THEMILITANTPublished in the Interest of the Working People

V o l. 30 - No. 30 M onday, A u g u s t 22, 1966 P rice 10c

Peace Movement Attacked by HUAC

By Alex H arteW ASH IN G TO N, D.C., Aug. 17 —

N early 400 antiw ar activists were on hand yesterday to protest the opening of hearings by the House U n-Am erican A c tiv itie s Com m it­tee. H UAC is using the hearings in an attem pt to smear the an ti­w a r movement and to gain sup­port fo r a b il l by Texas Repre­sentative Pool.

The Pool b ill, in the words of the New Y o rk F if th Avenue Peace Parade Committee, “ attempts to penalize any opposition to the w ar w ith penalties up to $20,000 fine, 20 years in prison, or both.”

HUAC had packed yesterday’s hearing w ith sta ff members and others favorable to it. D uring the testimony o f “ fr ie n d ly ” witness P h illip Abbot Luce, eight HUAC opponents were fo rc ib ly ejected from the room, pummeled and carried from the bu ild ing. Nine others, w a iting in the long line of people outside the hearings who couldn’t get in, were a rb itra r ily seized. A ll 17 were arrested.

March on W hite HouseWhen i t became clear tha t no

more w ould be adm itted to the h e a r in g s , 200 demonstrators marched to the W hite House, protesting both the w ar and the HUAC w itchhunt.

The hearings were held after a hastily called three-judge panel reversed an earlie r ru lin g re­stra in ing the HUAC hearings. On Aug. 15, U.S. D is tric t Court Judge H oward F. Corcoran issued the restra in ing order on the request of the American C iv il L iberties Union, acting in behalf o f W alter Teague and A llen Krebs, tw o of those subpoenaed by HUAC.

Last night, 300 people attended a ra lly at DuPont C ircle to hear the HUAC witnesses, lawyers and representatives of an tiw ar organ­izations.

Judy W hite, Socialist Workers Party candidate fo r governor of New York, was among the speak­ers.

On Aug. 14, representatives from 17 d iffe ren t an tiw ar groups spoke out against the HUAC w itchhun t at a press conference, held in a hearing room provided by Congressman Don Edwards of Californ ia . The press conference was sponsored by the National Committee to Defend the C iv il L iberties of the A n tiw a r Move-

C ourt-M a r t ia l fo r Fort Hood Three

A court-m artial is now pending for the Fort Hood Three, the three GIs who had announced they would seek a court order against partic i­pating in the undeclared and illegal U . S. w ar in Vietnam . A fter their legal action was under way, Pvt. David Sa- mas, Pvt. Dennis Mora and Pfc. James Johnson were ja iled by the Arm y and then ordered to board a plane for Vietnam . When they refused, c o u r t-m artia l proceedings were instituted. Postpone­ment of the tria l is being soitght. ■

ment, a tem porary form ation based in Washington.

The New Y ork Parade Com m it­tee’s statement said tha t i t was “ f irm ly united in defense of the rights of a ll citizens to exercise freedom o f speech and press on a ll subjects, inc lud ing the w a r and foreign policy.”

Judy W hite read a statement fo r the Socialist W orkers Party. “ The SWP,” she said, “ urges a ll who oppose the w ar in V ietnam to protest government attempts to stifle an tiw ar sentiment, and we demand tha t the adm inistration grant the an tiw ar movement its fu l l democratic rights to present the facts about the w ar to the American people on the campuses, on the job and in the armed forces w ithou t th reat of in tim ida tion .”

Those subpoenaed to date are Je rry Rubin and Dr. Stephen Smale of the Berkeley V ietnam Day Committee; A llen Krebs of the Free U n ivers ity ; W alter Tea­gue of the Committee to A id the National L iberation F ront; Ana- tole Anton, George Ewart, Steve Ham ilton, R ichard Rhoads, Steve Cherkos and Je ff Gordon, a ll from the Progressive Labor Party; Harold Supriano of the DuBois Clubs; and Steve McCrae.

Airplane Mechanics Demonstrate Power Of Labor Militancy

Judy W hite

By H arry RingAUG. 17 — T h ir ty - f iv e thou­

sand figh ting a irline mechanics have demonstrated tha t despite government s trike-breaking e f­forts, determined, m ilita n t w o rk ­ers can w in at least a share of w hat they are ju s tly entitled to.

As we go to press, terms of the a irlines o ffe r are being pa rtia lly reported and the strikers’ vote on the o ffe r has not taken place. However, i t is already apparent tha t the refusal of the strikers to y ie ld to the company-govemment efforts to d rive them back to w ork has won additional concessions.

The new pact reportedly in ­cludes these gains:

New Gains• The second of three five -pe r­

cent wage hikes w il l go in to e f­fect Jan. 1 of 1967 instead o f Ju ly 1, 1967. (The f irs t five percent increase is retroactive to Jan. 1 of th is year.) The th ird increase w il l begin on M ay 1, 1968, instead of Ju ly 1, 1968. I f accepted, the new agreement w il l raise the aver­age wage from $3.25 an hour to about $3.75 during the life of the pact. The top rate w il l go from $3.52 to $4.08.

• Over the opposition Of the Johnson adm inistration, a partia l wage escalator clause is now being offered. The absence o f such a clause was a key reason why the men had overwhelm ingly rejected the terms o f the Johnson- dictated settlement. The escalator clause being offered is a lim ited one in tha t i t would provide no pay increase u n til Jan. 1, 1968, and there is a six-cent an hour l im it on the to ta l amount the companies have to pay during the life of the contract.

• The new o ffe r includes fu r th ­er holiday pay benefits. A n eighth paid holiday, Good Friday, is provided. In addition, a proviso to pay tw o-and-a -ha lf times stra ight pay fo r w ork on holidays w il l go in to effect immediately, instead of next Ju ly as stipulated in the o rig ina l terms.

• The proposed pact also re ­portedly settles a num ber of local issues on conditions of w o rk tha t were swept under the rug in the in it ia l offer.

W hile i t cannot as yet be de­term ined how fa r short o f the men’s demands the new o ffe r fa lls, the s tr ik in g members of the In -

West Coast Airline Strikers Urge Building of Labor Party

LOS ANGELES — Angered by the attempted s trike-breaking of Johnson and the Congress, s tr ik ­ing West Coast a irline mechanics have put out a call fo r a labor party.

The ca ll was sent to Roy Sie- m ille r, president of the s trik ing IA M A W (M ach in is t); James H o f- fa; W alte r Reuther; H a rry Bridges and George Meany. I t was signed by Lou Schroeder, president, Lodge 1781 o f San Francisco; Tom Foster, vice president, Lodge 1932, Los Angeles; James Fauber, presi­dent, Lodge 1351, Seattle; and Dan Maltese, president, Lodge 1885, Portland.

The labor pa rty ca ll said: “ Be­cause o f the recent action by some members o f Congress and the Senate in regard to the recent a ir­

line strike by members of the IA M A W , we ask that you take im ­mediate action to fo rm a "th ird po litica l pa rty tha t w il l serve the best interests of labor.

“ Recent threats of legislation to in te rfe re in a jus t and legal strike by members o f a recognized labor union could on ly lead to forced arb itra tion, the strangulation of collective bargaining and the u l­tim ate destruction of organized labor.”

The call was posted on the w a ll of Lodge 1932 w ith the note: “ The message below was sent to the below labor leaders Aug. 1, 1966. I t is the beginning of a nation­w ide attem pt to fo rm a th ird m ajor po litica l pa rty in the U n it­ed States. I t should be evident to a ll as to the need o f such a party.”

ternational Association of M achin­ists have c learly made a po in t that the rest of the labor movement should give carefu l thought to. As the V ietnam w ar presses the in ­fla tiona ry 'drive, the employers and government are increasingly de­term ined to pu t the cost of the w ar on the backs o f the w ork ing people. This determ ination is ex­pressed in Johnson’s loaded wage guideline policy intended to freeze and ro ll back real wages by l im it ­ing pay raises to increases in p roductiv ity .

This is to be done, according to adm inistration plan, w ithou t regard to increases in the cost of liv ing . This is shown to be so by the adm in istra tion ’s opposition to the escalator clause which at least p a rtia lly compensates fo r such in ­creases. ( IA M President Roy Sie- m ille r points out that Johnson vetoed a b ill to increase the sal­aries of ru ra l m ail carriers be­cause i t contained a cos t-o f-liv ing clause.)

A nti-Labor LawsTo force this k ind of a wage

freeze on the workers, the adm in­is tra tion has been pushing fo r new legislation to curb the unions. That is w hy Johnson and Senator Wayne Morse were so eager to jam through a b i l l to break the a irline strike. (See story on Morse’s role on Page 3.)

B u t the fact tha t the men stood absolutely solid in face o f the combined government-employer attack forced them to back o ff and make the new o ffe r — and no m atter how inadequate the offer may be in terms o f w hat the companies can afford and the men are leg itim ate ly entitled to, there is no question tha t the new terms deal a s ign ificant b low to John­son’s phony guideline. The guide­line sets a 3.2 per cent l im it on wage increases. The o ffe r o f the Morse board ran about fo u r per­cent, and the present o ffe r is es­tim ated to run about s ix percent.

By sticking tough, the a ir

mechanics therefore have not only won something fu rth e r of w hat they’re entitled to, bu t have also registered a gain fo r the entire labor movement at a crucia l mo­ment. This breakthrough against the d rive to hold back wages comes on the eve o f a whole series of m ajor contract negotiations. Gen­eral E lectric workers are already in the process of negotiating new agreements and in the coming year there are contract exp ira ­tions in such key fie lds as auto, rubber, truck ing and others.

As these contracts come up fo r negotiation, the members o f the unions involved w il l have the benefit o f the precedent being set by the airlines strikers. The ir leaders w il l not be able to te ll them, “ We can’t get more because the government won’t pe rm it i t . ” The mechanics made i t clear that an uncompromising stand can compel the government to give ground.

The m ilitancy and so lida rity o f the mechanics is a ll the more im ­pressive in tha t they have car­ried on the f ig h t despite a top offic ia ldom tha t d id not provide the k ind o f figh ting program and leadership the s ituation demands. The strikers have given a good portent of w ha t labor w i l l be able to do when it develops a m ilitant leadership based on a program of figh ting fo r the rights o f the w o rk ­ers — a leadership capable of standing up against a ll o f the an ti-labor forces, inc lud ing the government.

Our Schedule For the SummerDuring the months of July

and August. THE MILITANT is published every ether week. Regular weekly pub­lication will resume With our next issue, dated Sept. 5.

Page Two TH E M IL IT A N T Monday, August 22, 1966

A ir M echanics Make It Key Issue

The Wage Escalator Clause

LOS ANG ELES — M orale is h igh among the s trik in g a irlin e m achinists here. The s trike rs are angry about lo w wages, p a rtic ­u la rly compared to o ther In ­dustries, a t a tim e when the a ir­lines are boasting o f soaring p ro ­fits .

“ They m ake these reports o f h ig h p ro fits ,” one s trik e r w ho is studying to be a p ilo t said, “ and they w ant us to be proud o f our e ffic iency, b u t they w on’t give us a share o f those p ro fits .”

The w orkers covered by the In ­te rn a tio n a l A ssociation o f M ach­in is ts , w h ich includes cafeteria and ram p w orkers, are demand­in g a 15 percent wage increase. One top m achin ist w ith an a ir­c ra ft and engine license gets $3.85 an hour. “ A nd th a t’s a fte r 22 years w ith TW A, and th a t’s no t r ig h t!” he said. “ I have to do m y w o rk rig h t, hundreds o f lives de­pend upon it . B u t auto mecha­nics in Los Angeles get $4.12 an hou r and G reyhound bus mecha­nics get $4.61 an hour.” A irc ra ft m echanics s ta rt a t $3.20 an hour.

The IA M s trike rs I ta lked to w ere em phatic in th e ir a ttitu d e on governm ent in te rfe rence in the s trike . “ I f Johnson forces us back to w o rk ,” a ground-service man said, “ i t w ill be n e fit on ly the com panies.”

A ram p-service man had an Idea o f in d iv id u a l freedom and th e A m erican w ay d iffe re n t from th a t o f the companies and B ir - chites. “ I f th is a n ti-s trik e leg is la ­tio n is passed,” he said, “ i t w ould be a b low to the A m erican w ay o f life !”

— D e lla Rossa

SEATTLE — The h igh m orale o f the s trike rs here is re flected in the p a rtic ip a tio n in p icke ting. Lodge 471 (Eastern A irlin e s ) has 452 mem bers in th is area and a ll b u t 10 have registered fo r and pa rtic ipa ted in p icke ting , in tw o fo u r-h o u r s tin ts w eekly.

S trike benefits are $25 a week. In add ition , m any s trike rs have been able to fin d o ther w o rk d u r­in g the s trike . The In te rn a tio n a l Longshorem en’s and W arehouse­m en’s U nion locals in Tacoma and S eattle are m aking w o rk a va il­able to IA M members, and other unions lik e the roofers and con­s tru c tio n w orkers Eire cooperating. Lodge 471 reports th a t 75 per­cent o f its members here have found some k in d o f w o rk .

The B rotherhood o f R a ilroad C lerks w ent ou t in sym pathy w ith m achinists tw o days a fte r the a ir­lin e s trike began. The BRC sym ­pa thy s trike was triggered in C h i­cago w hen N orthw est A irlin e s tr ie d to m ake BRC mem bers do IA M w o rk.

In connection w ith the un ion ’s agreem ent to service m ilita ry flig h ts , one N orthw est A irlin e s s tr ik e r m entioned an in c id e n t i l ­lu s tra tin g how phony these “ m i­lita ry flig h ts ” are. The s trik e r m et a G I i n a ba r near the s trike

NEW YORK THE MYTH AROUND THE SCOTTS-

B0 RO CASE — Tfts Real Role of tho Community Party. Speaker, Hugh Mur- 'ay, Professor of History, Dillard Uni- rersity. Fri., Aug. 26, 8:30 p.m. 873 koadway, at 18th St. Contrib. $1, stu- ient* 50c. Ausp. Militant Labor Forum.

