M B0 NEWSLETTEP AULCH M Centre for Applied Ethi\gU

Hong Kong Baptist College

Volume 2 Number 1

A WORD FROM THE ED]

Hippocrates of Cos [c . 460-c. 337 B .C .] International Symlhas long been recognized as the "Father of and Ethics: ScienMedicine," yet the earliest extant version of the Responsibility, whipoath that bears his name appeared not until the from November 26 t9th Century A.D . . The Hippocratic Oath is "a symposium was spcsummary of a morality written by, comprehended Goethe-Institute of Iby and pertaining only to members of the Humanities of theHippocratic cult ." It is paternalistic inspirit . For Science and Technoli"it pledges the physician to benefit the patientaccording to the physician's ability and Dr. Lo Ping-ijudgement." [Veatch/Manson] Thus, Professor fellows, also presenHans-Martin Sass, international Scholar at the Sino-Japanese PrayKennedy Institute of Ethics, argues in The symposium wasFormulating Global Posthippocratic Health China, October 18-2Care Virtues that it is now the time to saygoodbye to the principles expressed in the oath .

In order to iiWhat he proposes here is ethics of coo

tion-

library collection,in-trus

biotechnology and

May 1994

)R-

n on BiotechnologyLiberty and Morals held in Hong Kong,ember 27, 1993 . Thed by our Centre, theKong, the Division ofKong University ofid the British Council .

g, one of our research-port on the SeventhEthics Symposium.in Changsha, Hunan,)3 .

ce our readers to ouresent two books on

INTERFERING WITH NAT IReflections on the Symposium "Biotechnol,

by

Professor Gerhold K. Becker

Human ingenuity apparently knows no For its propcbounds. Lately it has come up with a new tech- the promise of genenology that holds the promise to revolutionize sources which woul(most of our life : Biotechnology . The European growing world popFederation of Biotechnology defined this new hunger, diseases andtechnology as the "integrated use of biochemis- ral environment thitry, microbiology and engineering sciences in From the developmiorder to achieve technological (industrial) appli- creation of biodegr,cation of the capabilities of micro-organisms, sistant plants, and tcultured tissue cells, and parts thereof' .'

spills; from gene theof biotechnology ca

At the foundation of this technology lies The cover story in 1the discovery forty years ago of the structure of 17, 1994 noted that :DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick . Basic genes could eventuarecombinant DNA technology gained ascend- we eat, what we wezancy in the 1970's. It was developed as a labora- and how we see ourstory technique for research on simple, well-defined organisms. It has evolved into a power-ful instrument which is routinely used to alter thegenetic makeup of a broad range of organisms,including microbes, plants and mammals . It al-lows the transfer of genetic material from oneorganism to another in disregard of any speciesbarrier. Once inside the host organism, the ge-netic information may be expressed by the cell.

~N . . ..

In that way, biotechnology permits the geneticreprogramming of any organism to achieve de-sirable or useful biological products .'

I

and Ethics"

biotechnology holdsalmost limitless re-

the needs of a rapidlyn in its fight against,vastation of the natu-human intervention .designer foods to thepesticides, virus-re-a which consume oil:) eugenics, the impactily be overestimated .Magazine of Januaryability to manipulateInge everything : whatv we live, how we die.n relation to our fate ."

<x

m

;

that cannot develop naturally . ' Nature will no

and the frank disclonger be "natural" but be re-created in the image

searching spiritof man. It is an image, some believe, that will

that there are no e,have more in common with Dr. Frankenstein and

questions .his creatures than with Socrates, Confucius, orMother Teresa .

The sympcCentre for Applied

Biotechnology, then, is not just a value support and furtfree scientific enterprise ; it exists in a network of following institutiisocial, political, economic and, last but not least, Kong, the Divisio,moral realities and relationships . It seems im- Kong Universityperative for the future development of human- (HKUST), and t1kind that we examine this powerful tool in order Kong . The orgto better appreciate its complexity ; its possible comprised of Profapplications ; and its moral implications .

