new cross sections, indices of refraction, and reflectance spectra of atmospheric interest s. massie...
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New cross sections, indices of refraction, and reflectance spectra of atmospheric interest
S. Massie (NCAR, Boulder, CO)A. Goldman (University of Denver, Denver, CO)
9th Biennial HITRAN Database ConferenceHarvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Cambridge, MassachusettsJune 26-28, 2006
Abstract
A brief review is presented of the indices of refraction and cross sections that are on the HITRAN 2004 compilation. New measurements of therefractive indices of ternary (H2O/H2SO4/HNO3) droplets by Myhre [2003,2005] and the indices of supercooled water by Wagner [2005] are presented and compared toprevious data. New infrared cross sections of species of atmospheric interest (e.g., the measurements of HFC-125 and HFC-143a of Lonardo and Masciarelli [2000]) are also discussed.
We finally propose to link to the “other listings” portion of the HITRAN web site several established reflectance data bases, since many current and futureremote sensing experiments are influenced by groundemission and reflectance contributions.
Outline of Presentation
Discussion of new
Indices of Refraction
Cross sections
Links to Digital surface reflectance atlases
HITRAN 2004 Refractive Indices
Water, ice
Sulfuric acid (stratospheric sulfate)
Nitric acid
Solid hydrates (NAM, NAD, NAT)nitric acid mono, di, tri hydrate
Ternary solution droplets(H2SO4, H2O, HNO3)
Tropospheric (sodium chloride, sea salt, ammonium sulfate, organic soot,quartz, sand)
Supercooled Water - Motivation
Pure water – 10 m drop nucleates at -38° C
Pruppacher and Klett, Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation, p213, 1998
Water droplet + desert dust nucleates at -15° C(Sassen, Nature, 434, p456, 2005)
Pure watersupercooling
(°C)
Drop Diameter (cm)
10 m30
40
Supercooled Water Indices
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Wagner Indices of Supercooled Water
238 K252 258 269
Rea
l In
dex
Wavenumber (cm-1)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Wagner Indices of Supercooled Water
238 K252 258269
Imag
inar
y In
de
xWavenumber (cm-1)
Real Index Imaginary Index
Wagner et al., Mid-infrared Extinction Spectra and Optical Constants of Supercooled Water Droplets, J. Phys. Chem., 109, p7099, 2005.
Comparison to Room Temperature Data
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Cold and Room Temperature Water Indices
238 K252 258 269 300
Imag
inar
y In
de
x
Wavenumber (cm-1)
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Cold and Room Temperature Water Indices
238 K252 258 269 300
Rea
l In
dex
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Downing and Williams, Optical constants of water in theinfrared, J. Geophys. Res., 80, 1656-1661, 1975.
Real Index Imaginary Index
300 K
300 K
Ternary Indices - Motivation
Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)Need to know PSC composition and size
Composition: Liquid droplets (ternary),Solid hydrates (e.g. NAT, NAD)
Heterogeneous chemistry rates of reaction: = reaction probability (unitless)A = PSC surface area (m2 cm-3)v = mean molecular speed (cm sec-1)r = rate constant (sec-1)r = 10-8 A v/4 is a function of PSC composition type
Denitrification: depends upon particle size
Example: observed PSC spectrum
Kim et al., PSCs Observed by the ILAS-II in the AntarcticRegion: Dual Compositions and Variation of Compositionsduring June-August of 2003, JGR, in press, 2006.
Wavelength (micron)
Example: PSC composition determination
Kim et al., PSCs Observed by the ILAS-II in the AntarcticRegion: Dual Compositions and Variation of Compositionsduring June-August of 2003, JGR, in press, 2006. Different letters denote different composition types.
T (K)
Date (Julian day)
Ice
NAT
195
180
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
180 190 200 210 220 230
Ternary droplet Composition by weight
12 ppbv HNO3 4ppmv H2O
Co
mp
os
itio
n (
by
wei
gh
t)
Temperature (K)
H2SO
4
H2O
HNO3
Carslaw, Luo, Peter, Geo Res Lett, 22, p1877, 1995
New Binary and Ternary Indices
C. E. Lund Myhre, D. H. Christensen, F. M. Nicolaisen,and C. J. Nielsen, Spectroscopic Study of Aqueous H2SO4
at Different Temperatures and Compositions: Variations in Dissociation and Optical Properties, J. Phys. Chem. A.,107, 1979-1991, 2003.
