new biopesticides for ipm and organic production - bio-integral

first products was Regalia™. Theactive ingredient of Regalia is anextract of giant knotweed,Reynoutria sachalinensis. Regalia isan effective organic treatment for alarge number of plant diseases, andcan lead to higher yields. It was

By William Quarles

Phaseout of the fumigantmethyl bromide, restrictionson organophosphates, envi-

ronmental problems with neonicoti-noids and pyrethroids, pest resist-ance, and the exponential growth oforganic agriculture has created amarket for alternatives (Weston etal. 2004; Moran 2010; Quarles2011ab; 1993a). Beneficial nema-todes, Bacillus thuringiensis (BT),and a large array of fungi, viruses,and bacteria have been developedfor greenhouse, turf, field crop,orchard and garden use (Grewal etal. 2005; EPA 2006; Butt et al.2001; Hom 1996). Microbials areavailable for treatment of soil, foliar,and postharvest plant pathogens,pest nematodes, herbivorousinsects, mosquitoes, structuralpests, and weeds. Biocontrol micro-bials, their pesticidal metabolicproducts, and other pesticidesbased on living organisms are clas-sified as biopesticides by the EPA.There are hundreds of registeredproducts (EPA 2013). Biopesticides do not pose the

same regulatory problems seen withchemical pesticides. They are oftentarget-specific, benign to beneficialinsects, do not pose air or waterquality problems, and crops can bereentered soon after treatment.Naturally occurring microbials canbe used in organic production, andhuman health risks are low. As anadded advantage, many pests arenot resistant to their effects (EPA2006; Goettel et al. 2001). Many ofthe products were developed bysmall companies, but large compa-nies such as Bayer, Syngenta, andNovozymes have realized the com-mercial potential, and a flurry of

acquistions has occurred within thelast year.To find a supplier of a product

reviewed here, look in Table 1 orResources. Hundreds of efficacystudies are available in the pub-lished literature, and a few of theseare cited in the References. To keepthis article to a manageable size,beneficial nematodes and BT prod-ucts will not be discussed here.Microbial metabolites such as spin-osad and the avermectins werereviewed earlier (Quarles 1991;2005c).

Hot New ProductsA powerhouse of product develop-

ment is Marrone Bio Innovations(MBI) (see Resources). One of the

In This Issue

New Biopesticides 1Book Review 10EcoWise News 11Calendar 11ESA Report 12

Volume XXXIII, Number 7/8, July/August 2011 (Published March 2013)

New Biopesticides for IPM andOrganic Production

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Dr. Pamela Marrone and a laboratory technician inspect biopesticide fer-mentation equipment. Biopesticides provide an alternative to convention-al pesticides in IPM programs, and many formulations have been approvedfor organic production.

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2 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707IPM Practitioner, XXXIII(7/8) July/August 2011

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reviewed earlier in the IPMPractitioner (see Quarles 2009). The latest product from MBI is

Grandevo™. The active ingredient ofGrandevo is produced by the bac-terium Chromobacterium subtsugae(Strain PRAA4-1T). This naturallyoccurring bacterium was found byUSDA researchers in soil under-neath a hemlock tree in Maryland.Laboratory tests showed that inges-tion of the bacterial suspensionkilled insects such as adult andnymphal whiteflies, adult stinkbugs and cucumber beetles, larvalColorado potato beetles and dia-mondback moths. The bacterialsuspension also had antifeedantproperties (Martin et al. 2004;Martin et al. 2007a; Martin et al.2007b).According to the EPA, Grandevo

is practically non-toxic to mam-mals, fish, and birds, and is notpersistent in the environment. Ithas low toxicity to beneficials suchas lacewings and parasitoids (EPA2011).Grandevo is toxic to bees, but the

formulation can be applied whenbees are not active to mitigate theproblem. It is applied to foliagewhere bees do not normally forage,and biodegrades quickly. Since it isnot a systemic, impacts on bees

should be minimal. It should not beapplied to water, since it is toxic tosome aquatic organisms (EPA2011).Grandevo is a dry formulation

containing 30% fermentation brothsolids from C. subtsugae. It islabeled for a wide spectrum of pestinsects and mites on agriculturaland greenhouse crops, includingvegetables, fruit, flowers, beddingplants, ornamentals, and turf.Grandevo is toxic by ingestion andhas a complex mode of action. It isan antifeedant, and in someinstances is repellent and affectspest reproduction. The product isexempt from tolerance, has a fourhour re-entry interval, and it isOMRI certified for organic produc-tion (Grandevo 2012).Field tests of Grandevo have

found that it often has efficacy sim-ilar to some of the standard chemi-cal pesticides. According to a com-pany summary, for western flowerthrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, onpeppers, it had efficacy similar to orbetter than spinetoram (Radiant™)or spirotetramat (Movento™). Itreduced potato psyllid, Bactericeracockerelli, on potato by 90%.Effectiveness was similar or betterthan neem (AZA-Direct™) or bupro-fezin (Applaud™) for vine mealybug,

The IPM Practitioner is published six times per year by the Bio-Integral ResourceCenter (BIRC), a non-profit corporationundertaking research and education in inte-grated pest management.

Managing Editor William Quarles

Contributing Editors Sheila DaarTanya DrlikLaurie Swiadon

Editor-at-Large Joel Grossman

Business Manager Jennifer Bates

Artist Diane Kuhn

For media kits or other advertising informa-tion, contact Bill Quarles at 510/524-2567,[email protected].

Advisory Board George Bird, Michigan State Univ.; SterlingBunnell, M.D., Berkeley, CA; Momei Chen,Jepson Herbarium, Univ. Calif., Berkeley;Sharon Collman, Coop Extn., Wash. StateUniv.; Sheila Daar, Daar & Associates,Berkeley, CA; Steve Frantz, GlobalEnvironmental Options, Longmeadow, MA;Linda Gilkeson, Canadian Ministry of Envir.,Victoria, BC; Joseph Hancock, Univ. Calif,Berkeley; William Olkowski, Birc Founder;George Poinar, Oregon State University,Corvallis, OR; Ramesh Chandra Saxena,ICIPE, Nairobi, Kenya; Ruth Troetschler, PTFPress, Los Altos, CA; J.C. van Lenteren,Agricultural University Wageningen, TheNetherlands.

ManuscriptsThe IPMP welcomes accounts of IPM for anypest situation. Write for details on format formanuscripts or email us, [email protected].

CitationsThe material here is protected by copyright,and may not be reproduced in any form,either written, electronic or otherwise withoutwritten permission from BIRC. ContactWilliam Quarles at 510/524-2567 for properpublication credits and acknowledgement.

Subscriptions/MembershipsA subscription to the IPMP is one of the bene-fits of membership in BIRC. We also answerpest management questions for our membersand help them search for information.Memberships are $60/yr (institutions/libraries/businesses); $35/yr (individuals).Canadian subscribers add $15 postage. Allother foreign subscribers add $25 airmailpostage. A Dual membership, which includesa combined subscription to both the IPMPand the Common Sense Pest ControlQuarterly, costs $85/yr (institutions); $55/yr(individuals). Government purchase ordersaccepted. Donations to BIRC are tax-deductible. FEI# 94-2554036.

Change of AddressWhen writing to request a change of address,please send a copy of a recent address label.

© 2013 BIRC, PO Box 7414, Berkeley, CA94707; (510) 524-2567; FAX (510) 524-1758.All rights reserved. ISSN #0738-968X

The invasive Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, pictured here, is avector of citrus greening disease that causes citrus trees to die.

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Planococcus ficus, on grape(Marrone 2012). It was more lethalthan imidacloprid or esfenvalerateto brown marmorated stinkbug,Halyomorpha halys (Leskey 2012).When applied to turfgrass, it wasmore effective for grubs of theSouthern masked chafer, Cycloce-phala lurida, than applications oftrichlorfon (Dylox™), which is theindustry standard (Stamm et al.2012). Field tests showed 7 daymortality of 75% to the pecan wee-vil, Curculio caryae (Shapiro-Ilan etal. 2013). It was effective for larvae,but not adults, of the yellowmargin-ed leaf beetle, Microtheca ochrolo-ma (Balusu and Fadamiro 2012).Grandevo may find application for

management of Asian citrus psyllid,Diaphorina citri. The psyllid is avector of citrus greening diseasethat has killed 60 million citrustrees worldwide (Quarles 2010b).Sprays of Grandevo are lethal topsyllid adults and nymphs. Fieldtests showed effectiveness similar tonaled (Dibrom™) or fenproximate(Portal™). Treated trees were repel-lent to the psyllid, and Grandevoreduced psyllid reproduction(Marrone 2012).Grandevo is likely to be a hit. It is

effective for a number of key pestsencountered in organic production,such as western flower thrips, twospotted mites, whiteflies, caterpil-lars, psyllids, and pest beetles(Grandevo 2012). Organic farmerscannot depend totally on BT andspinosad, and pyrethrins candestroy beneficial organisms.Conventional farmers may findGrandevo useful for resistancemanagement and in a rotation tospare beneficial insects.Other biopesticides in the

Marrone pipeline include the bioin-secticide MBI-206 (Venerate™), andthe bioherbicides MBI-005(Opportune™), MBI-010, and MBI-011.

