nino rambasize qetevan alaverdasvili · aragvis saeristavo gauqmebul iqna da samefo saxlis...

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis da

eTnologiis instituti

wigni gamocemulia SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier dafinansebuli proeqtiT: `Seuswav-leli saarqivo masalebi da aRmosav-leT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradi-ciuli kultura (eTnologiuri Zie-bani)~, granti (FR/137/2)

nino RambaSiZe

qeTevan alaverdaSvili

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciuli kultura

(gudamayris, xevis, TuSeTis salocavebi)

gamomcemloba `meridiani~ Tbilisi, 2018

IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI TBILISI STAET UNIVERSITY IVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE OF HISTORY

AND ETHNOLOGY

Publication of this book was made possible to The Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation. Project “Unexplored Archive Materials and the Traditional Culture of the Eastern Georgia Highland (Ethnological studies)”. Grant (FR/137/2)

Nino Ghambashidze

Ketevan Alaverdashvili

TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF THE EAST GEORGIA HIGHLAND

(SHRINES OF GUDAMAKARI, KHEVI, TUSHETI)

PUBLISHING HOUSE “MERIDIANI” TBILISI, 2018

redaqtori nino maisuraZe

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

dizaini nano zazanaSvili

damkabadonebeli ana ruaZe

EDITOR Nino Maisuradze Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor DESIGN Nano Zazanashvili IMPOSER Ana Ruadze © SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondi, 2018

© nino RambaSiZe, qeTevan alaverdaSvili, 2018 © Shota Rustaveli National Science foundation, 2018

© Nino Ghambashidze, Khetevan Alaverdashvili, 2018 ISBN

5

wigni eZRvneba yvela im arqiteq-toris da topografis xsovnas, vinc grafikuli anazomebis saxiT Semogvinaxa qarTuli da Crdilo kavkasiuri kultura.

winaTqma

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTno-

logiis instituti XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan mo-

yolebuli sistematurad awyobda samecniero eqspedi-

ciebs saqarTvelosa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxvadas-

xva regionSi. Sedegad, institutSi Tavi moiyara is-

toriul-eTnografiuli xasiaTis umdidresma teqs-

turma da grafikulma masalam, romelsac Tavisi mra-

valferovnebisa da siZvelis gamo unikaluri mniSvne-

loba aqvs saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis kulturuli

memkvidreobis Seswavlisa da dacvis saqmeSi. am arqiv-

Si daculi teqsturi masalis nawili (aleqsi oCiauri,

naTela baliauri da sxv.) sabednierod gamoqveynebuli

da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis xelmisawvdomia.

institutSi daculi istoriul-eTnografiuli

arqivis mniSvnelovan nawils grafikuli masala (ana-

zomebi, Canaxatebi, da a. S.) warmoadgens. igi ZiriTa-

dad warmogvidgens saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis kul-

turuli memkvidreobis Zeglebs – rogorc religiu-

ri, ise TavdacviTi, sacxovrebeli da sameurneo da-

niSnulebis nagebobebs, satransporto saSualebebs,

adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan dakavSirebul

nivTebs.

Cvens xelT arsebuli grafikuli nimuSebi unika-

luria, vinaidan isini gasuli saukunis 30-80-ian wleb-

6

Sia Sesrulebuli, Tanac cnobili arqiteqtorebisa

da mxatvrebis mier (uCa jafariZe, nino brailaSvili,

marTa (maTiko) kakabaZe, Tengiz alaverdaSvili, gior-

gi zamTaraZe, nana TeneiSvili...). am masalis xandazmu-

lobidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, maTze asaxuli Zeg-

lebis did nawils dReisaTvis dakarguli aqvs aT-

wleulebis win, fiqsaciis dros arsebuli arqiteqtu-

ruli saxe da funqcia. aRniSnuli garemoeba kidev

ufro did mniSvnelobas sZens institutSi dacul

grafikul masalas, rac gadaudebels xdida maT damu-

Savebas, Seswavlas, da samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semota-

nas. swored amitom gadawyvita Cvenma jgufma (nino

RambaSiZe, qeTevan alaverdaSvili, ana ruaZe, ana meko-

kiSvili, nikoloz gurgeniZe, nano zazanaSvili, mari-

am TedoraZe) am saqmis ganxorcieleba da kvlevis Se-

degebis monografiulad gamocema, rac SesaZlebeli

gaxda SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fon-

dis dafinansebis meSveobiT. kvlevisTvis SerCeul iq-

na is grafikuli masala, romelic exeba aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mTianeTis (gudamayaris, xevis, TuSeTis)

salocavebs.

Cveni mizani iyo iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da

eTnologiis institutSi daculi Seuswavleli gra-

fikuli masalis safuZvelze, rekonstruqciis gziT,

Zveli da axali eTnologiuri monacemebisa da samec-

niero miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT Segveqmna monogra-

fia xsenebuli regionebis im rwmena-warmodgenebze,

romlebic garkveul sakulto Zeglebs ukavSirdebo-

da. gansxvavebuli rakursiT dagvenaxa aRmosavleT sa-

qarTvelos mTianeTis (gudamayaris, xevis, TuSeTis)

slocavebi da gangvexila maTTan dakavSirebuli uc-

nobi Tu sakamaTo sakiTxebi. kvlevis obieqtad SerCe-

7

uli iyo is slocavebi, romlebic damuSavebul gra-

fikul masalazea asaxuli.