Dr. Uwe NitschkHong Kong; Dr. JHumanities, HKt

Taking up the Challenge

Department of Reand Prof. Cliffton

At the recent International Symposium

in the same departon Bio- technology and Ethics (26. - 27. Novem-ber 1993), distinguished scientists and academ-ics from the United States, the United Kingdom,

BiotechncJapan, Germany, China and Hong Kong met at

and thethe Centre for Applied Ethics, Hong Kong Bap-tist College, to share their views on the latest

In his keyndevelopments in biotechnology and to address,

Dow Kung, Pro-Vfrom an ethical perspective, some of the hopes

Affairs at HKUSTand fears, expectations and anxieties that accom-

lights in the youngpany them. The focus of the symposium was on

nology and saw theagricmost

=:scieryapprcnewdesirewide]medic

is were conducted in a'ith the understandingswers to these complex

was sponsored by thes and received valuablesponsorship from theLe Goethe-Institut Hongumanities of The Hongcience & Technology'tish Council of Hong.ng committee wastold K Becker, (chair) ;rector, Goethe-InstitutBuchanan, Division ofDr. Carver Yu, Head,& Philosophy, HKBC,5ecke, Visiting Scholar

r, Agriculturevironment

dress, Professor Shain-hancellor for Academiclied some of the high-tory of agricultralbiotech-of "a new era" where"joins ranks with the

isticated of biologicalin using molecularwhose promise to yielditions of plants of any-ait is matched by their

nature and a relathumans." He argueprevails, any contr

e -

ethical consideratior80

be ignored .`

.

N.

Biotechnols °`

He:

Issues of tecX39

a '

nated the debate"

biotechnology reseaex

practice of medicinecare. The rapid adv ;human genome ha

He suggested a more effective way to achieve effective treatmentsuch resistance through the combination of Professor Rita Kit

multiple genes which produce blockage or University Magdebuinterference at different stages of a virus lenges of genetic minfection . Prof. Tien believed that the risks inher- disorders against tlent in the accidental release of transgenic plants clinical experience .into the environment can either be largely of a carrier of Auto ;contained or are marginal . He pointed out that Kidney Disease (Athe chance of "a pathogen inheriting and being development of "a cable to express an antibiotic resistance gene include health risk cderived from a plant is at least a million-fold nition of the conceptlower than such resistance being obtained from She predicted thatother micro-organisms ."

and early abortion A

a new reproductiveOne of the test cases of agricultural

biotechnology is its impact on the developing

Professor K~

world. When scientists more optimistically point

tional Bioethics Resto the promises biotechnology holds for

en's University, an(improved living standards, environmentalists

Association of Bioeiquite often remain unconvinced . In their view,

and ethical aspect;genetically engineered organisms pose incalcu-

In-Vitro-Fertilizatioilable risks which threaten the biological

ET) and placed

omination over otheras long as this spirit

11 be ineffective and-netic engineering will

Medicine &Care

>gy assessment domi-e pros and cons ofid its application to thethe delivery of healthin the mapping of thesed the prospects of'ide range of diseases ., Otto-von-Guericke-cussed the ethical chal-,for severe hereditary:kground of her rich,rating on a case studyDominant Polycystic)), she called for the` ethics" which wouldtence and the "redefi-ponsible parenthood ."nplantation diagnosis;ome an instrument of

isa Hoshino, Interna-Centre, Kyoto Wom-ident of the Japanesediscussed the medical-ertain variations of.V1T

~, /TNTU

I

Centre for Ethics and Applied Biology, Solana culture; (2) knowlBeach, California, acknowledged that the HGP standing; (3) goals,has both fueled the interest of the public in gene manipulation, and itherapy and raised the fear of abuse, particularly an ethics of respoiwith regard to genetic screening and germ-line re-evaluation will ligene therapy . His concern was exacerbated by "ethos and ethics ofthe fact that this research is entangled in a web of forms of moral risksocial and economic interests which have gener- defining ends, andated premature expectations in as yet unproventherapies. He observed that "commercial forces The paper 1have been combined with the unbridled enthusi- Institute of Biologicasm of scientists, patient groups lobbying for Ethics Institute, Uitheories for individual disease, and a generally suggested that sucluncritical press" ; anc concluded that, "unfortu- may already be in p .nately, there is no mechanism for the public to an international bi ,make informed decisions if this is the direction it pointed out that orwishes the expenditures in health care to follow ."