New BioherbicidesThere is a large commercial mar-

ket for effective, non-polluting bio-herbicides that can be used inorganic production. There is also alarge market for a low impact bio-herbicide to manage turfgrass

weeds (Quarles 2010a). MarroneBio Innovations has two new bio-herbicides based on microbials.MBI-005 (Opportune™) is based onStreptomyes sp. It was registeredwith the EPA in 2012, but is not yetregistered in California. MBI-010 isbased on non-pathogenic Burk-holderia A396, and it has both con-tact and systemic effects on pestweeds. EPA registration should becompleted in 2013 (Marrone 2012).The company has applied for EPAregistration for a bioherbicide MBI-011 based on an extract of longpepper, Piper longum, containingthe active ingredient sarmentine(Huang et al. 2010; Marrone 2013).Other bioherbicides include the

fungus, Phoma macrostoma, whichhas been commercialized by ScottsCompany and was recently regis-tered in California. Phoma™ isexpected to be a commercial suc-cess for turf weeds. A bioherbicidebased on Sclerotinia minor

(Sarritor™) is commercially avail-able in Canada, and may eventuallybe sold in the U.S. (Quarles 2010a).

Fungal BiopesticideEffective for Ticks

The fungus Metarhizium anisopli-ae has appeared sporadically incommercial formulations for struc-tural pest control. A microbial baitstation containing Metarhiziumanisopliae (BioPath™) has been soldfor cockroach control. M. anisopliaewas chosen because it is effective,and because its safety has been

thoroughly tested over the last 100years (Zimmerman 1993; Mueller-Koegler 1967; Hajek and St. Leger1994). Another formulation of M.anisopliae called Bioblast™ wascommercialized for drywood termitecontrol (see Quarles 1997b; 1999c;Quarles and Bucks 1995).A spray formulation of M. aniso-

pliae called MET52™ is now com-mercially available from Novozymesto control insects on food crops (seeResources). It is also labeled forcontrol of ticks, beetle grubs, andthe black vine weevil, Otiorhynchussulcatus. M. anisopliae is a poten-tial alternative to chemical perime-ter sprays around structures forpests such as ticks. Field testsshow that aqueous formulations ofM. anisopliae can kill about 50% ofadult ticks in an area in about 5weeks (Zhioua et al. 1997;Benjamin et al. 2002; Quarles2003). Tests in potting soil show56-74% mortality of nymphal I.scapularis and 8 week persistenceof the formulation (Behle et al.2013). Other insecticidal biopesti-cides are discussed below.

New Biopesticide for PestNematodes

Another hot new product is abiopesticide for pest nematodes.Pest nematodes can be managedwith cover crops, crop rotation, andincorporation of organic materialinto the soil (McSorely 1999). But insome instances, a pest suppressionproduct may be needed. Conven-tional producers are looking foralternatives to 1,3-dichloropropene,a toxic and carcinogenic material.Organic farmers sometimes need anon-synthetic material compatiblewith organic methods. PasteuriaBioScience (see Re-sources) hasfound a practical way to mass pro-duce the bacterium Pasteuria spp.The product Econem™ has beenregistered with the EPA (EPA 2010).Other products are in development,and Pasteuria BioScience was pur-chased by Syngenta in 2012.Other biopesticides available for

nematodes include formulations offungi or fungal metabolites.DiTera™ is a formulation of

3IPM Practitioner, XXXIII(7/8) July/August 2011 Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707

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Ixodes sp. tick infected with thefungus Metarhizium anisopliae

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Myrothecium verrucaria metabo-lites. The fungus is grown in fer-mentation tanks, then it is killed,and the metabolites are harvested.Since M. verrucaria can be herbici-dal, this approach reduces the riskof crop damage from a living agent(Anderson and Hallett 2004). DiTerais sold by Valent BioSciences (seeResources). DiTera kills nematodeson contact and may encouragedevelopment of microbial popula-tions antagonistic to nematodes(Fernandez et al. 2001; Warrior etal. 1999). Paecilomyces lilacinus formula-

tions have been developed for nem-atode suppression. This fungus hasbeen used in India and other coun-tries to manage pest nematodes. Itis often applied to the soil alongwith organic material such as neemcake, and can be as effective aschemical nematicides such as car-bofuran (Furadan™) (El-Shan-shoury et al. 2005; Kiewnick 2004;Arif and Parveen 2003).According to the EPA, the fungus

is not likely to cause harm tohumans because field applicationrates are low; it is applied directlyto soil; and personal protectionequipment is required (EPA 2006).It is sold in the U.S. under thebrandname Melocon™ (see Certis,Resources). The living organismdoes not persist under field condi-tions, and decays by 90% in 90days (Kiewnick et al. 2005).

Bacterial Biopesticides forPlant Disease ProtectionThe workhorse of commercial

microbials is Bacillus subtilis. Thisspore forming bacterium is usedprimarily as a biofungicide. B. sub-tilis strain QST713 is the most pop-ular and is sold under brandnamessuch as Jazz™, Cease™, Optiva™,Plant Guardian™, Rhapsody™,Serenade™, and Bayer Advanced™(CA DPR 2013). B. subtilis strainGB03 is sold by Bayer under thebrandname Kodiak™. B. subtilisMB1600 (Subtilex™) is marketed byBecker Underwood. Many of theseformulations became Bayer proper-ty when Bayer purchasedAgraQuest in 2012.B. subtilis and other bacterial

species have been shown to work asantagonists to powdery mildew andother diseases on foliage. Bacillussubtilis is sold by AgraQuest in sev-eral formulations, includingSerenade™, Serenade Garden™,and Rhapsody™. Serenade is regis-tered for the agricultural market,Serenade Garden for the homemarket, and Rhapsody is for controlof foliar diseases on landscapeornamentals (Marrone 2002;Quarles 2005a).

Serenade has controlled a varietyof blights, wilts, rusts and mildewson tomatoes, lettuce, blueberry,plum, cherry, grape, and citrus(Stephan et al. 2005; Isebaert et al.2002; Agostini et al. 2003). It canbe more effective than streptomycinin controlling fireblight caused byErwinia sp. on apples (Aldwinckle etal. 2002; Holtz et al. 2002; Momolet al. 1999). Pseudomonas fluo-rescens (Blight Ban™) is also an

effective biopesticide against fireblight (see Nufarm, Resources).The Rhapsody formulation is an

aqueous suspension of a strain ofBacillus subtilis known to producemore than 30 lipopeptides thatwork in concert to destroy diseasepathogens. According to AgraQuest,“Rhapsody can be applied in field,greenhouse, interiorscape, residen-tial and commercial landscapes andshadehouse environments. It con-trols bacterial diseases such asPseudomonas, Xanthomonas andErwinia spp. while also controllingcommon fungal diseases such aspowdery mildew, Botrytis,Anthracnose and several leaf spotdiseases caused by Alternaria andEntomosporium.” AgraQuest also sells Bacillus

pumilus (Sonata™) for control ofpowdery mildew, downy mildew,and rust in agricultural situations.Sonata is very effective for manage-ment of early blight caused byAlternaria solani in organic tomatoproduction (Wszelaki and Miller2005).

