new aectp 500 and mil-std 461g

New AECTP 500 and MIL‐STD 461G

Tutorial at the EMC Europe 2016 Symposium, Wroclaw, Poland

ContentThe MIL‐STD 461G has been published in December 2015 and the NATO AECTP 500 in January 2016. The NATO STANAG 4370, which contains the AECTP procedures, is the preferred standard for defence procurement in Europe. The AECTP is also the preferred standard to show compliance with the essential requirements of the European EMC Directive.In this tutorial we will discuss the changes: which test methods have been added, what has been removed, and what are the consequences for industry and ministries of defence (MoDs). Some AECTP 500 parts remained the same, but for instance the AECTP 507 has been completely re‐written and now contains much more best‐‐practices from especially the German VG and United Kingdom Def‐Stan standards.

ProgramFrank Leferink, THALES, The Netherlands: European Union Initiative towards defence standards

Edwin van Bladel, Royal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF), Chairman NATO E3 Action Team, The Netherlands: Introduction to NATO Allied Environmental Conditions andTests Publication (AECTP) 250 and 500

Frank Leferink: Changes in AECTP Series 500 Category 501 and MIL‐STD 461G

Greg Hiltz, Quality Engineering Test Establishment, Canada: NATO Land Platform and System Verification and Testing, AECTP Series 500 Category 507

EUROPEAN DEFENCE STANDARDS REFERENCE SYSTEM, Page 1

European Union initiative towards defence standards

From national to international standards

Frank Leferink


History• 2000

– European Commissioner Liikanen: 'Towards an European market for defence procurement'

– Survey: Key constraint: plethora of national standards– CEN is the European Institute for standards, and a working

group BT/WG125, for defence existed– A 'workshop' structure appeared to be the best platform:

under CEN, no national representatives but stakeholders can participate directly

– Thus 'Workshop 10; Standardization for Defence Procurement'• Chairman: Jean-Michel Bardot, Vice-President EADS• Secretariat: Marie-Joëlle Antoine, AFNOR

– Strong support from DG Industry• 2002: Business plan• 2003: Handbook: collection of all standards used within the EU,

>15.000 !


EU Comm.: CEN WS 10

• Economical reason for doing this:– Improve competitiveness European defense industry

• No national players anymore!– Testing is expensive– More efficiency needed

• more standards = personnel needs to learn more standards• more standards = more paperwork• more standards = more test equipment

– More and more commercial items are used• tested according to civil standards

• MoD’s: More value for money• Industry: Larger market, lower costs• Political: Improve European strength


Example: same radar, 6 countries, 5 standards

Netherlands: MIL

Germany: VG

Italy: MIL/STANAGUnited Kingdom: Def-Stan

France: GAM

Denmark: STANAG


2004• 2004

– 8 expert groups were created on subjects which were considered as the most important

– NBC detectors– Energetic materials– Fuels and lubricants– Batteries– Packaging– Electrical and mechanical interfaces– Electromagnetic environmental effects (28 members: largest group)– Environmental testing

• Electromagnetic Environmental Effects: Expert Group 7– 28 members

• 9 countries: Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom

• 11 MoDs + 1 NATO• 16 (professional) Industry (THALES, Intellect(BAe), MBDA, SAAB, Ericsson,

Diehl, Vaisala, Esju, Vectronix AG, Carlo Gavazzi Space, Galileo Avionica)


2004: Selection of relevant standards

• Relevant EG7 standards in initial handbook: 230 standards

• Adding missing standards: 420 standards (SW, PO, etc.)Still: >1000 EMI standards not in the handbook could be added….

• Phenomenae covered (requirement, test, guidelines):• EMI, Radiation hazards (personnel, ordnance, fuel), Lightning, Nuclear and

lightning EMP, DC magnetic field, power quality, HIRF• Power supply issues: to Expert Group 15• Spectrum control, TEMPEST, HPM, UWB, I-EMI


NATOPlethora of (Military) EEE Standards

AECTP 500 series

DEFSTAN

GAM

IEC

VG

MIL

SW

PO

Best standard????


2004: Comparing the standards: constraints & solutions

• Too many standards, therefore:– Requirements and testing are considered as most important– Standards enabling 'free trade' are important– Platform level (system), guidelines, management, classified

standards (TEMPEST) etc. marked, but not discussed in detail

• Is it possible to use IEC as reference?– IEC not structured and too limited (now), therefore STANAG

as reference, then IEC (a migration to basic IEC standards as the test standard could be possible, on very long term)

• Maturaty STANAGs not sufficient (2004) and progress was slow– Push NATO via participating MoDs

• STANAGs rarely used for the basic EMC requirements, except for Lightning, ESD, etc; acceptance level was low– Push Industry


Oct. 1996, Florence (Italy)

2004: Comparing the standards

(Started June 1994)


Comparison (Appendix in EG 7 report)

NE: No Equivalent NC: Not Comparable (IEC)

NATO France Germany United Kingdom United States IEC/ENAECTP

500 GAM EG13 VG 95373NO-06-A200:1998

NO-06-A500:1998

PN-V-8410:2002 DEF-STAN 59-41 MIL-STD 461E Various

NCE01 62C1 LA01 KCE-01 PCE-01 NCE01 DCE01.3 CE101 EN 61000-3-2, but NCNCE02 62C2 LA02 KCE-02 PCE-02 NCE02 DCE01.3 CE102 EN 55022 etc, NCNCE03 NE NE KCE-03 PCE-03 NE NE = CE106 ETSI product standardsNCE04 NE LA03 NE NE NE = DCE03.3 NE NENCE05 62C3 LA01 NE NE NE = DCE02.3 NE EN 55022, absorbing clamp, etc., NCNCS01 63C1 LF01 KCS-01 PCS-01 NCS01 DSC01.3 = CS101 61000-4-11 etc, NCNCS02 63C2 LF02 KCS-02 PCS-02 NCS02 = DSC03.3 NENCS03 NE NE KCS-03 PCS-03 NCS03 NE = CS103 ETSI product standardsNCS04 NE NE KCS-04 PCS-04 NCS04 NE = CS104 ETSI product standardsNCS05 NE NE KCS-05 PCS-05 NE NE = CS105 ETSI product standardsNCS06 NE LF06 KCS-06 PCS-06 NE NE = CS109NCS07 63C3 LF06 KCS-07 PCS-07 NE check = CS114 EN 61000-4-6, differencesNCS08 63C4 LF03, LF04 KCS-08 PCS-08 NE check = CS115NCS09 NE NE NE NE NE check = CS116NCS10 NE NE NE NE NE = DSC09.3 NENCS11 NE NE NE NE NE = DCS12.3 NENCS12 NE LF05 NE NE NE = DCS10.3 NE IEC 61000-4-2NRE01 62R1 SA01 KRE-01 PKE-01 NRE01 ~ DRE02.3 = RE101 IEC-CISPR15, NC

62R2 SA02 NE NE NENRE02 62R3 SA03, SA04, SA05 KRE-02 PRE-02 NRE02 ~ DRE01.3 = RE102 EN 61000-6-4 > EN 55011, NCNRE03 NE NE KRE-03 PRE-03 NE NE = RE103 NENRS01 63R1 SF01 KRS-01 PRS-01 NRS01 DRS01.3 = RS101 EN 61000-6-1 > EN 61000-4-8, 9, 10, NC

63R2 SF02

NRS02 63R3 SF03, SF04, SF05 KRS-02 PRS-02 NRS02 DRS02.3 = RS103 EN 61000-6-1 > EN 61000-4-3, EN 61000-4-6, NCNRS03 national adaptions NE KRS-03 PRS-03 NE national adaptions = RS105 IEC 61000-4-25, but not equalNRS04 NE NE NE NE NE = DRS03.3 = 1399 070/2036A EN 61000-6-1 > EN 61000-4-8, NC

Poland


Comparison (Appendix in EG 7 report)

Comparison of STANAG 4239/ 4235; AOP 24; AECTP 500; EN61000 -4-2 ; and VG 95378/11Other standards (e.g. IEC, MIL) are not considered, because of their limited use.

VG 95378/11Prove of immunity todisturbance towards EEDagainst ESD

STANAG 4239Munition Test Procedure, Limits are defined in STANAG 4235

AOP 24Test Procedure,STANAG 4239 refers toAOP 24

AECTP 500NSC12For Munitions testing thetest levels and methods inSTANAGs 4235 and 4239shall be applied.

