new efforts to enhance the yield potential of rice through grisp
DESCRIPTION
An IRRI Seminar delivered by Parminder Virk, senior scientist, Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnology Division, IRRI, on 14 April 2011.TRANSCRIPT
Parminder S. Virk
IRRI Rice Seminar Series
Current position Senior Scientist II
Education and training M.Sc. & Ph.D.
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
Work experience Senior Scientist, Plant Breeding, IRRI, 2004-2010
Irrigated Rice Breeder, IRRI, 2001-2004
Affiliate Scientist, IRRI, 1999-2001
Research Fellow, University of Birmingham, UK, 1985-1999
Research Fellow, PAU, 1984-1985
Research highlights 21 rice varieties released in the Philippines, China, India, Indonesia,
Cambodia
1 book and 46 research papers published in peer reviewed journals
Best publication award (1983), C.I.S.I., India.
Best paper award (2002), Crop Science Society , Philippines.
Best paper award (2006), Animal nutrition association of India.
CGIAR Outstanding Support Team Award (2009)
GRiSPGRiSP
IRRI Thursday Seminar14 April 2011
Havener Auditorium
New efforts to increase the yield potential of rice through GRiSP
Parminder S. VirkPBGB
GRiSPGRiSP
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Asia Africa Americas Rest of World
Million tons milled rice
Additional rice needed:116 million tons by 2035
2010 global rice production
GRiSP (2010)
GRiSPGRiSP How can we increase rice production?How can we increase rice production?
FarmFarmareaarea
2010
Additional Area needed: 41 m ha to produce additional 176 m tons by 2035
GRiSPGRiSPHow can we increase rice production?How can we increase rice production?
CloseCloseyield yield gapgap
RaiseRaiseyield yield
potentialpotential
PreventPreventyieldyielderosionerosion
FarmFarmYieldYield
(65%)(65%)
10 t/ha10 t/ha
GRiSPGRiSP
Use of sd1 dwarfing gene increased yield potential of irrigated rice (tropics) from 4-5 t ha-1 to 10 t ha-1
Cross Variety InstituteDee-Geo-Woo-Gen x Tsai-yuan-chung (1949)
TN-1 (1956) Taichung, Taiwan
Ai-zai-zhan x Guang-chung 13 Guang-chang-ai (1959)
Mainland China
Dee-Geo-Woo-Gen x Peta (1962) IR8 (1966) IRRI
GRiSPGRiSP
Yield potential is defined as the yield of a variety when grown in environments to which it is most suited; with nutrients and water non-limiting; and with pests, diseases, weeds, and other stresses effectively controlled (Evans 1993).
GRiSPGRiSPGreen Revolution Slows
World Rice Yield (1961-2010)Data Source: FAO
Average yield (t ha-1) Average yearly increase overprevious 10 years (kg ha-1)
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1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015
Year
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Courtesy P. Quick
Investment in productivity research
dropped from 2.2% to < 0.8%
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Program 2 Program 2 Sustaining productivity in Sustaining productivity in
intensive riceintensive rice--based based systems: rice and the systems: rice and the
environmentenvironment
High Yield Potential Group at IRRIBBouman,DBrar, RBuresh, ADobermann, NKobayashi,
TLafarge, SPeng, FXie, PVirk ++
2007
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US
$/t
on
Thai 5%
Viet 5%
Thai 100%
Parboiled
Price VolatilityThai 5% vs other major grades
Expect greater price volatility and frequent spikes in the future (S Mohanty)
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IRRI DG in India (9 April, 2011):
“Agricultural investments must be doubled in the next two decades to maintain food security.”
“As the future poses more challenges governments and the scientific community need to focus on new strategies to raise food production.”
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PL 2.4. Improved rice varieties for intensive production systems
PL 2.5. Hybrid rice for the public and private sectors
Theme 2: Accelerating the development, delivery, and adoption of improved rice varieties
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Ecology Current YPRequired
YP
% increase in YP
Irrigated alone 10 12.3 23%
Rainfed alone 8 16.97 112%
Irrigated + Rainfed
10 11.3 13%8 10.1 26%
Target Yield Potential (YP)(to produce additional 176 m tons of rice by 2035)
Yield gap: Irrigated=35%; Rainfed= 55%
GRiSPGRiSP
RCF g DW MJ-1
Pot. Yield t ha-1
2.20 102.64 123.30 15
The key is to enhance RCF/RUE
RCF= Radiation Conversion FactorRUE= Radiation Use Efficiency
Potential rice grain yield (DS) in tropics 15.9 t ha-1 (Yoshida, 1981)
Realistic PY is 12.5 t ha-1
Potential Yield: the maximum yield predicted by a computer model for a variety growing without stress (Sheehy, 2001).