ability to balance 1and technology, anyover therapeutic ai

Technology Assessment, Risk

gene therapy ." SimManagement & the Quality of Life

Dr. Johannes G .University of H

Professor Joel Zimbelman, Centre for extensive resealApplied & Professional Ethics, California State evaluation in theUniversity, Chico, and Fulbright Senior Fellow life, particularly aiat the Centre for Applied Ethics, HKBC, took going chemotherarissue with the so-called technological impera-tive: "If it is feasible, it is desirable ." He argued Quality of 1that this imperative, which has animated and the focus of reflectiempowered modern scientific research "is Department of Meintellectually, morally and economically University, PRC,untenable." It needs therefore to be replaced by between moderna commitment to "the art of technology medical ethics . BaLassessment." Such assessment requires the ethical principlesdiscussion and analysis of a wide range of issues advanced technololwhich include "the facts of our present situation he stated: "The go,and of human nature and existence ." Applying healing the woundethis assessment to the Human Genome Project also improving thewill have a rectrirtive effect vet will uenerally

nancenrahandonin

in human self-under-and limits of geneticultimate challenge to

ty." In his view, suchthe development of anrisibility, i . e. improvedLgement in using tools,sting limits ."

ifessor Darryl Macer,iences, and The Eubiosity of Tsukuba, Japan,:thics of responsibilityi some extent . Based ons survey, Prof. Maceri people "do show theis and risks of sciencev significant discretionsmetic applications ofcults were presented byan, Medical School,ier, who conducted,n the comparativerent of the quality ofcancer patients under

nsiderations were alsoi Professor Dapu Shi,Ethics, Xian Medicalhe various conflictsDlogy and traditionalthe strict adherence toch guide the use of,ith the needs of societymedicine are not onlyrescuing the dying, but

Wo104

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a horrendous amount of suffering on animals .

Ethics and Policy,In a searching review of a wide range of UK, considered the'

moral theories and their potential to improve the and methodologyplight of animals "sacrificed for science",Professor Wacks found "a promising basis" in an

and totheologicgeneal attention

"interest-based theory of rights ." He quoted

that despitespit therapy

approvingly L . W. Sumner's remark that "it is

cert

quite inconceivable that the extension of any

mustnot n essa

ibuu

right should coincide exactly with the cbut can

daynot b

contribu

boundaries of our species ." 5 Yet, even "without

audienceclienteleien

soe and the

an agreed conceptual strategy", Prof . Wacks sawthe need to move beyond the academic

philosophy .

discussion and to implement "fundamentalProfessor

changes" in the treatment of animals in

fessor .

Institute for Philoscscientific experiments . In particular, he called

examined the idefor the establishment of ethics committees "to

reductionist theoriesallow the moral issues (of animal use) to beproperly considered" and for greater access by

mustfail

fwhich aims

the public "to information on experiments" .

mustexclusively

aimslife excluvey inmolecular and genel

F.Yamirninti ITnr1Prlvinu

for a revision of sciE

I

rsity of Manchester,inceptions, resources,aracteristic of the:o bioethics in generalrticular. He believedinctive features, thethe ongoing debate

)nfined to a religious.bly address a widerite itself to moral

yard Low, ResearchHannover, Germany,cal foundations ofpence and their impli-his view, any theory-xplanation of humanof processes at theel. Instead, he called

conferences such as this one cannot be expected 3 . Since the stakesto provide hard and fast solutions to the intricate biotechnology aproblems under consideration . They can help for an unbiasedraise the awareness of the public and of scientists

straight-forwarcI alike about the moral issues and the increased as is evident

responsibility that comes with the progress "Biotechnologyof science in general . It is hoped that the things, and of stpapers read at the symposium can be published to create produand will thus make an useful contribution to different purposthe public debate on the future direction tion Games. Gbiotechnology should take .