EN 61000-4-2 (IEC)Testing and Measurementtechnique – ESD Test

Voltage 25 kV 25 kV, 300 kV, see table 220, 15, 10, 5; 250, 200, 150,100, 50, 25

2, 4, 6, 8, 15 kV 2, 4, 6, 8, 15, XkV

Capacitor 500 pF ± 5% 500 pF ± 5%; 1000 pF ± 5% 500 pF ± 5%; 1000 pF ±5%

150 pF ± 10% 150 pF

DischargeResistor

5 kΩ ± 5% 500 Ω; 5 kΩ ± 5%, 1 Ω 500 Ω; 5 kΩ ± 5%, 1 Ω 330 Ω ± 10% 330 Ω

Dischargeinductance

Defined by pulse shapecalibration

< 5 µH; < 20 µH < 5 µH; < 20 µH Defined by pulse shapecalibration

Measure adapter 2 Ω ± 2 % 1 Ω 1 Ω 2 Ω ± 2 % 2 Ω

Test Pin to case and both pinsshortened and to case

Air and contact discharge Air and contactdischarge

Air and contact discharge Air and contact discharge

Polarity Positive and negative Positive and negative Positive and negative Positive and negative Positive and negative

Record bridgeresistance

Record bridge resistance,before and after test

-

Number ofSamples/ EED

10 See AOP 24 Confidence level defined See AOP 24 N/A

Number of Testpulses/ Testsequences

5 per Connection 20 20 10

Data Acquisition 75 MHz 100 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHZ 1 GHZ

Calibration before, during, after before and after before and after Before periodic


2004: Comparing the standards

bandwidth detector polarization distanceetcetera


2005: RecommendationThe E3 Expert Group (EG7) concluded

• that no one standard (read: national standard) is better or worse than another in achieving the end goal,

• there are sufficient similarities to STANAG 4370, AECTP to adopt this as the fundamental replacement standard,

• differences between standards are not sufficient to prevent the use of STANAG 4370 AECTPs,

• there is sufficient agreement on NATO-, IEC- and EN produced standards to make worthwhile agreement to use a number of standards as replacement of existing National Standards.

– Approach:• STANAG (NATO) standards are the reference

– Recommendation and guidance– Apply (EN, IEC, RTCA DO 160, STANAG etc) – Guide (use it as a book on your bookshelf, not in contracts)– No (do not use anymore)– Future (if AECTP is complete, this standard can be skipped)


2005 status standards• 95 E3 standards should not be used anymore• 75 E3 standard can be used as a guide, but not in contracts

anymore• 27 E3 standards can be replaced by STANAG 4370 AECTP• 129 E3 standards remained:

– 49 International civil standards (38 IEC, 8 EN, 3 ISO)– 1 aerospace (Eurocae – RTCA)– 20 NATO/STANAG, most will be replaced by AECTP250 in the

future– 59 National defence

standards left• 33 Germany• 14 Poland• 7 United Kingdom• 3 France• 2 United States


2005 status standards

as civil as possible and as military as necessary


2005: Recommendations on use of E3 standards

• Recommendation report:– Rationale – Recommendations for users

• Use STANAGs for military environments• Use IEC, RTCA etc. for other

(but still 70 national standards listed in de European handbook)

– Recommendations for standardisation process• European Defence Agency (or DG Enterprise) should continue

activity to create and maintain – Forum, combining industry and MoDs– Push towards improvement STANAGs (now! (=2005))– Push towards improvement IEC (will reduce costs)– Push towards replacement of national standards by STANAG/IEC– Take into account new technologies and risks (UWB, spectrum

management, Intentional EMI etc.)


Two important EU actions, 1• ‘Interpretative Communication on the application of

Article 296 of the Treaty in the field of defenceprocurement’, 7 december 2006:

EMC Directive is also applicable to military equipment

• CLC/TR 50538 - Guide to EMC Directive conformity of equipment designed for military purposes (2010)


Two important EU actions, 2• ‘EU Directive 2009/81/EC

‘On the coordination of procedures for the award of certain works contracts, supply contracts and service contracts by contracting authorities or entities in the fields of defence and security, and amending Directives 2004/17/EC and 2004/18/EC’

• Preference is given to international standards, above national standards


Standards in the Directive


CEN Standard for Selection of Standards


2009-2010: Phase 3: upgrade– Several other Expert Groups did not deliver complete reports– Expert Group 7 (EMC) had many recommendations

‘future upgrades are necessary’

Upgrade in 2010, Phase 3– Members Expert Group 7

• 9 countries (FR, UK, GE, NL, SW, FI, PO, IT, TU)• 35 members, + 1 secretary

– 14 MoD’s– 21 industry

– Review of data base in detail• updates of standards (gaps, updates)• reduction of number national standards

But: many new or upgraded national standards!! From 329 to 420And: NATO STANAG 4370 AECTP is mature!


Risks, difficulties• Still focus on national standards by some Experts

• Solution: – Improve the STANAG 4370 AECTP

• System level testing• Better rationale in some standards (as in VG)

– Use the category: Future

• The category ‘Future’, although initially not allowed, was accepted, because after upgrade of the AECTP these standards could be also removed from the list of preferred standards


Phase 3 reduction, 2010


Results CEN WS10, Phase 3, 2012

• Database delivered, for implementation in the European Defence Standards Reference (EDSTAR)(earlier: European Handbook for DefenceProcurement) EDSTAR is hosted and maintained by EDA

• Report delivered, giving guidance 1. Introduction2. Scope and limitations3. Standards for electromagnetic environmental effects4. Reduction Process5. Recommendations for best practice6. Recommendations for standardisation process7. Conclusions


Conclusion CEN WS10, Phase 3, 2010

• Guidance on standards:

– Military Environment: STANAG 4370 AECTP series

– Other environments:• Aerospace: EUROCAE (~RTCA)• Space: ESA ECSS-E-ST-20-07C• Civil: IEC/EN• Telecommunication: ETSI• Automotive: ISO/EN• Etc.

Environment: intended operational environment!


Task, Phase 4, 2015

• The Joint Maintenance Committee for EDSTAR recommended to start the review process of the Best Practice Standards referenced in EDSTAR database as soon as possible, with a deadline (i.e results expected) in September 2016 at the latest.

• The clear mission is – to produce Change Requests if minor changes are

identified and/or – reactivation of the entire EG if further developments are

needed.• The aim is either

– to reconfirm the references or – to reduce the EDSTAR database


Phase 4: 2015• Check if current standard in database are up to date• Check if the AECTP is of sufficient quality so that we

can drastically reduce the ‘’F’’ in the EDSTAR database• If not, what should be done to update the AECTP


2016• Publication of AECTP 500 in January 2016• Now: does this new version cover everything, so we

can now change the ‘’Future’’ parts?

Introduction to NATO Allied Environmental Conditions and Tests

Publication (AECTP) 250 and 500

2016 IEEE International Symposium on EMCOttawa, 25-29 July 2016

MO-PM-2

Edwin van BladelRoyal Netherlands Air Force (RNLAF)

Chairman NATO E3 Action [email protected]

Content

• STANAG 4370 Environmental Testing

• AECTP 250 Edition C Version 1 (Published)

• AECTP 500 Edition E Version 1 (To be published)

• Future developments

STANAG 4370 Environmental Testing

The AECTP are Allied Publications covered by NATO standardization agreement STANAG 4370 Environmental Testing.

The aim of this STANAG is that for interoperability the AECTPs should be used to develop test and verification plans for materiel used by NATO forces.

NATO nations ratify and implement STANAG 4370 with a national reference (letter) and national implementation documents.

STANAG 4370 covers Electromagnetic Environmental Effects topicsand disciplines:- AECTP 250 Electrical and electromagnetic and environmental conditions- AECTP 500 Electromagnetic environmental effects tests and verification

AECTP 250 Edition C Version 1

Electrical and Electromagnetic Environmental Conditions - USA

Category Title Custodian251 General USA252 RF Ambient Environments CAN253 Electrostatic Charging, Discharging & P-Static USA254 Atmospheric Electricity and Lightning FRA255 DC and Low Frequency Fields USA256 Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse DEU257 High Power Microwave NLD258 RF Electromagnetic Environments USA259 Intra System EME – Electrical Power Quality CAN

Leaflet 251 General

• Intoduction of the AECTP 250 and leaflets• To be used in conjunction with AECTP 500• Identify key electrical/electromagnetic environments for inclusion in

requirements documents and/or procurement specifications• assist project engineers in compiling electrical environmental design

criteria specifications• “standard” environments defined in the leaflets and their applicability

to the project concerned and its operational scenarios

Leaflet 252 Radio Frequency (RF) Ambient Environments

This leaflet defines the electromagnetic background noise (natural and man-made radio frequency ambient) environment likely to exist at radio communication receive sites in typical rural and urban environments

•Impact to NATO interoperability•Characteristics of the environment•Site survey technique•Estimating site performance•Separation distances for electronic devices and AC-power lines to belowQuiet Rural Site Line

Based on: ITU, IEEE, publications, etc.