C.E. Lund Myhre, H. Grothe, A. A. Gola, and C. J. Nielsen, Optical Constants of HNO3/H2O and H2SO4/HNO3/H2O at Low Temperatures in the Infrared Region, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 7166-7171, 2005.
Myhre (2003, 2005) measurements
Binary (H2SO4/H2O) – 32 casesWeight % H2SO4 = 81, 81, 81, 76, 76, 76, 76, 76, 72, 72 72, 72, 72, 72, 72, 65, 65, 65, 65, 58, 58, 58, 48, 48, 48, 48, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38, 38 Temperature(k) = 298, 273, 267, 298, 273, 233, 213, 203, 298, 253, 245, 233, 223, 213, 203, 298, 263, 243, 223, 298, 243, 233, 298, 273, 234, 213, 298, 277, 257, 243, 223, 213
Binary (HNO3/H2O)30% HNO3, 70 % H2O T= 223, 233, 243, 253, 273, 293 K54% HNO3, 46 % H2O T= 243, 248, 253, 273, 293 K64% HNO3, 36% H2O T= 238, 243, 253, 273, 293 K
Ternary (HNO3/H2SO4/H2O)17% HNO3, 25% H2SO4 T=183, 193, 203, 213, 223, 253, 273, 293 K23% HNO3, 21% H2SO4 T=203, 213, 223, 253, 273 K46% HNO3, 4% H2SO4 T=223, 253, 273, 293 K
Examples of Myhre H2SO4/H2O Indices
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Myhre H2SO4/H2O Indices
76% H2SO4, 233K65% H2SO4, 223K48% H2SO4, 213KIm
agin
ary
Ind
ex
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Temperaturesensitivity here is important
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Myhre H2SO4/H2O Indices
76% H2SO4, 233K65% H2SO4, 223K48% H2SO4, 213K
Rea
l In
dex
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Real Index Imaginary Index
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600
Comparison of H2SO4/H2O Indices
Myhre 48% T=213 KTisdale 50% T=215 K
Rea
l In
dex
Wavenumber (cm-1)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600
Comparison of H2SO4/H2O Indices
Myhre 48% T=213 KTisdale 50% T=215 K
Imag
inar
y In
de
xWavenumber (cm-1)
Real Index Imaginary Index
Comparison of H2SO4/H2O Indices
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Myhre H2O/HNO3 Indices 30 wt% HNO3 - 70 wt% H2O
293 K273253 243233223
Imag
inar
y In
de
x
Wavenumber (cm-1)
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Myhre H2O/HNO3 Indices 30 wt% HNO3 - 70 wt% H2O
293 K273253243233223
Rea
l In
dex
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Examples of Myhre HNO3/H2O IndicesSmall Temperature Dependence
Real Index Imaginary Index
Comparisons of HNO3/H2O Indices
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600
HNO3/H2O Indices
Myhre 30% HNO3, T=223KNorman 35% HNO3, T=220K
Imag
inar
y In
de
xWavenumber (cm-1)
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600
HNO3/H2O Indices
Myhre 30% HNO3, T=223KNorman 35% HNO3, T=220K
Rea
l In
dex
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Real Index Imaginary Index
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Myhre Ternary IndicesH2SO4/H2O/HNO3
293 K273 253223
Rea
l In
dex
Wavenumber (cm-1)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000
Myhre Ternary IndicesH2SO4/H2O/HNO3
293 K273253223
Imag
inar
y In
de
x
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Examples of Myhre Ternary IndicesSmall Temperature Dependence
46 % HNO3, 4% H2SO4
Real Index Imaginary Index
Real Imaginary
HITRAN 2004 IncludedNorman’s Ternary Indices at 220 K
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Ternary (H2O/H
2SO
4/HNO
3) Indices at 220 K
Mark Norman, 2002
10 4522 3528 3129 2633 2440 15
Rea
l In
dex
Wavenumber (cm-1)
%H2SO4 %HNO3
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Ternary (H2O/H
2SO
4/HNO
3)
Imaginary Indices at 220 KMark Norman, 2002
10 4522 3528 3129 2633 2440 15
Imag
inar
y in
dex
Wavenumber (cm-1)
%H2SO4 %HNO3
Comparisons of Myhre data to other data sets
Percent differences in H2SO4/H2O indices Data set Real Index Imaginary Index
Niedziela 2% 10-20%
Biermann 1000-3500 cm-1 10% 10-20% v < 1000 cm-1 problematic
Tisdale 3% 10%
Which data sets to use?
