next generation hvac systems smarter, smaller, and more
TRANSCRIPT
Next Generation HVAC Systems
Smarter, Smaller, and more Adaptive
Go Process
IntensificationMichael Ohadi
Program Director
July 10, 2019
Air Conditioners Consume a LOT of Energy!
‣ Consumes 6.6 Quads of
electricity worldwide
‣ Demand to reach 16.3 Quads
in 2050
‣ Increased global ownership
affects load profiles and
demand0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
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2018 2050G
lob
al E
lect
rici
ty C
on
sum
pti
on
(Q
uad
s)
Global Residential and Commercial Air-Conditioning Electricity Consumption
9% of global electric consumption
13% of global electric consumption
+146%
Source: Air Conditioning Heats up Electricity Demand, BloombergNEF 2019
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Source: Air Conditioning Heats up Electricity Demand, BloombergNEF 2019
Total: 6.6 Quads (2018)
More than 100 million-units
sold per year (globally)
Today’s Global Electricity Demand for Air Conditioning
2
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
India
China
Saudi Arabia
S. Korea
U.S.
Japan
Share of Ownership
Source: IEA – 2018 data
Refrigerants Are Not Benign
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Sources: IPCC (2014), World Bank (2014), EPA (2012), Xiang et al. (2014)
1 10 100 1000 10000
Propane
HFO1234yf
R32
R22 (phased out)
R410A
Global Warming Potential
GWP of few common refrigerants(Ref. CO2 = 1)
Compressor:15% of the charge (dissolved in oil)
http://penncontrols.com/refrigeration-cycle
Condenser:30 – 60% of the charge
Evaporator:20 – 25% of the charge
Liquid line, can contain a high proportion of the charge
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Where Is The Charge?
The Opportunity & The ARPA-E Hard Challenges
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Substantially reduce the refrigerant charge requirement
Substantially shrink the system weight/volume
Increase the COP (energy efficiency)
Reduce system capital and operational cost
Enable prognostic health management and operational optimization
The Philosophy: Process Intensification
Smaller & More Efficient
Innovative Materials
Innovative Designs
Innovative Manufacturing
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New eco-friendly refrigerants are
> 10X more expensive
Size reduction highly rewarding
State of the Art Heat Exchangers For Chillers
EVAPORATOR
WATER COOLED CHILLER
CONDENSER
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Case Example on Refrigerant Charge Reduction
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Refrigerant is fed on the surface of the tube.
Jacket designed to intensify the evaporation process
Nucleation/Evaporation Intensification
Inlet
After 4
passes
liquid flow 4 kg/min and gas flow 6 liters/minute
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Convective Heat Transfer (Single Phase)
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 50000
10000
20000
30000
40000
Manifold Reynolds number (-)
HT
C (
W/m
2-K
)
A
B
CD (Plain tube)
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Intensify Heat
Transfer!
M3HX vs State of the Art:
Lower Refrigerant Charge for Higher Heat Transfer & Efficiency
40
10
50
115
100 100 100 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Size Charge Cost System efficiency
%
M3HX State of the art
*All values are relative
(i.e. highest number is given a value of 100)
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Your thoughts?
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Category 1:
Transformation improvements
in existing systems
Category II:
New transformative approaches
to achieve human comfort and
optimum built environment