Leaflet 253 Electrostatic Charging, Discharge and Precipitation Static (P-Static)

This leaflet describes the electrostatic charging phenomenon and the worst-case electrostatic charges/discharges that can occur on personnel and helicopters in flight. The P-static levels likely to be experienced by aircraft in flight are also defined.

• Personnel (munition/non-munition)• Helicopter• Precipitation Static• Spacecraft charging

Based on: IEC, MIL-STD, AOP, etc.

Leaflet 254 Atmospheric Electricity and Lightning

This leaflet describes the statistical nature of lightning strikes and the level of key parameters that exist in natural lightning. Electric (E-) and magnetic (H-) field levels are also defined for Nearby and Distant lightning strikes.

• Atmospheric electrostatics• Natural Lightning environment• Lightning strike zones• Idealized lightning environment• Internal environment test and

waveforms for equipment tests

Based on: EUROCAE, SAE, Def Stan, publications, etc.

Leaflet 255 Direct Current (DC) Magnetic and Low Frequency (LF) Fields

This leaflet defines the DC magnetic fields encountered in the shipboard operational environment, and LF fields encountered in all three services.

• DC Magnetic Fields– Degaussing Cables– Structural Discontinuities – Location– Structural Shielding

• LF Magnetic Fields – Frequency – Local Magnetic Fields – All-Electric Ship Power

Leaflet 256 Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse (NEMP/EMP)

This leaflet describes in simple terms the origin of a NEMP, its basic characteristics and the methods by which it couples onto platforms and systems. The complex nature of a NEMP due to its origin is are also characterized.

• Different electron recombination processes that result in EMP fields (HEMP, SREMP and SGEMP).

• EMP characterization• Unclassified waveforms• Differentiable Early-Time HEMP

Test Pulse

Based on: IEC, VG, MIL-STD, AEP, STANAG

Leaflet 257 High Power Microwave (HPM)

This leaflet describes the type of HPM sources and the general Intentional Electromagnetic Interference (IEMI) and/or damage they can induce in electronic systems.

• Types of Sources- mobile/platform- Portable- Conducted- Projectile based

• Waveforms• Levels

Based on: IEC, MIL-STD, NATO

Leaflet 258 RF Electromagnetic Environments (EMEs)

This leaflet describes the EMEs likely to be produced by communication and radar transmitter systems during NATO operations.

• Sources• NATO EME tables

– Ship EME– Ground EME – Air EME – Space EME– NATO worst-case

• Methodology for calculating near and far field EME of aperture and wire antennas

Based on: MIL-STD, GAM, VG, DEF-STAN, EUROCAE, etc.

Leaflet 259 Intra-System EMEs – Electrical Power Quality

This leaflet describes the RF conducted environments that may be encountered by materiel due to Alternating Current (AC)/DC power system disturbances when installed in weapon system platforms or land based communication-electronic facilities and shelters

• Poor Power quality can be a source of EMI• Impact to NATO interoperability• Environmental description• Harmonic spectrums• Damped sine wave• Structure (hull) currents• Pointers to power quality standards

AECTP 500 Edition E Version 1

Electrical and electromagnetic environmental tests - GBR

Category Title Custodian500 Introduction GBR501 Equipment & Sub-System Testing GBR502 Man Worn & Man Portable Equipment Testing GBR503 Ground Support Equipment Testing ---504 Introduction to Platform & System Verification Tests CAN505 Air Platform and System Verification and Testing FRA506 Sea Platform and System Verification and Testing NLD507 Land Platform and System Verification and Testing CAN508 Ordnance/Munitions Verification and Testing GBR509 Unused N/A510 Miscellaneous GBR

Category 500 Introduction to electromagnetic environmental test and verification

• Intoduction of the AECTP 500 and categories

• Tailoring Guidance for Contractual Application

• Impact of Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS)/Military Off the Shelf (MOTS)

• E3 Test Categories and Requirements

Category 501 Equipment and Subsystem Testing

This category contains test procedures for use with equipment and subsystems that can generally be tested in a screened room. The tests are necessary to reduce the risk of EMI

Based on: MIL-STD, DEF-STAN

Conducted Emission NCExx

Requirement Description Test derived from

NCE01 Conducted Emissions, Power Leads, 30 Hz to 10 kHz Mil Std 461NCE02 Conducted Emissions, Power Leads, 10 kHz to 10 MHz Mil Std 461NCE03 Conducted Emissions, Antenna Terminal, 10 kHz to 40 GHz Mil Std 461NCE04 Conducted Emissions, Exported Transients on Power Leads Def Stan 59-411NCE05 Conducted Emissions, Power, Control & Signal Leads, 30 Hz to 150 MHz Def Stan 59-411

Conducted Susceptibility NCSxx


NCS01 Conducted Susceptibility, Power Leads, 30 Hz to 150 kHz Mil Std 461NCS02 Conducted Susceptibility, Control & Signal Leads, 20 Hz to 50 kHz Def Stan 59-411NCS03 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Intermodulation, 15 kHz to 10 GHz Mil Std 461

NCS04 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Rejection of Undesired Signals, 30 Hz to 20 GHz

Mil Std 461

NCS05 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Cross Modulation, 30 Hz to 20 GHz

Mil Std 461

NCS06 Conducted Susceptibility, Structure Current, 60 Hz to 100 kHz Mil Std 461NCS07 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, 10 kHz to 200 MHz Mil Std 461NCS08 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, Impulse Excitation Mil Std 461

NCS09 Conducted Susceptibility, Damped Sinusoidal Transients, Cables and Power Leads, 10 kHz to 100 MHz Mil Std 461

NCS10 Conducted Susceptibility, Imported Lightning Transient (Aircraft/Weapons) Def Stan 59-411NCS11 Conducted Susceptibility, Imported Low Frequency on Power Leads

(Ships)Def Stan 59-411

NCS12 Conducted Susceptibility, Electrostatic Discharge Def Stan 59-411NCS13 Conducted Susceptibility, Transient Power Leads Mil Std 461

Radiated Emission NRExx


NRE01 Radiated Emissions, Magnetic Field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz Mil Std 461NRE02 Radiated Emissions, Electric Field, 10 kHz to 18 GHz Mil Std 461NRE03 Radiated Emissions, Antenna Spurious and Harmonic Outputs, 10 kHz to 40 GHz Mil Std 461

Radiated Susceptibility NRSxx


NRS01 Radiated Susceptibility, Magnetic Field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz Mil Std 461

NRS02 Radiated Susceptibility, Electric Field, 2 MHz to 40 GHz Mil Std 461 / Def Stan 59-411

NRS03 Radiated Susceptibility, Transient Electromagnetic Field Mil Std 461NRS04 Radiated Susceptibility, Magnetic Field, (DC) Def Stan 59-411

Category 502 Man-Worn and Man-Portable Equipment Testing

This category contains test procedures for man-worn and man-portable equipment that can be tested in a screen room. The test procedures require the use of a mannequin to simulate the “mounting” arrangement of man-worn equipment and a wooden bench for man-portable equipment.

Based on: DEF-STAN

Requirement DescriptionNCE05.2 Conducted Emissions Control, Signal and Power Lines 500 Hz – 150 MHzNCS07.2 Conducted Susceptibility Control and Signal lines 50 kHz – 400 MHzNCS12.2 Conducted Susceptibility Electrostatic DischargeNRE01.2 Radiated Emissions Magnetic Field 500 Hz – 250 kHzNRE02.2 Radiated Emissions Electric Field 88 MHz – 18 GHzNRS01.2 Radiated Susceptibility Magnetic Field 500 Hz – 100 kHzNRS02.2 Radiated Susceptibility Electric Field 50 kHz – 18 GHz

NCS07.2 & NRE02-2 setup (as example)

Category 503 Support Equipment Testing

This category's aim is to foster international cooperation and agreement in controlling Support Equipment EMI across all three services (Air, Land, and Sea) by establishing the minimum test methods to be applied in the evaluation of EMC.

In some scenarios the support equipment should be tested using the test methods in Categories 501 and 502. In other cases the applicable current statutory EMC requirements may be suitable, for example, compliance with the European EMC Directive, or ISO Standards but the likely proximity of mobile military transmitters needs to be considered.