* * •

COUNTERREVOLUTION IN IN- 30NESIA — A Socialist View. Speaker: Ralph Levitt, Socialist Workers Party :andidate for Comptroller. Fri., Sept. I, 8:30 p.m. 873 Broadway, at 18th St. Dontrib. $1, students 50c. Ausp. Militont .ebor Forum.

headquarters, w ho said th a t he was the on ly servicem an on the flig h t. The o ther passengers w ere c iv ilia n s .

The s trike rs fee l a rea l sense o f pow er. One to ld me, “ we’ve re a lly got L B J shook up.” A nd Senator M orse’s name is m ud among the strike rs .

— Tom Leonard

NEW Y O R K — I ta lked to s trik in g mechanics a t the Eastern A irlin e s te rm in a l a t Kennedy In ­te rna tiona l A irp o rt. “ The ca rrie rs have m et our wage demand o f 53 cents over three years,” a s trik e r said. “ B u t the 53 cents is fo r mechanics. The low e r pa id w o rk ­ers w ill be ge tting less.

“ W e’re asking fo r the fo llo w in g benefits: a 37% hour week, we w o rk 40 now ; instead o f ou r pre­sent s tra ig h t-tim e pay fo r h o li­days, w e w an t 2% tim es fo r h o li­days lik e o ther jobs; the company to pay fo r ou r pensions; one ex tra ho liday; and, m ost im portan t, w e’re asking fo r an escalator clause.”

I asked the p ickets th e ir op in ion o f the governm ent’s ro le in the s trike . “ I t ’s a n ti-la b o r,” was the answer. “ I f the leg is la tion goes th rough, w ha t’s to p revent i t from being used against o ther unions? C o llective barga in ing w ou ld be ou t the w indow . Msinagement w ou ld ju s t w a it fo r the govern­m ent to come in .”

Concerning Johnson’s “ wage gu ide line " o f 3.2 percent, the w orkers said, “ In N ew Y ork, espe­c ia lly , i t ’s im p ractica l. I don’t know about o ther c itie s b u t I guess i t ’s the same. M ilk , bread and b u tte r have gone up. The sub­w ay has gone up a n icke l and w ill go up again. There’s a new p a y ro ll ta x fro m Lindsay. We don’t w an t to m ake less than before. We don’t w an t an arm and a leg, b u t we need m ore than 3.2 percent to keep even; 3.2 is ou t.”

R eturn ing to the subject o f gov­ernm ent in te rfe rence, I said, “ Senator Morse is p la y in g a s trike ­b reaking ro le in th is s trike . He’s been described as a lib e ra l and a frie n d o f labo r. H ow do you fee l about Morse?”

A p icke t rep lied , “ I f he’s a lib e ra l I ’d hate to m eet a conser­va tive . Quote me on th a t. He’s ou t o f h is m ind . He’s e ith e r an id io t o r on the p a y ro ll o f the car­rie rs .”

— R a lp h L evitt * * *

C LEVELAN D — A m em ber o f the s trike com m ittee o f the IA M here to ld me a t s trike headquar­ters th a t the m ost im p o rta n t de­m and o f the s trike rs is fo r the escalator clause. Recent p rice rises have b rought th is issue home to the w orkers, and they fe e l th a t w ith o u t the clause, they w ou ld be behind again before the con­tra c t was up.

O ther demands w ere fo r cross u tiliz a tio n and fu ll p o in t sen io ri­ty . Cross u tiliz a tio n w ou ld a llo w men in lo w e r clsissifications to lea rn the h igher jobs and gain ex­perience. T h is w ou ld a llo w them to move up w hen positions w ere open. F u ll p o in t se n io rity w ould mean th a t a ll se n io rity rig h ts w ou ld app ly when a m an is trans­fe rred .

The fee ling on governm ent in ­te rven tion was strong. To the w orkers, i t w ou ld mean the end o f free barga in ing . They fe lt i t w ou ld no t on ly be s trike -b re a k­ing , b u t was an a ttem pt to discre­d it the un ion to the w orkers and to b reak the union.

— R .L .

B y Tom K e rryThanks to the m ilita n t action

o f the s trik in g a irlin e m achinists, the fra u d u le n t w age-price “ guide­lines” o f the Johnson adm in istra ­tio n is a shambles.

The demand o f the ranks fo r a c o s t-o f-liv in g (escalator) clause in the union contract has served to h ig h lig h t the determ ination o f the w orkers to p ro tect th e ir stand­ard o f liv in g against the w orst ravages o f in fla tio n .

The wage earners o f th is coun­tr y have los t a ll fa ith in the sham “ stab iliza tion program ” o f the L B J B rigade under w h ich prices and p ro fits have soared w h ile re a l wages rem ained v ir ­tu a lly frozen under the counter­fe it 3.2 percent annual p roducti­v ity fo rm u la .

F o r the w orkers the re jection o f the L B J stab iliza tion hoax is the beginning o f economic w is­dom. In fla tio n and recession are today w o rldw ide phenomena. A nd in every case, w ith o u t excep­tio n , those w ho re ign in the name o f the ru lin g ca p ita lis t class have the same answer: freeze wages. W hich means, unload the burden o f the ca p ita lis t cris is onto the backs o f the w orkers.

Just a cursory perusal o f the w o rld press bears eloquent te s ti­m ony to th is trend . In B ra z il, the m ilita ry d ic ta to r Castelo Bronco, w rite s the Aug. 3 New Y ork Times, “ imposed a one-year wage freeze in a m a jo r move against in ­fla tio n .”

In Is rae l, the Z ion ist govern­m ent has preva iled on the unions to w aive wage Increases fo r a per­iod o f s ix m onths, to com bat re ­cession.

In G reat B rita in , the Labor gov­ernm ent legislates to freeze wages on the prom ise o f m a in ta in ing stable prices. A nd so i t goes in one coun try a fte r another.

A nd here, in the richest coun­tr y in the w o rld , ga llop ing in fla ­tio n onstage is a precursor of economic recession lu rk in g in the w ings. The im m ediate problem , how ever, is p rice in fla tio n w hich each m onth boosts the cost o f liv ­ing , thus ra p id ly erasing the mea­ger wage concessions incorporated in long -te rm union contracts.

The L B J “ s ta b iliza tio n ” p ro ­gram is ostensib ly pegged to the average ye a rly increase in labor p ro d u c tiv ity . The 3.2 percent fig ­u re is a rrive d a t by ca lcu la ting the average increase in labo r pro­d u c tiv ity over the period 1947- 65. U n til th is past spring, the base period 1961-65 was used; b u t when i t was found th a t average labor p ro d u c tiv ity fo r th a t period was 3.6 percent, the a rithm e tic was a rb itra rily changed by extending the date back to 1947.

In theory, those industries w h ich exceeded 3.2 percent w ould reduce th e ir prices to correspond to th a t fig u re . Those industries fa llin g below th a t fig u re w ould raise th e ir prices. Thus, w ith the LB J assurance o f p rice s ta b ility the w orkers w ere called upon to keep th e ir wage demands a t o r below 3.2 percent.

T hat was the theory. In prac­tice , the greedy p ro fit hogs con­tinued to raise prices despite labor p ro d u c tiv ity increases fa r in ex­cess o f the Johnson fo rm u la . I t is estim ated, fo r exam ple, th a t labor p ro d u c tiv ity in the a irlines in ­creased approxim ate ly e igh t per­cent in the past year. Y e t there was no corresponding reduction in passenger fares o r a irlin e fre ig h t. A nd th is in an in d u stry ostensibly under governm ent con tro l whose ra te structu re is authorized by W ashington.

The re su lt: a irlin e p ro fitszoomed and s iirlin e stocks p ro ­vided a . bonanza fo r the stock­jobbers o f W a ll S treet. In the lean

Mexican Students Salute Memory Of 2 Youths Slain in Guatemala

M E X IC O C IT Y , M exico — Me­m o ria l m eetings have been held a t the U n ive rs ity o f M exico fo r D avid A g u ila r M ora and h is w ife , Eunice Cam pir&n de A g u ila r.

D avid A g u ila r was a 26-year- o ld M exican re vo lu tio n a ry w ho jo ined the G uatem alan 13th o f N ovem ber M ovem ent, the g u e rril­la force led by M arcos Yon Sosa. A g u ila r was b ru ta lly m urdered by the Guatem alan police a fte r they arrested h im las t December. H is w ife , along w ith the sister o f Yon Sosa, was captured and k ille d by the police w h ile she was in Gua­tem ala C ity try in g to determ ine h is fate.

The firs t m em oria l m eeting was held a t the School o f Economics w here D avid had studied and was w id e ly respected as a student

D avid A gu ila r Mora

leader. Eunice, also a re vo lu tio n ­is t, had also been a student a t the u n ive rs ity .

D avid A g u ila r developed a re v ­o lu tio na ry ou tlook as the re su lt o f the Cuban revo lu tion . In 1960, he pa rtic ipa ted in found ing the M a rx is t W orkers League, M exican section o f the F o u rth In te rn a tio n ­a l. In 1962, he le ft the League w ith a group, the R evo lu tionary W ork­ers P a rty , w h ich is p a rt o f the tendency o f J. Posadas. He re ­m ained a m em ber o f th a t group u n til h is death.

As a re vo lu tio n a ry w ho looked beyond na tiona l boundaries, D avid was interested fo r fiv e years in G uatem alan re vo lu tio n a ry devel­opments. He w ent to Guatem ala to jo in the g u e rrilla forces in M ay o f 1965, b u t was arrested by the\ Guatem alan po lice fo u r days latefr. T h is makes i t apparent th a t the Guatem alan governm ent was in fo rm ed o f h is presence in th a t coun try b y M exican o ffic ia ls .

He was sent back to M exico w here he was ja ile d and to rtu re d . He was fin a lly released and made h is w ay back to G uatem ala w here he was captured again and then k ille d . The k illin g took place secretly w ith no pretense o f a tr ia l. This ssime bsirbaric p ractice was then used against 28 im p ris ­oned members o f the Guatem alan Com m unist P a rty .

W h ile D avid was being held prisoner, the G uatem alan govern­m ent o ffic ia lly denied any know l­edge o f h is whereabouts, and the M exican governm ent refused to intercede on h is behalf.

The m em oria l m eeting fo r the tw o young re vo lu tio n a ry m a rtyrs a t the School o f Economics was attended by m ore than 500. A ll p o litic a l tendencies pa rtic ipa ted in the m eeting, in c lu d in g the Com­m un ist P a rty .

years the unions had trim m ed th e ir demands in deference to the fin a n c ia l problem s o f the com­panies. N ow th a t the corporations w ere ro llin g in riches, the demand o f the w orkers fo r a few crum bs to compensate fo r th e ir previous den ia l was stigm atized as a con­sp iracy to je ttiso n L B J ’s stab i­liza tio n fraud .

A nd the a irlin e tycoons, those paragons o f abstinence and fru ­g a lity , together w ith th e ir ru n - n ing-dogs in W ashington and W a ll S treet, demanded th a t the gov­ernm ent take drastic action fo rth ­w ith , to curb the in tem perate g lu tto n y o f the w orkers. W hat ga ll!

B y p e rm ittin g the LB J Brigade to tie wages to lab o r p ro d u c tiv ity , the un ion leaders have led the w orkers in to a trap . The s trik in g a irlin e m achinists have shown the w ay out by th e ir demand fo r an escalator clause w h ich provides the on ly rea l defense o f the w o rk ­ers’ standard o f liv in g in a per­iod o f in fla tio n .

T ha t is, instead o f labo r p ro ­d u c tiv ity , the cost o f liv in g be­comes the basic c rite rio n fo r a un ion wage po licy . LB J, his pun­d its and csimp fo llow e rs contend th a t the escalator clause its e lf is an in fla tio n a ry device. Poppy­cock! The escalator clause p ro ­vides on ly th a t w ith each increase in the cost o f liv in g there be an autom atic increase in wages. Such escalator increases w ou ld take place on ly A FTER the cos t-o f- liv in g index has risen — no t be­fore .

I f the LB J B rigade believes w ha t i t preaches, to w it: th a t the “ s ta b iliza tio n ” program o f the G reat I A m w ill assure p rice sta­b ility and there fore no cos t-o f- liv in g rise, there w ou ld be no escalator increases. The p roo f o f the pudding is in the eating.

B u t the experiences o f the s iir- lin e m achinists, and others, have led to the ine luctab le conclusion: no fa ith in the prom ises o f capi­ta lis t po litic ians . L ik e p ra c tica l men and wom en they on ly ask fo r a lit t le insurance in the fo rm o f Em escalator clause in the un ion contract.

Robert W illiams Moves to China

R obert W illiam s, the M onroe, N.C., rig h ts leader, w ho sought asylum in Cuba a fte r being fa lse­ly charged w ith kidnapp ing in M onroe, has moved to China, ac­cord ing to a recent re p o rt from the Soviet U nion w here he stopped en rou te to Peking.

W illia m s to ld newsmen in the S oviet U nion th a t w h ile he re ­m ained a U.S. c itizen he w ou ld no t re tu rn to the U n ited States u n til the 1961 fram e-up k idnap charge against h im is dropped.

Al Uhrie, Pacifist, Is Murdered

NEW YO R K — A l U hrie, an active, dedicated pacifist, died tragically Aug. 10 of knife wounds in flicted on him in front of his home here. Three youths w ere ar­rested and charged w ith m ur­der. There is no reported po­litic a l m otivation fo r the crime.

Associated w ith the Cath­olic W orker movement, he had been a member of the staff of the V ietnam F ifth Avenue Peace Parade Com­m ittee during the organiza­tion of the M arch 26 parade. He strongly favored the un ity of the antiw ar forces. In 1965 he endorsed the Socialist W orkers m ayoralty ticket as a means of registering oppo­sition to the V ietnam war.

