new world beginnings chapter 1. earth's : originally a single continent with app. mt. forming...
TRANSCRIPT
New World BeginningsChapter 1
Earth's : originally a single continent with App. Mt. forming during this time.
Origin split slowly occurs
N Am:Rockies, Sierra Nevada, and Cascades formed later;
N Am held together - Canadian Shield
Ice Age: water freezes, water level goes down exposing land bridge between Eurasia & N Am.
Early Am: came from Asia (Native Am Indians)
* relied on corn/maize * 3 sister farming: corn,
beans, squash * loosely defined tribes w/
substantial authority given to women
Indirect Discoverers:
Norse Scandinavians - Newfoundland; perished
1000-1300 ADCrusades or Holy Wars took place b/w the Muslims and Christians
Moors (Muslims) invaded Spain which was a Christian country.
Marco Polo (1295) returns from the Far East
News of riches in Far East:
a. silk - soft vs. wool’s rough & smellb. drugs – opiumc. perfumes - hide body odord. tapestry - adorn walls of castlese. spices - especially sugar - used to preserve and flavor foods.
Marco Polo obtained & carried items overland through Muslim’s territory who charged toll. This made the end price expensive (only royalty could afford & Muslims wealthy)
Europeans - can’t sail south along coast of Africa & return against prevailing winds.
1450 - caravel invented - ship that could sail closer to the wind.
Impact - exposed to Africa’s gold and slave trade.
Africans/Arabs - flesh markets increase $ if slave was from distant land (slave less likely to be rescued/escape--didn’t know language/terrain.
Indirect impact: fosters extension of regional African culture & tribal
identities.
Over 28 Million Africans have been enslaved over the Muslim world over the past 14 centuries
Portuguese: Est. sugar plantations on various islands off coast of Africa Created demand for slave labor.
Explorers:Bartholomeu Diaz (1488) -
explored & rounded horn of Africa.
Vasco da Gama (1498) - explored east coast of Africa to India.
Age of Renaissance: (exploration flourished)
a. compass invented - better maps using concept of lat. & long.
b. printing press invented – better communication
c. improvements in naval architecture – Prince Henry “the Navigator” of Portugal
- hull of ships got bigger - carry more supplies/water.
Spain: Marriage of Ferdinand (Aragon) and Isabella (Castile):
Created single national state when the Moors/Muslim were expelled from the Iberian Peninsula
Columbus (Ita) - contracted with Isabella to find alternate route to
the Far East:a. Admiral b. land claimed for Spainc. Columbus gets to keep 10% d. 100 soldiers (stake claim)e. 3 ships (Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria)
Sails west, sites land October 12, 1492 (San Salvador/Bahamas)
Stage is Now Set:Europe - markets,
capital, and technology
Africa - slave laborN Am -
raw materials (precious metals & soil for sugar cultivation)
Colombian Exchange see chart p. 15
Old World Offered: animals (cattle, swine, horse)seeds (bluegrass, dandelion, daisies)disease (small pox, malaria,
yellow fever)
New World Offered: animals (buffalo, iguana, rattlesnakes) plants (tobacco, corn, beans,
tomatoes, potatoes) disease (syphilis)
raw materials
New World Divided - Treaty of Tordesaillas (1494) - divides New World in a civilized manner - Pope draws line.
Spanish Conquistadors: (7 original)
1513 - Vasco Balboa - Panama; Pacific Ocean
1513/21 - Juan Ponce de Leon - Florida; myth of fountain of youth
1519 - Ferdinand Magellan - Straits of Magellan S Am.; credit for sailing 1st around the world
1519- Hernan Cortes - Mexico/Aztecs; fights Montezuma; known for creating mestizos (1/2 Indian; 1/2 European)
1532 - Francisco Pizarro - Peru/Incas
1539/42- Hernandez de Soto - Florida, Mississippi & Ark Rivers
1540/42- Francisco Coronado - TX/Arizona/NM/Kansas & discovered theGrand Canyon/Colo. River
Black Legend - false concept that all conquers:a. torturedb. butchered (killing for Christ)c. stole goldd. spread diseasee. left only misery behind.
Reality of the Black Legend:
a. some of the above legend was done b. erected colossal empire
(CA to Fla. south to Tierra del Fuego)
c. blended culture, laws, religion and
language.
1542 - Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo - CA coastline
1565- Established fort at St. Augustine, Fla. to keep French from settling
in the area
1598 - Don Juan de Onate - abused Pueblos/NM
1769 - Father Junipero Serra - San Diego; set up 21 chain missions along
CA coast
English Explorer:
1497/98- Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) - NE coast of N Am (sailed north)
French Explorers:
1524 - Giovanni de Verrazano -
East coast of N Am.
1534 - Jacques Cartier - St. Lawrence River
1680s- Robert de la Salle - down Miss River
Looking Back:• Earth was formed as a single continent• Early Americans relied on 3-sister farming• European Influence: Norse, Crusades,
Renaissance – Inventions & Columbus• Explorers of the New World
Spanish ConquistadoresEnglishFrench