Pointer to 501, 502, IEC, ISO, EU

Category 504 Introduction to Platform and System Verification and Tests

This category details the common E3 requirements to support the E3 test and verification program detailed in AECTP Categories 505 (Air), 506 (Sea), and 507 (Land). The category is applicable for complete systems both new and modified. Military Platforms, and their Systems and Equipment, shall be electromagnetically compatible within their intended EME to ensure safe and proper operation and performance.

Based on: VG, DEF-STAN, VG, etc.

Category 505 Air Platform and System Verification and Testing

Air Platforms shall be subjected to a thorough electromagnetic hardness verification to demonstrate that installed systems and equipment, including external stores and munitions, will operate safely and effectively within the EME.

• Requirements• Needed for airworthiness assessment• System engineering approach to E3 verification• Verification process and methods• Intra system testing

E3 verification routes

Step 1Design Assessment And Control Procedures

Step 2Equipment Qualification Testing

Step 3System Integration Rig Testing

Step 4Aircraft Test Approach Decision

Step 5-8 - Aircraft TestingEME And Similar Frequency Domain Threats Time Domain Testing, NEMP Time Domain Testing, Lightning

Category 506 Sea Platform and System Verification and Testing

The aim of this category is to characterize and evaluate electromagnetic parameters of sea platforms and systems, by performing the applicable tests and verifications in the Electromagnetic Environment that the equipment must be able to withstand.This is necessary for the following subjects:• The ship’s EM susceptibility, considered in an integral way, including

Weapons, Communications, and Platform systems. • Optimize NATO operations by minimizing inter-ship EMI.• Ensure that all installed electrical/electronic equipment and systems,

including newly installed systems, are self-compatible as well as compatible with the intended electromagnetic environment.

E3 verification program

E3 verification program:• AC/DC Power Quality.• Background Noise Levels (Ambient).• Field Strength Inside and Outside the Ship’s Hull.• Inter-systems Interference of the Ship’s Top Deck Transmitters and

Receivers.• Radiating all Ship Transmitters (source/victim test). • Ship’s Hull Attenuation.• Spectrum (Frequency Range) of all Transmit Antennas.• Radiation Patterns of the Ship’s Communication Antennas.• Impedance Measurement of Communication Antennas.• Susceptibility to Pulsed Environments (including NEMP and LEMP).• RADHAZ Zones.

Based on: STANAG, VG, MIL-STD, etc.

Category 507 Land Platform and System Verification and Testing

The aim of this category is to ensure that the design and engineering of land platforms and systems can meet and demonstrate operational performance and survivability through an Electrical/Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3) Test and Verification Program.

• General requirements• Verification requirements• Test sites• Specific E3 test and verification requirements

Based on: VG, DEF-STAN, MIL-STD, etc.

E3 Test and Verification Program

Category 508 Ordnance/Munitions Verification and Testing

The aim of this category is to define Ordnance Assessment and Test Procedures to be used in determining the safety and suitability for service of munitions containing Electrically Initiated Devices (EIDs) and associated electrical/electronic systems/subsystems that are exposed to the following environments:• The Electrostatic Environmental specified in AECTP 253 for NATO Forces.• The Lightning Environmental conditions specified in AECTP 254 for NATO

Forces.• The Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse specified in AECTP 256 for NATO

Forces. • The Electromagnetic Radiation Environment specified in AECTP 258 for

NATO Forces

Based on: MIL-STD, VG, DEF-STAN, etc.

Category 508/2 ESD, munitions test procedure

The aim of this leaflet is to define the test procedures to be used in determining the safety and suitability for service of munitions containing electrically initiated devices (EIDs) and associated electrical/electronic systems/subsystems that are exposed to the electrostatic environmental conditions

Category 508/3 Hazards of EMF, to ordnance test procedure

This leaflet applies to any munition containing EIDs and their associated electrical/electronic systems. It covers all life-cycle phases, including transportation/storage, assembly/ disassembly, handling/loading, staged, platform-loaded, and immediate post-launch conditions.

Category 508/4 Lightning, munition assessment and test procedure

The aim of this leaflet is to define the design risk assessment procedures and test methods to be used in determining the safety and suitability for service of munitions and associated systems exposed to the lightning environmental conditions

Category 508/5 NEMP test procedures for munitions containing EIDs

The aim of this leaflet is to define the normal test procedures to be used in determining the safety and suitability for service of munitions containing Electrically-Initiated Devices (EIDs) and associated electrical/electronic sub-systems, in Nuclear Electromagnetic Pulse (NEMP) environmental conditions

Category 510 Miscellaneous

This category contains the miscellaneous tests relating to electromagnetic environmental effects that fall outside the scope of the previous categories within AECTP 500.

The aim of leaflet 510/1 is to establish a method of measuring Shielding Effectiveness (SE). Pointer to IEEE 299 (all dimensions ≥ 2 m)IEEE 299.1 (all dimensions between 0.1 m and 2 m) also under consideration

The aim of leaflet 510/2 is to provide information on the limits, assessment and tests related to the use of low power transmitters that may be found in close proximity to ordnance items. Pointer to STANAG 4699

Future Development

• Update and restructure the documents to make them contractually useable (not just engineering guidance)

• Update RF Ambient and EME Environments and measurement methods• Address new applications and technology:

– Integrated Soldier Systems– Low power wireless devices within aircraft, ships/submarines, vehicles

TPED operation within aircraft Wireless use below decks in ships

– Complex signal measurement– Counter – Improvised Explosive Device (IED) effects

• New threats: electromagnetic weapons• Unmanned Systems (Aerial, Surface, Underwater, and Land)

Be wise - standardizeSTANAG 4370 and the AECTPs are available on

http://www.nato.int

© THALES NEDERLAND B.V. AND/OR ITS SUPPLIERS. THIS INFORMATION CARRIER CONTAINS PROPRIETARY INFORMATION WHICH SHALL NOT BE USED,

REPRODUCED OR DISCLOSED TO THIRD PARTIES WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTEN AUTHORIZATION BY THALES NEDERLAND B.V. AND/OR ITS SUPPLIERS, AS APPLICABLE

www.thalesgroup.com

Changes in AECTP Series 500, Category 501, andMIL-STD 461G

FRANK LEFERINK

2Presented at the EMC Europe 2016 Symposium,

Wroclaw, Poland

AECTP 501 and MIL-STD-461G501 461G Origin of AECTP test Description NCE01 CE101 Mil Std 461F Conducted Emissions, Power Leads 30 Hz to 10 kHz NCE02 CE102 Mil Std 461F Conducted Emissions, Power Leads 10 kHz to 10 MHz NCE03 CE106 Mil Std 461F Conducted Emissions, Antenna Terminal 10 kHz to 40 GHz NCE04 Def Stan 59-411 Conducted Emissions, Exported Transients on Power Leads NCE05 Def Stan 59-411 Conducted Emissions, Power, Control & Signal Leads 30 Hz to 150 MHz NCS01 CS101 Mil Std 461F Conducted Susceptibility, Power Leads 30 Hz to 150 kHz NCS02 Def Stan 59-411 Conducted Susceptibility, Control & Signal Leads 20 Hz to 50 kHz NCS03 CS103 Mil Std 461F Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Intermodulation 15 kHz to 10 GHz NCS04 CS104 Mil Std 461F Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Rejection of Undesired Signals 30 Hz to 20 GHzNCS05 CS105 Mil Std 461F Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Cross Modulation 30 Hz to 20 GHz

CS106 Mil Std 461C Conducted Susceptibility, Transients, Power Leads 5-10 ms, 400VNCS06 CS109 Mil Std 461F Conducted Susceptibility, Structure Current 60 Hz to 100 kHz NCS07 CS114 Mil Std 461F Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection 10 kHz to 200 MHz NCS08 CS115 Mil Std 461F Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, Impulse Excitation NCS09 CS116 Mil Std 461F Cond.Susc., Damped Sinusoidal Transients, Cables and Power Leads 10 kHz to 100 MHz

