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INTRODUCTION TO OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY & EPC CONTRACTSGeneral Industry overview and basic concepts— Meaning of petroleum&Industry streams— Typical oil & gas company objectives— Typical oil & gas company activities— Typical organization chart— Company structures

Oil & Gas prospecting (Exploration)— Geological prospecting— Geophysical prospecting— Seismic (2D and 3D) acquisition— Seismic processing— Seismic interpretation— Offshore and onshore seismic data acquisition— The seismic section— Stratigraphical cross sections— Reservoir mapping

Oil & Gas production facilities— Typical oil production facilities— Articial lift systems— Crude treatment and processing— Natural gas processing— Typical LNG value chain— Gas added value products— Offshore facilities

What is an EPC contract— How does the risk allocation on an EPC contract

compare to other construction contracts?— To what extent does an EPC contract guarantee the

project essentials: a xed price, time and quality?— Why would you choose an EPC contract as opposed to

other forms of contract?— Will the use of an EPC contract mean that the works

cost more?— The bank ability of an EPC contract— The EPC contract within the overall structure of a

project: The various entities and the other project documents

— Split EPCs: Onshore/ Offshore— Different models for contract risk allocation

— Contract jargon: Lump sum, turn-key, EPCM, EPCC. cost-plus, reimbursable.

The tender & procurement process— The procurement time-line: From inception to contract

nalization.— Procurement options: e.g. one or two stage tendering,

preferred bidders.— The way in which procurement regulations can restrict

and limit tendering options.— Design development in the context of procurement:

incorporating a front end engineering and design (FEED) stage.

— Transparency and comparison between tender gures.— Structuring the contract price: lump sum stage payments

and milestones.

The scope of works — Ensuring that the scope of works achieves the owner &

objectives— The reasons why changes are required to the scope of

works and what can be done to ensure that the contractor takes the risk of the additional costs

— Risks associated with the transition from the design to on-site construction

— The impact of unexpected site conditions on the contractor & ability to construct the scope

— How should the contractors design responsibilities be dened?

— The need for the owner to approve the contractor's designs and the degree to which this will lessen the contractors single point responsibility

— What is the appropriate level of construction and design risk for the contractor to take?

FUNDAMENTALS OF PROCESS INSTRUMENTATIONProcess Instrumentation— Process measurement fundamentals.— Process measurement concepts and terminology.— Basic measurement concepts.— Denition of terminology.— Pressure, level, temperature and ow overview.— Essential safety considerations pneumatic and hydraulic

instrumentation systems.— Pneumatic instrumentation systems.

INSTRUMENTATION DESIGN ENGINEERINGOIL & GAS

— Hydraulic instrumentation and controls related hardware and accessories.

— Instrument tubing, ttings and accessories.— Instrumentation process interface.— Double block and bleed valves.— Mono anges and instrument manifolds.— Process close coupling techniques.

Pressure Measurement— Pressure measurement concepts.— Principle of pressure measurement.— Pressure sources pressure measurement devices and

accessories.— Pressure transducers.— Load cells. — Transmitters, gauges, indicators, switches, elements

and accessories.— Specications overpressure relief devices.— Overpressure relief valves.— Rupture discs issues related to pressure measurement.— Installation considerations.— Impact on the overall control loop.

Level Measurement— Level measurement techniques.— Visual/optical.— Capacitance.— Nucleonic.— Buoyancy.— Hydrostatic pressure.— Differential pressure.— Radar and microwave.— Ultrasonic.— Radiometric.— Electromechanical.— Density.— Bubbler systems level measurement devices and

accessories.— Level transmitters.— Level switches.— Tank gauging equipment issues related to level

measurement.— Fiscal measurement of level.— Proling techniques.— Level calculations.— Elevation and suppression.— Reference legs.— Installation considerations.— Impact on the overall control loop.

Temperature Measurement— Measurement based on thermoelectric effect.— Thermocouples measurement based on resistance.— Thermistors.— Resistance temperature detectors measurement based

on radiation.— Pyrometers measurement based on expansion.— Liquid lled glass.— Bimetallic.— Issues related to temperature measurement.

— Thermowells.— Natural frequency and vibration checks.— Installation considerations.— Impact on the overall control loop.

Flow Measurement— Measurement based on volume ow rate.— Differential pressure.— Positive displacement.— Turbine.— Variable area (rota meter) measurement based on mass

ow rate.— Coriolis.— Thermal dispersion measurement based on ow

velocity.— Magnetic.— Target.— Ultrasonic.— Vortex other types of ow measurement.— Multi phase ow measurement.

Control Valve Essentials and Capabilities— Introduction to control valve theory.— Different types of control valves.— Characteristics.— High pressure drop applications.

Sizing of control valves, actuation and essential accessories— Use of computer programs for valve sizing.— Examples of high pressure drop applications.— Actuators.— Positioners.— Pneumatic circuits.