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Hybrid rice yields 15-20% more than Inbreds
There is potential to increase yield beyond 10 t ha-1
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Yield Potential = Light interception x RUE x HI
Stay green
Low Specific Leaf Area (thicker leaves)
Compact plant architecture
Limited potential to increase HI
The key is to enhance RUE
GRiSPGRiSP
Enhance C3 photosynthesis (RUE),
Increase:
Biomass (HI > 0.5),
Sink strength traits,
Grain filling and
Lodging resistance
Key target traits to enhance yield potential
GRiSPGRiSP
1. Genomic approaches to accumulate yield potential traits/loci
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• Plant architecture• Large panicle size• Grain size and weight• Grain Filling• Lodging resistance
1.1 Pyramid genes for yield component traits using MAS
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GRiSPGRiSP
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Ashikari et al 2005 (Science 309:741-745)
Gn1
GRiSPGRiSPNature Genetics 40, 1370 - 1374 (2008) Published online: 28 September 2008 | doi:10.1038/ng.220
Control of rice grain-filling and yield by a gene with a potential signature of domesticationErtao Wang1,2, et al
GIF1 (GRAIN INCOMPLETE FILLING 1) gene encodes a cell-wall invertase required for carbon partitioning
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SCM2
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Xing and Zhang (2010)
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Mutants in general produce too severe phenotype (growth retardation, morphological abnormalities, sterility) to introduce directly in Crop Improvement
TilleringMONOCULM (MOC1), OsTB1/FC1 (Fine Culm 1), OsTB1, D88 (D14)
D3, D10, HTD1, HTD2, D27
Regulation of panicle developmentLAX1(lax panicle), SPA/MOC1-3 (small panicle), fzp (frizzy panicle)
Rate of spikelet formationApo1, SP1 (short panicle)
Duration of panicle differentiationRCN1 and RCN2 (rice TERMINAL FLOWER)
GRiSPGRiSP
1.2 Accumulate QTLs controlling yield potential traits using Marker Aided Recurrent Selection (MARS) and and Genomic Selection (GS)
GRiSPGRiSP Marker Aided Recurrent Selection (MARS)
Eathington et al (2007)
Selection for several QTLs relies on index (genetic values) computed for each individual based on its haplotype at target QTLs
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GRiSPGRiSP GWS/GS
• Gain in predictive ability due to GS ranged from 7.7 to 35.7% relative to pedigree model in wheat.
• 0.79 correlation between observed and predictive values in maize
Private sector has reported significant gains in yield following MARS/GS
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10,000 GeneBank accessionsCultivated + close wild relatives
Rice SNP Consortium1M Affymetrix genotyping chip
BGI de novosequencing 200 @ 50X depth
1000 @ 10-20X depthrest @ 5-10X depth
H Leung
Molecular Marker Resource for MARS/GS
GRiSPGRiSPSNP genotyping workflow at IRRI
Data storage & analysis:Automated marker scoring
Tissue Preparation: Leaf punch samples in 96-well plates freeze-dried and ground into a powder
DNA extraction: DNA is purified using an
automated magnetic bead system ($1/sample)
Thermo Scientific: Kingfisher Flex 96
DNA normalization: DNA samples checked on a
NanoDrop and normalized using an automated system
NanoDrop 8000
Aurora Versa mini liquid
handler
SNP genotyping: BXP 96 x 384 SNPs ($24/sample) Fluidigm 96 x 96 SNPs
($6/sample) and future 192 x 24 SNPs (<$1/sample)
Fluidigm 96.96 ,48.48 and 192.24 IFC
Dynamic Array system
AA
AB
BB
M. Thomson
BeadXpress 384-plex
GRiSPGRiSP1.3 Exploit yield enhancing loci from wild spp
Susan McCouch (2011)
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1.4 Increase hybrid seed yield:
Exploit germplasm with high outcrossing traits
Hybrid Rice
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Modify the floral structure (monoeciouness)
Luziola spp
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1.5 Enhance the level of heterosis:
• Exploit germplasm diversity
• Two-line system
• Identify heterotic gene blocks
GRiSPGRiSP 2. Crop modeling
Eco-physiological model to:
(1)Identify traits responsible for high yield and yield reliability, and explore their effects under different agro-climatic environments and temporal scales (2)Characterize environments to define the nature and frequency of challenges in the target population of environments (TPE) and (3)Relate QTL/genetic information to quantifiable traits and analyze their effects on yield.