CS117 RTCA Cond.Susc., Lightning Induced Transients, Cables and Power LeadsNCS10 Def Stan 59-411 Conducted Susceptibility, Imported Lightning Transient (Aircraft/Weapons) NCS11 Def Stan 59-411 Cond.Susc., Imported Low Frequency on Power Leads (Ships)NCS12 CS118 IEC 61000-4-2 Conducted Susceptibility, Electrostatic Discharge NCS13 CS106 Mil Std 461F Conducted Susceptibility, Transient Power Leads NRE01 RE101 Mil Std 461F Radiated Emissions, Magnetic Field 30 Hz to 100 kHz NRE02 RE102 Mil Std 461F Radiated Emissions, Electric Field 10 kHz to 18 GHz NRE03 RE103 Mil Std 461F Radiated Emissions, Antenna Spurious and Harmonic Outputs 10 kHz to 40 GHz NRS01 RS101 Mil Std 461F Radiated Susceptibility, Magnetic Field 30 Hz to 100 kHz NRS02 RS103 461F/Def Stan Radiated Susceptibility, Electric Field 50 kHz to 40 GHz NRS03 RS105 Mil Std 461F Radiated Susceptibility, Transient Electromagnetic Field

NRS04 Def Stan 59-411, MIL 2036,1377 Radiated Susceptibility, Magnetic Field DC


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AECTP 500

NATO STANAG 4370 refers to the AECTP:Allied Environmental Conditions and Tests Publications 500:Electromagnetic Environmental Effects tests and Verification Edition E, Version 1, January 2016

AECTP 501: Equipment & sub system EMI testing

Major change: consistent layout of the various leaflets:1. Aim2. Applicability and Requirements3. Testing4. References, acronyms and definitions


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Text in Category 500, 1.1. Aim:

AECTP 500 is one of six documents covered under STANAG 4370 Environmental Testing [Ref 1]. The documents in AECTP 500 contain Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3) test requirements and procedures necessary to ensure military Platforms, Systems, Subsystems, and Equipment have been designed for Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and evaluated to verify, by test, analysis, or modeling and simulation as appropriate, that the desired performance requirements will be met when subjected to the Electromagnetic Environment (EME). In doing so, AECTP 500 establishes E3 interface requirements and verification criteria for airborne, sea, space, and land systems, including associated ordnance.


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Text in Category 500, 1.2. Requirement

Military Platforms, Systems, Subsystems, and Equipment shall be electromagnetically compatible among all subsystems and equipment within the system and with environments caused by emitters and other electromagnetic sources, both internal and external, to the system to ensure safe and proper operation and performance. Design techniques used to protect equipment against E3 shall be verifiable, maintainable, and effective over the rated life cycle of the system. Verification shall address all life cycle aspects of the system, including (as applicable) normal in-service operation, checkout, storage, transportation, handling, packaging, loading, unloading, launch, and the normal operating procedures associated with each aspect.


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Text in Category 500, 1.2.1.

1.2.1. External Radio Frequency (RF) EME. Military Platforms, Systems, Subsystems, and Equipment shall be electromagnetically compatible with the defined external RF EME such that its system operational performance requirements are met. AECTP 250-series [Ref 2] provides a definition of E3 environments. Military Platforms, Systems, Subsystems, and Equipment exposed to more than one defined EME shall use the worst-case case composite of the applicable EMEs. External RF EME covers compatibility with, but is not limited to, EMEs from like platforms (such as aircraft in formation flying, ship with escort ships, and shelter-to-shelter in land systems) and friendly emitters. Compliance shall be verified by system, subsystem, and equipment level tests, analysis, or a combination thereof.


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Text in Category 500, 1.2.2. a

1.2.2. Tailoring Guidance for Contractual Application. Application specific criteria may be derived from operational and engineering analyses on the system being procured for use in specific environments. When analyses reveal that a requirement in this standard is not appropriate or adequate for that procurement, the requirement should be tailored and incorporated into the appropriate documentation. The Prime Contractor may consider that his objective would be better met by some modification to the tests selected. This tailoring of test requirements may, for example, offer cost or time savings without prejudice to confidence in demonstrating adequate EMC performance. The Prime Contractor ……


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Text in Category 500, 1.2.2 . b

……The Prime Contractor is able to make such proposals provided the rationale for tailored requirements is included in the control plan, and he secures written approval from the National Acceptance Authority (NAA) before implementation. The tailoring of tests and limits is acceptable where the test or limit is modified to address a more severe EM environment. The reduction in severity of a test or limit below that contained in the 500-series or that found in a specific National requirements document is not recommended. Where the NAA agrees to a reduced test severity, the resulting qualification verification documentation shall only claim to meet this Standards requirements if all caveats are included stating the limited compliance status.


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Requirement matrix: nothing changed


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Some minor changes

Terminology more consistent:EMI testingEMI test planIn general: environment instead of service, or system (error in Fig. NRE02-3)

References more consistentNot BS EN …. but ENNot Mil Std 461F but Mil Std


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Changes

A mistake in NCS09-2 was correctedStart at 10 kHz, and not at 1kHz (by mistake in Ed. 4)

NRS02 frequency range changedFrom 50 kHz to 2 MHz (discussions about 1.5 MHz)

NRE02 antenna: log-per antenna not allowed anymore. Only the double ridged guide antenna

NRS03: Pre-calibration procedure addedChoice can be made: leveling or pre-calibration


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And what about MIL-STD-461?


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MIL-STD, changes in the last 2 decades

1993: MIL-STD-461D and MIL-STD-462D: remain the major “revolution” in military EMI standards

1999: MIL-STD-461E combined MIL-STD-461 and MIL-STD-462 into a single standard

1999: MIL-STD-462 obsolete

2007: MIL-STD-461F, and provided a number of changes from MIL-STD-461E, but the changes were minor in nature when compared to the changes between revisions D and E.


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MIL-STD-461F requirement applicability


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Minor changes in MIL-STD-461F

More details about cable layout: shall always be based on actual installation, and when unknown, 2 m aligned with EUT

CS116: More details about probe positioning

RE102: Rod antenna bonding the cable to the ground plane and using a common mode choke to reduce cable currents influencing the test results

RE102: 20dB higher level for below deck equipment


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MIL-STD-461G

11 December 2015: MIL-STD-461G

Most structural changes:Two new requirements

- CS117: lightning indirect effects

- CS118: personnel electrostatic discharge

One requirement removed- CS106: removed, while it was added (again) in MIL-STD-461F


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MIL-STD-461G requirement applicability


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Changes MIL-STD-461G

Definition on exposed below deck added

Calibration (F) is now ‘’Measurement system integrity check’’

More details, which should have been known by test engineers:

4.3.6 Power source impedance.LISNs shall be electrically bonded to the test ground plane or facility ground as required and the bond resistance shall not exceed 2.5 milliohms.

4.3.7.2 Excess personnel and equipmentAll equipment and ancillary gear including antennas that are not being actively used for a particular subset of radiated tests shall be removed from the test area or shielded enclosure


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4.3.8.2 Bonding of EUTBonding of the EUT to the ground plane shall be verified to be in accordance with the installation drawings or equipment specification before connecting cables and EMI testing.

4.3.8.6.1 Interconnecting leads and cables.Remaining cable lengths shall be routed to the back of the setup, positioned 5 cm above the ground plane, and shall be placed in a zigzagged arrangement, minimizing cable overlap or crossing. …... All cables shall be supported 5 cm above the ground plane with non-conductive material such as wood or foam. If the EUT is a tall cabinet and the cables are routed from top or near the top, then the cables shall be routed down to the bench ground plane and then 2 meters shall be run parallel to the front edge of the boundary. If the EUT is a floor standing unit and the cables are routed from the top, then the cables shall be routed down to the bench ground plane and then 2 meters shall be run parallel to the front edge of the boundary. If the cables are routed from the bottom, then the cables shall be routed up to the bench ground plane and then 2 meters shall be run parallel to the front edge of the boundary


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4.3.8.6.2 Input (primary) power leads.The total length of power lead from the EUT electrical connector to the LISNs shall not exceed 2.5 meters, except for large EUTs, where the cables are routed from the top of a tall EUT or bottom of a floor standing cabinet, then the total length may exceed 2.5 meters, but shall be kept at a minimum. All power leads shall be supported 5 cm above the ground plane with non-conductive material such as wood or foam.


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4.3.10 Use of measurement equipment.Measurement receivers using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) time domain measurement techniques are acceptable for use, as long as Table II parameters are directly user accessible and can be verified.

Note: FFT Receivers. FFT measurement techniques may be used provided that FFT operation is in accordance with ANSI C63.2. The user interface of the measurement receiver must allow for the direct input of the parameters in Table II for both FFT Time Domain and Frequency Stepped modes of measurement in the same manner, without the necessity or opportunity to control FFT functions directly.


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4.3.10.4.3 Thresholds of susceptibilityDetermine the worst-case failure frequency within the failure bandwidth by manually tuning the frequency, iteratively reducing the step size by a factor of two until the lowest threshold is determined.