Bacterial Biopesticides toControl Soil PathogensBiocontrol bacteria being sold for

soil pathogen management includevarious species of Pseudomonas,Bacillus and Streptomyces. Bacillussubtilis (Kodiak™) manufactured byBayer is available as a seed or soiltreatment, especially for agricultur-al crops such as soybeans or cotton(Estevez-Jensen et al. 2002;Brannen and Kenny 1997).Streptomyces griseoviridis (Myco-stop™) controls a number of soil-borne pathogens, includingFusarium. It has been used ingreenhouse production to protectflowers such as carnations frompathogens (Surviliene 2002; Whiteet al. 1990). This product is avail-able from AgBio in the U.S. (seeResources).Other biocontrol bacteria for soil

pathogens include Streptomyceslydicus (Actinovate™) sold byNatural Industries, and B. subtilisvar amyloliquefacians strain FZB24(Taegro™) sold by Novozymes (seeResources).

Capsule shaped Bacillus subtilis bacteria

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Bacillus subtilis attack on powdery mildew

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Fungal Biopesticides toControl Soil PathogensBeneficial fungi are also sold to

suppress soilborne pathgens thatcause plant disease (Quarles 1993a;Quarles and Grossman 1995;Quarles 1997a). These beneficialorganisms work by competing withpathogens for nutrients and space,by producing antibiotics, by preyingon pathogens, or by inducing resist-ance in host plants (Cook andBaker 1983; Quarles 2002a;Hyakumachi 1998; Isebaert et al.2002). Commercially available fungithat suppress a broad range of soil-borne pathogens includeTrichoderma harzianum(Rootshield™, Plantshield™),Gliocladium virens (SoilGard™) andG. catenulatum (PrimaStop™ orPreStop™). Coniothyrium minitans(Contans™) is a more specific, andprotects against Sclerotiniasp. (Jones et al. 2004) (seeResources).Gliocladium products are sold as

a powder that can be mixed intosoil, mixed with water, sprayed onfoliage, or used as a root dip.Gliocladium can be used indoorsand outdoors, with vegetables,ornamentals, turf, trees andshrubs. It is applied as a soil treat-ment to protect crops fromPythium, Rhizoctonia, Sclerotiumand other soil pathogens. It is alsoeffective in greenhouse growthmedia (EPA 2006; Rose et al. 2004;Punja and Yip 2003; Rose et al.2003; Burns and Benson 2000).Trichoderma colonizes seeds and

protects beans, cotton, peas,

Bacillus pumilus attacks a mildewspore, stopping germination.

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cucumbers, tomatoes, radishes,sugar beets, and other crops fromPythium, Rhizoctonia solani, andSclerotium rolfsii. Trichoderma soiltreatments may control Sclerotiumcepivorum, Verticillium dahliae andother pathogens (see Quarles1993a).BioWorks manufactures formula-

tions of Trichoderma harzianum forplant disease suppression (seeResources). Soil mixes, soil drench-es and seed treatments for thegreenhouse market include powdersand granular formulations (Quarles2006). Yield increases have beenseen with corn, beans and cotton(Quarles 1993a; BioWorks 2013).Higher yields and disease biocontrolhave also been seen for greenhousetomatoes (Larkin and Fravel 1998;Utkhede et al. 2001).A mixture of Trichoderma species

(Bio-Tam™) is sold by AgraQuest(see Resources) to provide a widereffective temperature range forpathogen protection (AgraQuest2013). Mycorrhizae and compostteas may also help with plant dis-ease suppression. These subjectsare discussed elsewhere (Quarles1999ab; 2001ab; Ingham 2005ab;Zak 1964).

Insecticidal BiopesticidesA lot of published research has

focused on development of micro-bial insecticides. Two species,Beauveria bassiana andMetarhizium anisopliae, have beenintensely studied and both are pro-duced commercially. There are over3500 published papers onBeauveria bassiana alone. Theresearch shows that B. bassianawill infect a wide range of arthropodpests, such as beetles, bugs, mos-quitoes, termites,thrips, whiteflies,house flies, grasshoppers, aphids,mites, and ticks (Ugine et al. 2005;Maranga et al. 2005; Lecuona et al.2005; Gouli et al. 2012).Beauveria bassiana (Naturalis™)

has been used successfully to con-trol whiteflies on cotton (Inglis et al.2001). Naturalis is sold by TroyBioSciences (see Resources).Another formulation of B. bassianacalled Botanigard™ is being sold byLaverlam and BioWorks to control

soft bodied insects, especially ingreenhouses. It is also available forthe home and garden market. Goodresults have been seen for pestmites, thrips, and whiteflies, butcontrol is best when conditions arehumid. The fungus can be used inmite IPM programs, since it is com-patible with releases of predatorymites (Jacobson et al. 2001; Gill etal. 1998; Murphy et al. 1998ab;Shipp et al. 2003). It has potentialin mole cricket IPM programs(Thompson and Brandenburg2005), and in management of theemerald ash borer, Agrilus pla-nipennis (Liu and Bauer 2008). The12-day mortality to brown mar-morated stinkbug is 100% (Gouli etal. 2012). An organic formulationcalled Mycotrol O™ is sold byBioWorks (see Resources).Other fungal products are avail-

able especially for control of aphidsand whiteflies. Paecilomycesfumosoroseus (=Isaria fumosorosea)is being marketed in the U.S. byCertis as PFR-97™, and by SeProas Preferal™. The product is target-ed mainly for whitefly infestationsin greenhouses (Feng et al. 2004).P. fumosoroseus Strain FE9901 (NoFly™) is OMRI approved for organicproduction, but is not registered inCalifornia. Verticillium lecanii(Vertalec™) is sold in Europe forwhitefly and aphid control in green-houses by Koppert (Fournier andBrodeur 2000).

Milky Spore Disease A formulation of Bacillus popilliae

that causes milky spore disease ingrubs of Japanese beetles andrelated species is commerciallyavailable (see St. Gabriel,Resources). B. popilliae was one ofthe first microbials produced for thecommercial market. It was usedextensively in the 1940s over largeareas (Lord 2005). Milky spore dis-ease is extremely persistent andmay help with longterm control ofbeetle grubs (Hutton and Burbutis1974; Ladd and McCabe 1967;Easter 1947). It is difficult to meas-ure field efficacy because longtermeffects on beetle populations arecomplicated by climate, pesticides,patchy distributions, natural yearly

fluctuations, and microbial growthbeyond the area of introduction(Lord 2005; Klein et al. 1976;Polivka 1956; Chada et al. 1943).

Viruses and PhagesFinally, a number of virus formu-

lations are available mainly for con-trol of pest caterpillars. Certis hasrecently registered Madex™, a highpotency codling moth granulosisvirus (GV) that also affects orientalfruit moth (OFM). Certis also sellsthe codling moth GV (Cyd-X™) thatcan be an effective tool in a codlingmoth IPM program (Arthurs et al.2004; 2005). A codling mothnuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) issold by Agricola (VPN-80) in theCentral and South American mar-kets. Andermatt sells a leafroller GVcalled Capex™ throughout Europe.In addition to Madex and Cyd-X,

Certis markets a Heliothis zea NPVcalled Gemstar™ and a beet army-worm NPV called Spod-X™.Gemstar is registered for control ofpest Lepidoptera, such as the cot-ton bollworm and cotton budworm.These caterpillars are also pests ofcorn, soybean and other vegetables.Spod-X is registered for control ofthe beet armyworm (Kolodny-Hirschet al. 1997). Certis has also regis-tered a celery looper (Syngrapha fal-cifera) NPV and an alfalfa looper(Autographa californica) NPV withthe EPA (EPA 2006).Relatively new virus products are

phages for control of bacterial spotdiseases caused by Xanthomonasspp. and Pseudomonas spp. onpeppers and tomatoes. Thesephages are extremely specific forthe pathogens and do not persist inthe environment (EPA 2006) (seeOmnilytics, Resources).

SafetyThe products mentioned here are

pesticides, and should not beapplied carelessly. A review of theliterature shows that the commer-cial products have generally notbeen implicated in human healthproblems. Microbials such asMetarhizium anisopliae will notgrow at temperatures greater than35°C (95°F), and thus does not gen-

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Updateerally infect mammals (Zimmerman1993). The active ingredients of these

formulations are widespread, natu-rally occurring microbes, and largenumbers of people have beenexposed on a regular basis. Thoughproblems rarely occur, there havebeen published incidents of humaninfection. Problems have often cen-tered on people with compromisedimmune systems, sometimes inhospital situations (Tucker et al.2004). Or, there have beeninstances of food poisoning whenbacteria were allowed to incubate infood (Pavic et al. 2005). P. lilacinushas caused fungal skin infections inhumans (Hall et al. 2004). Ongoingexposures to microbes and sporescould trigger allergies (Goettel et al.2001). Generally, few problems withthese microbials are expected ifpersonal protection is used, and

application is according to labeldirections (EPA 2006).