Control Valve Material, Standards, Applications, Maintenance and Installation— Materials— Quality Standards— Severe Service Applications— Pressure Relief Valves— Installation and Maintenance

PROCESS CONTROLProcess Control Basics— Reasons for process control. P Denitions of PV, SP, CV, Gain, Lag and DT. P Types of feedback control. P Set point tracking. P Proportional or gain action of PID control. — Stability, algorithms and cascade control: P Stability. P Ideal vs real algorithms. P Cascade control. P Integral or reset action of PID control. P Topic. — Action, feed forward and the effects of dead time: P Direct vs indirect action of a controller. P Derivative or reset action of a controller. P Feed forward control.

INSTRUMENTATION DESIGN ENGINEERINGOIL & GAS

P Combined feed forward and feedback control. P Effects of dead time topic.— Process control basics: P Objectives of tuning. P Open loop tuning. P Closed loop tuning. P Tuning with some overshoot. P Tuning with no overshoot.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ESD, F&G &BPCSEmergency Shutdown Logics (ESD)— Input & output measurement standards.— ESD (Emergency Shutdown Logics).— I/O type, operation and applications.

Fire & Gas (F&G)— Basics of re & gas (F&G) system.— Type of detector & alarm system.— Working principle of F & G system.— Theory of operation standard.

Basic Process Control System (BPCS)— Input & output measurement standard.— Basics of BPCS.— Theory of operational standard.— Working principle of BPCS.

C A L I B R A T I O N , I N S T A L L A T I O N A N D MAINTENANCE OF INSTRUMENTSInstrument Maintenance And Testing— Standards, certication, marking and approval: P Standards. P Authorities. P Marking and identication. P Apparatus certication. — Calibration: P The basis of transmitter calibration. P Standards for calibration. P Five point calibration. P Charts. P Shop calibration. P Electro-pneumatic calibrators. P In-shop or eld calibration. P Calibration of RTDs and thermocouples. — Instrument Performance: P Basic measurement and control concepts. P Accuracy, range, hysteresis, linearity, repeatability,

response, dead time. P Zero/span. P Process dynamics. P Specications and symbols.— Simulation: P The basis of signal simulation. P Transmitter simulation. P Transducer simulation. — Digital transmitters-conguration, rearrangement,

digital trimming P Field bus. P Probus. P Modbus. P Pronet. P Device Net.

P Control Net. P Ethernet. P HART.— Maintenance concepts: P Corrective, preventative and predictive maintenance. P Troubleshooting. P ISO 9000 and 9001. — Electrical measurements: P Use of multimeters and calibrators. P Voltage, current and resistance measurement. P Analog and digital meters. P Oscilloscopes. P Current-to-voltage conversion. P Multiple loop devices. P Diodes and resistors. P Soldering and component preparation. P Open and short circuits. P Testing of diodes, DIACS and TRIACS. P Components out-of-tolerance. P Isolation and grounding/earthing.

INSTRUMENTATION STANDARDS IN OIL AND GAS, E & I DRAWINGS AND DOCUMENTATION Drawing Types, Standards and Component Fundamentals— Plant documentation.— The role of plant documentation, standards and

specications. — Drawing Types and Standards.— Standards organizations (ISA, IEC, ISO).— Understanding diagram layouts and formats.— Cross references.— ISO 9002 and document control.— API RP14F – Section 12.2 – electronic instrumentation.— ISA standards library for automation and control. — Specication forms – ISA S20 – specication forms for

process measurement— Component Fundamentals: -— Relays— Transducers— Transmitters— Switches— Gate logic— Fail safe design

Instrumentation Drawings, Documentation & Schematics— Instrumentation documentation: P Instrument index sheet. P Instrument data/spec sheet. P Process data sheet. P Calculation and Sizing P Input/output list. P Cable schedule. P JB schedule. P Conventional instrument eld wiring.— Instrumentation drawings/layout: P Type of layout & drawing management. P Piping & instrumentation diagram (P&ID). P Process ow diagram. P Logic diagram. P Loop diagram.

INSTRUMENTATION DESIGN ENGINEERINGOIL & GAS

P Hookup/isometric diagram. P Standard symbols & instrument legends. P Nomenclature. P Field wiring diagram. P Logic diagram. P Level sketch. P JB layout diagram. P Cable tray layout & routing diagram. P Instrument nozzle elevation drawing. P Control valve assembly. P Mounting layout (supports, anchors, sleepers &

guides).

HAZARDOUS AREASHazardous Areas— Denitions.— Introduction: explosion consequences.— Risk assessment.— Properties of ammable materials.— Classication system: sources of release and zoning.— Class icat ion of apparatus: grouping and

temperature.

Standards— British standards.— European.— North American.

Hazardous Classications— Hazardous Denition for instruments system P Hazardous are of classication P Hazardous analysis, hazardous operation,

Hazardous identication P Concept of group, div, zones and classes,

temperature, explosion triangle and mode of safety.— Electrical equipment suitable for use in potentially

explosive atmospheres, certication process.— Industrial safety design for instrumentation (intrinsic

safety).— Industrial protection for instrumentation (ingress

protection).

INSTRUMENTATION DESIGN ENGINEERINGOIL & GAS

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