4.3.11 Calibration of measuring equipment.Primary measurement devices and accessories required for measurement in accordance with this standard shall be calibrated in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025 or ISO 10012 or under an approved calibration program traceable to the National Institute for Standards and Technology.After the initial calibration passive devices such as measurement antennas, current probes, and LISNs, require no further formal calibration unless the device is repaired. The measurement system integrity check in the procedures is sufficient to determine acceptability of passive devices.


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Changes MIL-STD-461G, CE101

F: 5.4 CE101, conducted emissions, power leads, 30 Hz to 10 kHz

G: 5.4 CE101, conducted emissions, audio frequency currents, power leads.

For Navy aircraft, this requirement is applicable only if the platform contains equipment, which operate between 30 Hz and 10 kHz, such as Acoustic (Sonobouy) Receivers or Magnetic Anomaly Detectors (MAD).Some minor details, including renaming Calibration (F) to Measurement system integrity check (G)


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F: 5.5 CE102, conducted emissions, power leads, 10 kHz to 10 MHz.

Ensure that the EUT power source is turned off.

G: 5.5 CE102, conducted emissions, radio frequency potential, power leads.

Measurement system integrity checkEnsure that the LISN power source is disconnected.


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Calibration(F) is now Measurement system integrity check(G)Apply a signal level of 90 dBμV at 10.5 kHz and 100 kHz to the power output terminal of the LISN. At 10.5 kHz and 100 kHz, use an oscilloscope, in high impedance mode, to verify that there is a proper signal level at the LISN and verify that it is sinusoidal. After establishing the proper signal at the LISN, disconnect LISN and measure resulting voltage using an oscilloscope with 50 ohm input impedance. The ratio of the LISN voltage to the 50 ohm voltage measurement must be within the following tolerances: at 10.5 kHz = -14 dB (+1 dB/-2 dB) and at 100 kHz = -3 dB (+1 dB/-2 dB)Apply a signal level that is at least 6 dB below the limit at 10.5 kHz, 100 kHz, 1.95 MHz and 9.8 MHz to the power output terminal of the LISN. At 10.5 kHz and 100 kHz, use an oscilloscope to calibrate the signal level. At 1.95 MHz and 9.8 MHz, use a calibrated output level directly from a 50 Ω signal generator.


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F: 5.6 CE106, conducted emissions, antenna terminal, 10 kHz to 40 GHz.

G: 5.6 CE106, conducted emissions, antenna port.

Added:The transmit mode portion of this requirement is not applicable within the bandwidth of the EUT transmitted signal or within ±5 percent of the fundamental frequency, whichever is larger. For Navy shipboard applications with peak transmitter power greater than 1 kW, the 5% frequency exclusion will be increased by an additional 0.1% of the fundamental frequency for each dB above 1 kW of peak power. Frequency Exclusion = ± f * (0.05 + (0.001/dB) * (PtPk [dBm] – 60 [dBm]))


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And also the requirement changed:Transmitters and amplifiers (transmit mode): Harmonics, except the second and third, and all other spurious emissions shall be at least 80 dB down from the level at the fundamental. The second and third harmonics shall be suppressed to a level of -20 dBm or 80 dB below the fundamental, whichever requires less suppression. For Navy shipboard applications, the second and third harmonics will be suppressed to a level of -20 dBm and all other harmonics and spurious emissions shall be suppressed to -40 dBm, except if the duty cycle of the emissions are less than 0.2%, then the limit may be relaxed to 0 dBm.


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Changes MIL-STD-461G, CS101

F: 5.7 CS101, conducted susceptibility, power leads, 30 Hz to 150 kHz.

G: 5.7 CS101, conducted susceptibility, power leads.This requirement is applicable from 30 Hz to 150 kHz for equipment and subsystem AC, limited to current draws ≤ 30 amperes per phase, and DC input power leads, not including returns. This is also applicable to systems that draw more than 30 amps if the system has an operating frequency 150 kHz or less and an operating sensitivity of 1 μV or better (such as 0.5 μV).


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And in test procedure:This test procedure is used to verify the ability of the EUT to withstand signals coupled onto input power leads. There are two methods provided for making measurements of the applied signal. The first uses an oscilloscope with a power input isolation transformer. The second uses a measurement receiver together with a transducer. The transducer electrically isolates the receiver from the EUT power and reduces the levels to protect the receiver.

In Appendix:See next page


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In Appendix:Below 10 kHz there is a possibility that a portion of the injected signal will drop across the power source rather than the test sample power input. Therefore, below 10 kHz when the specification limit potential cannot be developed across the test sample power input and the precalibratedpower limit has been reached, it is incumbent on the tester to check that the missing signal level is not being dropped across the power source. If the missing potential is there (usually due to high impedance test facility EMI filters), then steps should be taken to lower the source impedance. This can be done on DC power by using a larger capacitor (~10,000 μF) in parallel with the 10 μF capacitor. With AC power, this isn’t possible and the best approach is to bypass facility EMI filters entirely, bringing unfiltered power into the room.


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Changes MIL-STD-461G, CS103, CS104

F: 5.8 CS103, conducted susceptibility, antenna port, intermodulation, 15 kHz to 10 GHz.

G: 5.8 CS103, conducted susceptibility, antenna port, intermodulation.

F: 5.9 CS104, conducted susceptibility, antenna port, rejection of undesired signals, 30 Hz to 20 GHz.

G: 5.9 CS104, conducted susceptibility, antenna port, rejection of undesired signals.

For Navy ships and submarines, this requirement is applicable for all receivers. The applicable frequencies are a function of the front-end design of the unit being evaluated.


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Changes MIL-STD-461G, CS105, CS106, CS109

F: 5.10 CS105, conducted susceptibility, antenna port, cross modulation, 30 Hz to 20 GHz.

G: 5.10 CS105, conducted susceptibility, antenna port, cross modulation.

F: 5.11 CS106, conducted susceptibility, transients, power leads.

G: deleted

F: 5.12 CS109, conducted susceptibility, structure current, 60 Hz to 100 kHz.

G: 5.11 CS109, conducted susceptibility, structure current.


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F: 5.13 CS114, conducted susceptibility, bulk cable injection, 10 kHz to 200 MHz.

G: 5.12 CS114, conducted susceptibility, bulk cable injection.

For EUTs intended to be installed on ships or submarines, an additional common mode limit of 77 dBμA is applicable from 4 kHz to 1 MHz on complete power cables (highs and returns - common mode test): was in F in body text


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Requirements are also met if the EUT is not susceptible at forward power levels sensed by the directional coupler that are below those determined during calibration provided that the actual current induced in the cable under test is 6 dB or greater than the calibration limit. Curve 5 = 115 dBμA, Curve 4 = 103 dBμA, Curve 3 = 95 dBμA, Curve 2 = 89 dBμA and Curve 1 = 83 dBμA across the frequency range.


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It is important to note that the test signal is inductively coupled and that Faraday's law predicts an induced voltage in a circuit loop with the resultant current flow and voltage distribution dependent on the various impedances present. For this reason, the test method under MIL-STD-461G reverts to an older method that was used in MIL-STD- 461D and MIL-STD-462D. Instead of leveling primarily on the cable-induced current, the precalibrated forward power is the primary target, with only a frequency-independent induced cable current limit equal to 6 dB above the flat (maximum) portion of the applicable limit. With this older method, which is found in SAE ARP1972, and RTCA DO-160C/D, the relationship between the Bulk Cable Injection (BCI) cable currents and those induced by radiated fields will agree more closely for shielded cables, while being no different for unshielded cables. It should be noted that the method used for MIL-STD-461E and MIL-STD-461F works well with heuristically determined cable currents such as in DEF STAN 59-411, because there the previously measured cable current is in fact the target, not the precalibrated forward power. With limits based on the physics of field-to-wire coupling as described in previous paragraphs, controlling the induced potential and allowing the current to be determined by the cable impedance is the proper technique.


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Ideal bulk cable monitor probes would have no effect on the circuit under test. In reality, there is a transfer function associated with insertion into the calibration or test circuit (not to be confused with insertion loss). However, a well-engineered probe might introduce only a 1 dB response change after introduction into the 100 Ω calibration circuit. There are other problems that may be encountered when conducting a bulk cable test (e.g. loose or damaged connections and center pins, damaged cables, bad attenuators, bad terminations, overheated injection or monitor probe and incorrect monitor probe factors). In computer controlled systems, it is possible to cross the two spectrum analyzers or use of the probe outside of an appropriate band without realizing it. These will never be discovered while conducting the test. Therefore, revision G adds the monitoring probe to the calibration step and a new verification step was added.


