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culture gender) tlaznaiu19u

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d a d5ziauao.r ba55un3 14% -?~UI'I'IU~ $~ii1Xiiianaiuziflu5o~woa(n~~ s d

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n?iujitviir~uufiunirlwn B~?#~uni .rr i iui#n~i3~nsiz61u~uuo~~~~~au155u

mu1~~n~naainu1uw'~1U'~1i8at1~1uu~~wu~iqa'a~~~~u , d~#funirw'puui&hu gn a tutuRnd ( ~ u t h Benedict) rinflaq1utm-a Patterns of Culture n.n. 1934

uinnn8nviwot [find 7dd $~iau' (Peggy Reeves Ssnday) Ba?#ilntlidbyn

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A Sanday I I I U D ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ V O P U W U ~ ~ M ~ ~ ~ W Q I (sex role) 1 l ~ ~ l l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ 1 9 t ~ o f l f l ~ i 7 6 g ~

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bz~nmarmqa

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1J~nuolJ~azuouiunai1.115uro~uo~au

oinnrriiilnvihq niriibiuiomiiouocnu !Ailrin~l~uuuouwq8nrru 2

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ridY d d ~ o i u d ~ a n i z u o ~ ~ % i u ~ ~ a z ~ u a n i u ~ u ~ z ) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f " ~ ~ i u ~ w ' i i u d ~ ~ ~ u ~ u ~ ~ n r s ~ nz6nir.

iiu l#diksiotf wio~~htdyulnssui, mrak.rl~~u~oi~ulu1~o~uoqnirsiuu'u nio # A B n i s ~ ? n n i s i u ~ u a u ~ ~ w ~ ~ o ~ d n ~ , n i s ~ n r i u ~ w ~ o u 6 r r o ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ u n r s u i oin

I 4% aqlnssudq 5 drznir X i J r i n g l ~ ~ ~ n a n r u a : u ~ " ~ n ~ r z ~ ~ n i ~ K ~ a i i a u o ~ [ ~ i u a ~ I u

rzriuqr ~ i ' 1 i i i k 5 Jrzm.ri.r~<inir K i a f i a ~ o ~ ( v i ~ ~ a u i ~ d I # u i n

~iuBl6ndiallhi1 Sanday iinviain8qnu 150 6d.r Jsin~iifo'ount. 28 9o.r

i i ~ n u ~ f w ~ t ~ n v ~ ~ a : i 6 i u i ~ ~ i ~ n i ~ ~ 3 o ~ ~ ~ a : ~ a r v ~ n " a iio-drin~l17iiiun'n~~~:

naiuKiaii*~uocq"~~iuodlurz~uqquin d?u1~8qnud[~~~nau~u6iu6arv~n"a~6~1~ ' .

i i d i ~ ~ i a n i n i r o J r i n ~ i i i n i f u 35 ii~lual8uiif~iuazij:n~iuKiafia iaodiquo~~Pii yuq~q ( M U ~ ~ U ~ C U ) fw~camicwoIalunisia~1e]uXiu~arv~?a iln:

9, s ~ v i u a z ~ ~ a ~ ~ n a i ~ ~ i a f i a ~ o f w ( S ~ k d f ~ 1 ~ 0 ~ n a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d q 6 a ~ f i 1 a " q ~ j ~ q q ~ i a

Mundurucu i i ~ ~ ~ ~ u i u A ~ n : ~ ~ ~ i i u ~ o u ~ u n i r ~ s z ~ ~ u v o ~ f e l l i u ~ o ~ o i ~ ~ n i ~ d ~ o u n < i

uorkildq naiu~uw"uhmi1~a iuwcy '~~~!~~~da"n~~~~z~o~ni r6~w"ohi1uo9~~a~u"~ B Y 4 4 w ~lnznisuounaiuuss~nnrwawus nzw'uGaodi-awoqlii M U ~ ~ U ~ C U 3~1flunsmnufi~~iq

4 d A w a a d s ~ u u ? n " ~ n q u g n ~ ~ a n u ~ i ~ i u ~ 6 1 u i ~ 6 w ~ o n ~ i ~ f ~ 1~nzn~~nc luuouor i i~d~1~u l u

~mu8~nuoinnrju~i1nviwuii(~{q~ou~#na'uwinf~i~~iafia dauuit8~nu(w@

azuouiuunuinuotnlsuou~fl'uro~ 6bu ~u4nrlFii~iu (quran) &i)flrnu~~auii{"IIi~ A ci a : ~ n n u ~ w u " o n ~ i ~ 1 a z { w ~ ~ o z u o u o ~ ~ ~ 6 i u i ~ ~~u~n?iunornu?fip1wrs6~i~i 66(viu

9, s a-m~oniiy w q t 6 ~ n z w s z 1 6 i a z ~ ~ w o 1 a ~ ~ w i u 1 ~ d o n . d 7 ~ ~ (Sandy, 1977. PP. 86 - 87) dr 9 mn4nsan5alit$wiq~38Iudo4maiu~ (freequeney) ~ ? l ~ j M ~ 4 e l l i ~