ConclusionIncreased regulation of

organophosphates, problems withneonicotinoids, phaseout of thefumigant methyl bromide, andnewly discovered water qualityproblems associated with syntheticpyrethroids has created a marketfor alternatives. Biopesticides areavailable for treatment of soil, foliar,and postharvest pathogens, pestnematodes, herbivorous insects,structural pests, and weeds. Theyare generally less destructive tobeneficials, cause less environmen-tal pollution, and are less acutelytoxic to mammals than convention-al pesticides. Biopesticides mayprovide a satisfactory alternative tochemical pesticides when used aspart of an overall IPM plan.

William Quarles, Ph.D., is an IPMSpecialist, Executive Director of theBio-Integral Resource Center (BIRC),and Managing Editor of the IPMPractitioner. He can be reached byemail, [email protected].

ReferencesAgostini, J.P., P.M. Bushong and L.W. Timmer.

2003. Greenhouse evaluation of productsthat induce host resistance for control ofscab, melanose, and Alternaria brown spot ofcitrus. Plant Dis. 87(1):69-74.

AgraQuest. 2013. Effective natural product solu-tions for pest management.www.agraquest.com/products/

Aldwinckle, H.S., M.V.B. Reddy and J.L. Norelli.2002. Evaluation of control of fire blightinfection of apple blossoms and shoots withSAR inducers, biological agents, a growthregulator, copper compounds, and othermaterials. Acta Hort. 590:325-334.

Anderson, K.I. and S.G. Hallett. 2004. Herbicidalspectrum and activity of Myrothecium verru-caria. Weed Sci. 52(4):623-627

Arif, M. and G. Parveen. 2003. Nematode biocon-trol, a review of Paecilomyces lilacinus. In:P.C. Trivedi, ed. Advances in Nematology,Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur, India, pp.191-204.

Arthurs, S.P. and L.A. Lacey. 2004. Field evalua-tion of commercial formulations of thecodling moth granulosis virus: persistence ofactivity and success of seasonal applicationsagainst natural infestations of codling mothin Pacific Northwest apple orchards. Biol.Control 31(3):388-397.

Arthurs, S.P., L.A. Lacey and R. Fritts, Jr. 2005.Optimizing use of codling moth granulosisvirus: effects of application rate and sprayingfrequency on control of codling moth larvaein Pacific Northwest apple orchards. J. Econ.Entomol. 98(5):1459-1468.

Balusu, R.R. and H.Y. Fadamiro. 2012.Evaluation of organically acceptable insecti-cides as standalone treatments and in rota-tion for managing yellowmargined leaf beetle,Microtheca ochroloma in organic cruciferproduction. Pest Manag. Sci. 68:573-579.

Behle, R.W., M.A. Jackson, and L.B. Flor-Weiler.2013. Efficacy of a granular formulation con-taining Metarhizium brunneum F52microsclerotia against nymphs of Ixodesscapularis. J. Econ. Entomol. 106(1):57-63.

Benjamin, M.A., E. Zhioua and R.S. Ostfeld.2002. Laboratory and field evaluation of theentomopathogenic fungus Metarhiziumanisopliae for controlling questing adultIxodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Med.Entomol. 39(5):723-728.

BioWorks. 2013. Bioworks products.www.bioworksinc.com

Brannen, P.M. and D.S. Kenney. 1997. Kodiak, asuccessful biological control product for sup-pression of soilborne pathogens of cotton. J.Ind. Microbiol. Biotech. 19(3):169-171.

Burns, J.R. and D.M. Benson. 2000. Biocontrolof damping-off of Catharanthus roseuscaused by Pythium ultimum withTrichoderma virens and binucleateRhizoctonia fungi. Plant Dis. 84(6):644-648.

Butt, T.M., C. Jackson and N. Magan, eds. 2001.Fungi as Biocontrol Agents. CABI Publishing,Wallingford, Oxon, UK. 390 pp.

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AgBio Inc., 9915 Raleigh St., Westminister,CO 80031; 877/268-2020, 303/469-9221, Fax 303/469-9598; agbio-inc.com

AgraQuest (see Bayer), 1540 DrewAvenue, Davis, CA 95618; 530/750-0150, Fax 530/750-0153;www.agraquest.com

Bayer Crop Science, PO Box 4913; 8400Hawthorn Rd., Kansas City, MO64120; 816/242-2000, Fax 816/242-2659

Becker Underwood, 801 Dayton Ave. POBox 667, Ames, IA 50010; 800/232-5907, 515/232-5907, Fax 515/232-5961; www.beckerunderwood.com

BioWorks Inc., 100 Rawson Road, Suite205, Victor, NY 14564; 800/877-9443,585/924-4362, Fax 800/903-2377;www.bioworksinc.com

Certis, 9145 Guilford Rd. Suite 175,Columbia, MD 21046; 800/847-5620,301/604-7340, Fax 301/604-7015;www.certisusa.com

Gowan Company, PO Box 5569, Yuma, AZ85366; 800/883-1844, 928/783-8844,Fax 928/343-9255; www.gowanco.com

Isagro USA, 430 Davis Drive, Suite 240,Morrisville, NC 27560; www.isagro-usa.com

Jet Harvest, PO Box 915139, Longwood,FL 32791; 877/866-5773, 407/523-7842; www.jetharvest.com

Laverlam International (see BioWorks),117 South Parkmont, PO Box 4109,Butte, MT 59702; 406/782-2386. Fax406/782-9912

Marrone Bio Innovations, 2121 SecondSt., Suite B-107, Davis, CA 95618;

530/750-2800; www.marronebioinno-vations.com

Natural Industries (see Novozymes), 1230Cutten Road, Houston, TX 77066;www. naturalindustries.com

Novozymes Biologicals, 5400 CorporateCircle, Salem, VA 32216; 800/788-9886, Fax 540/389-2688;www.novozymes.com

Nufarm USA, 150 Harvester Drive, Suite200, Burr Ridge, IL 60527; 866/241-0611, 630/455-2000, Fax 630/455-2001; www.nufarm.com

Omnilytics, 9100 South 500 West, Sandy,UT 84070; 866/285-2644, 801/746-3600, Fax 801/746-3461; www.omni-lytics.com

Pasteuria BioScience, 12085 ResearchDrive, Alachua, FL 32615.www.pas-teuriabio.com

Prophyta, Inselstrasse 12, D-23999,Malchow, Poel, Germany; www.prophy-ta.de

St. Gabriel Laboratories, 14044 LitchfieldRd., Orange, VA 22960; 800/801-0061,540/672-0866, Fax 540/672-0052;www.milkyspore.com

Troy Biosciences, Inc., 113 S. 47thAvenue, Phoenix, AZ 85043; 800/448-2843, 602/233-9047, Fax 602/272-4155; www.troybiosciences.com

Valent BioSciences, 870 Technology Way,Liberty, IL 60048; 800/323-9597,847/968-4700, Fax 847/968-4780;www.valentbiosciences.com

*for a more complete list, see the IPMPractitioner’s 2012 Directory of Least-toxic Pest Control Products,www.birc.org

Resources

8

Japanese beetle larvae, in New Jersey soils.J. Econ. Entomol. 60: 493-495

Larkin, R.P. and D.R. Fravel. 1998. Efficacy ofvarious fungal and bacterial biocontrolorganisms for control of Fusarium wilt oftomato. Plant Dis. 82(9):1022-1028.

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Leskey, T.C. 2012. Emergence of the brown mar-morated stinkbug, Halyomorpha halys as aserious pest of agriculture. USDAAppalachian Fruit Research Station,Kearneysville, WV. 75 pp.

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Inglis, G.D., M.S. Goettel, T.M. Butt and H.Strasser. 2001. Use of hyphomycetous fungifor managing insect pests. In: Butt et al., pp.23-69 of 390 pp.

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Chada, H.L., J.A. Ditman and F.C. Daigh. 1943.Progress during 1942 of the program for thecolonization of the milky disease of Japanesebeetle larvae in Delaware. Trans. PenisulaHort. Soc. 32(5):86-92 [CAB Abstracts]

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EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2011.Biopesticides registration document,Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1T. September 27, 2011. 36 pp.