Wagner et al., A quantitative test of infrared opticalconstants for supercooled sulphuric and nitric aciddroplet aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1147-1164,2003.
Compared cloud chamber measurements of H2SO4/H2O and H2SO4/HNO3 extinction spectra with spectra calculated using published indices.
Good agreementNiedziela (1999) H2SO4/H2ONorman (1999) H2SO4/HNO3
How to use the data?
Mixing rule for the complex index has been proposed:
k(, T, Ws,Wn)= (Ws/Ws+Wn) ks + (Wn/Ws+Wn) kn
complex indices ks and kn, weight percents Ws and Wn
of H2SO4/H2O (s) and HNO3/H2O (n) components
This mixing rule is likely not adequate.
Myhre et al. (2005) state that: “a reliable model of the optical constants of ternaryH2SO4/HNO3/H2O solutions requires a thoroughunderstanding of ionic speciation in the system”
Cross Sections
HITRAN 2004 - 28 molecules
Rothman et al., The HITRAN 2004 molecularspectroscopic database, J. Quant. Spect. and Radiat.Transfer, 96, 139-204, 2005.
Data to be added to HITRAN: Lonardo and Masciarelli, Infrared absorption cross-sections and integrated absorption intensities of HFC-125 and HFC-143a,J. Quant. Spect. and Radiat. Transf., 66, p129-142, 2000.
16 HFC 125 and 19 HFC 143a setsTemperature range: 203 – 293 KPressure: pure vapor, 50, 200, 800 hPaSpectral resolution: 0.03 cm-1
HFC-125 HFC-143a
0.0 100
1.0 10-18
2.0 10-18
3.0 10-18
4.0 10-18
5.0 10-18
400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
HCFC-125, 200 hPaLonardo
203 K213233 253 293
Cro
ss S
ecti
on
(cm
2 )
Wavenumber (cm-1)
0.0 100
5.0 10-18
1.0 10-17
1.5 10-17
2.0 10-17
2.5 10-17
3.0 10-17
3.5 10-17
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
HCFC-143a, 200 hPaLonardo
203 K213 233 253273
Cro
ss S
ecti
on
(cm
2 ) Wavenumber (cm-1)
HFC-143a Temperature Dependence
0 100
1 10-17
2 10-17
3 10-17
4 10-17
5 10-17
1275 1280 1285
HCFC-143a, 200 hPaLonardo
203 K293
Cro
ss S
ecti
on
(cm
2)
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Comparisons to Other Data
0.0 100
5.0 10-19
1.0 10-18
1.5 10-18
2.0 10-18
2.5 10-18
3.0 10-18
3.5 10-18
4.0 10-18
1280 1290 1300 1310 1320 1330 1340
HFC-125
Lonardo293 KSmith 287 K
Cro
ss
Sec
tio
n (
cm
2)
Wavenumber (cm-1)
0.0 100
5.0 10-18
1.0 10-17
1.5 10-17
2.0 10-17
1275 1280 1285
HFC-143a213 K, pure vapor
Lonardo Smith
Cro
ss
Se
ctio
n (
cm
2)
Wavenumber (cm-1)
Reflectance Spectra - Motivation
Recent interest focuses on the troposphereTo probe into the troposphere, onefrequently encounters radiative transferphysics that is influenced by the surface
Nadir retrievals over bright surfaces are difficult- MODIS experiment can not detect desert dust over bright deserts
Reflectance Spectra
USGS Digital Spectral Library
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-395/ofr-03-395.html
Over 800 spectra, including:13 mineral classes
borate, carbonate, chloride, element, halide,..7 series
olivine, garnet, scapolite,..Representative spectra of
H2O ice, kerogen, desert varnish, evaporite,..Vegetation
treees, shrubs, grasses, flowers,..Man-made materials
roofing material, plastics, paint,..
Spectral range: 0.2 to 5.2 m
Reflectance Spectra
ASTER spectral librarySimon.J. [email protected]
http://speclib.jpl.nasa.gov/
The ASTER spectral library includes data from three otherspectral libraries: the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) Spectral Library, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Spectral Library, and the United States Geological Survey (USGS - Reston) Spectral Library
~2000 spectra of natural and man-made materials