new antioxidant discoveries

8/9/2019 New Antioxidant Discoveries

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New Antioxidant Discoveries & How They Can Improve Your Health Without Plastic Surgery

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Below is a brief exploration of these new and cutting-edge discoveries.

Astaxanthin

A pigment (called a carotenoid) found in plants and some bacteria, which works to absorbfree radicals and prevent damage caused by oxidation in cells and tissues. Astaxanthin is

what gives lobsters, salmon, and crabs their reddish coloring. Because it can be absorbed


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into fatty tissue and cross the blood-brain barrier, it is considered to possibly have better antioxidant

qualities than traditional ingredients such as Vitamin E.

Pycnogenol

A liquid extract from the pine tree bark found on the coast of southwest France. Pycnogenolcontains a high concentration of different types of antioxidants and works to help strengthen

blood vessel walls, improve circulation and reduce inflammation.

Tocotrienol

A member of the Vitamin E group, Tocotrienol works to diminish blood clotting andinflammation. It is considered to be very effective because its fat-soluble chemical structure

can thoroughly penetrate tissue layers. The largest source of Tocotrienol comes from palm

oil.

Zeaxanthin

A yellow carotenoid found in plants, as well as in the human retina. Zeaxanthin helps protectthe eye by filtering some harmful light from the sun. Present in corn, egg yolks and squash,

it is a powerful antioxidant and is currently being studied for its role in improving visiondisorders.

Idebenone

Proven by recent scientific research to be the most powerful antioxidant available today,

Idebenone has been shown to be more effective in reducing the signs of aging and repairingagainst future damage than any other substance that has come before. Its unique properties

are being considered in many new medical applications such as treatment of Alzheimers, liver diseases

and factors caused by the aging process.

Female Smokers Risk Spotty Face

A study of 1,000 women found over 40% those who smoked had non-inflammatory acne, characterised

by blocked pores, large white heads and small cysts.This compared with 10% of non-smokers, the study published in the British Journal of Dermatology

found.However, the link between smoking and spots is controversial, and the authors admit other factors mayplay a role.

Nevertheless, the team from the San Gallicano Dermatological Institute in Rome said they felt their

findings could lead to non-inflammatory acne (NIA) being seen as "a new entity among smoking-relatedcutaneous diseases".

They dubbed it "smokers acne face".

Teenage spots
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The study was carried out on women because the condition appears to affect more women than men.

Of the 1,000 subjects, just under 30% were smokers.

Of these 42.2% developed acne, predominantly the non-inflammatory form rather than the one featuring

red and swollen spots.

The researchers said the smokers in the group had half the levels of skin secretions of vitamin E

compared with non-smokers, as well as other variations in skinmake-up.

Those who had experienced acne in their teens were found to be four times more likely to suffer acne

than non-smokers who had also suffered teenage spots.

Other factors have however already been identified in the development of NIA, including hormonalalterations, stress, occupational and environmental factors.

Environmental factors were found in half of the 10% of non-smokers with the condition. Such factors

included the skin being exposed for instance to intense smoke or steam, usually in a place of work such

as a kitchen.It is unclear the extent to which these factors may also have influenced the development of NIA in non-

smokers.Nonetheless, the study fitted into a trend of linking smoking with acne, said the president of the British

Association ofDermatologists, Colin Holden.

"All of these findings will hopefully provide people with an extra incentive to quit."

People with skin of color more prone to dermatologic problems than

those with lighter skin tones

According to projections from the United States Census Bureau, people with skin of color will comprise

approximately half of the U.S. population by 2050. This group, which includes African-Americans,Asians, Latinos and other ethnicities, are more prone to certain dermatologic problems than those with

lighter skin tones due to their genetic make-up and in some cases cultural practices. For that reason,

dermatologists - who understand the nuances of different skin tones - are poised to help patients of color

by diagnosing and treating these conditions.

Speaking today at the 68th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology (Academy),

dermatologist Andrew F. Alexis, MD, MPH, FAAD, assistant clinical professor of dermatology at
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Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and staff member at St. Luke's-Roosevelt

Hospital Center, both in New York, discussed the leading medical and cosmetic dermatologic concerns

in darker-skinned populations.