Interviews W ith Airline Strikers

Monday, August 22, 1966 TH E M IL IT A N T Page Three

Peasant Leader Facing Death Sentence in Peru

FACES DEATH. Peasant leader Hugo Blanco, center, faces death at hands of Peruvian rulers.

Morse Led Gang-Up On Airline Strikers

B y Ju d y W h iteSocialist Workers P arty Candidate fo r Governor of N ew Y ork

L IM A r Peru — Hugo Blanco, Imprisoned revo lu tionary, faces the th rea t of a death sentence by a m ilita ry court.

The famed T ro tskyis t leader of the R evolu tionary L e ft F ron t has been imprisoned since his cap­tu re M ay 30, 1963. For five years he had worked to bu ild a revo lu ­tiona ry union o f peasants. He had organized a federation of 10,000 peasants in the Cuzco region w h ich fough t — arms in hand when necessary — to defend the r ig h t to a piece of land.

Captured a fte r being stricken seriously i l l , B lanco was charged w ith “ the assassination of fou r policemen” and other alleged crimes.

D uring the p re - tr ia l period, he was not perm itted to use a single basic ju r id ic a l r ig h t in his de­fense. Even more, he has been he ld incommunicado fo r three years, w hich he has protested w ith three hunger strikes.

The present hearing is expected to conclude in August and the

Peruvian Prisoners Salute Leo Bernard

A group of 21 Peruvian revolutionaries, including Daniel Pereyra, who are im ­prisoned in Lima, sent the following message to the So­cialist Workers Party:

Because we are political prisoners we have only now learned about the cold­blooded assassination of Leo Bernard. This young revo­lutionary fell victim to an anti-communist fanatic. We wish to express our deepest sympathies to his relatives and comrades. A t the same time we strongly condemn such acts of violence which are undoubtedly inspired by the more official way in which the heroic people of Vietnam are massacred and our own Latin American countries cruelly exploited.

A m erica's R oadto S o c ia lis m

By James P. Cannon

50 cents

MERIT PUBLISHERS 5 East Third St.,

New York, N. Y. 10003

authorities are acting w ith the greatest secrecy possible. They are try in g to avoid p u b lic ity about th is explosive case o f a very pop­u la r peasant leader.

The m ilita ry prosecutor has de­clared tha t a death sentence is qu ite possible.

Despite repressions and finan ­cia l d ifficu lties , Blanco’s comrades are m aking a m axim um e ffo rt in his defense.

T H E A M E R IC A N H E A L T H S C A N D A L b y R o u l T u n le y , H a rp e r and R ow , 282 pp. $4.98.

W hen Roul Tunley decided to w rite this book, he did it because “ignorance about the w orld of medicine had been gnawing away at me. Not its technology . . . but rather its organization . . . social and economic by which physician and patient are brought together and those sturdy bills paid.” I t is fortunate fo r all of us that Tunley undertook this task and was able to condense several years of re ­search into so small a work.

W ritten fo r the layman, this book uncovers the real crimes against hum anity committed by the organized force of Am erican medicine — The Am erican M ed i­cal Association. Running like a deep-dyed red thread throughout the book is the role of this reac­tionary trade association whose m ain role today is keeping United States medicine w ith in the con­fines of “free enterprise” and safe from the threats of “socialized medicine.” The author makes one glaring mistake, however, in m y opinion. H e catagorizes the A M A as a “union.” I t is about as much of a trade union as the National M anufacturers Association.

B ut one error in evaluation does not rob this book of its real value. D uring the several years of research — interviews w ith “doc­tors, nurses, druggists, technicians, economists, statisticians, insurance men, labor leaders, university pro­fessors, hospital officials, congress­men and last but not least, that most unconsulted of a ll men, the Patient,” Tunley w ent even fu r­ther. H e traveled abroad to in ­vestigate the medical systems in England, Sweden, Germ any, Y u ­goslavia and Canada.

The w idening gap between w hat is known by medical science and

its application to the Am erican patient’s needs (unless he happens to be w ealthy) is one of the most interesting and devastating sec­tions. Especially since Tunley is able to contrast w hat the average Am erican gets for his health dol­la r w ith w hat the people in every other metropolitan country in the w orld get fo r theirs.

Health standards of a nation are judged by the in fant m orta lity rates because these statistics re­flect all other phases of a coun­try ’s life — nutrition, medical personnel, drugs, hospital fac ili­ties, organizations and standards of living. The U.S. stands eleventh on the international health stand­ards scale — low er even than a poor country like Ireland, w ay below Great B rita in since National Health Service was introduced there in 1948.

W ith the advent of Medicare and the other services affecting the m edically indigent, the situa­tion in Am erican medicine has been brought sharply into focus.

The acute shortage of medical personnel in all categories, and the equally critical shortage of adequate hospital and nursing home facilities, the waste inherent in medicine fo r pro fit w ith the duplications of facilities to some areas and their complete absence in others, the rising in fant and m aternal death rates, the rise of tuberculosis and venereal diseases — all these subjects are discussed in depth.

He winds up his book w ith a chapter entitled “W h y N ot A Health Service?” W hy not, indeed?

— M a rv e l Scholl

H E A L Y “ R E C O N S T R U C T S ” T H E F O U R T H IN T E R N A T IO N ­A L — D O C U M E N T S A N D C O M M E N T S B Y P A R T IC I­P A N T S I N A F IA S C O . W ith " a preface b y Joseph H ansen. So­c ia lis t W o rkers P a r ty , 873

“ We are in a state o f national crisis. We are at war. A lthough i t is an undeclared war, and although I do not th in k we ought to be in it, we are in i t . . . A m er­ican boys . . . are dying in Asia. We here at home s itting in our security and com fort — yes, in our lu x u ry — had better recog­nize the fact tha t although we are not in the jungles o f south Vietnam sp illing our blood, we have a du ty to those boys we have over there to adopt legisla­tion fo r the emergency settlement of disputes tha t can threaten our economy.”

These jingo is tic words were spoken on the flo o r of the Senate Ju ly 29 by Senator Wayne Morse urg ing adoption o f the b i l l to break the a irline mechanics strike and force them back to w ork.

Morse’s words should provide food fo r thought fo r those op­posed to the V ietnam w a r who regard h im as a m a jo r hope fo r progress because o f his c ritica l stand on the war. H is b itte r ly anti-labor role in the a irline strike makes clear tha t w h ile he may disagree w ith the tactical wisdom of Johnson’s po licy in V ietnam he remains a capita lis t po litic ian and as such does not w a rran t one iota o f confidence or support from those who seek a peaceful and ju s t society.

Morse played a key role in

B ro a d w ay , N e w Y o rk , N . Y . 10003. 40 pp. 35c.

This pamphlet contains docu­m entary m ateria l of particular in­terest to partisans of the Fourth International and to revolutionary socialists concerned about the good name of Trotskyism in B rita in . I t provides an inside picture of w hat w ent on at an international con­ference organized by G erry Healy of the Socialist Labour League last A p ril w ith the avowed aim of “reconstructing” the Fourth In ­ternational.

The conference, which had been ballyhooed by H ealy ’s w eekly publication, The Newsletter, for some tim e as a coming m ajor event in the revolutionary social­ist movement, ended in a com­plete fiasco. O f the three m ain participating tendencies, one was kicked out and another walked out, leaving only H ealy and his group.

The pamphlet includes letters w ritten by representatives of the Am erican Spartacist tendency, who attended the conference as ob­servers and who saw their lead­ing spokesman James Robertson hustled*.but of the gathering; a le tter ljy ! H ea ly try ing to justify the dictatorial w ay he ran things; an exchange of letters between James Robertson and T im W ohl- forth after the conference; and an article by the Voix Ouvri&re group recounting the abysmal political level of the gathering and w hy they as invited guests and p arti­cipants w ere faced w ith no choice but to w a lk out.

In a preface to these illum inat­ing documents, Joseph Hansen in ­dicates the background to the p re­tentious conference and w hy it was the participants — to their own complete surprise — found themselves at loggerheads, despite the common views that had brought them together in the same room.

— A le x H a rte

the government e ffo rts to cheat the s tr ik in g mechanics out of a ju s t settlement. Chairm an o f the emergency board appointed by Johnson under the terms o f the

N.Y. SWP Petitioning Proceeds at Swift Pace

The New York Socialist Workers Party made a re­cord-breaking start in its campaign to get the required number of signatures from registered voters to place the SWP ticket on the ballot. In the first six days of petition­ing, the party gained the re­quired number of signatures in 47 out of the 57 “up-state” counties, and a total of over 8,000 signatures for the whole state.

R ailw ay Labor A c t to mediate the dispute, Morse helped to d raw up the miserable f irs t “ settlem ent* so decisively rejected by the strikers.

He then took the lead in fo rc­ing through the Senate the b i l l to amend the R a ilw ay Labor A c t to force the men back to w ork. He vigorously opposed those in the Senate who wanted to pass the buck to the President. Morse insisted tha t Congress m ust take the responsib ility fo r ending the strike.

One o f the arguments he of­fered as to w hy Congress must assume that responsib ility was to give the back-to-work order the fu l l force of law in the event the strikers should decide to defy the order.

In addition to smearing the strikers as “ un-American and un­pa trio tic ” (U P I dispatch from Washington, Aug. 9 ), Morse has emerged as the p rinc ipa l attorney fo r the position o f the a irlines in the dispute. He has fil le d the Con­gressional Record w ith reams o f juggled statistics designed to “ prove” tha t i t isn ’t true tha t the plane mechanics get less money than, fo r example, Greyhound Bus mechanics.

In addition he has portrayed the strikers ’ demands as exhorbi- tant, constantly branded th e ir leg itim ate use o f the s trike weap­on as “ naked economic power,” and w ept copious tears about the alleged poor financia l record of the profit-b loated airlines.

On Aug. 2 he declared: “ Shall Congress le t th is s tr ike continue to a po in t at w h ich there has to be a surrender to a union tha t uses its naked economic power? I f the Machinists Union, by the exercise o f its naked eco­nomic power, is perm itted to set a precedent, the whole line o f labor disputes w a iting in the w ings w il l come onto the economic stage and argue th a t they are deserving, not o f less, b u t o f as much as was contained in the a ir­lines case.” '

The fo llow ing day he asserted: “ The government is not on ly vested w ith the public in terest bu t the pub lic is en titled to be protected from the in fla tio na ry tornado th a t w i l l be started i t the union is allowed to use its naked economic power to extract from the employer’s in th is case a settlement tha t violates the pub­lic interest.” ' - t i t j .

Conceding that “ there is no question o f the fact tha t the last tw o years have been ve ry p ro f it­able fo r the industry ,” he added speciously, “ bu t they were no t p ro fitab le in a ll o f the last ten years.”

And anyway, he added, “ How in the w o rld do m y colleagues in the Senate th in k th is indus try can expand unless i t makes money?”

R E V I E W S and

R E P O R T SL a A A A A A A A A A A . A . A A A A A . A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A . A A A A A A A J

Court Reverses Conviction of 3 In HUAC Case

HUAC suf f ered anoth er setback Aug. 2 when the U.S. Court o f Appeals reversed the contempt- of-Congress convictions o f Dagmar W ilson of Women S trike fo r Peace, Donna A llen o f the Wom­en’s In te rna tiona l League fo r Peace and Freedom, and Russ N ixon, fo rm er general manager o f the National Guardian.

The three were convicted of contempt a fte r refusing to testify at a HUAC hearing Dec. 7, 1964. The committee was probing the issuance of a visa to a Japanese peace spokesman. The visa had o rig ina lly been denied and then was issued a fte r N ixon and Mrs. W ilson and M rs. A l l en had gone to the State Departm ent to p ro ­test.

The tw o-to-one Appeals Court reversal was based on the fact that the contempt c ita tion had gone d irec tly from H UAC to the Justice Departm ent w ithou t review by the House.

Every contempt conviction ob­tained by HUAC and the Justice Departm ent in the past fiv e years has been reversed by a higher court, generally on technicalities.

The present ru lin g seems to have greater substance. A ttorneys fo r the three in te rp re t i t as mean­ing tha t i t is now mandatory fo r the en tire House to act upon con­tem pt citations before they are sent on to the Justice Departm ent.

Page Four TH E M IL IT A N T —

the MILITANTEditor: JOSEPH H A N S E N

Managing Editor: B A RR Y S H E P P A R D Business Manager: K A R O L Y N K E R R Y

Published w eekly, except during July and August when published b i-w eekly , by The M ilita n t Publishing Ass’n., 873 Broadway, N ew Y ork , N . Y . 10003. Phone 533-6414. Second-class postage paid at N ew York, N . Y . Subscription: $3 a year; Canadian, $3.50; foreign, $4.50. Signed articles by contributors do not necessarily represent The M ilita n t’s views. These are expressed In editorials.

V o l. 30 - No. 30 .345 M onday, A u g u s t 22, 1966

Rallies, Marches Hit Vietnam War

Why a Labor Party Is NeededT rade u n io n su ppo rt o f the D em ocra tic P a rty b rin g s e ve r-

s o rr ie r resu lts . W ith the D em ocrats c o n tro llin g the W h ite House and Congress, w o rke rs s t i l l lose jobs due to in te n s ifie d e x p lo ita ­t io n o f labo r. W age earners face r is in g prices and s t i f f taxes be­cause o f w a r and w a r p ro fite e rin g . U n io n ac tion to defend the W orkers ’ class in te res ts meets a tta ck fro m D em ocrats and R epub­licans -alike, in c lu d in g lib e ra l “ fr ie n d s o f la b o r.”

y T h is s itu a tio n was in h e re n t in Johnson’s message la s t Ja n u a ry on th e S tate o f th e U n ion . He then assured the cap ita lis ts th a t th e ir reco rd p ro f its w o u ld g ro w s t i l l b igger. A t th e same tim e he to ld the w o rke rs to ab ide b y h is w age-freeze guideposts and, to fo rce u n io n com pliance, he asked Congress to tig h te n up e x is t­in g la w s re s tr ic t in g th e r ig h t to s tr ik e .