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Changes MIL-STD-461G, CS115, CS116

F: 5.14 CS115, Conducted susceptibility, bulk cableinjection, impulse excitation.

G: 5.13 CS115, Conducted susceptibility, bulk cableinjection, impulse excitation.

F: 5.15 CS116, conducted susceptibility, damped sinusoidal transients, cables and power leads, 10 kHz to 100 MHz.

G: 5.14 CS116, conducted susceptibility, damped sinusoidal transients, cables and power leads.


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Changes MIL-STD-461G, CS117, New

5.15 CS117, conducted susceptibility, lightning induced transients, cables and power leads.

This requirement is applicable to all safety-critical equipment interconnecting cables, including complete power cables, and individual high side power leads. This requirement also has limited applicability to surface ship equipment which have cables routed above deck.

The CS117 test is based on the RTCA, Section 22, Lightning Induced Transient Susceptibility.


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Changes MIL-STD-461G, CS118, New

G: 5.16 CS118, personnel borne electrostatic discharge.Already in the AECTP, based on the IEC 61000-4-2 ESD test


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Changes MIL-STD-461G, RE101, RE102

F: 5.16 RE101, radiated emissions, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz.

G: 5.17 RE101, radiated emissions, magnetic field.Using an ohmmeter, verify that the resistance of the loop sensor winding is between 5 and 10 ohms. (was: approximately 10 ohms.)

F: 5.17 RE102, radiated emissions, electric field, 10 kHz to 18 GHz.

G: 5.18 RE102, radiated emissions, electric field.Topside: now Above deck and exposed below deck


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Changes MIL-STD-461G, RE103, RS101

F: 5.18 RE103, radiated emissions, antenna spurious and harmonic outputs, 10 kHz to 40 GHz.

G: 5.19 RE103, radiated emissions, antenna spurious and harmonic outputs.

F: 5.19 RS101, radiated susceptibility, magnetic field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz.

G: 5.20 RS101, radiated susceptibility, magnetic field.


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Changes MIL-STD-461G, RS103

F: 5.20 RS103, radiated susceptibility, electric field, 2 MHz to 40 GHz.

G: 5.21 RS103, radiated susceptibility, electric field.For receiver EUTs having permanently attached antennas only, unless otherwise stated in the system specification, reduced performance over the intended receiver band of operation is allowed. The receiver shall meet its performance requirements after in-band exposure to the radiated field.Position sensors at same distance as the EUT is located from the transmit antenna and in the plane of the test setup boundary edge closest to the antenna.

In appendix:See next page


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In appendix:When testing large equipment, there may be a need to use antennas with wider beamwidths so that the EUT and sensor are within the 3dB beamwidth. It may also be achieved by moving the antenna farther away to satisfy the requirement. This may require the use of more powerful amplifiers to achieve the required field strength.


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F: 5.21 RS105, radiated susceptibility, transient electromagnetic field.

G: 5.22 RS105, radiated susceptibility, transient electromagnetic field.


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Changes MIL-STD-461G, Appendix

Appendix, filtering:Additionally, this requirement is used as a control to limit the total line to ground capacitance of the ungrounded electrical distribution system for the performance of the ground fault detection circuitry and for the restraint of hull currents and line to ground voltages. Excessive line to ground capacitance will desensitize the ground fault detectors and may cause erroneous ground fault indications in some cases. If unbalanced, line to ground capacitance may produce unwanted hull currents and can form a resonant L-C circuit when combined with inductances from motors, transformers, and cabling for damaging overvoltage to ground. It should be noted that this requirement is applicable to all line to ground capacitance that is not transformer isolated from primary power.Text ''This will, in turn, limit the power line current to 5 mA which is consistent with leakage current (safety) requirements.'' removed because it is not correct


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Changes MIL-STD-461G, Appendix

Appendix, modulation of susceptibility test signalsStarting in MIL-STD-461G, verification of the presence of correct modulation by monitoring output signals is specified in the CS114 and RS103 sections. Correct modulation is essential for evaluating EUT performance. Many items will respond readily to a modulated signal and not to a continuous wave source. Modulation sources are internal to some signal generators. Other signal generators require an external source. Simple forget fulness to apply modulation, improper settings, or lack of visible indications of modulation on instrumentation displays can all result in deficient testing.


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Questions?

NATO Land Platform and System Verification and Testing

Allied Environmental Conditions and Tests Publication (AECTP) Series 500 Category 507

2016 IEEE International Symposium on EMCOttawa, 25-29 July 2016

Greg Hiltz, Quality Engineering Test Establishment, Ottawa, Canada

MO-PM-2

AECTP 507 – Land Platforms and Systems

Developed as a high level E3 test and verification guidance document

Intended as an aid for the National Acceptance Authority (NAA) to use in developing more detailed E3 requirements, tailored to land platforms and systems (e.g. vehicles)

The 2009 the European Directive on Defence Procurement stated a clear preference for international military standards

In response, NATO requested the E3 Action Team to produce a more detailed land platforms and systems test standard

Canada took the lead in updating AECTP 507, soon to be released in the next AECTP 500 Series, Edition E, Version 1

AECTP 507 – References and Resources

Updated AECTP 507 based on other national test documents:

German VG 95370 seriesElectromagnetic Compatibility of and in Systems

UK Def Stan 59-411 Part 4 Issue 2Platform and System Tests and Trials

US MIL-STD-464C, Electromagnetic Environmental Effects Requirements for Systems

US Test Operations Procedure (TOP) 01-2-511A Electromagnetic Environmental Effects System Testing

Plus others …

AECTP 507 – Aim

Ensure design and engineering of land platforms and systems meet and demonstrate operational performance and survivability

Involves evaluation of various on-platform systems:electrical/electronicordnancecommunicationelectronic warfare

Tailoring by the NAA needed, due to large variety of land platforms. E3 requirements are itemized – checklist approach

Liason and coordination requirement: EMSEC, electrical safety, power quality, and RADHAZ may fall under different national organisations

Test Site

2

Power In

5 cm

SUT

Semi-anechoic chamber (preferred) or outdoor area test site (OATS)

Ground plane extending at least 1.5 m beyond system

LISN or CDN

Power leads should typically be between 2m and 5m in length

Components of a Land Systems E3 Program

Requirement ItemRequirement Applicability

1 Configuration Check Y

2 Functional Performance Baseline Y

3 EMSEC Installation Inspection C

4 Grounding/Bonding Y

5 HERP, HERF, HERO assessment and survey C

6 Electrical Safety Y

7 AC/DC Power Quality C

8 Electromagnetic Compatibility, Inter-System Y

9 Electromagnetic Compatibility, Intra-System Y

10 Antenna Radiation Pattern C

11Degradation of Communications While Stationary or on the Move

C

12 Emission Control, (EMCON) C

13 Electromagnetic Pulse C

14 Shielding Effectiveness C

Y – mandatory C – conditionally applicable

Key

1 Current source2 Millivolt meter3 Mounting plate 14 EUT 15 EUT 26 Thomson (Kelvin) bridge7 Ground connector8 Bonding strap9 Shielded system cable10 Distance d≤5 mm

Grounding and Bonding Measurement of DC Resistance Between Shielded Cable s and Reference Potential

EMC Requirements, Inter-system Interference (e.g. v ehicle-to-vehicle)

Requirement Description Applicability

NCE05S

Conducted EmissionsPower, Control and Signal Leads, System30Hz to 400 MHzWithout LISN, with current clamp

Applicable

NCS07SConducted SusceptibilityBulk Cable Injection, System500kHz to 200MHz

Applicable

NCS08SConducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, Impulse Excitation, System

Applicable if cables leave system boundary, or if component tests are not documented.

NCS09S

Conducted SusceptibilityDamped Sinusoidal TransientsCables and Power Leads, System10 kHz to 100MHz

Applicable if cables leave system boundary, or if component tests are not documented.