"Although people of color have more natural protection from ultraviolet (UV) radiation due to the

increased amount of melanin in their skin, the cells that make melanin pigment tend to be more reactiveto inflammation and injury, and therefore pigmentation problems are more common in skin of color,"

said Dr. Alexis. "These natural genetic factors, coupled with cultural differences in their skin and haircare practices, can result in differences in the appearance of common dermatologic conditions and the

frequency in which they can occur."

Treating Pigmentation Disorders Takes Patience

The most common pigmentation problem (dyschromia) of the skin that can occur in people of color is

post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), which refers to increased pigmentation or dark spots at the

sites of inflammation. Acne is one trigger for PIH, and the resulting dark spots often can be of equal or

greater concern than the original pimples.

Dr. Alexis explained that although there are several effective treatments that can be used for PIH, none

of these treatments are quick fixes and each requires time to take effect - from several weeks to several

months in most cases. Common treatments include retinoid creams (vitamin A derivatives), bleachingcreams (containing hydroquinone) and chemical peels.

"While in-office procedures, such as chemical peels or any skin resurfacing cosmetic treatment, can help

correct pigmentation problems, they have to be administered with caution due to the higher risk of

inducing other pigmentary abnormalities," stated Dr. Alexis. "That's why it is important to consult adermatologist with an expertise not only in using these procedures, but in treating darker skin tones as

well."

Melasma, often referred to as the "mask of pregnancy," is the second most common pigmentationproblem occurring in skin of color patients. More women than men are affected by melasma, but the

condition can occur independent of pregnancy and is commonly seen in people in their 40s, 50s and 60s.

The cause of melasma is a combination of genetic and hormonal factors and UV exposure. Dr. Alexis

added that melasma can be treated with the same topicals and in-office procedures used for PIH, and insome cases, lasers can be effective.

Since sun exposure can worsen dark spots, Dr. Alexis stressed that year-round sun protection is

extremely important. "I recommend that my patients wear a moisturizer with sunscreen every day to

protect their skin from further damage," said Dr. Alexis.

Solving Hair Problems Can Require Changing Habits

One common follicular problem that affects a disproportionate number of dark-skinned patients,

particularly African-Americans, is pseudofolliculitis barbae (also known as razor bumps). Dr. Alexis

noted that several studies have reported that pseudofolliculitis barbae affects an estimated 45 to 83percent of African-American men. The cause of this condition stems from the structure of the hair
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follicle, which is curved in people with skin of color. Pseudofolliculitis barbae is aggravated by shaving,

as it can cause the sharp tip of shaved hair to grow back into the skin and results in a bump.

Dr. Alexis advises patients affected by pseudofolliculitis barbae to discuss ways to modify their shavinghabits with their dermatologist. He also noted that there are several effective treatment options available.

For example, lasers have evolved over the years and can now be safely used to reduce and remove hairin skin of color patients. Two lasers Dr. Alexis recommends for use with darker skin are the 810

nanometer (nm) diode laser and the 1064nm Nd:YAG laser. Topical creams and gels also are effectivein treating pseudofolliculitis barbae, including topical retinoids, topical antibiotics, topical steroids and

the topical prescription medication eflornithine.

"Women of color also can be affected by pseudofolliculitis barbae, as they often wax or shave unwanted

hair on their chin and neck that can cause these bumps and skin discoloration," said Dr. Alexis. "Manyof these women are finding laser hair removal to be an effective treatment option for this problem."

Hair loss is another dermatologic concern in patients with skin of color. Traction alopecia is a form of

hair loss caused by hairstyles (such as braids) that put tension on the hair and is most common inAfrican-American women. "The majority of cases of traction alopecia are reversible, but patients must

be willing to style their hair differently to stop and reverse hair loss," said Dr. Alexis. "Dermatologists

also can administer injections of steroids into the affected areas, which we find can be quite effective if

started early in the course of the condition."

Another form of hair loss common in dark-skin individuals that can be more difficult to treat is central

centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA). Although the cause of CCCA is unknown, it also is thought to

be related to common hair care practices in African-American women. Often referred to as "hot comb

alopecia", this type of hair loss begins on the crown of the scalp and gradually spreads out to other areasof the scalp.