W hen the em ployers b ro u g h t on the a ir lin e s s tr ik e b y re ­je c tin g th e w o rk e rs ’ ju s t demands, th e gove rnm en t was q u ick to a tta ck th e un ion . B o th D em ocrats and R epublicans have sought to b re a k th e s tr ik e , b u t n e ith e r Johnson no r Congress w ants p r im a ry b lam e fo r the fo u l deed in an e lec tion year. So the Senate passed a “ com prom ise” b i l l unde r w h ic h Congress w o u ld o rd e r the s tr ik e rs back to w o rk fo r 30 days and leave i t up to th e P res iden t to ex tend the o rde r ano the r 150 days. The b i l l is ho w be fo re th e House and S ecre ta ry o f L a b o r W ir tz has said th a t, i f Congress enacts a la w o f th e k in d , Johnson w i l l s ign i t . A nego­tia te d se ttlem en t o f th e s tr ik e m ig h t postpone new a n ti- la b o r le g is la tio n b u t, m ost l ik e ly , o n ly u n t i l a f te t th e N ovem ber elec­tions . In any case i t has been m ade c lea r th a t the s tr ik e rs have no “ fr ie n d s ” in the c a p ita lis t gove rnm en t. A n y gains th e y achieve w i l l re s u lt o n ly fro m th e ir ow n m a g n ifice n t s trugg le .

Top A F L -C IO o ff ic ia ls seem to le a rn n o th in g fro m these s tr ik e -b re a k in g experiences w ith th e D em ocra tic P a rty . T he N ew Y o rk T im es re p o r ts 'th a t unnam ed “ u n io n p residents and sen ior s ta f f m em bers” re g re t the “ p o lit ic a l em barrassm ent” caused Jo h n ­son b y th e s tr ik e and th e y hope to “ get b ack ” the lib e ra l D em o­cra ts w ho oppose th e s tr ike rs . B u t la b o r can ’t m ake “ fr ie n d s ” o u t o f class enemies. The D em ocrats w i l l a lw ays a tta ck th e un ions w h e n th e ch ips are dow n because th e irs is a c a p ita lis t p a r ty in th e serv ice o f B ig Business. U n io n o ff ic ia ls w ho fa i l to shape la b o r p o lic y on th a t basic p rem ise w i l l o n ly m is lead the w o rke rs

The p o lit ic a l answ er to gove rnm en t s tr ik e b re a k in g has been advanced b y s tr ik in g locals o f the M ach in is ts on the W est Coast w h o have ca lle d fo r th e fo rm a tio n o f a la b o r p a r ty (See page 1). T h is p rogressive step e n ta ils a com plete b re a k w ith a ll c a p ita lis t p o lit ic ia n s . I t re q u ire s u n io n m o b iliz a tio n o f a n ti-c a p ita lis t p o l i t i ­ca l ac tion b y la b o r and its a llies. I t means defense o f w o rk in g class in te res ts th ro u g h la b o r ’s o w n independen t p a rty , its ow n p ro g ra m and its ow n candidates.

The f ig h t in g a ir lin e s s tr ik e rs have p o in te d the w a y p o lit ic a lly . I f th e p resent u n ion o ff ic ia ls w o n ’t act to fo rm a la b o r p a rty , the u n io n ra n ks w i l l have to seek leaders w ho w i l l act. *

Nationalize the AirlinesBasic issues posed b y the s tr ik e on the a ir lin e s emphasize

th e need fo r n a tio n a liz a tio n o f these c a p ita lis t enterprises. W orke rs in th e in d u s try , whose pay is be low the go ing rates e lsewhere, have dem anded ju s t if ie d w age gains to o ffse t r is in g prices. T h e y have done so w ith in an in d u s try w here p ro d u c t iv ity is r is in g a round e ig h t pe rcen t a year. H ogg ing th e m oney gains fro m th e increased la b o r p ro d u c t iv ity , the g reedy p r iv a te ca rr ie rs have racked u p re co rd p ro f its fro m w h ic h th e y cou ld eas ily m eet th e w o rk e rs ’ ju s t dem ands. Instead, th e y have h id d en beh ind Johnson’s w age gu idepost sw in d le and re lie d on the ca p ita lis t gove rnm en t to d r iv e th e s tr ik e rs back in to line .

B e h in d th is socia l ou trage lies s t i l l ano the r piece o f s k u l l­duggery . P ro fits a re also pou red in to th e p r iv a te c a rr ie rs ’ pockets th ro u g h a irm a il subsidies and less d ire c t fo rm s o f gove rnm en t a id . Fares are re g u la te d b y the gove rnm en t to the b e n e fit o f the p r iy a te ow ners and a t the expense o f the tra v e lin g p u b lic . T a x ­payers ’ m oney is used to p rom o te research and deve lopm en t fro m w h ic h the ca rr ie rs reap p ro f it bonanzas, as in the in tro d u c tio n o f je t a ir lin e rs . A n o th e r g iveaw ay is Johnson ’s “ c lass ified ” decision la s t A p r i l to au tho rize deve lopm en t o f a supersonic a ir lin e r . Facts dug o u t b y re p o rte rs in d ica te th e p ro je c t w i l l cost up to $5 b i l ­lio n . A lth o u g h in tended p r im a r i ly to b e n e fit the a ir lin e s owners, i t has been g ive n top p r io r i ty , fa r ahead o f Johnson’s phony “ w a r on p o v e rty .”

O n e ve ry coun t, p r iv a te ope ra tion o f the a ir lin e s is a p rim e exam ple o f c a p ita lis t pa ra s itism and greed. The w o rke rs and tech ­n ic ians opera te the a ir lin e s un d e r adverse em p loym en t co n d i­tions . T he people g e n e ra lly co n tr ib u te h ig h fa res and ta x m oney fo r a ir l in e subsidies. A l l th e p r iv a te ow ners have to o ffe r is an in sa tia b le greed fo r p ro f it .

The n a tio n ’s a ir lin e s shou ld be na tiona lized . To p re ve n t m is ­m anagem ent b y the gove rnm en t th e in d u s try shou ld be operated th ro u g h d e m o cra tica lly -e le c te d com m ittees o f its w o rke rs and techn ic ians. T h e y a c tu a lly keep the a ir lin e s ru n n in g , so th e y shou ld have f u l l co n tro l in o rd e r to assure o p e ra tion on a fa ir a n d e q u ita b le socia l basis. L e t the a ir lin e s be- m anaged b y the w o rk e rs and techn ic ians w ho c o n tr ib u te to society, n o t b y the c a p ita lis t p ro fite e rs w ho stea l fro m it .

[The following are brief ac­counts of the Aug. 6-9 protests against the Vietnam w ar held across the country. In v irtually ev­ery locality where demonstrations took place, the theme of immedi­ate w ithdraw al of U.S. troops was coupled w ith protest of the horror of the war, and w ith defense of the rights of GIs to discuss the w ar and to oppose it. Defense of the Fort Hood Three was a prim ­ary point in many areas.]

New YorkBy H arry Ring

NEW YO RK — Despite vaca­tions and summer heat, more than 20,000 people participated in a

y H iroshim a Day march and ra lly against the V ietnam w a r here Aug. 6. A central feature o f the action was support to the GIs who are insisting on th e ir democratic righ t to express th e ir views and take a stand on the war. This theme was stressed by A. J. Muste, chairman o f the sponsoring V ie t­nam F if th Avenue Peace Parade Committee, who to ld the demon­strators:

“ That we should have, increas­ingly, opposition to the w ar among the armed forces themselves is a tremendously s ign ifican t develop­ment w hich the Johnson adm in­istra tion is going to have to take account of. A nd I am here to te ll you and to urge you to jo in in backing up the r ig h t of a ll the men in the armed services today to have the ir r ig h t of free thought, free speech and free discussion in ­side the armed forces, as w e ll as outside, in opposition to the w ar.”

Seated on the speakers p la tfo rm were relatives of Pvt. Dennis Mora and Pfc. James Johnson, tw o of the F o rt Hood Three, the GIs now being held in the stockade at Ft. D ix. The three GIs had de­nounced the w ar in V ietnam as illega l and had in itia ted court ac­tion to prevent the arm y from sending them there. The arm y a r­rested the GIs, and gave them orders to go to V ietnam in the m idst of th e ir legal proceedings. The GIs refused to go. The army has not yet announced specific charges against the three.

A featured speaker at the ra lly here was Grace Mora Newman, sister of Dennis Mora.

The marches and ra lly were very impressive. Partic ipants gath­ered in various areas o f the c ity and then marched to Times Square. Those from Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island marched in the ir own boroughs and then took subways in to Manhattan. In addition to the neighborhood “ feeder” marches, a group marched from the UN and a contingent of Veterans and Reservists began the ir march at Madison Square Park. i

As the demonstrators converged on Times Square, they jo ined in a huge picket line tha t encircled the triangu la r area from 42nd to 47th Sts. They then marched to Rocke­fe lle r Plaza, past the home office of the Dow Chemical Corporation, a p rinc ipa l m anufacturer of the napalm being used on the people of Vietnam. La te r A. J. Muste an­nounced a boycott o f Saran Wrap, a Dow product.

The ra lly was held at P ark A ve ­nue and 48th St. w ith partic ipants f i l l in g the long, w ide block from Park to Madison Avenues and stretching around P ark Ave. to 47th St.

A h igh ligh t of the marches was the presence of h igh ly dram atic costumed groups organized by Peter Schumann’s Bread and Pup­pet Theater. Bread and Puppet contingents led three o f the “ feed­er” marches — one from Green­w ich V illage, one from the West Side and one from the East Side and Gramercy-Stuyvesant areas. Tw o of the groups featured ghost­like , grotesquely masked, shrouded figures depicting the atrocities of H iroshim a and V ietnam and the horrors of napalm warfare. A th ird

Photo by F inerGrace M ora N ew m an

group, lampooning the m ilita ry , was decked out as pompous, stu­p id -look ing brass hats leading a lone G I in tow. They were fo l­lowed by shrouded figures w ith signs bearing the inscription “ We regret to in fo rm you . . .”

Another h igh ligh t o f the East Side march was the presence of a spirited, m ilita n t contingent of L a tin Americans organized by the Movement fo r Puerto Rican Inde­pendence.

A sign ifican t and heartening feature o f the protest was the fact o f a march from H arlem and the partic ipation of CORE and SNCC in the action. L inco ln Lynch, as­sistant national d irector of CORE, and Ivanhoe Donaldson, director of SNCC’s New Y o rk office, were featured speakers at the ra lly .

Lynch declared he was very gra tified by the tu rn -ou t. He made a strong ind ictm ent of the U.S. racist system and scored the N AAC P and Urban League o ff i­cials who go along w ith the war. “ We must stop th is slaughter,” he insisted, “ and b ring our sons home!”

A young Japanese woman, Miss K am iko Kosasa, a H iroshima bombing v ic tim , was introduced and there was a b rie f address by Y uzuru K a tag iri, Japanese poet and peace movement spokesman. He noted tha t the U.S. is ju s tify ­ing its present reactionary course • in Asia in much the same terms as Japan tried to ju s tify its aggres­sions in the 1930s and 1940s.

Sexto A lvelo, who is resisting the d ra ft in Puerto Rico, delivered a f ie ry an ti-im peria lis t speech in Spanish.

Dave Dellinger, chairman o f the ra lly , also introduced John M or­gan, a M arine fro m Camp Le- Jeune. He had enlisted in 1964 but on the basis of his discussion and observations in the arm y became a pacifis t and decided he could no longer m ainta in the oath he had taken on induction. He le ft his out­f i t last month bu t intends now to re turn. He w il l refuse to bear arms.

The p rinc ipa l speaker o f the afternoon was Grace Mora New­man, sister o f Dennis Mora.

A resident of the Spanish-speak­ing com m unity in East Harlem, she made a m ilita n t plea on behalf of her b ro ther and his fe llow op­ponents o f the war. She said the people o f her com m unity live the ir lives surrounded by poverty and then are asked to give the blood of th e ir young men. I f these young men survive and re turn, she com­mented acidly, they have the p r iv ­ilege o f p inn ing the ir service r ib ­bons and medals on the w a ll o f a rat-in fested ghetto-apartment.

The F o rt Hood Three, she said, “ have refused to fig h t in th is i l ­legal, im m ora l and un just war. And every young man, black or w hite, has the same r ig h t to re­fuse to fig h t in th is undeclared w ar.”

ChicagoB y D a v id H erm an

CHICAGO — A line of 400 p ic­kets demonstrated at the Federal B u ild ing here on Aug. 6 from 1 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. and then were joined by several hundred more fo r a ra lly protesting the w a r in Vietnam. The demonstration was sponsored by the Chicago Peace Council, a co-ord inating com m it­tee representing a w ide spectrum of organizations against the war, and the ad hoc H iroshim a Day Committee, w hich includes a num ­ber o f organizations not a ffilia ted to the Peace Council.

The ta lk by Mrs. Marlene Samas, w ife of David Samas, one of the three F o rt Hood soldiers who have refused to go to V ie t­nam, was the high po in t of the ra lly . The crowd greeted her w ith prolonged applause and responded w arm ly to her story o f the hero­ism o f the three young men who are being inhum anly treated in an arm y prison w h ile aw aiting court-m artia l. A l l o f the funds raised at the ra lly beyond those needed to cover the expense of the demonstration itse lf were donated fo r the defense of the F o rt Hood Three.

ClevelandBy Robert Leonard

C LEVELAN D — The largest an tiw ar demonstration in the his­to ry o f Cleveland’s V ietnam pro­test a c tiv ity took place Aug. 6. A meeting, march and ra lly were sponsored by the ad hoc Cleveland Area Council fo r Peace in V ie t­nam, a broad organization o f many groups opposed to the war.

The meeting was addressed by Stokely Carmichael, chairm an of the Student N onvio lent Coordinat­ing Committee; Bronson C lark, of the Am erican Friends Service Committee; and Ruth Gage Colby o f the Women’s In te rnationa l League fo r Peace and Freedom.