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Estevez-Jensen, C., J.A. Percich and P.H.Graham. 2002. Integrated managementstrategies of bean root rot with Bacillus sub-tilis and Rhizobium in Minnesota. FieldCrops Res. 74(2/3):107-115. [CAB Abstracts]

Feng, M.G., B. Chen and S.H. Ying. 2004. Trialsof Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomycesfumosoroseus and imidacloprid for manage-ment of Trialeurodes vaporariorum(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on greenhousegrown lettuce. Biocontrol Sci. Technol.14(6):531-544.

Fernandez, C., R. R.-Kabana, P. Warrior and J.W.Kloepper. 2001. Induced soil suppressivenessto a root-knot nematode species by a nemati-cide. Biol. Control 22(2):103-114.

Fournier,V. and J. Brodeur. 2000. Dose-responsesusceptibility of pest aphids (Homoptera:Aphididae) and their control on hydroponical-ly grown lettuce with the entomopathogenicfungus Verticillium lecanii, azadirachtin, andinsecticidal soap. Environ. Entomol.29(3):568-578.

Gill, S.A., R. Reeser and M.J. Raupp. 1998.Battling thrips: five pesticides put to the test.Grower Talks 62(8):46-48.

Goettel, M.S., A.E. Hajek, J.P. Siegel and H.C.Evans. 2001. Safety of fungal biocontrolagents. In: Butt et al., pp. 347-375 of 390pp.

Gouli, V., S. Gouli, M. Skinner et al. 2012.Virulence of select entomopathogenic fungi tothe brown marmorated stinkbug. PestManag. Sci. 68(2):155-157.

Grandevo. 2012. Grandevo Label. www.mar-ronebio.com

Grewal, P.S., R-Udo Ehlers and D.I. S-Ilan, eds.2005. Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents. CABIPublishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK. 505pp.

Hajek, A.E. and R.J. St. Leger. 1994. Interactionsbetween fungal pathogens and insect hosts.Ann. Rev. Entomol. 39:293-322.


Update

Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., T.E. Cottrell, M.A Jackson,B.W. Wood. 2013. Control of key pecan insectpests using biorational pesticides. J. Econ.Entomol. 106(1):257-266.

Shipp, J.L., Y. Zhang, D.W.A. Hunt and G.Ferguson. 2003. Influence of humidity andgreenhouse microclimate on the efficacy ofBeauveria bassiana for control of greenhousearthropod pests. Environ. Entomol.32(5):1154-1163.

Stamm, M.D., R.W. Baxendale, K.G. Koch andT.J. Porchaska. 2012. Chromobacteriumsubtsugae (MBI-203) for control of southernmasked chafers. Arthropod ManagementTests 37:1-2.

Stephan, D., A. Schmitt, S.M. Carvalho, B.Seddon and E. Koch. 2005. Evaluation ofbiocontrol preparations and plant extracts forthe control of Phytophthora infestans onpotato leaves. Eur. J. Plant Pathol.112(3):235-246.

Surviliene, E. 2002. Antagonistic properties ofMycostop (Streptomyces griseoviridis) to dis-ease agents in greenhouse plants. Bull.OILB/SROP 25(1):257-260.[CAB Abstracts]

Thompson, S.R. and R.L. Brandenburg. 2005.Tunneling responses of mole crickets(Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) to the ento-mopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana.Environ. Entomol. 34(1):140-147.

Tucker, D.L., C.H. Beresford, L. Sigler and K.Rogers. 2004. Disseminated Beauveriabassiana infection in a patient with acutelymphoblastic anemia. J. Clin. Microbiol.42(11):5412-5414. [CAB Abstracts]

Ugine, T.A., S.P. Wraight and J.P. Sanderson.2005. Acquistion of lethal doses of Beauveriabassiana condia by western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis, exposed to foliarspray residues of formulated and unformu-lated conidia. J. Invert. Pathol. 90(1):10-23.

Utkhede, R., C. Bogdanoff and J. McNevin. 2001.Effects of biological and chemical treatmentson Botrytis stem canker and fruit yield oftomato under greenhouse conditions. Can. J.Plant Pathol. 23(3):253-259.

Warrior, P., L.A. Rehberger, M. Beach, P.A. Grau,G.W. Kirfman and J.M. Conley. 1999.Commercial development and introduction ofDiTera™, a new nematicide. Pesticide Sci.55(3):376-379.

Weston, D.P., J. You and M.J. Lydy. 2004.Distribution and toxicity of sediment-associ-ated pesticides in agriculture-dominated aterbodies of California’s Central Valley. Environ.Sci. Technol. 38(10):2752-2759.

White, J.G., C.A. Linfield, M.L. Lahdenpera andJ. Uoti. 1990. Mycostop, a novel biofungicidebased on Streptomyces griseoviridis.Brighton Crop Protection Council, Pests andDiseases, Vol 1. pp 221-226.

Wszelaki, A.L. and S.A. Miller. 2005. Determiningthe efficacy of disease management productsin organically produced tomatoes. PlantHealth Progress July:1-7. [CAB Abstracts]

Zak, B. 1964. Role of mycorrhizae in root disease.Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 2:377-392.

Zhioua, E., M. Browning, P.W. Johnson, H.S.Ginsberg and R.A. LeBrun. 1997.Pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fun-gus Metarhizium anisopliae to Ixodes scapu-laris (Acari: Ixodidae). J. Parasitol. 83(5):815-818.

Zimmerman, G. 1993. The entomopathogenicfungus Metarhizium anisopliae and its poten-tial as a biocontrol agent. Pesticide Science37:375-379.

Conference Notes

9

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pathogen controls thrips in greenhouse flow-ers. Calif. Agric. 52(3):32-26.

Pavic, S. et al. 2005. An outbreak of food poison-ing in a kindergarten caused by milk powdercontaining toxigenic Bacillus subtilis andBacillus licheniformis. Archiv.Lebensmittelhygiene 56(1):20-22. [CABAbstracts]

Polivka, J.B. 1956. Effectiveness of milky diseasein controlling Japanese beetle in Ohio. J.Econ. Entomol. 49(1): 4-6

Punja, Z.K. and R. Yip. 2003. Biological control ofdamping off and root rot caused by Pythiumaphanidermatum on greenhouse cucumbers.Can. J. Plant Pathol. 25(4):411-417.

Quarles, W. 1991. The avermectins: successfulbiopesticides. IPM Practitioner 13(5/6):6-17.

Quarles, W. 1993a. Alternatives to methyl bro-mide: Trichoderma seed treatments. IPMPractitioner 15(9):1-7.

Quarles, W. and C. Bucks. 1995. Non-toxic ter-mite treatments. OrganicGardening:December 44-50.

Quarles, W. and J. Grossman. 1995. Alternativesto methyl bromide in nurseries: disease sup-pressive media. IPM Practitioner 17(8):1-11.

Quarles, W. 1997a. Alternatives to methyl bro-mide in forest nurseries. IPM Practitioner19(3):1-14.

Quarles, W. 1997b. Bio-Blast. Pest ControlTechnology October: 121,124,126,130.

Quarles, W. 1999a. Plant disease biocontrol andectomycorrhizae. IPM Practitioner 21(9):1-10.

Quarles, W. 1999b. Plant disease biocontrol andVAM fungi. IPM Practitioner 21(4):1-9.

Quarles, W. 1999c. Commercial biocontrol fortermites. IPM Practitioner 21(1):1-6.

Quarles, W. 2001a. Can composts suppress plantdisease? Common Sense Pest ControlQuarterly 17(3):12-22.

Quarles, W. 2001b. Compost tea for organicfarming and gardening. IPM Practitioner23(9):1-9.

Quarles, W. 2002a. Aspirin, composts, talkingplants, and induced systemic resistance. IPMPractitioner 24(5/6):1-9.

Quarles, W. 2003. Insect biocontrol with fungi.IPM Practitioner 25(9/10):1-6.

Quarles, W. 2005a. Landscape IPM strategies fordiseases of ornamentals. IPM Practitioner27(3/4):1-8

Quarles, W. 2005c. Spinosad finds a home inorganic agriculture. IPM Practitioner27(7/8):1-9.

Quarles, W. 2006. IPM for turf diseases. CommonSense Pest Control Quarterly 22(1):12-15.

Quarles, W. 2009. Giant knotweed, plant diseaseprotection, and immortality. IPM Practitioner31(3/4)1-6.

Quarles, W. 2010a. Alternative herbicides in turf-grass and organic agriculture. IPMPractitioner 32(5/6):1-8.

Quarles, W. 2010b. New invasives threatenCalifornia crops and ornamentals. IPMPractitioner 32(7/8):1-7.

