nilesh final
TRANSCRIPT
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By Nilesh Amber
ENERGY SECURITY
BY
NUCLEAR POWER
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CONTENTS
Present energy Scenario in INDIA
Road Ahead
How do we reach there?
Nuclear Energy
The Three stage plan
Cost considerations
Advantages and Disadvantages
TATA Power opportunities ahead
Conclusion
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Present Energy scenario-INDIA
Source CAPACITY
(MW)
Thermal 93255
Hydro 37375
Renewables 13415
Nuclear 4120
Thermal includes coal, gas and diesel
ndia o al ns alled ~ 8
Thermal
6 %
uclear
%
ene a les
%
dro
%
Thermal reaku
as
6%
iesel
%
oa l
8 %
ndia has a o al of 8 6 ins alledgenera ing ca aci diversified across varioussources.
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THE ROAD AHEAD
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THE ROAD AHEAD
Commercial energy supply would need to grow faster at about 6.8 % per annum
India needs to run the wheels of development
and maintain the spectacular growth rates
achieved in recent years
A sustained economic growth of at least 9
over the next 25-30 years is necessary for
India to eradicate poverty and meet its larger
human development goals
D growth
9 20 9 00030
20
30
2003 200 2005 200 200 200
ear
row
th
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THE ROAD AHEAD
Indias installed generating capacity as on 31st March 2008 was 143 GW
Total electricity generated in 2007-2008 was 784 Bi Kwhr including CPPs
On a per capita basis, this is little above 700 Kwhr/annum which is lower thanthe world average of2500 Kwhr/annum and significantly lower than averageof OECD countries(8000 Kwhr/annum)
With a projected population of around 1.5 Billion by 2031-32, India would requirea total of7500-8000 Bi Kwhr/annum- about 10 times of the current figures
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How Do We Reach there?
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OUR RESOURCES
Thermal Power plants (Coal, Gas, Oil)
Hydro Electric Power Plants
Renewable Sources( Wind, Solar, Geothermal)
Nuclear Power Plants
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COALWith the increase in the energy demand, the requirement of coal-the dominant fuel,
will increase from present 490MT in 0 -09 to about 2-3 BT in 2031-2032
India has large coal deposits, but with such expanded usage, coal supplies may
come under stress much before the end of the century and much of the nown mineable
Coal may run out in 45-50 years
Coal with other fossil fuels being the major source of GHGs being pumped in the
atmosphere, do not pose a green solution to the huge energy deficit of the country
HYDROELECTRIC
Is a source of cheap and clean energyPopulation growth and R&R issues can hold bac further developments in this sector
Moreover Hydro resources are also limited and can meet less than 10 of theprojected electricity demand
OUR RESOURCES
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RENEWABLE ENERGY
Geothermal Energy - In India has the potential to generate about 10000 MW, but hasto go a long way to tap this potential
Solar Energy Inexhaustible and abundant source of energy, but this sector needs abig technological brea through to convert it into a base load serving option
Wind Energy Limited to specific geographical locations and highly climate dependent.Also limited to small generating capacity.
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Till last year was suffering from poor availability of fuel.
The historic INDO-US nuclear deal signed in 200 has opened gates to this vast energy
source
OUR RESOURCES
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
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INDO-US NUCLEAR DEAL
After the first nuclear test in 1974,the then formed NSG had banned India from any
international trade in nuclear fuel or technology.
A clean waiver for the trade came from the NSG in September 200 due to its strong
non-proliferation records
+ US committed to ensure uninterrupted nuclear fuel and technology supply to India
+ Valid for 40 years, extendable by another 10 years
+ India to separate its nuclear civil and military facilities and place its civil nuclear
facilities under International Atomic Energy Association (IAEA) safeguards
Thus Indian nuclear program stands to get
a much needed push
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NUCLEAR ENERGY
For the first time in December 1951,
Electricity was generated from nuclear
energy- illuminating four light bulbs..
Today- there are some 43 nuclear reactors operatingworldwide with installed capacity
of about 372000 MW
They provide about 15 of worlds electricity as continuous, reliable base-load power
First electricity production by nuclear energy
Experimental Breeder Reactor EBR-I, 20 Dec.1951, Arco, Idaho, USA
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World Energy Mix
1 ,683
63, 6
4 ,95
1, 43
1 ,5
1 , 9
8,438
4,1
USA
France
Japan
Russian
Federation
Canada
United
Kingdom
China
India
Installed NuclearCapacity (MW)
The nuclear installed capacity of India is mere
1.1 of the world total(377 GW)
To get into the league of developed nations,
India needs to multiply its generation capacity
manifolds with major share of it coming
from nuclear power
W orld Energy Mix
oal, .ydr o, 1 .
uclear , 1 .7thers, .3
il, .