B. Bouman, Tao Li
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3. Breeding for Physiological traits to improve yield potential
GRiSPGRiSP Wheat Yield Consortium1-3 March 2011, CIMMYT, Obregon
Reynolds et al (2010)
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Improve Source Sink balance
PRE-ANTHESIS SOURCE TRAITS
Biomass at Anthesis, Vegetative Stage, Booting Stage(Use spectral reflectance approaches)
PRE ANTHESIS SINK TRAITS
Spike mass & spike index
PHENELOGY TRAITSRelative spike growth duration (RSG) & Relative grain filling duration (RGF)
POST ANTHESIS ASSIMILATION RATE
Canopy temperature during grain filling
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Increase photosynthetic capacity and efficiency
Germplasm screening using HTP measurements of photosynthesis and modeling.
Rubisco amountRubisco propertiesVariation in Rubisco activase
Reynolds et al (2010)
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Explore natural variation:
Relationship between Rubisco and Rubisco-activase sequence variation and photosynthetic capacity
Heat shock proteins
ROS (reactive oxygen species) scavenging enzymes
A. Kohli
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Panicle architecture and grain filling
GRiSPGRiSPMulti-Environment Testing (MET)
� PhilRice CES, Muñoz, Nueva Ecija. � PhilRice CVES, San Mateo, Isabela� PhilRice, RTR, Agusan del Norte� IRRI, Los Baños, Laguna
NARES capacity to conduct the MET trials
Irrigated
Drought/
Flood Prone Salinity Aerobic TotalYear 1 /2
5 44 2 15
Year 2 /3 17 14 16 10 57
Year 3 /4 26 20 25 19 90
GRiSPGRiSPPhenotyping Workshop, Montpellier, March 28-30, 2011
Micheal Dingkuhn and colleagues at CIRAD, IRD, INRA
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Validate relationship between phenotypes determined by HTP and conventional methods
Identify HTP phenotyping applicable to breeding; establish genetic correlation, proxy for agronomic traits
H. Leung
GRiSPGRiSP
To better meet market demands and thus also improve commercialization and adoption of our breeding materials.
Develop breeding products that are better adapted to key market segments (consumer preferences and cropping environments).
Alignment of breeding programs according to key market segments
Alice LaborteSam Mohanty Andy Nelson Melissa Fitzgerald
GRiSPGRiSP High Yield Potential Team at IRRI
Parminder Virk Mike Thomson
Fangming Xie Guoyou Ye
Fulin Qiu
Zhao Xiangqian
Rebecca Laza (Crop
Physiologist IRS to be recruited)
GRiSPGRiSP Yield Potential (YP):A very tough nut to
crack!
YP
GRiSPGRiSP
However it is doable
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What Next?
August 22-26, 2011
GRiSP Yield potential workshop and GRiSP Latin America annual review and work planning for 2012, CIAT, Cali
GRiSPGRiSP Thank you for listening
GRiSPGRiSP Irrigated Rice & Hybridization Teams
Varoy Pamplona, Benny Romena, Julius Borgonia, Virgilio Angeles, Tony Evangelista, Mario Garcia, Louie Caracuel, Freddie Perez, Arsenio Morales, Nestor Ramos
Nelie Delos Reyes
GRiSPGRiSP
Dr. Fangming XieSenior Scientist, Hybrid Rice
Dr. Fulin QiuScientist, Hybrid Rice
Marino ReyesResearch Technician II
Reynaldo Dela CuevaResearch Technician III
Manny EsguerraAssistant Scientist, Hybrid Rice
Hybrid Rice Breeding Team
GRiSPGRiSP
Liberty AlmazanFinbarr Horgan Rayuel Quintana
Host Plant Resistance Teams
Entomology
Casiana Vera Cruz Isabelita Oña Jaleel Acedo
Pathology
I. Choi, C. Lantican, J. Domingo, P. Cabauatan, E. Coloquio, E. Baguioso, R. Cabunagan
Virology
GRiSPGRiSP Crop Physiology TeamCrop Physiology Team
Shaobing PengShaobing PengShaobing PengShaobing Peng Romeo VisperasRomeo VisperasRomeo VisperasRomeo Visperas Ma. Rebecca LazaMa. Rebecca LazaMa. Rebecca LazaMa. Rebecca Laza Anicio MacahiaAnicio MacahiaAnicio MacahiaAnicio Macahia Maximo PelagioMaximo PelagioMaximo PelagioMaximo Pelagio Eduardo TandangEduardo TandangEduardo TandangEduardo Tandang
Wide Hybridization Team
KK JenaD. Brar
GRiSPGRiSPInformatics Support Team
Guoyou YeBartolome, VioletaGulles, AlaineMorantte, Rose Imee ZhellaCañeda, AlexanderTabada, Ma. Luisa
Grain Quality Screening Team
Fitzgerald et al
GRiSPGRiSPInformatics Support Team
Guoyou YeBartolome, VioletaGulles, AlaineMorantte, Rose Imee ZhellaCañeda, AlexanderTabada, Ma. Luisa
Grain Quality Screening Team
Fitzgerald et al