Quarles, W. 2011a. Pesticides and honey beedeath and decline. IPM Practitioner33(1/2):1-8.

Quarles, W. 2011b. Pyrethroid perimeter spraysin structural pest control. IPM Practitioner33(5/6):1-6.

Rose, S., M. Parker and Z.K. Punja. 2003.Efficacy of biological and chemical treat-ments for control of Fusarium root and stemrot on greenhouse cucumber. Plant Dis.87(12):1462-1470.

Rose, S., R. Yip and Z.K. Punja. 2004. Biologicalcontrol of Fusarium and Pythium root rotson greenhouse cucumbers grown in rock-wool. Acta Hort. 635:73-78.

Box 7414, Berkeley, CA 94707IPM Practitioner, XXXIII(7/8) July/August 2011 9

Update

insectary plants to encourage bene-ficial insects is provided. There arediscussions on reduced risk or leasttoxic pesticides such as soaps, oils,botanicals, microbials, andpheromones, which were mostlytaken from the first edition of theGardeners Guide. Part of the bookis devoted to biopesticides, butmany new commercial products areomitted. This is unavoidable, sincebiopesticides are a major focus ofresearch activity, and several newproducts have been introducedwithin the last year.

The overview of pesticide toxicitymay be the weakest part of thebook. The authors may have beendealing with limited space. There isa good development of acute toxici-ty, but chronic exposure problemsare not examined in enough detail.Endocrine disruption and the spe-cial toxicity of pesticides to childrenare not mentioned. Water qualityissues are not addressed. Thoughthere is a sidebar on bees, specialproblems with systemics and neoni-cotinoids are not mentioned.Some might object that lawn

maintenance is overemphasized,since it takes up 20% of the book.

Certainly, non-polluting manage-ment of turfgrass is a worthwhilesubject. Turfgrass is present onplaying fields at schools, golf cours-es and other areas where exposureto pesticides might be a problem.But turfgrass requires large quanti-ties of water and energy, and theprevailing green philosophy is toreduce or eliminate lawns in ahome gardening situation. So lawnmaintenance is somewhat question-able in an ecologically friendlyGardener’s Guide. But the good news is that the

sections on turf management andweed management are well writtenand provide practical tips on lowimpact turf maintenance. They willbe welcomed by professionals tryingto implement school IPM programsand others who are stuck with thedifficult prospects of environmental-ly friendly turfgrass maintenance.Only about 13% of the book is

actually concerned with control ofspecific garden pests. This is not aweakness, since most of the impor-tant pests are covered, and detailedinformation on specific pests can befound online in University ofCalifornia Pest Notes and in a num-ber of BIRC publications. There arealso a number of good gardeningbooks published by Rodale orTaunton Press that fulfill this need.The design and layout are a vast

improvement over the first edition.A major upgrade is the inclusion of200 striking color photos.There is no mention of specific

products and suppliers, which isprobably wise. Each year BIRCspends at least four monthsupgrading product information forthe IPM Practitioner’s Directory ofLeast-Toxic Pest Control Products.Any product list for the book wouldhave been out of date within a year.Congratulations to Steve Ash,

Pam Weatherford, and TauntonPress for producing an excellentresource!—Bill Quarles

10

Revised and Updated. 2013.William Olkowski, Sheila Daar andHelga Olkowski, coauthored andedited by Steven Ash. TauntonPress, Newtown CT. 391 pp.Paperback. www.tauntonstore.com/pest

The Gardener’s Guide toCommon Sense Pest Controlby BIRC founders William

Olkowski, Sheila Daar, and HelgaOlkowski is back in print at last.For those not familiar with thebook, it is not a how-to book aboutgardening. So you will not finddetailed instructions on how togrow geraniums, or a pest by pestanalysis of what is eating your cab-bages. The Gardener’s Guide is really a

book about ecological gardeningwith minimal pesticides and lowenvironmental impact. The authorswere influenced by Rachel Carson,Robert van den Bosch and others.Conventional gardening leads tooveruse of pesticides, producing a“pesticide treadmill” and destructiveresults on the environment. Theauthors promote the integrated pestmanagement (IPM) method thatcombines physical, biological, cul-tural, ecological, and reduced riskchemical approaches to managepest populations. Implementation ofIPM leads to pesticide reduction.About half of the book discusses

IPM alternatives to conventionalpest control, along with principlesof sustainable gardening, and bestmanagement practices for land-scapes. Unfortunately, there is noteven one mention of organic gar-dening. There should have beensomething on how IPM, sustain-able, or reduced risk gardeningrelates to organic gardening, whichfor many people is a more familiarconcept.There is a well written section on

biological controls that draws onthe excellent Natural EnemiesHandbook produced by theUniversity of California. A list of

Conference Notes

10


Book Review

The Gardener’s Guide toCommon-Sense Pest Control

In Sacramento, CA on March 14,Brian Leahy, Director of theCalifornia Department of PesticideRegulation, presented a 2012 IPMInnovator Award to Hearts PestManagement of San Diego. Thisprestigious award went to Heartsbecause of its dedication to reducedrisk pest management, and itsimplementation of EcoWise Servicethroughout San Diego, Los Angeles,Orange, Riverside, and SanBernadino Counties.Most of the IPM Innovator awards

go to organizations that are associ-ated with agriculture, or to non-profits and government agenciesassociated with urban pest manage-ment. Structural pest managementcompanies that receive this awardare an elite group. The EcoWiseCertified Program received an IPMInnovator Award in 2007. Laterawards went to our EcoWiseCertified companies. Pestec IPM ofSan Francisco, CA received theaward in 2008, ATCO Pest

Management of Novato, CA receivedit in 2009, and now Hearts PestManagement in 2012.EcoWise Certification makes good

business sense. At the ceremony,Hearts President Gerry Weitzreported that his EcoWise Certified“green thumb” business increasedby 30% during 2012. There is clear-ly a market for reduced risk pestmanagement, and EcoWiseCertification helps governmentagencies and other customers iden-tify the companies that providethese quality services. A list of EcoWise Certified Service

Providers and Practitioners can befound at www.ecowisecertified.org.An online EcoWise Certificationcourse can be found atwww.birc.org. To find out moreabout Hearts Pest Management,please see their website atwww.heartspm.com.

Congratulations, Gerry Weitz andHearts Pest Management!

11


EcoWise NewsCalendarJanuary 7-12, 2013. 25th Advanced Landscape IPM

Short Course. University of Maryland, College Park.

Contact: Avis Koeiman, Dept. Entomology, 301/405-

3913. email [email protected]

January 23-26, 2013. 33rd Annual EcoFarm

Conference. Asilomar, Pacific Grove, CA. Contact:

Ecological Farming Association, 831/763-2111;

[email protected]

February 4-7, 2013. Annual Meeting Weed Science

Society of America. Baltimore, MD. Contact:

www.wssa.net

February 14-17, 2013. Annual Meeting Association

Applied IPM Ecologists. Hyatt Regency, San

Francisco, CA. Contact: www.aaie.org

February 21-23, 2013. 24th Annual Moses Organic

Farm Conference. La Crosse, WI. Contact: Moses, PO

Box 339, Spring Valley, WI 54767; 715/778-5775;

www.mosesorganic.org

March 4-6, 2013. California Small Farm Conference.

Fresno, CA. Contact:

www.californiafarmconference.com

March 26, 2013. 22nd Annual UCR Urban Pest

Management Conference. UCR Extension, University

of California, Riverside. Contact: Kathleen Campbell

951-827-5729.

April 4, 2013. 12th San Francisco Urban IPM

Conference. Golden Gate Club, Presidio, San

Francisco, CA. Contact: www.sfenvironment.org.

April 5-6, 2013. 31st Annual Beyond Pesticides

Conference. Sustainable Families, Food, and Farms.

U. New Mexico, Albuerque, NM. Contact:

www.beyondpesticides.org

April 27, 2013. Reduced-Risk Pest Management. El

Cerrito City Hall, 10890 San Pablo, El Cerrito, CA.

Contact: Melanie Mintz, El Cerrito Environmental

Services, 510-215-4350, [email protected]

June 18-23, 2013. 70th Annual Convention, Pest

Control Operators of CA. Harrah’s, Las Vegas, NV.

Contact: www.pcoc.org

August 4-9, 2013. 98th Annual Conference Ecological

Society of America. Minneapolis, MN. Contact:

www.esa.org

August 10-13, 2013. Annual Conference American

Phytopathological Society (APS). Austin, TX.