Gas ,
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Reactors in INDIA(OPERATING)
S.no PLANTSTATE
TYPE CommercialOperation
Safeguard Status
1 TARAPUR 1 Maharashtra 1
0 MW BWR 19
9 Safeguarded
2 TARAPUR 2 Maharashtra 1
0 MW BWR 19
9 Safeguarded
3 TARAPUR 3 Maharashtra 540 MW PHWR 200
Unsafeguarded
4 TARAPUR 4 Maharashtra 540 MW PHWR 2005 Unsafeguarded
5 RAWATBHATA 1 Rajasthan 100 MW PHWR 1973 Safeguarded
RAWATBHATA 2 Rajasthan 200 MW PHWR 191 Safeguarded
7 RAWATBHATA 3 Rajasthan 200 MW PHWR 1999-2000 By 2010
RAWATBHATA 4 Rajasthan 200 MW PHWR 1999-2000 By 2010
9 KALPAKKAM 1 Tamil Nadu 220 MW PHWR 194 Unsafeguarded
10 KALPAKKAM 2 Tamil Nadu 220 MW PHWR 19
Unsafeguarded
11 KAIGA 1 Karnataa 220 MW PHWR 2000 Unsafeguarded
12 KAIGA 2 Karnata a 220 MW PHWR 2000 Unsafeguarded
13 KAIGA 3 Karnata a 220 MW PHWR 2007 Unsafeguarded
14 NARORA - 1 Uttar Pradesh 220 MW PHWR 1991 By 2014
15 NARORA 2 Uttar Pradesh 220 MW PHWR 1992 By 2014
1
KAKRAPAR 1 Gujarat 220 MW PHWR 1993 By 2012
17 KAKRAPAR - 2 Gujarat 220 MW PHWR 1995 By 2012
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Reactors in INDIA(Under Construction)
S.no
PLANT STATE TYPE
Expected
CommercialOperation
SafeguardStatus
1 KAIGA 4 Karnataka 220 MW PHWR 2009 Unsafeguarded
2 RAWATBHATA 5 Rajasthan 220 MW PHWR 2009 Safeguarded
3 RAWATBHATA 6 Rajasthan 220 MW PHWR 2009 Safeguarded
4 KUDANKULAM 1 Tamil Nadu 1000 MW
(VVER)
2009 Safeguarded
5 KUDANKULAM 2 Tamil Nadu 1000 MW
(VVER)
2010 Safeguarded
6 KALPAKKAM PBR Tamil Nadu 470 MW PFBR 2011
Total 3130 MW
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The Growth Plan
l ear
ther
lear ther
Calls for a significant investment of about $65 Bi in the next 10-12 years
4120 MW Current
10000 MW By 2012
40000 MW By 2022
250000 MW By 2052
CURRENT
Nuclear
3%
Others
97%
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THE FUEL
In mid 200 , Indian nuclear power plants were running at about half the installed capacity
due to chronic shortage of fuel.
Indias Uranium resources are modest with
54000 T Uranium as assured and 23500 T
as estimated additional resources.
With the historic Indo-US nuclear 123 agreement through in October 200 India is
expecting to import an increasing portion of its Uranium needs
The existing mining and processing
facilities Uranium are in the Jhar hand
state and two others are announced in
AP and Meghalaya that might get operating
by 2012.
However, India has reserves of about 290000 T of Thorium about one third of worlds
total.
Th232 which is only a fertile material into a fissile material U233 is intended to fuel Indias
nuclear power program in the longer term
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The 3 Stage Nuclear power program
The Indian nuclear program was
conceived based on a unique sequentialthree stages and associated technologies
It is based on a closed fuel system-
spent fuel of one stage is reprocessed to
produce fuel for the next stage.
The three stages when finally developed will ma e India a nuclear independent nation
With the available Thorium reserves and without any additional import beyond
Kudan ulam I & II plants under construction, we can set up no more than 4 000MW
by 2031 and only about 20 000 MW by 2051
With additional import of 30000MW of Uranium based plants by 2020, we can
reach 470000MW nuclear capacity by 2050 if the three stage program is fully
developed
Aimed at optimum utilization of the
modest Uranium and abundant
Thorium resources.
Stage I(PHWR)
Stage II(FBR)
Stage III(Thorium based)
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The 3 Stage Nuclear power program
comprises of Fast Breeder
Reactors
Fuelled by mixing Oxides
of U23 and Pu239 (MOX)
recovered by reprocessing
of 1st stage spent fuel
The fertile material( U23 ) is
introduced as blan et to the
fissile fuel core(Pu239).
In FBR, Pu239 undergoes
fission Producing energy
while morePu239 is formed by
transmutation of U23
Liquid Na is used as the
primary coolant
The 3rd stage is based
on using U233 as the fissile
fuel in the Nuclear
reactors to produce energy
Once sufficient inventory of
Pu239 is built up in the 2ndstage,Th232 can be
introduced as blan et
material to Pu239
Blan et Th232 converts to
U233, that is to be used in the
3rd stage reactors
The 3rd stage will mar the
transition from Uranium
based to Thorium based
reactors
Pressurized Heavy
Water Reactors
(PHWRs) fuelled
by natural Uranium
Natural Uranium contains
only about 0.7 of U235which undergoes fission to
release energy
Remaining 99.3 is
non fissile U23 which
by transmutation in
the reactor gets
converted to fissile Pu239
STAGE - I STAGE - II STAGE - III
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NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION FLOW CYCLE
Uranium Supply(Exploration, Mining& Milling)
Conversion &Enrichment
FuelFabrication
PowerGeneration
T & D
SpentFuel
Transportation
Final Disposal(Repository)
Storage
ReprocessingRadioactive
Waste
RecycledUranium
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Nuclear Waste Management
Volume of waste is very small as compared to conventional fossil fuel power plants
Cost of managing and disposing is generally passed on to end consumers
Broadly four types of nuclear waste are generated from all parts of nuclear fuelcycle.. from mining to generation and to reprocessing
Very Low Level Waste
Not hazardous for humanenvironment
Disposed off with domestic
refuse
Mainly concrete, plaster, metalsetc.