MUII~U~CU i ibi~i~mqmrvgWu11aznir~8~~ R ' ? u [ ~ i u a : i i n n u K i a f i a 6 o ~ w ~ ~ i o ~ ~

~ q u d l inul l iuf (Louise Lamphere) n d n i i nnum~ilduuriu3rw31q~w~1~o mu:i

- n?ipinu'oniiuot(jviu nuuinluir~nuimmsnssu dl&$ J/in?u J - mnn"onua:5miiuiwn i i i~uui~ui iun?iuiwu"~ni iua~~~iu ~ia:mrdiu

J drunuiuriuviniciwao:1d1ii~~uiauiiun"uaaiuiw~on4'~u~~~6~1iu

- n m u ~ w ~ o n i i u o ~ ~ ~ i u ariruidro6i~%fii~pd!dmiuhou1$1~1~

dsJ~~~flailln:~4liaR#0u (Lamphere, 1974. P?. 61 5 - 620)

w plaiuii~nPl'iswisTwua~ao~nuuwui~lm uw6j 9

tucdoq#unirflnviiduaiiu~o~'u dl w wsom?~iwu~Iuc$ocunuinwi~iwa 4 a A d

(gender) ~ l # U I 1 ~ ? ~ ~ 1 ~ 4 % ? z ~ u f l u u ~ ~ l f d d l l ~ ~ 1 1 ? 9 ~ ? : (biological - sex) Yil~fiiii(lfl?l~ ameiitIuwq~nsruuo~~iu1ia:wcj~ n~r~i'Id~msLms"uo~#~nuounaiu16u

Y 1 o unuin~~)j~uni~w~n.ioniwum #?uiwqu"n?iu!didiiGuun'u~i48~nu~~~n

diwu~~fluc&pfo~6dstnou~i~niuniw iidw~ningiuainnnlnv~fuui~dswu I$U dca .. i v

flsru"hvll8n31?~R~~n"u (Dominican) wunnuolz~idt 2 l w f l i ~ n o ~ 1 8 ~ u n l s i ~ u 4 ~ ~ d

fioufunuiwmclwadmodnas16u fliI~it;niwriidiiui%ii~uwuinwiqiwmi'u!~iiu

ds:i~uiiniuio!d88o isis:w"oismi~tii~!s~~naiu~~mndi~lu~1aiuwuiuu~~naiu v

I ~ U ' F ~ U (masculinity) IIII:A?IUI~UW~$-~ (femininity) I8n.i0un~u~~~aniiasidpd9d

U o6it~rdui;lknu~s:~uuo~uwuin~i~iwa~'Id1~ii~uun"uuinniidn~~nu~u"~

n:u"u#-mdiniu nioa~~iiiimbua1n%ioqanislnf~iwi~3a~wu1i;n~mo~~~!~'Ioi1X

(Kimmel, 2004. ?. 52)

9

&uru~nuo.r~wio~ol~u"nu luni~nniduin~iullmndi~udl~uwu~~wi~iw~ lw'l5u

iR;ua.rm~~unoRn'uioui niau Gn'nn' (Karen sacks) & ~ d u ~ i ) u i y ~ u5~1ui$~u'Io d w a w dmidrzlauu inuouu~n'nii un~oun1.r2~: . l inaz~1ui inaiu~~o1ndi~lu

4 v =3 unuinmJnfl (gender difference) ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ n 3 1 ~ ~ U ' l d l l $ ~ ~ n ' ~ 5 : ~ ~ 1 9 l ~ f l (gender : 2 a A B

inequality) n~u1uo~oini~u~n~i~~mvo~o1ziu~nlu1~o~n~iu~~o1ni i~oJ"n0:u"iYd~~~o~ B ' n~iu'lu'miiiduuriu un-,nuiuiuaimqwn9w"n'un~iu"1u'~viii~u~n'u aiondi4nliunu.r

d w d n?iullo1ndwluunuin~iq~wnAn"o w n u o ~ n a i u ~ r i m ~ i ~ ~ u u ~ u ~ z ~ ? ' i ~ ~ w ~ i nu noun

airuhn~sdiorl9uriulp1ni~nn'un'uu1nnii (sacks, 1979. P. 20) A e k~u8uluo~nndsz~duni~m~~~~iaumni~3az oq1gumdoum5n~:{ul#

e' .# 9 w ums8nui ibniwiy~u~~u1~1n~u 1 u h u d w c ? w u a r r u ~ n i u ~ ~ n u " i u i o ~ u f ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 8