Future ofourLi,Philadelphia, 1c

References

4. Andrew KimbrThe Engineerii

1 . M. Chiara Mantegazzini, The Environmental

Harper San Fra:a

Risks from Biotechnology . Frances Pinter :London, 1986, p.136 .

5. L. W. Sumner,Rights . Claret

2 . The International Biotechnology Hand book .

p. 206.Euromonitor Publications : London, 1988,p. 28-33 .

s^

;h, both the promises ofrisks make it difficultsion to develop . Even a.ition is hard to come byfollowing example :

exploitation of living.ces from living things,id processes for manyPat Spallone, Genera-Engineering and the

ample University Press :4)

ie Human Body Shop.d Marketing of Life .i : San Francisco, 1993 .

Moral Foundation ofPress : Oxford, 1987,

FORMULATING GLOBAL POSTHIPPHEALTH CARE VIRTUES

by

Professor Hans-Martin Sass

After 2400 years it is time to say global richness ingoodbye to paternalistic beneficence of communal cultures iphysicians and to the principles of Hippocratic care services accorcethics . The principles expressed in the of the individual clieHippocratic Oath are particularly unfit to sup- `doctor' nor thosport patient-physician interaction in determining provides health car(health care goals and in recognizing patient'sself-determination as an integral part of her or his While conindividual human and civil right . Traditional Asian bioethics stiltelitist professional paternalism fails to address refining physician'the quest for developing patient's ethics and way, Anglo-Ameriiindividual healthresponsibility inthe realm of

gpredictive and

s

o ppreventive medi-cine and torecognize theplurality of valuesand wishes pa-tients might have

,in regard to health

,. care, quality any

-length of life..

There are

a ..

.

at least three rea-sons for a major shift in future health care ethics : tion. Future bioethicprogress (a) in predictive and preventive medi- has to shift emphasicine_ (h) in intensive care and in methods of

lav ethics and natie

RATIC

,idual, familial, and:)r differentiated healththe values and wishes)atient, not those of thethe `system' which

~rary European and,ntrate on teaching andics in a paternalisticioethics put emphasishe patient's autonomyl self-determination ..ther position focusesnarily on the virtuesI values of interactiveexpert exchange indetermination of

.ividual health care-ameters, in theling for self-determi-ion and self respon-ility in predictive and;ventive health care,I in identifying goalsI limits for acute andensive care interven-earch and teaching

cultural debate on the ethos and the ethics of couraged . Let ushealth care matters . Let us intensify the cross- on virtues and pcultural global discourse on the future of us win the futurvirtues and principles while we are approaching specifics of our mthe next millennium of caring for health and obedient disciplethe ethics of care . Critical discussions and those in need, forresponses of the two intertwined sets are en-

EIGHT EIGHT HEALTH CARE RULES FOR THE LA'

1 .

Find truly educated and trustworthy health

6.

Define arexperts .

qualities c2 .

Develop competence and responsibility

age, in sicin health risk management .

7.

Prepare a3 .

Make extended use of predictive and

proxy decipreventive medicine .

of incomp4 . Expect healing or relief from acute 8 . Act respoi

medicine, but be aware of the limits and health canrisks of any medical intervention .

5 . Expect information and advice frommedical experts and be a fair partnerwith them .

EIGHT HEALTH CARE RULES FOR THE HEALTH l

1 .

Treat your patient as a person, not just his

right expert and tlor her symptoms .

her or his patient2 .