Fo llow ing the meeting, about 500 people in the audience marched to the public square in downtown Cleveland and held a ra lly which was addressed by A r t Evans, vice president o f the Congress o f Racial E qua lity ; Sidney Peck, coordina­to r o f the U n ive rs ity C ircle Teach- in Committee; and D anie l Rosen- shine, chairm an o f the Cleveland Committee to End the W ar in Vietnam.

San Franciscov By H al VerbSAN FRANCISCO — An esti­

mated 10,000 persons participated in a tw o -hour march along M ar­ke t Street and a three-hour ra lly at the C iv ic Center to protest the w ar in V ie tnam on Aug. 6. The demonstration was probably the largest an tiw a r ra lly ever held here and presented a s ign ificant disp lay o f u n ity among the more than 40 organizations tak ing p a r t

D uring the ra lly , supporters of Johnson’s w a r and policies were about as hard to fin d as diamonds in an ocean. Tw o members o f the Am erican Nazi P arty d id show up and they picketed across the street from the c iv ic center. H ow ­ever, they le ft a fte r the ra lly got under way, ca rry ing w ith them a banner tha t read “ Communism is Jewish.”

Featured speakers at the ra lly included V incent H allinan, P ro­gressive P arty candidate fo r Presi­dent in 1952; Mrs. A nn Samas, mother one of the F o rt Hood Three; Pete Camejo, Berkeley V ietnam Day Committee leader; Sidney Roger, a radio commenta­to r; and Robert Scheer, foreign ed ito r o f Ramparts magazine.

Camejo to ld the audience, “ We have a power structure tha t has taken our independence away from us and we have to reassert it. We have to declare our inde­pendence again.” He continued, “ The firs t th ing we should do is

nday, August 22, 1966 Page Five

V ietnam Warbreak from the tw o -pa rty w ar machines.”

Camejo also declared the posi­tion adopted by the VDC in sup­port of the r ig h t of self-determ ina­tion fo r the Vietnamese people. Howard Seidell, representing the 70 people now in the San Bruno County Ja il fo r partic ipa ting in the 1964 San Francisco c iv il rights demonstrations, read a statement from them:

We extend our support to all who protest the w a r in Vietnam.

DetroitBy Evelyn Sell

DETROIT, Aug. 6 — A ra lly against the Vietnamese w a r held here today was harassed by a righ t-w ing hate group and broken up by club-sw ing ing r io t cops. Eleven of the an tiw a r demonstra­tors were arrested, inc lud ing F rank Lovell, M ichigan State Chairman o f the Socialist W orkers Party.

Love ll was charged w ith as­saulting Donald Lobsinger, head o f the extrem ist group know n as “ B reakthrough.” In fact, the dem­onstrators had repeatedly tr ied to get assistance from onlooking policemen to prevent the right- w ing heckling. Instead o f m aking any attempts to stop the harass­ment, however, the cops tr ied to create incidents by knocking into members of the audience who were listening to the ra lly .

F in a lly the police seized upon Breakthrough’s actions to d isrupt the ra lly . Lines of patrolm en from the specially tra ined r io t squad known as “ The Tactical Mobile U n it” advanced across the square pushing demonstrators in the ir paths. Ten youths were arrested and charged w ith obstructing an o ffice r in pursu it o f his duty. One g ir l was dragged across the concrete sidewalk.

Other activities sponsored by the Ad Hoc Committee included protest picket lines at Dow Chem­ical Company in M id land, Mich. Groups of students from D etro it and A nn A rb o r w ere -in M idland Aug. 7 and 8 to engage in protest activities.

The fo u r days of protest were concluded w ith an A n tiw a r A rts Festival and R a lly held Tuesday, Aug. 9, at the Centra] Methodist Church in downtown Detroit.

St. LouisBy Dick Clarke

ST. LO U IS — The H iroshima day protest here was carried out by the St. Louis Citizens fo r Peace in Vietnam. I t consisted of a march, a leafle t d istribu tion , and ended up w ith children lig h t­ing and p u tting candle-laden boats on the Mississippi R iver.

A number of people from the predom inantly-N egro C o c h r a n Housing Project took pa rt in the demonstration. One young Negro carried h igh above his head a sign saying “ B ring the Troops Home,” and behind h im a middle-aged Negro woman carried a sign say­ing, “ O ur Program fo r Peace: To­day Lord D e liver 'Us from LB J.”

DenverDENVER — A ra lly against the

w ar in V ietnam was held here on Aug. 6 on the statehouse lawn a fte r over 100 demonstrators marched from 20th and Broad­w ay in downtown Denver. They carried such signs as “ B ring the Troops Home Now,” “ Le t the Soldiers Discuss the W ar,” and “ Free Speech fo r the GIs.”

Speakers included Rev. C lifton R. W h itley of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic P arty ; Jo­seph Johnson o f the Socialist W orkers Party ; Laren Watson, a Denver leader o f the Congress o f Racial E qua lity ; Rudolph “ Cor­ky ” Gonzales, a leader o f the Crusade fo r Freedom; and Ste­phanie W ishart, pub lication direc­to r o f Insurgent, the magazine of the W.E.B. DuBois clubs.

WashingtonBy Don Slaughter

W ASHING TO N — The antiw ar movement in the capita l won an im portan t v ic to ry Aug. 6 when the Deputy C hief of Police backed down on his court-supported deci­sion to p roh ib it p icketing of Luci Baines Johnson’s wedding recep­tion. The event culm inated a w eek-long hassle between the Washington A d Hoc Committee fo r the Saturday demonstration, and the police, w hich had gone up to Supreme Court Justice W arren, who upheld the police

A fte r a ra lly of 500, demonstra­tors began a march to the W hite House. When they were confront­ed by the Deputy Police Chief, they refused to stop and pushed fo rw ard shouting “ There’s Space fo r Us on the Sidewalk.”

The reference was to the cops’ c la im tha t they were reserving the sidewalk fo r v is itors o f the W hite House spectacle.

Los AngelesBy Gordon Bailey

LOS ANGELES — Over 2,000 L .A . citizens m arked the 21st an­niversary o f the bombing of H iro ­shima Aug. 6 by demonstrating against the V ietnam war. A three- hour ra lly was held fo llowed by a tw o -m ile march through the heart o f tow n to the A rm y In ­duction Center. The demonstra­tion was organized by the Peace Action Council, an ad hoc com­m ittee comprising over 60 organ­izations.

The speakers at the ra lly con­sisted m ain ly o f peace candidates, and Senator Ernest Gruening, one of the outspoken critics o f John­son’s w a r po licy in the U.S. Con­gress. However, there were several younger speakers who opposed the tw o -pa rty system.

Dan Gray, a leader of the Non- V io len t Action Committee, called fo r boycotting the election since both parties are committed to the war. A d iffe ren t approach was posed by John Haag, fo rm e rly a leader of the W.E.B. DuBois Club.

“ The Democratic P a rty is headed by a w ar c rim ina l,” Haag stated, “ and C a lifo rn ia ’s Governor Pat B rown is his accomplice.” Haag urged tha t i t was tim e to start a new force tha t w i l l oppose both the Democrats and Republicans and that th is should be done be­fore the November election.

A le tte r from the mother of Pvt. David Samas, one of the Fort Hood Three, was read, indicating her fu l l comm itment to his figh t.

BostonBy'Johanne Eubanks and Phyllis Sawyer

BOSTON — Two demonstra­tions marked the Days of Protest in Boston. These were a m ajor march and ra lly on Aug. 9 organ­ized by the Greater Boston Co­ord inating Committee Against the W ar in Vietnam, and a street- com er ra lly in the R oxbury sec­tion of Boston organized by the A fro-Am ericans Against the War, Aug. 6.

About 600 demonstrators turned out fo r the Aug. 9 march which w ent from the Boston Commons to the Esplanade along the Charles R iver. The ra lly was chaired by Judy W hite, form er co-chairman o f the Greater Bos­ton Committee. She has recently moved to New Y ork to run as Socialist W orkers P arty candidate fo r Governor of New Y ork state. Miss W hite, who was one of the founding members of the Boston committee and was a leading an­tiw a r activ is t in the area, was presented w ith a plaque by Rev. Jack Zylman in recognition o f the w ork she had done in coordinat­ing the 16 groups w hich now make up the Boston committee.

A featured speaker at the ra lly was Grace Mora Newman, sister

o f Dennis Mora of the F o rt Hood Three. Mrs. Newman to ld about the bleakness of life fo r her and her brother as they grew up in Spanish Harlem in New York C ity. “ I t was no land of oppor­tu n ity fo r the people o f tha t ghet­to or any ghetto,” she stated. “ I t is a land of opportun ity fo r Gen­eral Motors, Standard Oil, Dow C hem ica l. . . ”

O ther speakers included the Rev. Jack Zylman, adviser to the L ibe ra l Religious Students in Boston; Donald Tormey, In te r­national Representative fo r the United E lectrica l W orkers; a rd Byron Rushing, a member of the Northern Student Movement and the A fro-Am ericans Against the War.

The Roxbury meeting was h igh­lighted by the appearance o f Tom B lunt, an ex-G l who recently re ­turned from Vietnam. “ D iscrim i­nation is evident in the w hite a r­m y,” B lun t remarked, “ when a commander always sends the black men out to be ‘pointers’.” These are usually the f irs t men k illed in a battle.

Bob Eubanks, co-chairman of the Af ro-Am erican Committee, also addressed tW ra lly , stressing the importance of black un ity : “ Some of you say, ‘W hy should I care? I ’ve got a decent job, good house, and had m y street cleaned today.’

“ B u t I say i f one black fam ily is in a slum house, we are a ll a f­fected. I f one black baby is b itten by a rat, we are a ll b itten. I f one black man is k ille d down South by a trigger-happy racist, we a ll die a lit t le . B lack u n ity is our strength and black power is our battle cry.”

O ther speakers at the one-and- a -ha lf-hou r ra lly were G ary Hicks, a conscientious objector, and Mrs. Jacqueline Guilderson, the A fro - Am erican Committee’s press sec­retary.

Atlanta, Ga.By Nelson Blackstock

A T L A N T A — Aug. 6 Saw the largest an tiw ar demonstration in A tla n ta ’s history. Despite a d r iv ­ing ra in, about 150 people turned out to commemorate the v ictim s of H iroshim a and protest U.S. in ­volvement in Vietnam. “ B ring the Troops Home N ow ” was the main slogan of the protest.

The day began w ith a picket line around the old Post Office. A march then proceeded through the streets of downtown A tlan ta to a ra lly at M a rtin L u the r K ing J r.’s Ebenezer Baptist Church where they were welcomed by the co-pastor, M a rtin L u the r K ing , Sr.

Speakers at th is ra lly included Howard Moore, • one o f Julian Bond’s attorneys; Sanford Gott-

leib, po litica l action d irector of the National Committee fo r a Sane Nuclear Policy; and representa­tives of the A tlan ta Committee to End the W ar in Vietnam.

Twin CitiesBy W illiam Onasch

M IN N E APO LIS — A Negro soldier who had spent 12 months in Vietnam, who had received the Purple Heart, and who had been recommended fo r the S ilve r and Bronze Stars fo r va lo r in combat action, took the stand at an an ti­w ar meeting here Aug. 6 and blasted the racist w ar from top to bottom. The soldier was a mem­ber of the U.S. Special Forces, the “ Green Berets.”

“ The troops in V ietnam go through life day a fte r day p ray­ing tha t they w il l see the next sunrise or that they w il l breathe fo r the next hour,” the young man stated. “ The sad pa rt is they don’t have the slightest notion of w hat they’re fig h tin g fo r . . . I have been asked by Vietnamese soldiers, ‘W hy do you fig h t in our country and die when you have no freedom in your own country?’ I have no answer fo r them.

“ There has been violence in many bars in the downtown areas of Saigon and Bienhoa,” the sol­dier explained, “ where Americans seek entertainment. There have been fights between black and w h ite Americans. W hat k ind of image does this pro ject to the people we are supposedly show­ing how to live peacefully?”

The meeting fo llowed an an ti­w ar ra lly and march o f 400 spon­sored by the Minnesota Com m it­tee to End the W ar in Vietnam. The march, from Minneapolis to the State Capitol in St. Paul, was routed through a commercial sec­tion of the city, but i t encountered lit t le heckling.

SeattleBy Debbie Leonard

SEATTLE, Aug. 9 — The U n i­vers ity of Washington Committee to End the W ar in Vietnam, or­ganized on the campus th is sum­mer, expressed so lidarity w ith the Days of Protest in a symposium entitled “ V ietnam : Escalate orW ithdraw ?” held today. Profes­sor G iovanni Costigan o f the UW H istory Departm ent outlined the step-by-step escalation of U.S. in ­tervention in V ietnam over the past tw o years and blasted John­son fo r the ins incerity of the “ peace offensive.”

Syd Stapleton, who was a mem­ber of the Berkeley V ietnam Day Committee steering committee be­fore m oving to Seattle, traced the development of the an tiw ar move­ment.

San DiegoSAN D IEG O ,. Calif. — A new

high po in t in an tiw ar a c tiv ity in San Diego was reached here w ith the Aug. 6 march and ra lly of 500. The events were sponsored by the San Diego Committee to End the W ar in Vietnam, the Co­ord inating Council fo r Social Ac­tion, and the Students o f the In ­dependent Left.

Emphasizing the theme of “ B ring the Troops Home Now,” the ra lly opened w ith an tiw ar songs by na tiona lly know n fo lk - singers G uy Carawan and G il Turner. Other speakers included the actor W ill Geer, John Wagner o f the Students fo r a Democratic Society, and W illia m Hathaway o f the group supporting the B ring the Troops Home Now Newsletter.

Dayton, O.By Rick Wadsworth

DAYTON, Ohio, Aug. 6 — More than 175 people demonstrated here today against the V ietnam war. Most of the partic ipants were members of the Antioch College Committee to End the V ietnam War, or students of A ntioch Col­lege. Others were members o f the Ye llow Springs Committee fo r Peace and Freedom and the Day­ton Peace Committee. (Y e llow Springs is the town in w hich A n ­tioch is located.)