NRE01SRadiated EmissionsMagnetic Field, System, 30Hz to 100kHz

Applicable if specified by the National Acceptance Authority

NRE02SRadiated EmissionsElectric Field, System, 10kHz to 40 GHz

Applicable

NRS02SRadiated Susceptibility, Electric Field, System, 1.5 MHz to 40GHz

Applicable

NCS08S Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injecti on, Impulse Excitation, System

50 505050

LISN

LISN

dBµVA

50

50

50

EUT 2

EUT 1

2

2

2 1 2 1

1

1 2

1

21

2

10

System boundary

3

4 4

G

a

b

b

a

1

a

a

8

9

6

5

7

a 1 Current monitoring probe

2 Current injection probe

3 External power supply interface

4 External signal/control lines interface

5 External equipment/platform/system

6 Connecting Line

7 Power supply line

8 Test receiver

9 Amplifier

10 Generator

a Common mode

b Differential mode

Dimensions in millimeters

Requirement #9 – Electromagnetic Compatibility, Intr a-SystemRequirement Description Applicability

NRE04SAntenna Terminal Test, Voltage Levels, System

Disturbing voltage levels at receiving antenna terminals

Mandatory if receiver antenna(s) are installed on the platform

NCE03SAntenna Terminal Test, Emissions, System

NCE03 - Conducted Emissions, Antenna Terminal,

Mandatory if specified by the National Acceptance Authority

NRS05SDirect Margin Verification, Radiated Susceptibility, System

Safety margins for system against generated field strength

Mandatory if transmitter antenna(s) are installed on the platform

NRS06SIndirect Margin Verification, Radiated Susceptibility, System

Safety margins for system against generated field strength

Mandatory if transmitter antenna(s) are installed on the platform. NRS06S may be used if test NRS05S is not possible.

NCE05SConducted Emissions, Power, Control and Signal Leads, System500 kHz to 400 MHz

Follow procedure in Clause 3.2.8.2 for internal cables. Results from NCE05S used to determine test levels for NCS07S margin verification

Mandatory if specified by the National Acceptance Authority Test method used to characterize internal cables of subsystems.

NCS07SMargin Verification, Conducted Susceptibility, System

Uses results of NCE05S tests increased by the required margin and applied to internal cables, 500 kHz to 400 MHz, following test procedures of NCS07S

Mandatory if specified by the NAACan be used if radiated field strengths in NRS02S and NRS05S are insufficient to achieve margins or, for other reasons, these procedures are not applicable.

NSV01S Source/Victim EMC Test Mandatory

NRE04S Disturbing Voltage Levels at Installed Anten na Ports, System

Default limits for NRE04S, from VG 95370-26/A1 (2013)

- measurement of disturbing voltages at the antenna ports of receiving antennas - demonstrate that disturbing voltages do not reach inadmissibly high values

Margin Verification Tests

Margins (definition from MIL-STD-464C):

The difference between the subsystem and equipment electromagnetic strength level, and the subsystem and equipment stress level caused by electromagnetic coupling at the system level.

US / Canada:

Test equipment/system to a baseline electromagnetic strength level

(electrically-initiated devices (EIDs) are an exception – margins are used here. NATO AECTP 508 covers munitions testing).

Optional NATO margin verification test (based on German VG margin verification):Test until susceptibility effects are observed

Margins give better characterization of land platforms, but at a greater cost.

There is increased risk of equipment damage. Test is intended to be non-destructive!

NRS05S Direct Margin Verification of susceptibility with increased transmitting power level and operational

transmitting antennas

Mandatory only if transmitting antenna(s) are installed on the platform and only if specified by the National Acceptance Authority

Use on-board transmitters operating at power levels above maximum operational levels. Usually requires a power amplifier.

Legend

1 System 6 Power amplifier

2 System antenna 7 Power measuring instrument

3 Antenna tuning unit (ATU) 8 Field strength measuringinstrument

4 Directional coupler 9 Fibre optic cable to theevaluation unit

5 System transmitter

Requirement #10 – Antenna Radiation Patterns

Applicable to land platforms with antenna systems designed for omni-directional radiation in azimuth

Can also be applied to directional antenna installations

Installed antenna performance characteristics of operational significance:

• antenna azimuthal radiation pattern of each antenna system

• Figure of Merit (M) that describes how effectively the antenna system remains omni-directional over its operational frequency range

• range reduction at any specific angle

• the horizontal arc over which an acceptable level of operational radio communication performance is achieved

• calculation of antenna gains for HF antennas and VHF/UHF antennas

Requirement #10 – Antenna Radiation Patterns

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8910

12

14161820

1098

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

12

14161820

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0109876543210

30°

60°

90°

120°

150°

180°

210°

240°

270°

300°

330°

dBs Below Peak

Antenna A: Hatches Open,

Mast DownMin Diff

-0.2 -9.2 9

Max Min Diff

Frequency 35 MHz

Attenuation 48 dB

Linear Scale AGC Off

Figure No. Date 20-8-90

Total Angular Arc 204

218 to 282 64

357 to 137 140

Lobe Angles° (G <= 6 dB down)

137°

357°

218°

282°

Antenna Radiation Pattern Example

Total Angular Arc over which Antenna Power Gain is not more than 6 dB Below Maximum

Requirement #11 – Degradation of Communications While Stationary or on the Move

Purpose : Measure the reduction in range of installed radio stations resulting from the host platform’s electromagnetic environment while stationary or on the move. Has similarities with test NRE04S - Disturbing Voltage Levels at Installed Antenna Ports

Platform electromagnetic environment produced by:

a. The platform itself (e.g. track, wheel or brake static)

b. The platform electrical system (e.g. ignition, generator, air-conditioning, windshield wipers, instruments, etc.)

c. Other installed equipment in the platform (e.g. thermal imaging, computers, visual display units, printers, etc.)]

d. The radiated field from an on-platform RF transmitter – broadband EMI

Requirement #12 – Emission Control or EMCON

EMCON provides for protection against detection of tactical land vehicle electromagnetic emissions by hostile forces

Unintentional emissions may originate from spurious signals, such as local oscillators, being present at antennas or from electromagnetic interference emissions from platform cabling caused by items such as microprocessors

Land systems are required to meet EMCON requirements only when tactical EMCON procedures are imposed

Test Limits: Unintentional electromagnetic radiated emissions shall not exceed:-110 dBm/m2 at one nautical mile (-105 dBm/m2 at one kilometre)

in any direction from the system over the frequency range of 500 kHz to 40 GHz

Identical to MIL-STD-464C

Platforms which comply with NRE02S should also meet EMCON requirements

Requirement #13 – Electromagnetic Pulse

This requirement is applicable to land systems that fulfil safety critical, mission critical or time critical roles and if specified by the National Acceptance Authority

AECTP 507 provides full threat illumination test procedures

The full threat, unclassified, EMP high amplitude (exo) waveform and amplitude of AECTP 256 and AECTP 501, Test Method NRS03-1

If specified by the National Acceptance Authority, the classified HEMP and SREMP waveform requirements are provided by in STANAG 4145

Both positive and negative amplitudes of the EMP waveform specified

If the land system will not be subjected to the full threat illumination technique, then data shall be extrapolated to the full threat waveform above

Requirement #13 – (Nuclear) Electromagnetic Pulse

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Time (Nanoseconds)

Fie

ld s

tren

gth

(V/m

)

E1(t) = 0 when t < 0

= E01 x k1 ( ) when t > 0

E01 = 5 x 104 V/m

a1 = 4 x 107 s-1

b1 = 6 x 108 s-1

k1 = 1.3

tbta ee 11 −− −

Figure NRS03-1 - Limit for all Applications

Requirement #14 – Coupling and Shielding Effectivene ss Tests

Purpose: This requirement ensures the platform will serve as an adequateelectromagnetic barrier by providing specified levels of RF shielding

Only applicable to ‘metallic enclosure’ land systems, if specified by NAA

Smallest dimension of the enclosure ≥ 5 m

Doors, ramps and hatches of military land platforms are typically provided only with weather seals and not electromagnetic elastomer material.

Land platforms often operated with hatches and ramps fully open, particularly in hot, dry locales

Test Frequencies and Limits: 60 dB at the following test frequencies:

• 200 kHz, Magnetic Field• (10 kHz for shelters only), 20 MHz, 1 GHz and 10 GHz, Electric Fields

AECTP 507 Future DevelopmentTopics under consideration:

Default tests and limits applicable to specific military vehicle classes;e.g. reconnaissance, command & communication, main battle tank, supply truck, ambulance, armoured engineering vehicle, etc.

Guidance for commercial-off-the-shelf and military-off-the-shelf equipment

Tailored tests for high power emitters: counter-IED, active protection systems, electronic warfare, radar etc.

Portable device use within a vehicle, e.g. integrated soldier systems radios

Be wise - standardizeAECTP 507 is embedded in the 500 Series available on

http://www.nato.int

Questions ?

new aectp 500 and mil-std 461g

Documents