New World Beginnings

Chapter 1AP U.S. History

Overview• By 1600 – Europe had created the world's first global

economy• Greatest human catastrophe – 90% Native

Americans died, tens of millions of Africans enslaved• Major Conflict between Europeans and Native

Americans b/c of culture differences– Spain?– French?– English?

The Shaping of North America• Ice Age

• Land Bridge• Western Hemisphere – by 9,000 BC

HuntersBy 9,000 BC gone - why? 8,000 BC- 1,500 BC – lived off?

Earliest Americans• 1492 – Western Hem – 75 million Native

Americans (7-10 million in North America)• Respect for environment

– Everything – spiritual nature/alive/prayers

• Trade important– Materials, ideas, spread religious beliefs– When trade stopped, like declaring war

Family – kinships/clans kept them together Oral History Strong religion/belief in spirits

European Motives for Exploration in the Age of Discovery

• Nation-states sought power; competed against rivals • New technology enabled Europeans to dominate • Economics - Need for new markets esp. from the

East (e.g., spices)• Desire to Christianize new peoples• Renaissance (starting late 14th c. lasting well into

16th c.)– Atmosphere of rebirth, optimism, exploration

Indirect Discoverers of the World

• Crusades– Spices, silks, etc

• Looking for routes

Europeans Enter Africa• Marco Polo• African winds – problems?• Portuguese – caravel – to help find an all-water route to Asia• African Coast – trading posts

Slavery Before Portugal – could move out of slavery After Portugal – becomes intercontinental

business, no moving out! 12 million

European Culture and Society (1492)

• 70-80% of Europeans peasants– Starving, revolts

• Increase in population (55 million in 1450 to 100 million by 1600)– “commons” taken away (enclosed)

• Towns numerous, small• Manufacturing - household workshops• Family – father most important – model God's rule

Columbus Comes Upon a New World

• Why? Wealth, glory, Christianity

• Backed by Spain – competition with Portugal• Renaissance• Page 14 ***** Changed 4 continents – KNOW!!!!!

When World’s Collide• Columbian Exchange – Chart page 15 ***** KNOW!!!• Sugar Cane• Negatives

– Entire pop. gone in 50– Weeds/animals

Encomiendas – harshly exploited Native Americans. Led to??

The Spanish Conquistadors• Balboa – Pacific Ocean• Magellan – circumnavigate • Ponce de Leon - Florida• De Soto - Southeast• Pizarro – Inca’s• Cortes – pages 20 – 21 – big religious differences

The Spread of Spanish America

• Cabot• Cartier• Spain encouraged settlement in 3 areas:

– Southeast Coast – protest fleets of gold/silver – St. Augustine, FL

– Southwest – mining– West Coast – est trade routes

across Pacific, set up missions

Footholds in North America• 1510 – flow of wealth from America to Spain

brought other Europeans• Mexico, Caribbean, some along North Am

coast• St. Augustine – only colony

Questions• What role did disease and forced labor

(including slavery) play in the early settlement of the Americas? Were the Spanish and Portuguese “harsh” conquerors?