Assist you patient in developing health

as a technician of irisk competence .

will leave import;3 . Integrate the ` clinical status ' and the solely to the disc ;

`value status' of your patient into differ true health care piential ethics, diagnosis and prognosis .

not just best tecl4. Be aware of the benefits, limits and risks attention, compa

of acute intervention and discuss those and even sacrificewith your patient .

between patient

Len the global discourseles in bioethics and letsaying goodbye to thes rules while adhering asweir ethos of caring forck and the frail .

:SON

plement your sense offrom childhood to oldand in health .e directives and nameaakers for circumstances

in the use of communals .

ESSIONAL

ert's obligation to servellow human and not justine. No educated person;ues such as health careof an expert. From theional we rightly requestservice but personalpatience, helpfulness

has to be understood as a human and civil obliga-

values and wishes artion, rather than a right which can he claimed

tives in advance whfrom others . Professionals should be partners

surrogates and healtirather than elitists and not withhold informa-

equate decisionstion necessary to the educated citizen for her or

incompetence .his self-determination in health care matters .

Rules Eight reThe Third Rules emphasize the particu- health care experts, t

lar importance of mutual responsibility and and solidarity to be reinteraction of the lay and the expert in of health care funds . Dpredictive and preventive health care, while the on a complex systemFourth Rules remind both groups that acute medi- tion, basic and supplecine has its limits and risks and calls for of labor, cooperationtrust-based cooperation and risk partnership . effective and just adiThe principle of informed consent to medical of funds. Therefore .treatment does not meet the challenges of pre- players in the field oventive and acute health care in the future ; it has suffering and the dyito be transformed into principles of trust-based protection and imprccommunication and cooperation and into the care delivery system ;principle of shared responsibility .

The Fifth Rules underline that it is the layperson first who carries prime responsibility inpreventive care for health, while the expert's role

NOTES :is reduced to understanding and compassionateinformation, advice and support . The obligation 1. cf. Encyclopedi,to care for one's own health is the precondition WT Reich ed,1Ifor rights one might claim that others should care 1978, vol IV, 1',for one's health . Expert advice as well as treat-ment has to be individualized ; individual risk 2. HM Sass, Profparameters, values, goals and wishes mark the and Professionslimits of `objective' health care . The Sixth Rules and the Proffstress, that qualities of life can only be defined RM Veatch, J Iindividually, never objectively and not easily by DC: Georgetcothers. Health care professionals have to strive to 1991, 277-279 .continuously educate themselves in best possi- Zustimmung alsble technical service . Educated citizens have to

des Patienten,r'rnani7P that niialitiPQ of lift- trnncfnrm not

-stablish those direc-iould govern trustedexperts to make ad-circumstances of

both, lay citizens andis a matter of justice;ible in the allocationn health care dependsvention and interven-iry care, distributionpecialization, also onration and allocationmandatory that all

ag for health, for thee responsible for thent of existing health

8ioethics,ork: Macmillan

ial Organizationsics, Ethics, Trust,Y, ED Pellegrino,n ed, WashingtonJniversity Press,Sass, Informierteufe zurAutonomie

Seventh Sino-Japanese Practical Ethics

A Report

by

Dr. Lo, Ping-cheungCAE Research Fellow

9 The Seventh Sino-Japanese Practical Institute of Ethics,Ethics Symposiumwas held in Changsha, Hunan, researchers and IChina, October 18-22, 1993 . Participants location was inincluded eight Japanese representatives, Hunan Universitytwenty-nine Chinese scholars, and myself as a university, the acspecial participant. All paper presentations and was a famous collcdiscussions were focused on three areas in a thousand years capplied ethics, viz., economic ethics, the last six yearsenvironmental ethics, and bioethics .

exclusively on ettriage-family ethic

In the last seven years similar symposia

ethics . This year'have been held annually, alternating between

to issues in threeBeijing and Tokyo. The Japanese participants

ronmental ethics,were entirely from Rinri Kenkyusho (Institute

the first time somfor Ethical Research and Enlightenment), a

China participatesvoluntary association founded by Toshio

participant inviteeMaruyama in 1946 . The Institute's major

Social Sciences . 7missions are research in and social promotion of

that East Asian sclethical values in Japan . Hence besides research,

applied ethics shthe Institute has been very active in socialeducation and moral reform in Japan . Practice