Low Level Waste
90 % of the total volume butonly 1 % of the radioactivity
Suitable for shallow land burial
Paper, rags, tools, clothing,having short lived radioactivity
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Nuclear Waste Management
Intermediate Level Waste
7 % of the total waste volume,4 % of radioactivity of all radwaste
Require shielding
Small items and non solids-solidifiedin concrete or bitumen for disposal
High Level Waste
95 % of total radioactivity producedin the process
Fission products and transuranic
elements generated in the core
Stored mostly near site in ponds7 m deep allowing 3 m water
Liquid HLW solidified, vitrified into
Pyrex glass for deep burial
Some gases in small quantities( Kr, Xe,
I) are released, having short half lifeand their release is delayed.
Costs about 5% of the total electricity generation for nuclear waste managementand storage
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COSTCONSIDERATIONS
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COST COMPONENTS
CAPITAL COST
Overnight capital cost
Comprises of EPC cost, Owners
cost Land, building, licenses etc.)
Use of special materials,
sophisticated Safety features
Significantly higher than
for coal or gas plants
5 - .5 Cr against 4- 5 Cr. Of thermal
FINANCING
Depends on Rate of interest on
debt, Debt equity ratio and others
Nuclear Power is cost competitive with other forms of energy generation, except
where there is access to low cost fossil fuel and Carbon emission and environmentalimpacts are cost free
High capital low fuel cost characteristics
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COST COMPONENTS
Generation COST
Fuel Cost - cost of mining,conversion, enrichment andfuel fabrication
10 15% against 70% in thermal
Operation and maintenance cost
Decommissioning and
waste disposal cost
Decommissioning costs about9-15% of initial investment
If discounted, contribute onlya few percent of investment
Waste disposal-10% of overallcost/kwhr
Uranium has the advantage of being a highly concentrated source of energywhich is easily and cheaply transportable
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The generation cost of nuclear power plants has always been on the lower side
COST CONSIDERATIONS
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Nuclear generation is cheaper even after considering fuel price sensitivity to
generation cost
COST CONSIDERATIONS
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ADVANTAGESAND
DISADVANTAGES
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ADVANTAGES
+ Fuel inexpensive
+ Energy generation from the mostconcentrated source
+ Waste is more compact
+ Fuel easy to transport
+ No GHGs emission or globalwarming issues
Advantages
Substituting a single nuclear power plant for a
coal fired one(1000MW and 0 PLF), would
avoid stac emission of 1.3-2.2 MT per annum of
Carbon depending on quality of coal and plant
technology used
+ Carbon foot print reduction andCDM benefits
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DISADVANTAGES
- Very high capital cost of special materials
emergency , containment, radioactive waste
and storage systems
- Resolution of long term high level
waste storage issue
- Potential nuclear proliferation issue
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TATA POWEROpportunities Ahead
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Opportunities Ahead
Aiming at
achieving
25000 MW by
2017
TATA Power has been powering India for almost a 100 years.
and will be doing so for the next 100 years and more..
Currently
operating with
2905.1 MW
installed
capacity
TATA POW March 2009
ydro
15
Wind
5
Waste heat
recovery
7
iesel
Thermal
70
Increased share
from renewable
and green
sources in
the total energymix
iversified
across
thermal, hydro,
wind, oil,
and waste heatrecovery
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Opportunities Ahead
In the quest of becoming a
leading green power
generating company, we
cannot overloo the nuclear
prospects
The GOI with its ambitious
nuclear power plans may invite
private parties to join in
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TATA Power can get into a joint venture
with government bodies for the
construction and O&M of nuclear power
plants and gain experience in the nu e
sector
We can also get into the transmission and
distribution business for the evacuation ofthe generated power by nuclear power
plants operated by government bodies
Opportunities Ahead
We can ta e up EPC contracts for constructionof nuclear power plants
Also, TATA Power can acquire and operate nuclear power plants in countries where
nu e sector is open to private players
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CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
India is going to be the most populous country of the world and a
monstrous energy demand is foreseen by the mid of the century
To be an energy sufficient state and because of the increasing carbon
emissions, nuclear power poses a sound solution
India is already the sixth largest and second fastest growing
contributor to greenhouse gases
We at TATA Power need to get ready by acquiring nowledge in nuclearenergy and its associated technology so that when the GOI opens the big
nuclear mar et to the private players..we are the favorites to it..
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THANK YOU