Contact: Betty Ford, [email protected] or

www.apsnet.org

October 23-26, 2013. Pestworld, Annual Meeting

National Pest Management Association (NPMA),

Phoenix, AZ. Contact: NPMA, 10460 North St.,

Fairfax, VA 22031; 800/678-6722; 703/352-

6762www.npmapestworld.org

November 17-20, 2013. Annual ESA Meeting. Austin,

TX. Contact: ESA, 10001 Derekwood Lane, Suite

100, Lanham, MD 20706; 301/731-4535;

http://www.entsoc.org

December 12-14, 2013. Acres USA Conference.

Springfield, IL. Contact: www.acresusa.com

Hearts Pest ManagementWins IPM Innovator Award

Photo co

urtesy

Tanya D

rlik

Brian Leahy, on the left, Director of the California Department ofPesticide Regulation, presents an IPM Innovator Award to Gerry Weitz,President of Hearts Pest Management of San Diego.

Conference Notes

Kenneth Haynes (Univ of Kentucky,S-225 Ag Sci Center N, Lexington,KY 40546; [email protected]). LA-1is the only field-collected strain stillsusceptible to pesticides. Field-col-lected strains of CIN-1 have a10,000-fold increase in pesticideresistance; though lab colonies ofCIN-1 lose some of their resistance.In New Jersey diagnostic assays,pesticide mortality is 50%.In the USA, 87% of bed bugs

show pesticide resistance and haveone or more kdr (knockdown resist-ance) mutations, which are associ-ated with resistance in field-collect-ed bed bugs. However, LA-1 has kdrand no resistance. Thus, kdr muta-tions are not synonymous withresistance. In lab experiments withTemprid™, a product combiningneonicotinoid (imidacloprid) andpyrethroid (cyfluthrin) pesticides,NY-1 bed bugs were killed in 19.2hours, an indication of relativeresistance; versus 2 hours for CIN-1and an immediate 80% kill of LA-1.

Noting the high pesticide resist-ance of NY-1 in comparison to LA-1(susceptible) and CIN-1 (intermedi-ate), Jennifer Gordon (Univ ofKentucky, S-225 Ag Sci Center N,Lexington, KY 40546; [email protected]) is looking at pesti-cide resistance as one possible rea-son for the global resurgence of bedbugs.Using topical bioassays, Gordon

found that resistance evolved in LA-1 after Temprid™ treatments.Indeed, in one generation bed bugcontrol declined from 80% to 40%.In CIN-1, mortality dropped from70% to 3% after one generation.Along with cross resistance, there isthe strong possibility that otherproducts will also be less effectivegoing forward.Heritable pesticide resistance is

also found with Transport®. Indeed,the LA-1 bed bug strain can beselected to go from 100% mortalityin 5 minutes to only 30%. Similarly,

CIN-1 can be selected to go from80% to 10% mortality. There maybe a synergy when neonicotinoidand pyrethroid insecticides areapplied together; and this couldfacilitate the evolution of pesticideresistance.

Neem Seed Oil and BedBug Traps

Because of resistance, pest man-agement companies are turning tonew pesticides and non-chemicalmethods of treatment. A 22% cold-pressed neem seed oil emulsifiableconcentrate (EC), Cirkil™ CX(Terramera; Vancouver, BC,Canada), received EPA registrationin May 2012, said Susan Jones(Ohio State Univ, 2501 W. CarmackRd, Columbus, OH 43210;[email protected]). Neem seed oilis a very fragrant botanical product,though it can be used with odor-neutralizers. Neem oil has beenused for many centuries in India inmedicines, shampoos, toothpastes,cosmetics and other items. InCalifornia, neem seed oil is used totreat bed bugs and their eggs andcellar spiders.Cirkil™ CX is diluted for applica-

tion; it is reapplied against bedbugs every 1-3 weeks. A relatedneem seed oil product, Cirkil RTU(Ready-To-Use), is registered forcommerce and consumer spot-treatments; it is available in triggerspray bottles for commercial use,and finger pump spray bottles forconsumers.In October 2012, an empty house

with bed bugs was treated. Theempty house was monitored with:Verifi™ CO2 traps in each room atvaried locations; and Climbup®Interceptor traps to assess bed bugpopulations beneath the bed. Fourof each trap were installed perroom.Visual inspections revealed few

bed bugs. Prior to neem treatments,38 bed bugs were captured in

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By Joel Grossman

T hese Conference Highlightswere selected from about1,800 talks and over 600

poster displays at the Nov. 11-14,2012, Entomological Society ofAmerica (ESA) annual meeting inKnoxville, Tennessee. ESA’s nextannual meeting is November 10-13,2013, in Austin, Texas. For moreinformation contact the ESA (10001Derekwood Lane, Suite 100,Lanham, MD 20706; 301/731-4535; www.entsoc.org

Pesticide Resistance inBed Bugs

“If there is widespread resistanceto pyrethroids in the field, then wehave a problem,” as over 90% of the318 bed bug products in the EPAdatabase are pyrethroids, said MarkFeldlaufer (USDA-ARS, 10300Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD,20705; [email protected]). Among the “new” chemistriesbeing tested is deltamethrin, apyrethroid used since the 1970s. Atlow doses, deltamethrin provides13-36% bed bug mortality, but athigher concentrations, it can beeffective.Pyrethroids are the most widely

used pesticides against bed bugs,though it often takes more thanthree treatments to curb infesta-tions, said Alvaro Romero (NewMexico State Univ, Skeen HallN256, Las Cruces, NM, 88011;[email protected]). Pesticideresistance was monitored in fieldpopulations, and compared to apesticide-susceptible laboratory bedbug strain, Harlan. Against bedbugs in the field, imidacloprid hada resistance ratio of 286, which was30 times greater than Harlan.Acetamiprid could not kill bed bugsin the field; and had a resistanceratio of 300,000, which was 286-fold greater than Harlan.Surveys indicate that bed bugs

are the hardest pest to control, said


Conference Notes

ESA 2012 Annual MeetingHighlights

nient; expensive; and exposed areasstill get bites).DEET as a bed bug repellent is

applied to the feet, the body, orclothing. But DEET is corrosive toplastics and buttons; and there aresafety concerns from skin applica-tions. Permethrin, picaridin andessential oils may be less corrosiveand potentially safer than DEET;but their efficiency, effectivenessand longevity need to be investigat-ed. Along with permethrin andessential oils, some new botanicalsare potential alternatives to 10%DEET for treating fabrics for lastingarthropod repellency.Isolongifolenone is an odorless

sesquiterpene found in the SouthAmerican Tauroniro tree, Humiriabalsamifera. It can be synthesizedwith few impurities from turpentineoil feedstock. Isomers of isolongi-folenone repel Aedes and Anophelesmosquitoes more effectively thanDEET; and repel blacklegged ticks,Ixodes scapularis, and lone starticks, Amblyomma americanum, aseffectively as DEET. A 5% isolongi-folenone concentration provides100% mosquito and tick repellencyfor 3 hours; this is a higher repel-lency than DEET. But DEET pro-vides more hours of repellency thanisolongifolenone.In bed bug petri dish assays, 5%

DEET is 100% repellent and lastslonger than isolongifolenone, whichstarts losing its repellency after 3hours. In arena tests with hostcues, 25% DEET keeps surfacesrepellent to bed bugs for 2 weeks;10% DEET protects surfaces for 9hours; 5% DEET loses its repellencyafter 9 hours.

Steam Heat and Cold KillBed Bugs

Steam, heat and cold temperaturetreatments can prove useful in bedbug IPM, said Roger Gold (TexasA&M Univ, Minnie Belle Heep Bldg,College Station, TX 77843; [email protected]) and RobertPuckett. Length of exposure was akey variable in these experimentsusing the bed bug strain Earl.Future studies will look at sublethaleffects (e.g. on behavior, reproduc-

Conference Noteseugenol, beta-caryophyllene andmethyl salicylate, which are widelyused as flavorings and fragrances incooking, candy, soaps, chewinggum and medicines.