Some samof, and not just the discussion of, moral values at

sented in this yeashome and in business has been one of the

Ethics in ContempiInstitute's major emphases .

poration and EmpEthical Relationsh

The core of the Chinese participants were

vironmental Protfrom the Ethics Section of the Institute of

Whole Earth EthiDi.a---- t+k-

A,..,,lo- .,F c,1

(:rPPn_T .nhellinvC

1posium

h consists of 15 full timesors. (The symposium;r university next door,ise Yuelu College of thisLost of the Symposium,incient China and is nowSecond, the symposia offocused the discussions;sues in two areas : mar-; business-professional)osium shifted the focuseconomic ethics, envi-.oethics . Third, this wasfrom outside Japan and., I myself as a specialie Chinese Academy ofas been a strong feelingwho are concerned withhave more exchanges .

per topics that were pre-nposium are : "Businesstpanese Business," "Cor-s: The Formation of thetights and Duties," "En-in Modern Japan and

tors of the West, I believe, will have something to

lation. Paper preselearn from these distinct oriental touches . (My

answers could still bpaper, "Some Ethical Reflections on Artificial

ess, but intense and liReproduction," was subsequently published in

tably incapacitated biJapanese in Rinri, 43 :2, February 1994; pp. 22-

interpretation .27.)

All in all, it isSince every sentence during meeting went Asian scholars in ape

through translation (from Chinese into Japanese on a regular basisor the reverse), and some technical ethical dis- learning. I hope thatcourses were not that easily translatable, more (e.g ., including Hongthan half of the meeting time was spent on trans-

scholars) can be org,

Books of Interest

Ethics and Biotechnology - Edited by Anthony Dyson and John l1994, ISBN: 0-045091403 . The development of biotechnology has prrevolution in our capacity to manipulate living things from single plant cell :even to manufacture brand new life forms . This power to shape and createbeen described as the power to `play God' and this book is about the ethics cof biotechnology .

It is a vast field ranging from plant breeding, agriculture, animal breeding anygenetics and genetic engineering . The essays in this book will illustrate boissues raised by biotechnology and their fascination and importance . The fuposed by biotechnology is covered, from the smallest cells through animals tbeings. The book reflects a multidisciplinary and an international approaca number of European countries and from North America, and fromphilosophy, agricultural economics, medicine, political theory, biology an(social policy and theology .

This book combines the work of outstanding scholars in all these disciplinesand penetrating survey of the ethical problems in this significant and fast

The Sanctity-of-Life Doctrine in Medicine : A Critique - Helea

ns and questions andIled well in this proc-iscussions were inevi-instant interruption of

I opportunity that Eastethics can get togetherscussion and mutual)osia on a larger scale;, Taiwan, and Koreanin future .

London: Routledge,d nothing short of aman nature itself, andof life has sometimes.ying God' in the field

rimentation to humanextent of the difficultiut of moral dilemmasengineering of humani authors drawn from)lines which include)iology, embryology,

resents an up-to- date)ping field .

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Lonal Organisations and

CONFERENCES OF INTERE

I Philosophy Summer School in China (China, Brit :I

The 1994 Summer School session PHI- Members and someLOSOPHY AND APPLIED ETHICS, taking phers in China for anplace at Fudan University, Shanghai 18th July- ter class' of courses,5th August 1994, is an international project of common rooms and ithe highest intellectual standard . The Summer. with an assessmentSchool has been widely praised as an important are thoroughly acadeeducational innovation . Each session brings lowing sessions havftogether outstanding British and Australian Staff

1 .

Ethical Theory

2.

Applied Ethi ,

Dr. James Griffin( Keble College, Ox

Professor Anford)

of Western ACONSEQ UENTIALISM

INTRODUCTPHILOSOPIT

Dr. Onora O'Neill (Newnham College,

Dr. Michael 1Cambridge)

University ofD UTY AND VIRTUE

LIFEAND DF

Dr. Tom SonBUSINESS E

Scientific (Mis)Conduct and Social (Ir)RespA Conference at Indiana University, May .

