACSE in OSI management.

Residential GatewayThe gateway component that is between the access networkand home network. It handles primarily the communicationinterface and can also have application modules in it.

ResponseAn SNMP message in SNMPv2. See Get-response.

Root Cause Analysis (RCA)RCA correlates multiple alarms from a single fault, localizes theproblem, shows the primary alarm, and suppresses secondaryalarms.

RouterA device that does the routing function of packets in a network.

Rule-based ReasoningAn if-then paradigm used in network management that is basedon comparing a problem to previously encountered situations toarrive at the source of the problem.


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Security ManagementSecuring legal access to network resources and protecting theinformation during transfer of data from modification ofinformation, masquerade, message stream modification, anddisclosure.

Service Level Agreement (SLA)SLA is a part of a service contract where the level of service,such as service availability and performance, is formally definedand agreed upon between the service provider and subscriberor customer.

Set-RequestAn SNMP message from a manager to an agent to set theparameters of a network element.

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)Internet/TCP-IP-based network management protocol.

Single Line Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL)A high data rate digital subscriber line in which two-way duplexcommunication occurs over a single twisted pair.

SNMP FrameworkDefines a version of SNMP and comprises subsystems andmodels. SNMP Frameworks are specified for SNMPv1, SNMPv2,and SNMPv3.


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Source Routing Bridged NetworkA network based on token-ring bridges, in which the sourcenode determines the path of the packet.

Spectrum Management SystemIn HFC link management, a system that deals with themanagement of RF spectrum allocated to different digitalservices, both in the upstream and downstream.

Structure of Management Information (SMI)Definitions for the structure of management information. Itdefines managed objects and their characteristics, as well asthe relationship between the objects.

SwitchA device that switches analog and digital data.

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)The name used in Europe for the digital hierarchy that is used inATM network. The data rate is an integral multiple of 51.84Mbps. Equivalent name in United States is SONET.

Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)The name used in United States for the digital hierarchy (OC-n)that is used in ATM network. The basic SONET rate (OC-3) is155.52 Mbps and is three times that of the basic optical carrier(OC-1) of 51.84 Mbps. Equivalent term in Europe is SDH.


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Synchronous Transport Signal (STS)The data rate unit of SDH (STS-n) digital hierarchy in Europe.The data rate is 51.84 Mbps.

System Network ArchitectureIBM proprietary network architecture.

TcpdumpA network tool to monitor the IP packets in a network. A similartool is called a sniffer.

Telecommunications Management Network (TMN)The management of telecommunications network wasdeveloped by International Standards Organization as part ofISO management. Hence, it is strongly based on ISO networkmanagement.

TopologyA map of the interconnections between routers and switches.Topology representation is done at the network layer (layer 3)or the data link layer (layer 2).

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)Mode of transmission in which signals are assigned time-dividedslots in multiplexing in TDM systems.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)TDMA is normally used for carrying information from multiplestations to the head end. The individual station information ismultiplexed with others under the control of the head end.


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TimeTicksAn SNMP application-wide data type, which measures time inunits of hundredths of a second.

TMF 814A standard protocol between EMS and NMS that is specified bythe TM Forum.

TracerouteA UNIX network tool to test the route to a remote device. Asimilar tool in Microsoft Windows in tracert.

Traffic Engineering (TE)Configuration of traffic flow that is concerned with performanceoptimization of operational networks.

Transparent Bridged NetworkA network of Ethernet-based bridges with a tree topology.

Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)A suite of transport-layer/network-layer protocols that forms thebasis for Internet network.

TrapAn alarm or an event generated by a management agent andsent unsolicited to a network management system.

Ultra Wide Band (UWB)


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A personal area network carrying information in a very highbandwidth spectrum at 3–10 GHz band that is least impacted bynoise.

Universal Serial Bus (USB)A high data rate serial interface out of PC. USB hub multipleinterfaces from a single interface.

User-based Security Model (USM)The security subsystem specified in SNMPv3 that is based onthe traditional user name concept.

Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL)VDSL is similar to ADSL and operates at a very high data rateover shorter lines.

Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT)VSAT is direct transmission to home using geosynchronoussatellite. It is more used to access difficult-to-access remotesites and back-up link by service providers.

View-based Access Control Model (VACM)The access control scheme defined in SNMPv3 that is moresecure and flexible than the simple access policy defined inSNMPv1.


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Virtual LAN (VLAN)Virtual LAN is a LAN that is based on switched hub technologyand enables stations to be assigned to different LANsadministratively. They are not restrained by the physicalconfiguration of LAN networks.

Web-based Enterprise Management (WBEM)A project undertaken by Desk Top Management Task Force tobring different management systems under one umbrella usingMicrosoft object-oriented framework, Common InformationModule.

Wavelength Division Multiplexer (WDM)is multiplexing at optical wavelength and is identical tofrequency division multiplexing at (relatively) lower frequencies.Information can be transmitted over multiple wavelengths usingmultiple transmission protocols.

WiFiCommercial name for WLAN using IEEE 802.11a/b/g protocols.

WiFi Protected Access (WPA)Enhanced security protocol for WiFi network.

Wired Equivalency protocol (WEP)Early version of security protocol for WiFi network.

Wireless LANWireless LAN with IEEE 802.11a/b/g interface.


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WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)A common name for Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)using IEEE 802.16 protocol.

XML-based Network ManagementA management architecture comprising XML-based agent indevices and XML-based NMS with communication transportedusing XML over HTTP.


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network management principles and practice mani subramanian 2nd edition appendix b

Documents

project structure

popular project

group projects

software development

webbased management

network managementsystem

software projects

lowend nms