Dr. Alexis noted that once a hair follicle is scarred, it cannot produce hair any longer, but if caught early,

hair loss can be treated with a variety of anti-inflammatory therapies, including injections into theaffected areas of the scalp, topical steroids and oral antibiotics. Dr. Alexis added that minoxidil can be

used in conjunction with anti-inflammatories to try to stimulate hair growth in healthy hair follicles.

Reversing Cosmetic Dermatologic Concerns Can Be Done Safely

Dr. Alexis explained that the water content of the skin decreases with age, especially when people enter

their 60s. For people of color, this change in the water content of their skin can create an ashen look if

they do not use moisturizers to help counteract the water loss. Other changes in the skin include textural

irregularities, such as roughness, enlarged pores and dullness.

To help reverse some of these telltale signs of aging in darker-skinned individuals, a variety of topicals

and non-invasive procedures can be used safely and effectively - including retinoids and othercosmeceuticals, chemical peels, and non-ablative laser resurfacing. Fillers can be used to correct

nasolabial folds (lines around the mouth) and botulinum toxin is effective in softening wrinkles.

"It is important to note that injections of both fillers and botulinum toxin can be performed safely in


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darker-skinned patients, and these procedures are increasing in popularity with these patients to address

aging skin," said Dr. Alexis.

Another skin condition that is common in African-American patients as they age is dermatoses papulosa

nigra (DPNs), also referred to as flesh moles. These small, brown moles are especially common in the

cheek area and can be removed by a dermatologist who carefully will remove these skin growths tominimize any injury to the skin.

"While people of color are prone to many unique medical and cosmetic skin conditions, dermatologistsare well equipped to treat them using a variety of safe and effective treatment options," said Dr. Alexis.

"The key is to seek treatment early."

SOURCE American Academy of Dermatology

Breaching the Barrier: Too Much of the Protein ELA2 Impairs Skin

Barrier Function

ScienceDaily (Mar. 5, 2010) Our skin has two crucial barrier functions: it protects against water lossand it prevents penetration of infectious agents and allergens. By studying mice and humans, a team of

researchers, led by Alain Hovnanian and colleagues, at CHU Necker-Enfants Malades, France, has now

generated data that indicate an important role for the protein elastase 2 (ELA2) in maintaining skinbarrier function and suggest that ELA2 might have a role in the development of the rare genetic skin

disease Netherton syndrome.


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Netherton syndrome is caused by the inefficient inhibition of proteins known as serine proteases, which

causes severe skin redness and scaling. In this study, the serine protease ELA2 was found to be

expressed in both mouse and human skin cells (keratinocytes). Importantly, ELA2 was found to behyperactive in skin from patients with Netherton syndrome.

Further, transgenic mice overexpressing ELA2 in the epidermal layer of the skin exhibited cellularabnormalities characteristics of Netherton syndrome and these led to dehydration.

As these data indicate that ELA2 is likely to have an important role in the skin barrier defect seen inpatients with Netherton syndrome, the authors suggest that ELA2 might provide a new target for the

treatment of Netherton syndrome.

Dermatology: Watching Immune Cell Movement to and from the Skin

ScienceDaily (Feb. 23, 2010) Immune cells known as Tregs have an important role in preventing

other immune cells from attacking the cells of our body and causing autoimmune diseases such as

rheumatoid arthritis.


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A team of researchers, at Kyoto University Japan, and the Research Center for Allergy and

Immunology, RIKEN, Japan, has now used mice engineered to express the photoconvertible

fluorescence protein Kaede, which changes from green to red when exposed to violet light, to track Tregmovement under physiologic conditions and during immune responses in the skin.

In the study, Tregs were found to move from the skin to designated regions for immune cell clusteringknown as draining lymph nodes. The extent of this trafficking was enhanced by skin inflammation but

balanced under these conditions by movement of Tregs from the draining lymph nodes to the skin.

As discussed by Hironori Matsushima and Akira Takashima, at the University of Toledo College of

Medicine, in an accompanying commentary, these data provide new insight into the regulation of

immune responses in the skin.

How Sunlight Causes Skin Cells to Turn Cancerous

ScienceDaily (Jan. 17, 2010) Most skin cancers are highly curable, but require surgery that can bepainful and scarring.