The demonstration consisted of a march from Cooper P ark through downtown Dayton to the Federal Build ing.

Madison, Wise.M ADISON, Wise. — The high­

lig h t o f the Aug. 6-9 In te rnationa l Days o f Protest was the tw o-day lea fle ting o f troops at the U n ive r­s ity of Wisconsin. The troops were on the ir w ay home from summer tra in ing at Camp McCoy, and they stopped at the un ive rs ity fo r meals.

The leaflets concerned both the F o rt Hood Three case and L t. H enry Howe’s. Over, 2,000 sol­diers received the leaflets and the ir response was excellent, con­sidering they were under heavy pressure from th e ir officers not to ta lk to the members of the an tiw ar movement and not even to take leaflets.

Philadelphia, Pa. >P H IL A D E L P H IA — On Aug. 6,

about 600 people and 30 cars and trucks formed a parade through the main shopping d is tr ic t here. The parade was organized by the H iroshim a-V ietnam Day Parade Committee, composed of many or­ganizations against the war.

D E M A N D H A L T TO W A R . Scene at N ew Y ork Hiroshim a Day ra lly which demanded im m ediate w ithdraw al of U . S. troops from Vietnam .

Page Six TH E M IL IT A N T Monday, August 22, 1966

MEANING OF BLACK POWERBy George Breitm an

DETROIT, Aug. 6 — In a M a l­colm X m em orial speech last Feb­rua ry , I pointed out:

. w h ile organizationally the b lack na tiona list tendency [w ith w h ich M alcolm was associated] has suffered serious setbacks in the last year or two, ideologically its influence has spread fa r, w ide and deep. I t is as though i t was locked out o f the door and came creeping in the w indow . F o r to­day many o f the ideas, demands and slogans orig inated by black nationalists in 1962, ’63 and ’64 — Ideas, demands and slogans asso­ciated in the public m ind above a ll w ith M alcolm X — are common coin in most of the b lack com­m un ity and even in many of the civ i l r igh ts organizations tha t d idn ’t w an t to touch M alcolm X w ith a ten-foot pole.

“ M alcolm is dead and the move­ment he wanted to b u ild has not grow n or prospered organization­a lly . B u t many of th e ir ideas — b lack leadership, b lack power, b u ild ing a base in the ghetto, con­tro l o f the ghetto, self-defense, rac ia l p ride and so lidarity, id e n ti­fica tion w ith the colonial revo lu­tion and A frica , independent b lack p o lit ica l action — these and other concepts, w h ich were considered the unique attributes of b lack na­tiona lism and M alcolm X tw o years ago, are now generally ac­cepted in the b lack com m unity, or they are not argued about, or at the ve ry least they are given l ip - service even by c iv il rights o r­ganizations tha t repudiated and denounced them not long ago.” ( Y oung Socialist, M a rch -A p ril).

Since February the process I was re fe rring to has speeded up, has become more concrete and has polarized the c iv il rights movement. Great changes have taken place inside SNCC and CORE.

In part, these changes were a resu lt o f M alcolm ’s influence, bu t o f course the m ain reason SNCC and CORE have come to certa in new positions and policies is tha t they believe, as a resu lt of th e ir own experience, tha t those positions and policies are neces­sary i f the black people o f th is country are to gain th e ir free­dom. Nevertheless, i t is a v ind ica­tio n of Malcolm , and a tr ib u te to h im , th a t many of the ideas he presented and defended, almost alone, live a fte r h im and are Shared today by the most m ilita n t human righ ts organizations in the country.

As a resu lt of these changes, SNCC and CORE can now be considered the radical w ing of the movement, w ith the NAACP representing t h e conservative w ing, and M a rtin L u the r K in g ’s SCLC in the m iddle, somewhere to the r ig h t of center. SNCC and CORE now occupy some o f the ground held by M alcolm and his tendency at the tim e o f his death (approxim ately, not exactly; they

Floyd B. McKissick

have not yet expressed his strong and exp lic it an ti-cap ita lis t and pro-socialist v iew s). B u t they are better organized than the M alcolm tendency had tim e to become, and they have more numerous organ­ized adherents.

For more than 20 years CORE had been committed to a va rie ty o f nonviolence tha t prevented its members from exercising the r ig h t o f self-defense against racist at­tacks. A n attem pt was made to l i f t th is p roh ib ition a t CORE’S 1965 convention, when James Farm er was s ti l l national director, bu t i t fa iled. A t th is year’s con­vention last month, when F loyd M cKissick was national d irector, i t succeeded.

A t last year’s convention the CORE delegates voted at one ses­sion to condemn the U.S. w a r in V ietnam, b u t under pressure from Farm er they rescinded th e ir an ti­w ar resolution before adjourning. A t th is year’s convention CORE took, and kept, a ve ry strong stand against the war.

In recent years CORE has also been debating its a ttitude to “ in ­tegration.” Even Farmer, who is fa r from a radical, had begun to understand tha t the term , as i t is conventionally used, is ambiguous, defective or irre levan t as the im ­mediate goal of the struggle; tha t as a slogan i t does not correspond to the needs fe lt by the masses in the ghetto.

M eanwhile SNCC, under its new chairman, Stokely Carmichael, had reached v ir tu a lly the same conclu­sions: I t had adopted a ve ry f irm and advanced position against the w ar in V ietnam ; came out fo r self-defense; and, through Car­michael, declared “ in tegration” to be irre levant.

Both organizations have rea f­firm ed th e ir sympathy fo r the col­onial revolution. Both have ex­pressed th e ir determ ination to w ork w ith any and a ll organiza­tions to achieve black un ity . And, o f course, both are advocates of “ b lack power.”

I have ju s t gone through more than a hundred newspaper and magazine articles about b lack power published in the last couple o f months. Johnson, Hum phrey, the newspaper editors and col­umnists, and the Negro lieutenants of the cap ita lis t class — inc lud ing those who d is to rt w hat black power is and attack its advocates, and those w ho cla im i t hasn’t been defined precisely enough — all know very w e ll w ha t black power means, and they don’t lik e it.

They know i t means tha t grow­ing numbers o f b lack people w ant to “ get o ff the p lanta tion,” break away from the dead-end run ­around of gradualism and token­ism, and set ou t on a new inde­pendent course, based on the needs and aspirations o f the ghetto masses whose conditions remain unchanged despite a ll the b u ll about in tegration, great societies and wars on poverty.

This is w hy every genuine rad­ica l and revo lu tion is t has hailed the raising o f the b lack power concept, welcomes the coming to­gether of the b lack power ten­dency, and w il l give grow ing sup­port to organizations lik e SNCC and CORE, w h ich are now being abandoned by many o f the w h ite libera ls and labor . bureaucrats who helped finance them in the past. A n independent b lack move­m ent is in the best interests o f a ll fighters against the status quo, b lack and w hite.

W h ile the essence of b lack power is already perfectly clear, i t w ould be a mistake, in m y opinion, to expect a complete de fin ition or a complete program, a ll at once and r ig h t away. The b lack power movement is ju s t starting. I t m ust be given tim e to complete the dis­cussion so ab ly opened by Car­michael, McKissick, and others. The movement w i l l soon be much bigger than the present member­ship of SNCC and CORE, and its character w il l be decided' col­

lec tive ly by a ll of its participants, not ju s t its present spokesmen.

The Political AlternativesOne o f the key questions tha t

w i l l be settled is po litica l action.Stokely Carmichael is quoted in

the Chicago Sun-Tim.es (Ju ly 24) as saying tha t b lack power is “ the po litica l endeavor of black people at electing representatives and fo rc ing those representatives to speak to th e ir needs.”

B lack power, in addition to other things, is po litica l — i t involves electing representatives who w il l be controlled by the black people and rea lly responsible to them. This doesn’t mean ju s t electing black representatives, bu t electing black representatives who w il l “ speak to the needs” o f the black masses because they w i l l be con­tro lled by the black masses.

F rom th is standpoint the Low n­des County Freedom Organization ( “ B lack Panther P a rty ” ) and its curren t election campaign in A labam a are an excellent and in ­sp iring example of b lack power. The LCFO is a sovereign, inde­pendent po litica l organization, dem ocratically created by black workers and farm ers of Lowndes County, and runn ing its own can­didates fo r m a jor county offices against the Democratic Party.

SNCC helped the b lack people of Lowndes County to fo rm the LCFO, b u t i t is not an ad junct of SNCC or controlled by SNCC. I t is controlled by the b lack people o f the country, and i t is able to express th e ir aspirations and needs because i t is independent o f the tw o -p a rty structure through w hich the capita lis t class m aintains p o lit­ica l power in th is country.

Carmichael was one of those who helped the LCFO to be formed, and who urged its mem­bers to break w ith the Democratic P a rty and bu ild an organization w hich they themselves w ould con­tro l. He is also a vigorous c ritic o f the national Democratic Party. He enraged the liberals, black and w hite, by saying tha t i t d idn ’t make any more sense fo r Negroes to t r y to re form the Democratic P a rty than i t w ould have made fo r Jews to t r y to re form the Nazi pa rty in Germany. Under his chairmanship, SNCC, when i t re ­fused to partic ipate in the recent W hite House conference on c iv il rights, called upon “ a ll black Americans to begin bu ild ing in ­dependent po litica l, economic and cu ltu ra l institu tions tha t they w il l contro l and use as instrum ents of social change in th is country.”

On the other hand, Carmichael has jo ined the new National Con­ference fo r New Politics, whose m ain objective appears to be financing the election o f liberals inside the Democratic P arty ; th a t’s po litics a ll righ t, bu t there is no­th ing new about it . He has a llied h im self w ith Adam Clayton Po­w e ll, who ta lks about b lack power b u t remains a generally loya l Democrat; the last th ing in the w o rld Powell wants to see in H a r­lem is independent po litica l in ­stitutions.

On J u ly 29, Carmichael en­dorsed the candidacy o f Rev. A l­bert B. Cleage. Two years ago, Rev. Cleage was the gubernatoria l candidate of the independent Free­dom Now Party. He continues to advocate black power, b u t th is tim e he was runn ing in the De­m ocratic P a rty p rim a ry to replace Rep. Diggs.

The question is: Can po litica l black power be obtained through the Democratic Party, or do black Americans need “ independent po litica l . . . institu tions tha t they w i l l contro l and use as ins tru ­ments of social change” ? I f i t can be obtained through the Demo­cratic P a rty (by re form ing i t or tak ing i t over o r any other name you w ant to ca ll i t ) , then w hat need is there fo r independent po­lit ic a l institu tions or parties?

In 1964 the Freedom Now P ar­ty was the most' advanced fo rm of an organization s tr iv in g fo r

Stokely Carmichael

black power tha t th is country had seen. I t did not survive the 1964 election, even in M ichigan where i t was strongest, fo r reasons tha t should be studied by a ll radicals. B u t it, o r something lik e i t — an independent po litica l organization controlled by b lack people — re­mains the on ly alternative to t r y ­ing to re form or take over the Democratic Party.

(Th is question was dodged by Grace and James Boggs in the A p r i l M onth ly Review. They ad­vocate tha t b lack people take over the b ig cities where they are be­coming a m a jo rity , bu t fa i l to dis­cuss whether th is can or should be done through the Democratic Party. They recently became ac­tive in a D e tro it campaign in the Democratic P a rty ).

Some people are w illin g to ac­cept the independent strategy o f the Lowndes County Freedom Organ­ization solely because black peo­ple are a m a jo rity in tha t county. B u t the H arlem congressional dis­t r ic t from w hich Powell is elected has a black m a jo rity , and so do many other electoral d istricts in th is country. Does black power mean black people breaking w ith the Democratic P arty in Lowndes County bu t not breaking w ith i t in Harlem , D e tro it and elsewhere?

W ith the new positions tha t SNCC and CORE have adopted — fo r self-defense, against the V ie t­nam war, against the fetish of “ in tegration,” fo r b lack u n ity — they have p u t themselves in a position where they can get a sym­pathetic hearing in the black ghetto. I f they can match those positions w ith an equally bold and independent stand on politics, they w il l get, and deserve to get, the confidence of the ghetto masses and an opportun ity to lead them in struggles tha t w i l l culm inate in v ic to ry.

Black Power and Black Nationalism

The rem ainder of th is article deals w ith a less urgent ques­tion. Some w il l dismiss i t as mere semantics, bu t I th in k i t is more than tha t fo r those w ho are in ­terested in social and po litica l theory, especially theories about b lack liberation.

When members o f SNCC and CORE began to chant the black power slogan on the recent M is­sissippi march, reporters repeat­edly tr ied to get Carmichael to discuss the connection between b lack power and blacfc national­ism. “ B lack nationalism in th is country means ‘an ti-w h ite ,’ ” Car­michael said. “ That’s the tr ic k they’re try in g to pu t me in .” (Re­po rt by W illia m A. Price, N ation­a l Guardian, June 25.)

Carmichael was absolutely r ig h t about the m otive of most of these reporters and about the “ mean­ing ” tha t the cap ita lis t class and its press have given to the con­cept of b lack nationalism . They “ define” i t as anti-whiteism , black racism, b lack supremacy, separa- tion -in to -a-b lack-na tion , etc., and tha t is how i t is understood by

most people in th is country, black as w e ll as white.

Since the concept o f black power advocated by SNCC and CORE does not correspond to any of the (unpopular) labels contained in the cap ita lis t and libe ra l de fin i­tions o f black nationalism, i t is perfectly proper fo r Carm ichael to refuse to be pu t in tha t “ tr ic k .” B lack people not on ly have the r ig h t to decide the ir own program, strategy, tactics, theories and slogans — they also have the r ig h t to choose the names by w hich these w il l be known. In general, therefore, i f the black power ten­dency does not w ant to be called b lack nationalist, its wishes on this po in t should be respected, and I intend to respect them.

( I t is w orth reca lling tha t M a l­colm X , who proudly designated h im self a black nationalist, la te r began to question the adequacy o f tha t label fo r h im s e lf) .

