1

Newcastle disease vaccination:

From technology to poverty reduction

Young J1,2, Grace D1, Young M2, Alders RG2, Kibaya

A3, Msami H4 and Bagnol B.2

1International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya; 2Kyeema Foundation,

Australia; 3State Veterinary Services, Tanzania; 4Dodoma Rural District Council,

Tanzania

13th Conference of the International

Society for Veterinary Epidemiology &

Economics, 20-24 August 2012

Presentation

• Do chickens matter?

• Does Newcastle disease matter?

• And is it really Newcastle disease?

• What do farmers think of the solutions?

• What do they do?

• What drives what farmers do?

• And what are the implications for research to use?

Methods

• Two countries: Kenya and Tanzania

• One district in each

• Tanzania: Stratified random sample of

8 villages

• In each village

• PRA n=130

• KII ~ 30

• FGD n=100 m, 106 f

• HH questionnaire n=456 sr

• Conjoint evaluation

Do chickens matter?

• 94% have owned chickens in last year

• Average 14 birds

• 58% say chicken most important species

• PRA: “Chicken is the most important:

Cheap to keep, quick to sell for several

uses”

82% poultry, 56% dairy, 49% goat

Benefits of chickens

Reasonsforowning

chickens

No.Ofbeans

Male

No.Ofbeans

Female

Sell,hospital 3 3

Sell,schoolfees 10 3

Sell,clothes 13 4

Consumemeat 3 3

Consumeeggs 4 7

Traditionalhealing 6 2

Saleother 7 3

70% consume when sick

• Man makes the decisions

about what to do with them

but sometimes the

decisions are made together.

PRA

FGD - female

• Man makes the decisions

about but they have to

discuss with the woman first.

FGD - male

Does Newcastle disease matter?

• Average 14 birds owned last year

• 16 lost from ND

• But 22 lost from all causes

• And 14 lost from all diseases

• 12 sold

• 5 eaten

68% kill and eat

38% sell

7% kill and bury

Does Newcastle disease matter?

Sold

Eaten

Disease

Predation

Theft

Accident

Hunger

Sold

Eaten

Disease

Predator

Theft

Cold

Accident

Bite

PRA n=130

Questionnaire n=456

Is it Newcastle?

Disease Newcastle Coryza

Name Mdondo KuvimbaMacho

Clinicalsigns Yellowandgreenish

diarrhea

Don’teatanddrink

well

Droopingwings

Swollenhead

Lossofweight

Yellowlegs

Don’tsee

Don’teatordrink

Don’twalkaround

Post-mortem

signs

Bigliver

Badtaste

Enlargementofgall

bladder

Nofoodincrop

Nofoodinstomach

Treatment Notreatmentbuttry

touselocalmedicine

Matembo

Matembp

Epidemiology: Air,wind

Eatingbonesofdead

chickens

Manure

air

Zoonosis no noOther

information

Itisabaddiseaseand

theyknowit

Theytrytosellthe

chickenswhenthey

discoverthattheyare

sicktoavoidloss

DoesnotkilllikeND.

Goodtoeatasdie

suddenlyandmeatis

good.

Is it Newcastle?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Greenishdiarhoea

Droopingwings

Twisted neck Lumps neareye

Swollen face

What do farmers think of the

solution?

88%

80%

74%

57%

16%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

It is affordable Catching thechickens is not

difficult

It is effective It is not hard toadminister

There is lots ofinformation about

it available

EO: Farmers lie about diseased chicken to

get them vaccinated….

I train the vaccinators on handling, giving

injections, side affects

Vx: People complain about the

amount charged….

3 out of 10 don’t pay…..

I have received no training…

Some sell vaccine to rich households

and use water to vaccinate the birds of

the poor households to make money

FGD: We are willing to pay 100 TSH

(twice the price currently charged)

What do farmers do?

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Is currently using ND vaccine

Has ever used ND vaccine

Knows how they work

Has heard of ND vaccine

Heard about vaccine

efficacy

access

targeting accuracy

provider compliance

user adherence

effectiveness

What drives what farmers do?

36% 33%

9% 7% 4% 4%

38%

24%

12% 9%

3% 1%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

The vaccine is notavailable

Unaware of theNDV

No chickens atthe time ofvaccination

Have neverowned poultry

No money at thetime of

vaccination

The vaccine is noteffective

Female

Male

What drives what farmers do?

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Is currentlyusing NDvaccine

Has ever usedND vaccine

Knows howthey work

Has heard ofND vaccine

Heard aboutvaccine

Active

Inactive

Implications for uptake?

0

5

10

15

20

25

Support Neglect

BIR

DS

KE

PT

Vaccinating

Not vaccinating

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Support Neglect

Pro

po

rtio

n f

loc

k lo

st

per

ye

ar

Vaccinating

Not vaccinating

Acknowledgements IFPRI

Amanda Wyatt

KYEEMA

Mary Young

Robyn Alders

Brigitte Bagnol

Participating farmers in Tanzania and Kenya

Funding from AusAID

Tanzania Field Team • Consolata Tarimo

• Morrison Mutungi

• Francis Mavere

• Godson Risasi

• Tonny Shembazi

• Amina Salumu

• Heavenlylight Ezra

• A Kibaya

• Jarrah Young

International Livestock Research Institute Better lives through livestock

Animal agriculture to reduce poverty, hunger and

environmental degradation in developing countries

ILRI

www.ilri.org

Thank you