neurological disease for ahs i meningitis infection or inflammation of the meninges infection or...
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MeningitisMeningitis
Infection or inflammation of Infection or inflammation of the meningesthe meninges
Caused by both bacteria and Caused by both bacteria and viral infectionsviral infections
Symptoms – severe Symptoms – severe headache and stiff neck with headache and stiff neck with painpain
Need to seek immediate Need to seek immediate medical attentionmedical attention
MeningitisMeningitis
Inflammation of Inflammation of cranial meninges cranial meninges spreads to spinal spreads to spinal meninges, which meninges, which leads to excess leads to excess production of CSF, production of CSF, causing HA, causing HA, reduced pulse, slow reduced pulse, slow breathing, and breathing, and partial or total partial or total unconsciousnessunconsciousness
Lumbar PunctureLumbar Puncture AKA Spinal Tap is a AKA Spinal Tap is a
diagnostic test for diagnostic test for examination of CSF examination of CSF
Removal of 5 to 20 ml of Removal of 5 to 20 ml of CSF from spinal canalCSF from spinal canal
Needle puncture is between Needle puncture is between the 3the 3rdrd and 4 and 4thth lumbar lumbar vertebraevertebrae
CSF is examined for color, CSF is examined for color, blood cells, bacteria, blood cells, bacteria, malignant cells, and glucosemalignant cells, and glucose
EpilepsyEpilepsy
Seizure disorder of the Seizure disorder of the brain, characterized by brain, characterized by recurring and excessive recurring and excessive discharge from neuronsdischarge from neurons
Seizures believed to be a Seizures believed to be a result of spontaneous result of spontaneous uncontrolled electrical uncontrolled electrical activity of neuronsactivity of neurons
Cause – UncertainCause – Uncertain Diagnosed with EEG Diagnosed with EEG
(electroencephalogram)(electroencephalogram)
EpilepsyEpilepsy Victims may have Victims may have
hallucinations and seizureshallucinations and seizures Two types of seizuresTwo types of seizures 1. Grand Mal – severe, 1. Grand Mal – severe,
convulsive seizure.convulsive seizure. 2. Petit Mal – milder 2. Petit Mal – milder
(sometimes like someone (sometimes like someone is just staring)is just staring)
Treatment is Treatment is anticonvulsant medicationsanticonvulsant medications
Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease
Progressive disease that Progressive disease that begins with problems begins with problems rememberingremembering
Nerve endings in cortex of Nerve endings in cortex of brain degenerate and block brain degenerate and block signals that pass between signals that pass between nerve cellsnerve cells
Abnormal fibers build up Abnormal fibers build up creating tanglescreating tangles
Cause is unknownCause is unknown
Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease
First Stage (2-4 years) First Stage (2-4 years) ConfusionConfusion Short Term Memory LossShort Term Memory Loss AnxietyAnxiety Poor JudgementPoor Judgement
Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease
22ndnd Stage (2-10 years) Stage (2-10 years) Increase in memory Increase in memory
lossloss Difficulty recognizing Difficulty recognizing
peoplepeople Motor problemsMotor problems Logic problemsLogic problems Loss of social skillsLoss of social skills
33rdrd Stage (1-3 years) Stage (1-3 years) Inability to recognize Inability to recognize
oneselfoneself Weight lossWeight loss SeizuresSeizures Mood swingsMood swings AphasiaAphasia
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
Stroke or CVAStroke or CVA Interruption of blood Interruption of blood
and oxygen to the and oxygen to the brainbrain
Tissue death occursTissue death occurs Third leading cause of Third leading cause of
death in the USAdeath in the USA
Cerebral Vascular Accident Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)(CVA)
Risk Factors:Risk Factors: SmokingSmoking HypertensionHypertension Heart DiseaseHeart Disease Family HistoryFamily History
Causes of CVA’sCauses of CVA’s
90% caused by blood 90% caused by blood clots in the brain or clots in the brain or the carotid arteriesthe carotid arteries
Clots lodge in carotid Clots lodge in carotid arteries, blocking the arteries, blocking the flow of blood to the flow of blood to the brainbrain
10% caused by 10% caused by ruptured blood vessels ruptured blood vessels in the brainin the brain
Symptoms of CVASymptoms of CVAHemiplegia on opposite side Hemiplegia on opposite side
of the bodyof the body Sudden severe headacheSudden severe headache DizzinessDizziness Sudden loss of vision in Sudden loss of vision in
one eyeone eye AphasiaAphasia DysphasiaDysphasia ComaComa Possible DeathPossible Death
Treatment of CVATreatment of CVA
1. Get to the hospital 1. Get to the hospital immediately!immediately!
2. CAT scan done to 2. CAT scan done to determine etilologydetermine etilology
3. If a clot, treatment 3. If a clot, treatment aimed at dissolving the aimed at dissolving the clot – usually use TPA.clot – usually use TPA.
Prevention of CVAsPrevention of CVAs
If TIAs – one asprin a If TIAs – one asprin a dayday
Stop smokingStop smoking Exercise and lose Exercise and lose
weightweight Control hypertensionControl hypertension
Types of ParalysisTypes of Paralysis
Paralysis – Loss of power of motion or sensationParalysis – Loss of power of motion or sensation
Hemiplegia – paralysis on one side of body – Hemiplegia – paralysis on one side of body – usually seen with strokesusually seen with strokes
Quadriplegia – paralysis of all four extremtitiesQuadriplegia – paralysis of all four extremtities
Paraplegia – paralysis of lower extremities only.Paraplegia – paralysis of lower extremities only.