B u t suppose you th in k — as black nationalists and revo lu tion­a ry M arxists do — tha t the cap­ita lis t and libe ra l de fin ition o f black nationalism is wrong, in ­va lid , sc ien tifica lly worthless, no­th ing bu t smears and epithets? Suppose you th in k tha t b lack na­tionalism , ob jective ly and scien­t if ic a lly analyze^, is a h igh ly progressive and po ten tia lly rev­o lu tionary tendency, w ith im por­tan t contributions to make to the freedom struggle? Should we stop using th is term , should we th row i t out o f the vocabulary, because o f the d istortions and m isrepre­sentations o f the capita lis t enemy?

I f we do, then w hat is to stop the enemy from doing to the term “ b lack power” precisely the same th ing i t has done to the te rm “ b lack nationalism ” ? In fact, the capita lis t propaganda machine started to do ju s t th a t the ve ry same hour th a t “ b lack pow er” was f irs t shouted in Mississippi, and i t w i l l continue to do i t w ith a ll o f the vast resources at its com­mand. W ill the term “ black power” then be given up too?

L e t’s hope i t won’t come to that. Let’s hope tha t “ b lack power” has already caught on so w e ll among black people tha t i t cannot be dis­credited in the ir minds. B u t le t’s also understand tha t there is a po in t beyond w h ich we cannot go in le ttin g the cap ita lis t class de­cide w hat words and terms w il l mean to us.

B lack nationalism is no t w hat the capitalists and th e ir w h ite and black lieutenants say i t is, any more than black power is. I f black nationalism in the U nited States is defined ob jective ly and honest­ly , i t can be called “ the tendency fo r black people in the U nited States to un ite as a group, as a people, in to a movement of th e ir own to f ig h t fo r freedom, justice and equality. Anim ated by the de­sire o f an oppressed m in o rity to decide its own destiny, th is ten­dency holds tha t black people must contro l th e ir own movement and the po litica l, economic and so­c ia l institu tions o f the b lack com­m un ity . Its characteristic a ttr ib ­utes include racia l pride, group consciousness, hatred o f w h ite supremacy, a s tr iv ing fo r inde­pendence from w h ite control, and iden tifica tion w ith b lack and non­w hite oppressed groups in other parts of the w orld .” (F rom a book soon to be published, The Last Year o f M alcolm X : The Evolu­tion o f a R evolutionary, b y George Breitm an.)

I f members o f the b lack power tendency don’t w an t to be called b lack nationalists, fo r tactica l o r other reasons, th e ir desire should preva il. B u t they, and especially young people who w an t to equip themselves theore tica lly so tha t they can be most e ffective in the struggle, should recognize w ha t­ever va lid connections exis t be­tween the old b lack na tiona lis t tendency and the new b lack power tendency, and absorb a ll the rich lessons o f the past. We always know better where we are going i f we know where we came from .

Monday, August 22, 1966 TH E M IL IT A N T Page Seven

'« • t , ' i

L e t t e r s f r o m o u r r e a d e r s

------------- Thought fo r the Week --------------“ I was just thinking this morning that I ’d never slept over at

a colored person’s house. I ’d never had dinner in a Negro home. There’s a big foreign country in m y country that I know very little about. And more than that, when whites talk about riots, we really lose our perspective completely. A man from Mars could see what’s really happening — convicts rioting in a corrupt prison.” — Lenny Bruce, n ig h t c lub com edian and social s a tiris t w ho died A ug. 3 a t the age o f 40.

[T h is column is an open forum for all viewpoints on subjects of general interest to our readers. Please keep your letters brief. Where necessary they w ill be abridged. Writers’ initials w ill be used, names being withheld unless authorization is given for use.]

Philadelphia JusticeP hilade lph ia , Pa.

In P h ilade lph ia there have been an enormous am ount o f com plaints re la tin g to the po lice and th e ir b ru ta lity tow ard citizens. There have been a num ber o f tr ia ls o f policem en fo r b ru ta lity . There also have been k illin g s w h ich always re su lt in the same verd icts — ac­c iden ta l because the policem an was acting in the lin e o f du ty . The c itizen is never acting in the lin e o f d u ty — o r so they procla im .

B u t is i t n o t the c itizen ’s du ty to p ro tect h im se lf against te rro r o r b ru ta l action de libe ra te ly d ire c t­ed tow ard him ? Is i t no t fo r the c itizen to .ra ise h is hand to stop the n e x t b low o f the “ n ig h t s tick ,” o r should I say “ death stick"?

I f he does, he is com m itting the crim e o f assault and b a tte ry on an o ffice r. So th is is justice?

O ut o f the hundreds o f com­p la in ts w here men, women and teenagers have been b ru ta lized , how m any cases have these peo­p le won? I can assure you there has never been a cop re a lly pun­ished in P h ilade lph ia fo r h is w rong-do ing as fa r as b ru ta lity is concerned.

Judges are so convinced th a t a ll policem en are good and lo ya l and eve ryth ing they say is tru e and accurate — no m a tte r how m uch p roo f there is o f p e rju ry — th a t they refuse to see the c itizen ’s rig h t o f self-defense.

The la test exam ple o f th is k in d o f th in g was the tr ia l o f fo u r young people w ho w ere ju s t trie d fo r a second tim e a fte r being a r­rested d u rin g the long p icke ting la s t year o f the J im C row G ira rd College. There w ere m otion p ic ­tu res o f these innocent demon­stra tors being k icked and beaten (one was knocked unconscious) by cops before they w ere arrested. The defendants sat co n fid e n tly in court, sure th a t w ith the w e igh t o f evidence they could no t be con­v ic ted . Suddenly they found a ll the evidence was useless. Justice was nowhere in the courtroom . They w ere convicted.

The fo u r young defendants — Eugene D aw kins, D w ig h t E isen­how er C am pbell, Leonard H ill, M aru H a ll — w ill appeal th e ir conviction.

S tanley Vaughn

Message from JapanK yoto , Japan

The Japanese Section o f the F o u rth In te rn a tio n a l presents its deepest condolences on the m ur­der o f Comrade Leo B ernard and the w ounding o f Comrades Jan G a rre tt and W a lte r G raham .

T h is fa n a tica l a ttack by Y an­kee im peria lism on yo u r p a rty has aroused shock and popu la r anger here.

We express strong so lid a rity w ith the struggles o f yo u r p a rty

w h ich w ill develop m ore and m ore in spite o f th is sham eful attack.

W ith fra terna l greetings,Y . Tak am ine, T . Furusato F o r the In te rn a tio n a l D e p t, Japanese R evolu tionary C om m unist League

LBJ in IndianapolisY e llow Springs, Ohio

Saturday, J u ly 23, 200 to 250 people greeted Lyndon Johnson in Ind ianapo lis by dem onstrating against the V ietnam w a r a t a pub­lic p a rk w here Johnson spoke. B loom ington, Ind ianapo lis, C in­c in n a ti and D ayton, as w e ll as m any o ther com m unities in Ohio and Indiana, w ere represented. The crow d w h ich came to hear John­son was estim ated by the news­papers a t 4,500, b u t m any peo­p le said 1,500 was closer to the tru th . D em onstrators included supporters o f Senator Vance H a rt- ke o f Ind iana, sometimes c ritic a l o f V ietnam po licy, as w e ll as sup­porters o f im m ediate w ith d ra w a l and Vietnam ese se lf-de te rm ina­tio n .

A bou t 25 people w ere arrested by Ind ianapo lis police on charges o f “ d is tu rb in g a pub lic m eeting” by d isp laying “ m alicious” p icke t signs. Several passers-by ex­pressed surprise and disgust a t th is undem ocratic action b y the cops.

Lea fle ts advocating im m ediate w ith d ra w a l w ere d is trib u te d and w ere received w e ll despite the presence o f large num bers o f A m erican Legion members in the crow d.

L a te r Johnson spoke to labor and business big-shots a t a ban­quet a t the Ind ianapo lis A th le tic C lub. As he le ft the A th le tic C lub, a n tiw a r a ctiv is ts in the crow d w a itin g to see the P resident raised the chant “ Stop The W ar.” W hen th is chant began, the rest o f the crow d fe ll s ilen t.

R ick W adsw orth

Canadian View on VietnamVancouver, Canada

Maclean’s Magazine, one o f Canada’s lead ing and la rgest c ir­cu la tion pub lica tions, had an edi­to r ia l on V ietnam Aug. 6. Even these w e ll-hee led representatives o f Canadian capita lism have con­cluded th a t the U.S. should “ get ou t o f V ie tnam .”

I doubt i f they w ou ld he so bold as to ca ll fo r W ithd raw a l Now, bu t i t is h ig h ly s ig n ifica n t th a t the ed itors o f such an im po rtan t cap­ita lis t pub lica tion have come ou t so strong ly against U.S. po licy.

Keep up the exce llen t job you are doing. I t ’s an in sp ira tio n and guide to a ll o f us.

P.C.

Mass SlayingsB rooklyn , N .Y .

The V ie tnam catastrophe as has been reported by rad io and te le v i­sion com m entators in th e ir so-non- cha lant acceptance o f the in d is ­crim ina te slaughter o f “ commu­nists,” seems to re fle c t the lack o f respect fo r hum an life as occurred recen tly in the Chicago and Aus­tin , Texas, mass slayings.

The tw o in d iv id u a ls w ere no doubt insane, b u t le t i t no t be fo rgo tten th a t they are products

o f an insane society! A society th a t in jects venom in to the bra ins and hearts o f young ch ild ren , in th e ir mass indoctrin a tio n o f a n ti­com m unist and an ti-so c ia lis t p ro ­paganda. A society th a t o ffic ia lly pretends to abhor violence, b u t w h ich in fa c t has saturated its c itize n ry and its yo u th fu l ones in p a rtic u la r on the m erits o f m urder — o r genocide.

C ould i t no t be th a t the fo re ign policies o f the “ G reat Society,” and in general, the m ora l de­cadence o f th is nation was a fa c to r in the subconscious m inds o f the tw o young men as they contem ­plated th e ir purposeless crimes?

C M .On Social Change

F illm o re , U tah I agree w ith the le tte r fro m H a l

M organ in yo u r issue o f J u ly 25 about the need fo r people to in fo rm them selves about th is sys­tem and do som ething to change it . Am ericans w ou ld ce rta in ly be w ise to take h is advice and in ­fo rm themselves.

I w ould add I th in k revo lu tion m ust come b u t i t m ust be fough t in the schools o f education and the b a llo t box, no t on the fie lds o f bloody ba ttle .

A . C. Gregerson

Texas KillingsWaubaushene, Canada

The recent tra g ic k illin g s in

Batm an — Two somewhat d if­fe rin g view s have been o ffe red on Batm an. M exican c ritic s judged the T V program f i t “ fo r m ental defectives.” M eanw hile, the Rev. R obert T e rw illig e r o f New Y o rk said th a t fo r m illio n s o f Am ericans v iew ing Batm an was ak in to a re lig ious experience.

F a r-O u t Radicals — The So­c ia lis t P a rty paper, New America, has a headline firm ly declaring: “ Escalation No S olu tion in V ie t­nam .” The paper reports th a t a t the p a rty ’s June convention a reso lu tion ca llin g fo r im m ediate w ith d ra w a l o f U.S. troops from V ie tnam was defeated “ by a w ide m arg in .” The convention a ffirm e d the p a rty ’s position in fa vo r o f a negotiated settlem ent.

The Brazen G a ll — Am bassador Charles Bohlen made a vigorous com pla in t to the French govern­m ent about the an ti-A m erican tone o f French rad io and te le v i­sion broadcasts about V ietnam . H is p rin c ip a l com pla in t was w hat one U.S. source described as the “ equ ity o f c re d ib ility — g iv ing the same c re d ib ility to w ha t we p u t ou t and w hat the no rth V ie t­namese p u t ou t.”

U nsuitable A dve rtis ing — M r.and M rs. G lenn Thuerson o f Chicago have asked the federa l d is tric t court to d ire c t the Chicago T ra n s it A u th o rity to accept an a n ti-V ie tn a m -w a r poster w h ich they subm itted. The poster read: “ To P resident Johnson: W ar is not peace. T yranny is no t freedom . H ate is no t love. End the w a r in V ie tnam .” The T ra n s it A u th o r­ity said i t was controversia l and c ritic ize d the governm ent.

M isca lcu la tion — The Aug. 7 New York Times ca rried an In ­te rv ie w w ith A ir Force M a jo r James H . K asler, described as the top U.S. p ilo t in V ietnam . He gave a g low ing account o f the “ g ra tify ­in g ” a c tiv ity o f U.S. bombers. He said the southern p a rt o f V ietnam looks lik e a moon v a lle y w ith huge craters and few signs o f life . “ I t ’s ju s t dead coun try,” he said. “ Y ou pop over a m ountain and look a t a va lle y and there ’s no one there .” The A ug. 10 New York Times reported K asle r had been shot down. H e ba iled ou t b u t rescue planes couldn’t get to h im .

Texas were a d ire c t p roduct o f our social system!

One doesn’t have to be a b r il­lia n t th e o ris t to w o rk i t ou t fo r oneself, b u t u n fo rtu n a te ly we are no t encouraged to w o rk th ings out fo r ourselves.

O ur educational system is geared deliberately to produce n o n -th in k ­ers w ho w ill f i t nea tly and un­th in k in g ly in to pre-determ ined categories. Three pieces in today’s T oronto Globe & M ail g ive d e fin ite support to th is w e ll-p roven theo­ry , and I quote:

(1 ) “ Just as norm al as anybody I ever knew ” (W h itm an ’s fa th e r- in -la w ) — w h ich brings me to the question o f ju s t w ha t is norm al in th is society?; (2 ) “ Guns hung in every room ” of h is fa th e r’s house; and (3 ) the fa c t th a t W h it­m an had been trained to kill. (H ad he done th is in V ie tnam he w ould have been regarded as a hero!)

We have d a ily vio lence on TV, comics, rad io , film s , toys, games

He radioed th a t h is leg was broken.