~ ~ ~ i n 3 i ~ f ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ i 9 6 ~ f l (gender) ~ i f i n i s ~ n ~ i ~ o ~ ~ n ~ i ~ p 1 u ~ f l u 1 w p 1 ~ 1 ~ ~

lum.rilnviworiinuiyuulu~~5~a1un~~u nui~i?n~iutlmnd1qlunislX I d w n ~ i u n u ~ u i i ~ n ~ i u ~ S ~ m (masculinity) II~:~-JIUI~!IUH@ (femininity) mnn2inun

d 9

n?nuimu!fiviloi!f luctiuo~n~s:(viu'il~~"bn~~~~fi~i~a:a~~~uu~u~z&u~$i~~

mhn~iufii?h? n-~iuqullrq Tmu~awirKi?fi2id6wcy^a P) - Pl?u$wGqarilns.rnfiqnu~q cia4 rinraofluudrii1flivou~~nn~0on~1a~1~na10~~auio u'nuiyuuinuinuvoduqviiu

B a Mu4fl0 uliflldfl sm (Margaret Mead) )168f l~ l~ l~?1~11Rn~19~9na' l? T ~ t l ! f i k l l ~

44 d 1mun:laln' 161if-i ~ l? f l~ i l j ? (Samoa) TWPU~VU (Polynesia) OPUTRG~QU (Indonesia) 1 ,

1 9 a e Mead bh?i~lf u o d i a ~ f i ' ~ l a ~ ~ i n a i u ~ 1 ~ n d i ~ s r w 1 i ~ ~ (sex differences) !J~CIYIIAR

ainilabvnqh: 1ldigudci!~iiuainni9Z~luf 11azni3!&Zuufuoq(viu~~a:{w4qli 91 4 nniu~~uk?uuoaiiu?n'n w30gnuni~ddo~Iu~a~o~gv~u11azY wq90io!fl

a Wfi91U"U4 Mead 1909 Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies (1935)

!&8nvi~ . rnnu~~~n~i~1uni~1~naiuwuiu{v iu i~a: (~~~11ar1u~a~iu1a 'uu !kwi Male and Female (1994) Qm-a (1928) Mead !88flI418~9:¶J?unlsd

amlu (males) lm:!wp~cy'q (females) 00i fJ l f l~~%l fJ (men) ~KI:(w $4' (women) 9llI.l

a ~ n I 4 ~ : ~ ? ~ ~ 5 9 5 u k ~ ~ f i 1 # I ~ W C t q l ~ l 5 0 9 Sex and Temperament l#8nuin't

ibuU593udl l f l l 3 nju l u u'? SG (New Gruinea) n l 9 ~ # ~ ? 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 0 ~ n ? 1 ~ i ~ ~ d

1 (masculinity) I I P L ~ ~ ? ~ u I ~ ~ H @ ~ (masculinity) il~fldl.lfiU~dlfUln 2 1~ 3 U04

4 w Luassuu i ; rna ' i~ i jna iund iun~~nu0 i i~~ iu3m~:n1 i~~~~~~~a:Q~ iu Tnun~iulflu d

n u ~ ~ n : n n u ~ ~ u w ~ . r ! ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ 1 d ~ ~ i f i ~ i i u n n ~ i u 1 ~ ~ n d i ~ u a ~ ~ n a " n n i w ~ ~ o ~ a ~ u u i

~w~.r~~az~viudlukru'~iw~1$4mn"v n~oo~~ lsar iuhu&~~U' i~a"au~~~un iu

o n n 9 (Arapesh) i~nu&viuila:w~qQ:4niw l i h q ~ i ? loreu iq~viullaz~w'~cy"c

diciiiin?iuqu ~nnukuirlo i~n~~nnu l tohu W i i n ? i u u o o u u &aoqiw~ Y d Y i?uriul~uaqQnlupiu:iii!& (maternal) ila:o:noulnmngviul~n:idn~~~~!in"ia~i?

d?un?iu~nifiu?iiuni~~~~m~~ond~~wams~4iuns:ii!81w'i1~uun"fd i~ f i i in?iu8uhi

wi~iward~~uaTod"uJn~~uu!ii~~m~oon ?i%J%u6nua",niiuuFs11~~3n (romantic) MI:

1~~ioz~~ingrnsdin i~n6w~1~~~66a:~: f l f lv iu~ns~ui )1~waiunu 1~dmrldcciuiii8u A A s d 1904wlnn"Uuifluo~aunaluw"sw~%o (Kimmel, 2004. P. 53)

d d~u'dnimua3ru wucIyni$uY uqniuo$ (Mundugamor) ~~!6fl~a:R946~ 3

u'iuf%?h 2 ~mu%99u$l;lfiu Mundugamor I ~ ~ u ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R u ~ R B ~ R . A " ? I I ~ ~ ~ P ~ I P ~ o ~ u

iinvolrii8u'uuoqviu~~azwf~ndiun"u~~~an~naiu8iafia1~as~u11s~~wd~un'u t$@jil

ii8y~imndioluoqna1u~~u~~ri!aiu~nod"n 30 a:m'iunms(uhql6a:nis6{uqQn wini7u

wfou~o:1ddi5ams~iuotii~o"u~~a~oonsu Mead ~8~u~n1%i(w{q'uu~q1di1d1~~ mrt$qqliinuaz~rivouiiin itlnozQn~.ci~~umrznf~Jqo:~nsiau~a~tln ilnro:iiunI'i

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2533. 67)

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SO 378 125

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