A new study by Loyola University Health System researchers could lead to alternative treatments that

would shrink skin cancer tumors with drugs. The drugs would work by turning on a gene that prevents

skin cells from becoming cancerous, said senior author Mitchell Denning, Ph.D.

The study was published Jan. 15, 2010 in theJournal of Biological Chemistry.


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More than 1 million people in the United States are diagnosed with skin cancer each year. In the new

study, researchers examined a type of skin cancer, called squamous cell carcinoma, that accounts for

between 200,000 and 300,000 new cases per year.

Squamous cell carcinoma begins in the upper part of the epidermis, the top layer of the skin. Most cases

develop on areas that receive lots of sun, such as the face, ear, neck, lips and backs of hands. There arevarious surgical treatments, including simple excision, curettage and electrodessication (scraping with a

surgical tool and treating with an electric needle) and cryosurgery (freezing with liquid nitrogen).Removing large skin cancers can require skin grafts and be disfiguring.

Sunlight can damage a skin cell's DNA. Normally, a protein called protein kinase C (PKC) is activated

in response to the damage. If the damage is too great to repair, the PKC protein directs the cell to die.

Healthy cells grow and divide in a cell-division cycle. At several checkpoints in this cycle, the cell stopsto repair damaged DNA before progressing to the next step in the cycle. The new study found that the

PKC gene is responsible for stopping the cell at the checkpoint just before the point when the cell

divides. In squamous cell carcinoma, the PKC gene is turned off. The cell proceeds to divide withoutfirst stopping to repair its DNA, thus producing daughter tumor cells.

Denning said a class of drugs called protein kinase inhibitors potentially could shrink tumors by turning

the PKC gene back on. Several such drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for

other cancers. Denning is pursuing grant funding to test such drugs on animal models.

Denning is a professor in the Department of Pathology at Loyola University Chicago Stritch School ofMedicine. The lead author of the study is Edward LaGory, a doctoral student at Stritch. A third co-

author is Leonid Sitailo, Ph.D., a research assistant professor at Stritch.

Eczema in Early Childhood May Influence Mental Health Later

ScienceDaily (Feb. 10, 2010) Eczema in early childhood may influence behavior and mental health

later in life. This is a key finding of a prospective birth cohort study to which scientists of HelmholtzZentrum Mnchen contributed. In cooperation with colleagues of Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt

(LMU), Technische Universitt Mnchen (TUM) and Marien-Hospital in Wesel, North Rhine-

Westphalia this study followed 5,991 children who were born between 1995 and 1998.

The study has been published in the current issue of the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.


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Researchers, led by Assistant Professor Jochen Schmitt of Dresden University Hospital, Dr. Christian

Apfelbacher (Heidelberg University Hospital) and Dr. Joachim Heinrich of the Institute of

Epidemiology of Helmholtz Zentrum Mnchen, discovered that children who suffered from eczemaduring the first two years of life were more likely to demonstrate psychological abnormalities, in

particular emotional problems, at age ten years than children of the same age who had not suffered from

the disease. "This indicates that eczema can precede and lead to behavioral and psychological problemsin children," Dr. Heinrich explained.

Children whose eczema persisted beyond the first two years of life were more likely to have mental

health problems than children who had eczema only in infancy.

Within the framework of the GINIplus study, scientists tracked the family history of the children,

collected data on their physical health and emotional condition at age 10 years and gathered informationon their daily lives. Questions were asked about the course of disease -- also in early childhood -- with

special focus on diseases such as eczema, asthma, allergic rhinitis, stress tolerance and behavioral

abnormalities.

Eczema is a non-infectious skin disease characterized by scaling itchy skin rashes. It is the most

common skin disease in children and adolescents. Children who suffer from eczema are known to have

an increased predisposition for hay fever and allergic asthma. Eczema symptoms are accompanied by a

broad spectrum of secondary symptoms, such as sleep disorders.

"We suspect that it is mainly the secondary symptoms that have a long-term effect on the emotions of

the affected children," Joachim Heinrich said. The authors of the study therefore recommend

documenting the occurrence of eczema as potential risk factor for later psychological problems in the

children's medical records, even if the actual primary disease abates and disappears during the course ofchildhood.

UPDATES


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