P h ilip p in e LB J — P h ilipp ine P resident Ferdinand M arcos is sending a 2,000-man arm y team to a id the U.S. in V ietnam . W hen he was runn ing fo r president, he v igo rously opposed a proposal to do so made b y the then president, Diosado Macapagal.

I t F igures — New Y o rk ’s M ayor L indsay d id a T V show Aug. 7 w ith a W a ll S treet brokerage firm as the sponsor.

New Weapon — The U nited States In fo rm a tio n Agency has held a series o f to p -le ve l m eetings w ith rank ing M adison Avenue p u b lic ity geniuses on how to im ­prove the U.S. im age in o ther lands. One suggestion was to dig up o ld T V program s fo r view ing abroad.

The Southern W ay — TheA tla n ta home o f Joel C handler H arriss, creator o f the Negro s to ry -te lle r, U ncle Remus, has been opened as a to u ris t a ttra c­tio n — fo r w h ite tou ris ts on ly.

and p lay. We are taugh t to com­pete constantly in a ll aspects in- o rder to “ get on.”

Schizophrenia being a b y-p rod ­uc t o f ou r system made W hitm an w hat he was. In a society th a t cares fo r and about people instead o f p roperty, th is could possibly be detected and rem edied. The fa c t th a t we are s laughtering people in V ietnam proves we are no t th a t k in d o f a society. B u t anyone w ho trie s to p o in t out these th ings is au tom atica lly labe lled, kook, nu t, com m ie — you name it.

Look a t w ha t happened to W a tt T y le r, Socrates, C hris t, Joan o f A rc, Kennedy, L inco ln , M alco lm X , to name a few . A ll th is m ay seem to be d is jo in ted and un­connected w ith the tragedy o f Charles W hitm an. B u t you can fin d the connection — you can see the w hole p ic tu re — i f you can th in k a t a ll!

L.D .

Some D etro ite rs D oing W e ll —Colleen O’B rien , Detroit Free Press s ta ff w rite r, reports some D etro ite rs m ay be p inch ing th e ir pennies to cope w ith in fla tio n b u t others are spending n ice ly. G old- p la ted custom bathroom fix tu re s are cu rre n tly popu lar w ith the Grosse Pointe crow d. The men are going fo r $300 cashmere o r s ilk su its and a llig a to r shoes a t $120. They also lik e gold buttons fo r th e ir sports jackets. (Three fo r $85.) There’s also a b risk business in antique French w ard­robes w h ich come in handy as T V tables.

Costly — I t ’s expensive to be arrested in Dade C ity , F la . To be­g in w ith , there ’s a $7.50 arrest fee, p lus $2.50 cou rt costs. Then, i f you can’t post b a il, you are charged $2.50 board a t the ja il- house from the tim e you’re taken in u n til therein a v e rd ic t in you r case. A fte r being sentenced, you can reduce you r costs by w ork ing ; fo r the c ity a t $1.85 a day. A s an- added inducem ent, prisoners who- w o rk get three meals a dayt O thers get tw o.

— H a rry R ing

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th e MILITANTPage Eight m r miLi iiaiii ■ Monday, August 22, 1966

Club, also attended meetings of the Cleveland Committee to End the W ar in Vietnam.

The agents answered “ no” to each of the fo llow ing questions: Do you know of any k ind of p lot in the Communist Party or Com­m unist P arty fro n t organizations? Do you know of any organized cadres of Negroes w ith rifles? Can you cite any general or specific conversation tha t would prove p lanning of the Hough riots?

Furthe r questioning of the agents revealed no p lo t by “ agita­tors” or anyone else.

D uring the Hough uprising, fou r Negroes were k illed (tw o by w hite racists, one apparently by police bullets, and the other s till “ undeterm ined” ). A Negro mother and her ch ild were severely in ­ju red w ith permanent physical im pairm ent. B u t the grand ju ry absolved the police of any respon­s ib ility fo r misconduct

A tto rney Stanley T o llive r is rep­resenting Mrs. Diana Towns, whose eye was shot out by police bullets, and her son Christopher,

who suffers permanent bra in da­mage as a result o f the same po­lice shooting. T o llive r called fo r a united defense of a ll victim s of the police and fo r a vigorous investi­gation of police abuse.

B axter H ill, chairman of Cleve­land CORE, pointed out tha t de­spite the use of police spies, whom he characterized as “ agents-pro- vocateurs,” the grand ju ry re ­turned no indictments, but in ­stead created a w itchhunt atmo­sphere in an e ffo rt to d iv ide the black comm unity.

Tonight at the Cleveland M il i­tant Forum, five local speakers w il l discuss the ir views on a “ Re­p ly to the Grand Ju ry .” Speaking w il l be B axter H ill, Jr., Chairman of CORE; Ron Lucas, S ta ff mem­ber of the W. E. B. DuBois C lub; Eric Reinthaler of the Socialist Workers P arty ; Louis Robinson, D irector of the J “ F ” K House; and James M. Russell, past president of the Freedom Fighters.

Manie W. Harris, Co-Chairman of the Committee to A id the Debs H a ll Defendants, stated tha t after a ll the noise about Louis Robin­son and the J “ F ” K House, the best the police could come up w ith was to issue re-arrest w ar­rants fo r Robinson, his w ife and 27 others. The warrants stem from a ra id on Debs H a ll during a benefit b u ffe t fo r The M ilita n t last Nov. 13. These charges had been previously th row n out of court by the judge a week p rio r to the Hough outbreak.

By Eric ReinthalerCLEVELAND, Aug. 14 — Negro

reaction to the Cuyahoga County grand ju ry report on the recent Hough ghetto upris ing was angry atad negative. N early 100 represen­tatives o f Hough residents, c iv il righ ts groups, po litica l parties and other organizations m et at the o f­fices o f Cleveland CORE Aug. 11 to plan a series of pub lic hearings to expose the problems in Hough ignored or m inim ized in the grand ju ry report.

Reaction to the report was pre­cipitated by its ignoring the basic problems of police b ru ta lity , jobs and housing in Hough. Instead, i t attempted to place the blame on outside agitators and Communists. The report stated:

“ This ju ry finds that the out­break o f lawlessness and disorder was both organized, precipitated and explo ited by a re la tive ly small group o f tra ined and disciplined professionals at th is business.. “ They were aided and abetted,

w ittin g ly or otherwise, by m is­guided people of a ll ages and colors, many of whom are avowed believers in violence and ex­trem ism and some of whom also are e ither members of or officers in the Communist P arty .”

On Aug. 11, Fred G ia rd in i and Jessie Thomas, tw o police plants, reported the ir “ find ings" on the Hough rio ts to the grand ju ry . They also held a press conference in Safety D irector M cCorm ick’s office. The ir testim ony d irec tly contradicted the grand ju ry re­port.

Police Chief Wagner introduced the tw o agents to the newspaper and television reporters by saying tha t the police department, in its “ mission” to protect l ife and prop­erty, m aintains a subversive acti­v ities u n it w hich conducts ac tiv i­ties on “ e ither end” o f the p o lit i­cal spectrum. The tw o agents worked fo r 13 months in the Com­m unist P arty and W.E.B. DuBois C lub of Cleveland. G iard in i, as peace chairman of the DuBois

CP, SWP Speakers Debate Views at Los Angeles Forum

LOS ANGELES — A confronta­tion between the views of the Communist P arty and the Social­ist W orkers P arty took place here oh Aug. 5. The occasion was a debate on the new program of the CP, sponsored by the M ilita n t Labor Forum, in w h ich Ben Dobbs acted as spokesman fo r the CP and M ilton A lv in represented the SWP.

A large portion of the near­capacity crowd were young peo­ple, some from each o f the organ­izations represented by the speak­ers and many who were uncom­m itted.

Both the debate and discussion centered on the outstanding ques­tion facing the labor, Negro and antiw ar movements. That is, whether those movements should continue to support the Demo­cratic Party, as the Communist Party advocates, or break from both m a jo r parties through inde­pendent w ork ing class anti-cap­ita lis t po litica l action, as the SWP believes.

In elaborating the position o f the CP, Dobbs made the fo llow ing points; He believes in the “ lesser e v il” method in politics, since i t is obvious tha t there is a lesser as w e ll as a greater ev il; the elec­tion o f Johnson in 1964 was a v ic to ry because a great deal has been learned from the experience; and i t is correct to tr y to capture the Democratic Party.

The spokesman fo r the Com­m unist P arty tipped his hat to

independent politics, to the need fo r a mass party based on the workers and m inorities, but he made it clear tha t the CP line was to continue to w ork in the Demo­cratic Party.

In contrast, A lv in pointed to the 30-year record of class col­laboration through support of the Democratic Party, showing how this policy has produced nothing but defeats in America. He ex­plained how the gains of the 1930s were won through inde­pendent struggles and not by sup­porting capita lis t parties. He cited several examples from the experi­ence of the Communist parties in other countries, most recently in Indonesia, where class collabora­tion has led to defeat.

He asked those who had sup­ported coalitionism to consider how much fu rth e r we w ould be towards bu ild ing a mass workers party in America, i f the CP had advocated such a pa rty fo r the past 30 years instead 'of supporting the Democrats.

A lv in commented that i f the election o f Johnson was a v ictory, who needs defeats? The lesson to be learned from the 1964 election, he said, is never to vote fo r a Democrat again. When he went on to say that the CP policy in the coming gubernatoria l race in C ali­fo rn ia is to defeat Republican can­didate Reagan by supporting Dem­ocratic Governor Brow n, the audi­ence indicated its disapproval of such a policy.

GREAT SOCIETY. Scene in Cleveland’s ghetto during recent outbreak. Guardsmen have .50 caliber machine guns.

By HalSAN FRANCISCO — A state­

wide committee o f concerned c it­izens has demanded “ fu ll, across the board pardons” fo r 160 c iv il rights s it-ins who are now serving or w il l serve prison sentences fo r demonstrations they participated in tw o years ago at San Francis­co’s Sheraton-Palace and Auto Row hotels.

Included in the lis t o f support­ers are noted jazz colum nist Ralph Gleason of the San Francisco Chronicle, congressional candidate Robert Scheer and Assemblymen W illie B row n and John Burton.

The group has also set up “ Funds fo r Justice” to cover the excessive fines and ba il fo rfe i­tures o f the demonstrators, some of whom have already served out the ir sentences.

A le tte r circulated by J,‘Funds fo r Justice” notes that a to ta l of 4,940 days in ja il, $13,289 in fines and $9,498 in ba il fo rfe itures has been “ society’s answer” fo r those “ figh ting to make society live up to its promises . . . and w inn ing .”

In the spring of 1964 the c iv il rights demonstrations at the Sher- aton-Palace and Auto Row re­sulted in a h istoric agreement be­tween 33 m ajor hotels and the Ad Hoc Committee to End D is­c rim ination w hich was w ide ly heralded across the country.

The “ Funds fo r Justice” le tte r points out that the demonstrators drew heavy sentences ranging up to 90 days although charged w ith “ tr iv ia l misdemeanors.” Fines be­g inning w ith $29 and up to $220 have been posted and in some cases ba il on appeal has been set as high as $440.

One of the 160 defendants is Dr. Thomas Burbridge, a p rom i­nent Negro physician who holds both an M.D. and Ph.D. degrees.

D r. Burbridge recently received an inv ita tion from President John­son to attend ceremonies fo r the A tom ic Energy Commission. He had to decline the inv ita tion , how­ever, and sent back a le tte r say­ing tha t he could not attend since he was serving a prison sentence.

Friends and supporters o f c iv il rights have been asked by the “ Funds fo r Justice” to contribute generously. Contributions can be sent to: Funds fo r Justice, 690 M arket Street, San Francisco, Calif. 94104.

I interviewed some of the c iv il rights prisoners at the San B ru ­no County Jail.

Verb“ T w o-th irds o f the people [reg­

u la r prisoners] in here shouldn’t be here at a ll — they should be in a hospital,” declared 21-year- o ld H a lke tt A llen. A llen is serv­ing a 30-day sentence.

“ The rehab ilita tion and recrea­tiona l fac ilities are practica lly non-existent,” A llen charged. He also said tha t there was no proper medical care fo r the more than 600 inmates o f the prison. (O n ly one doctor is assigned to them.)

I asked h im about food and health conditions. A llen replied that although each prisoner is supposed to get three ounces of meat da ily “ they aren’t getting even that.” And food provisions are heavily over-starched w ith varieties of food such as potatoes. The potatoes are grown on the fa rm where the inmates them ­selves work.

He said tha t there is hard ly any fresh a ir in the prison and tha t p r io r to the a rr iva l o f the s it-ins few yard 'privileges were granted. Now that they are there i t is a d iffe ren t s ituation and ap­parently the prison has bowed to the s it-ins ’ influence and allowed prisoners to go outside about once every other day.

D arre l Myers, who is serving a 90-day sentence fo r his role at the Sheraton-Palace demonstra­tion in 1964, was in good spirits as he to ld how a “ grievance com­m ittee” had been formed at the prison to discuss th e ir m utual problems and make proposals.

Myers charged that one of the deputy sheriffs attempted to in t i­m idate prisoners who organized such committees. He would warn them, Myers said, tha t a prisoner “ m ight not get a jo b ” when he le ft the prison.

Commenting on the poor m edi­cal facilities, Myers related the incident of a prisoner who had an enormous bo il on his leg. When the inmate complained to the doc­tor, the doctor assigned another inmate to treat him.

Myers said tha t “ conditions are so bad and so crowded tha t they make people sleep on mattresses on the floor.” He said: “ I f some­one were to. get sick • here or i f someone were actually to die in the evening the three deputies stationed here couldn’t do any­th ing about i t u n til the m orning because they aren’t supposed to leave the ir station."

Minneapolis T ribune Photo

D EM AND U .S . W ITH D R A W A L. A ntiw ar demonstrators march on Minnesota state capital in St. Paul during Hiroshima Day rally. (See reports on nationwide protest pages 4 and 5).

Photo by John McCann

ANSWERING A FRAME-UP

Plan Real Cleveland Grand JurySan Francisco Jailings Of Civil Rights Workers