In experiments at different tem-peratures, 10 bed bugs were placedin plastic vials with mesh tops. Thevials were placed inside 900 ml (1.9pint) Mason jars; filter paper treat-ed with essential oils was placed onthe underside of the Mason jartops. Methyl salicylate fumigantvapors provided 100% bed bugmortality in 30 hours at 26°C(79°F); 10 hours at 35°C (95°F) and8 hours at 40°C (104°F) also provid-ed 100% bed bug kill. Eugenolvapors produced similar results.However, there were no synergisticor additive effects from combiningeugenol and methyl salicylate.Mortality takes longer when bed

bugs are orally fed essential oils.Choe’s future trials will include:

botanical oil granules; exposing bedbug-infested items to essential oilvapors; and checking for sublethalessential oil effects on parameterssuch as female bed bug reproduc-tion.

Bed Bug RepellentsThe idea behind bed bug repel-

lents such as DEET, permethrin,picaridin and essential oils is allow-ing people to work and travel whilehaving fewer bed bug bites. Plusbringing home fewer bed bugs frominfested areas, said Changlu Wang(Rutgers, 93 Lipman Dr, NewBrunswick, NJ 08901; [email protected]). Besides repel-lents, there are also non-chemicalalternatives such as: sleeping underbed bug tents, and bandaging your-self in a protective suit (inconve-

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Climbup traps, indicating bed buginfestations only in the master bed-room and bed of the empty house.Eight Verifi traps captured 48 bedbugs in the dining room, guestroom and master bedroom. As partof the IPM approach, electricalsockets were treated withMotherEarth® D diatomaceousearth. Gorilla Tape® was used toseal around the doors and excludebed bug movement from otherrooms. Cirkil RTU was sprayed invarious places, including on books,backs of picture frames and card-board boxes. Vials of insecticide-susceptible Harlan bed bugs wereplaced around the house for on-siteneem seed oil vapor toxicity assays.Two days after spraying, bed bug

mortality from neem seed oil vaporswas highest in confined spaces;with 48% mortality in vials placedbetween the mattress and boxspring, versus 28% mortality inopen spaces. Two weeks post-treat-ment, 123 dead bed bugs were vac-uumed up and live bed bugs weredetected in a second bedroom. Bedbug numbers were low because themonitoring traps were doing doubleduty, also providing populationsuppression by removing many bedbugs.

Essential Oils Fight BedBugs

Heat chambers at 50°C (122°F)are effective against bed bugs,though expensive. Carbon dioxide(CO2) fumigation chambers havedry ice handling and room air cir-culation issues. Organophosphateand sulfuryl fluoride fumigantshave toxicity issues. Essential oils,many of which are GRAS (GenerallyRecognized as Safe) compounds andwould not need such a long regis-tration process, have been usedagainst head lice and other pests,and are another alternative for bedbug IPM programs, said Dong-HwanChoe (Univ of California, Entomol382, Riverside, CA 92521; [email protected]).

Clove essential oils, found in theleaves and flower buds of cloveplants, Syzygium aromaticum,include GRAS compounds such as


Conference Notes

Adult bed bug, Cimex lectularius, and its eggs

Photo co

urtesy

tion) of heat and cold in survivingbed bugs.In the heat experiments, 10 of

each bed bug life stage were placedinside a plastic shoebox containingan arena simulating a bed withmattress fabric from a Sealy® facto-ry. A Jiffy® model J-4000-DMsteamer applied drifts of unpressur-ized steam heat to the fabric for 10,20 or 30 seconds via placing thesteam head edge on the fabric;future studies will look at varyingthe width of the steam head toincrease efficiency. Samples wereleft up to 7 hours, and weighed tosee if they gained weight from thewater; a negative, as water is asso-ciated with mildew. There was nofabric weight gain from the water;and no mildew, mold or staining onfabric left for two weeks in an attic.After 7 hours, the brief (10-30

seconds) steaming killed 87-94% ofadult and nymph bed bugs on themattress fabric; temperaturesreached 80°C (176°F) in the arena.A few bed bugs managed to escapethe steam plume in the arena; buta PCO protocol could close downthe escape routes. The 10-30 sec-ond steam exposure essentiallypoached all the bed bug eggs; sothere was zero bed bug egg hatch.Steam time is kept necessarily brief,as bed bug nymphs and adults canmove fast and must not be giventime to escape. The heat conveyedhas to be intense, as killing is byheat contact.

Cold is also effective at killingbed bugs. But very low tempera-tures and significant exposuredurations are necessary. Cold isprobably less likely to be used thanheat or steam by PCOs, as longertime periods mean more laborcosts; and days can be involved,depending on the protocol. Subzerofreezers were used in the cold tests.Bed bug life stages were exposed

to temperatures ranging from -20°C(-4°F) to -80°C (-112°F) for 1, 2, 5and 20 minutes. Observations weremade at 1, 4, 8 and 24 hours, up to7 days. Bed bug mortality was 30%after 20 minutes exposure to -20°C(-4°F). However, bed bug mortalitywas 100% after 20 minutes expo-sure to -40°C (-40°F). Bed bug mor-

tality was 95% after 10 minutesexposure to -40°C (-40°F); therewas some egg hatch at 1 and 2minutes. Bed bug mortality was100% after 5, 10 or 20 minutesexposure to -60°C (-76°F).

Metarhizium, FungicidalPheromones and Bed Bugs“Overall, our results suggest that

entomopathogenic fungi present apotential method for targeting bedbugs as part of a wider integratedprogram,” said Kevin Ulrich (Univ ofMaryland, College Park, MD 20742;[email protected]), who tested bothpyrethroid-resistant and pyrethroid-susceptible bed bugs, Cimex lectu-larius. The most effective strain inthis study, Metarhizium anisopliaestrain V1630, should be formulatedin a 0.1% dish detergent solutionfor maximum effectiveness.”Choice of adjuvant for the fungal

conidia was very important. In con-trast to 0.1% dish detergent, nei-ther 0.01% Tween nor 0.01% sun-flower oil provided significantlymore bed bug mortality than thecontrol. Interestingly, V1630 wasthe only M. anisopliae strain signifi-cantly better than the control inkilling bed bugs. V1630 even besteda transgenic Metarhizium strainexpressing an insect-specific scorpi-on neurotoxin.

“The fungus has the potential tobe a cost effective and relativelystraight forward weapon againstbed bugs,” said Ulrich. However,“the fungicidal characteristics of thebed bug (alarm) pheromones (E)-2-hexenal and (E)-2-octenal and othercuticular components” could limitcontrol via bed bug contact with thefungal conidia. But oral “ingestionof fungal spores by bed bugs greatlyincreased overall mortality.”

American Cockroach IPM“Entomopathogenic fungi and

diatomaceous earth can play vitalroles in eco-friendly control of cock-roaches,” said Waqas Wakil (Univ ofAgriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan;[email protected]). In laboratorytrials, four concentrations (15, 30,45 and 60 ppm) of the entomopath-ogenic (insect-killing) fungus

Metarhizium anisopliae wereapplied topically; both alone and incombination with with diatoma-ceous earth (SilicoSec®) againstadult American cockroaches,Periplaneta americana. Over a 28day period in which dead cock-roaches were removed daily, mor-tality from SilicoSec increased overtime. At 14 days, the combinationof Metarhizium anisopliae andSilicoSec caused significantly moreAmerican cockroach mortality thaneither alone. Thus, IPM programsusing high concentrations of bothproducts can potentially achievehigh cockroach mortality.

Bug Bombs Fail, BaitsWork for Cockroach IPMAlso known as “bug bombs,” total

release foggers (TRFs) typically com-bine pyrethroid insecticides and asynergist with flammable propel-lants that in New York City aloneare associated with 48 fires andhouse explosions per year, saidCoby Schal (North Carolina StateUniv, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh,NC 27695; [email protected]).The CDC (Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention) recorded460 TRF-related events in a recentyear. Desperate consumers often tryTRFs against bed bugs, though theydo not work well for that purpose.Consumer mishaps and misuse ofTRFs as low-cost alternatives toPCO services prompted compar-isons between TRFs and cockroachbaits.

TRFs penetrated sealed cabinetsto reach dishes and left pesticideresidues; but the trap catch datashowed that the cockroaches sur-vived. Dose-response curves calcu-lated from cockroaches in opencages exposed to TRFs indicatedthat pyrethroid insecticide resist-ance was a factor in TRF treatmentfailure. Indeed, there was a 200-foldincrease in resistance to cyperme-thrin. In some treatments, cock-roach populations actuallyincreased after TRF use. In con-trast, professional and consumercockroach baits like MaxForce®gave high reductions in cockroachpopulations.

Conference Notes

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