This one-day conference on research eth-

• Science as a Sociics is intended to foster discussion between sci-

nity.entists and ethicists and to generate interest in

Mark S. Frankel, Dinand ideas about teaching scientific responsibility

dom, Responsibility,in graduate coureses. It will meet from 9:00 am

American Associaticto 5•M rim nn the Tndiana TTnivercity-

Science_ Dr Franke

Australia)

best young philoso-;ive three week `mas-ng groups, symposia,ial discussion, endingnation. The sessionsn character . The fol-. scheduled :

Brennan (University.ia)9 ENVIRONMENTAL

rood (Green College,rd)SSUESINMEDICINE

liversity of Essex)S

bility,.994

!

responsible Commu-

)f the Scientific Free-Law Program at the

r

Each address will be followed by com- form below andments from respondents, and all sessions will 410 North Park,include time for discussion from the floor .

47405 ; FAX(81If you have ques

There is no conference fee, but pre-regis-tration is required. To register, please fill out the

IConference on Sustainable Development in Central Asia, UI- June 1-9 (approximate dates) . Conference Studies, Universon Sustainable Development in Central Asia, tions DevelopmeUlaan Baatar, Mongolia . Sponsored by the Contact S . G. TAcademy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental and mittee, 3306 JinInternational Studies, Mongolia ; Central Asia China, FAX 8Research Forum, School of Oriental and African

5012055 .

Representations of Nature: Tolerant-EmancilOppressive-Exploitative," Calgary, Alb(

- June 7-8, "Representations of Nature : Tol- Eric Katz, and Aerant-Emancipatory vs. Oppressive-Exploita- exhibition at thetive," Calgary, Alberta . In conjunction with representation ofthe Learned Societies Conference. A session trips to the neatsponsored by the Canadian Society for the Study contact: Thoma;of European Ideas and co-sponsored by the Ca- Department of P1nadian Society for Aesthetics and the New Gal- ria, Victoria, B .(lery of Calgary, Alberta . Papers by Allen Carison,

604/721 7516 or

I

National Association of Environmental Professional, 19th

- June 12-15. Global Strategies for Environ-

mental Issues ."mental Issues . National Association of Envi-

for Environmoronmental Professional, 19th annual confer-

MacArthurBlvd .

i it to the Poynter Center,ie, Bloomington, Indiana,-3315 by April 15, 1994 .call(812)855-0261 .

aatar, Mongolia

I

London, and United Na-rgram, Mongolia Mission ..n, The Organising Com-ing Centre, Beijing, P .R .015110 . Phone 86-1-

r vs .

tas, and others, and an artGallery investigating thein the visual arts . HikingDckies are also planned .d, Session Coordinator,phy, University of Victo-W 3P4, Canada. Phone :239 .

ual Conference

ict: National AssociationUr~fnon :~r,nln C1r1c

I

Hegel and the Philosophy of Nature

- September 30-October 2. Hegel Society of America, at the CatholiWashington, on the theme : "Hegel and the Philosophy of Nature ." CorPhilosophy, DePaul University, 2323 N . Seminary Avenue, Chicago, IL 6

ANNOUNCEMENT

Maastricht, September 15-16, 1994What do We Owe the Elderly ?

An International Conference Co-sponsored by The Institute for ECenter. The conference represents the culmination of a two-year research pof resources for the elderly . The research group was a mixture of geriatrethicists and philosophers, demographers and sociologists . The members of 1

countries in Europe and North America . Additional presentations will also bthe field. The focus themes of the conference are :

The Meaning and Significance of Old AgeEvery discussion about the allocation of resources for the elderly should st,meaning and significance of old age . However, it is hard at present to finddefinition of old age as a separate phase in life .

The Goals of Medicine and Health Care for the ElderlyIn general, health care for the elderly has followed the pattern of modern hseeking ways to forestall mortality and reduce morbidity . What is needed heof the needs of the elderly as compared with what medicine can actually do

Balancing the Needs of the Young and the OldThere may well be an increasing degree of tension between the young and tldependency ratio changes and as the elderly impose a greater burden on thethe social system. Grappling with this issue requires a definition and balancirrage groups .

Resource Allocation and Social Priorities : Setting LimitsIn face of the increasing scarcity of resources, the common solutions espousedcare, or to reduce waste and inefficiency . However, the scarcity problem will

I

Iversity of America,Stephen G . Houlgate,

cs & The Hastingsabout the allocationand gerontologists,up came from eightby other experts in

h an analysis of theimon and universal

:are very generally,clear confrontationm.

in the future, as thecare system and onie needs of different

lend more on health

CALL FOR PAPEITrust, Responsibility, and Conti

The Ethics of Accounting and Fir

The purpose of the conference is to ex-

management conchange ideas and information among scholars

public officials a .and practitioners from a wide varitety of groups

be addressed incinterested or involved in public, corporate, gov-

following :ernmental, and not-for-profit accounting andfinance - including auditors, tax practitioners,

1 . liability in accounting and financial

7. changing view :services

bilities

2. the role of ethics in professionalism

8. ethics in accouservices educati

3 . disclosure and confidentiality9. ethical issues p(

4. dilemmas posed by the professional's

crossnational acmultiple relationships

regulations

5. ethics among accountancy faculty

6. the role of the audit committee of the boardof directors

The deadline for submission is June 1, 1994 . Please send all documeJudith Kamm, Associate Director and Conference Co-chairperson, CentCollege, 175 Forest Street, Waltham, MA 02154-4705 . Phone 617 89

Inaugural International Conference of the InstitBusiness Values

June 1-3, 1994, JW Marriott Hotel, H(

The Department of Management Studies institutions ; the r(at the University of Hong Kong invites partici- other professionapants and papers for the Inaugural Conference of

ues in business scthe Tnctitnte fnr the ctnchi of R„cinecc Vahiec

e

its, educators, legislators,rnalists . Areas that could)ut are not limited to, the

fiduciary responsi

and financialI training

diverseng standards and

id correspondence to Dr .Business Ethics, Bentley3 . Fax617 891-2819 .

'or the Study of

Kong

lawyers, accountants andlour issues ; teaching val-

Hong Kong Public Administration is to publish iia special issue on

Ethics in Public Administration

Submissions are invited which discuss (4) Policy Ethics andand analyse single or multiple cases of conflicts Wrongness of PLof interest that are of direct relevance to practi-tioners in the public service because of contem- (5) Methodology anporary concern for ethics in government . Papers Public Administiof a more theoretical nature, concerned with theperfection of constructs and categories and the Prospective cdevelopment in the field of administrative ethics, submit an abstract ofwould also be most welcome .

by August 1, 1994 . ,5,000-8,000 words in

The volume is intended to provide em- to the style used in apirical examination and theoretical discussion of Public Administraticissues which would include the following :

sent by October 15,

(1) The Administrative Person : Good or Bad

Dr. Julia Tao/ChanDepartment of Public

(2) Making Ethical Decision: Doing Right or

City Polytechnic of IWrong in Administration

83 Tat Chee AvenueKowloon

(3) Democracy and Ethics: Bureaucratic Control

HONG KONGor Bureaucratic Discretion

NEWSLETTERA Publication of the Centre for Applied Ethics, Hong Kong

Director :

Prof. Gerhold K. Becker224, Waterloo Road, Kowloon, Hong KonTel: (852)-339 7274FAX: (852)-339 7379

Editorial Board :

arch 1995

ies : The Rightness orpolicy

ication in Ethics in

utors are requested to,apers to Dr . Julia Tao;s should be betweenh and should conformutions to Hong Konganuscripts should beo :

nunsocial AdministrationKong

st College