aseve, Cvens mier warmarTuli samuSaos fargleb-

Si moxda grafikuli masalis cifrul matareblebze

gadatana da kompiuterizacia (monacemTa bankis Seq-

mna), ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada unikaluri saarqivo

masalis samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semotana, misi dacva.

vimedovnebT, rom iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis is-

toriisa da eTnologiis institutSi daunjebuli

Seswavlil-damuSavebuli saarqivo grafikuli masala

da warmarTuli kvlevis Sedegad Seqmnili winamdeba-

re naSromi, waadgeba saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis is-

toriiT da eTnologiiT dainteresebul, rogorc qar-

Tvel, aseve ucxoel mecnierebs.

madlobas vuxdiT daxmarebisa da Tanadgomis-

Tvis Cvens guliTad megobrebs: nanuli azikurs, ale-

ko dauSvilsa da Salva glovels, dea giorgaZes. gan-

sakuTrebuli madliereba gvinda gadavuxadoT nino

maisuraZes, romelic anazomebis SemsrulebelTa vina-

obis dadgenaSi dagvexmara.

nino RambaSiZe, qeTevan alaverdaSvili

8

gudamayris, xevis da TuSeTis istoriul-eTnografiuli mimoxilva

qarTvelTa gansaxlebis areali sxvadasxva teri-

toriuli erTeulebisgan – istoriul-eTnografiuli

erTeulebisgan Sedgeboda. xevi, gudamayari da TuSe-

Ti aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis nawilia da

dRevandeli adaministraciul-teritoriuli dayofiT

yazbegis (xevi), duSeTis (gudamayari) da axmetis (Tu-

SeTi) raionebs moicavs.

xevi md. Tergis xeobaSi mdebareobs. mis Zvel mo-

saxleobas qarTveli mTielebi-wanarebi warmoadgen-

dnen. `moqcevai qarTlisai~-Si naxsenebia `xevi wanare-

Tisa~ (VI saukunis ambebis Txrobisas). Semdgom xaneb-

Si `wanareTi~ qreba da regionis saxelwodebad rCeba

`xevi~, mosaxleobis saxelwodebad ki `moxeveebi~

(termini `moxeve~ pirvelad XII saukuneSi gvxvdeba).1

xevi masze gamavali darialis gzis gamo qarTu-

li saxelmwifos mudmivi mzrunvelobis obieqti iyo.

kavkasionze gamavali gzis dacva cixe-simagreTa mTe-

li sistemis saSualebiT xorcieldeboda, romlis

centri darialis kari iyo. CrdiloeTidan moTareSe-

Ta uzarmazari Zalis SemoSveba-ar SemoSvebas SeeZlo

mniSvnelovnad Seecvala politikuri klimati ara

marto samxreT kavkasiaSi, aramed mTel axlo aRmo-

savleTSic ki. amitom am gzis dacva samefo karis mo-

xeleebsa da qarTvel mTielebs ekisrebodaT. xevi sa-

mefo xelisuflebas emorCileboda. moxeveTa ZiriTa-

di movaleoba ki darialis dacva iyo.

1 T. dvali, k.kaxaZe, a.ramiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, II, (SemdgomSi sZa) (Tbili-si, 2004), 8; roland TofCiSvili, (red.), saqarTvelos eT-nografia/eTnologia (Tbilisi, universali, 2010,), 118.

9

xevze gamavali gzis mniSvneloba kargad aris

dafiqsirebuli wyaroebSi, iseve rogorc adgilobriv

mTielTa roli mis dacvaSi (mag: vaxtang gorgasalma

Seqmna `karni ovseTisani, romelTa Cven darianisad

uwodT da aRaSenna mas zeda godolni maRalni da

daadginna mcvelad maxlobelni igi mTeulni. ara xe-

lewifebis gamosvlad didTa maT naTesavTa ovsTa da

yivCayTa Tvinier brZanebisa qarTvelTa mefisa.~ daviT

aRmaSenebelma `aRixuna ... kari darialisa da…Seqmna ...

gza mSvidobisa~ da sxv.). xevi mxolod XVII saukunis

20-ani wlebidan aRmoCnda aragvis erisTavebis gamgeb-

lobaSi. mosaxleoba did winaaRmdegobas uwevda arag-

vis erisTavebs. 1743 w. qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebis Teimu-

raz II-isa da erekle II-is dros moxeveebma ajanyeba

moawyes, amoxoces erisTavebi da Teimuraz II miiwvies.

aragvis saerisTavo gauqmebul iqna da samefo saxlis

kuTvnilebad gamocxadda. SemdegSi xevisa da mTiu-

leT-gudamayris gamgeblad ufliswulebi iniSnebod-

nen.1

XIX saukunidan, ruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis sa-

mefos gauqmebis Semdeg, qarTuli administraciul-te-

ritoriuli dayofac gauqmda da rusuli mmarTvelo-

ba damyarda.

xevi mdidaria xuroTmoZRvruli ZeglebiT, sxva-

dasxva tipis sakulto, TavdacviTi Tu samoqalaqo na-

gebobebiT.

saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis adreuli nimuSebi-

dan aRsaniSnavia sof.sionis samnaviani bazilika, ro-

melic IX-X saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. amave droisaa ax-

lcixis bazilika (aRdgenili XIX saukuneebSi) da

garbanis wm. giorgis eklesia.

1 Ibid, sZa, II, 429.

10

xevis mTavari salocavia gergetis samebis gumba-

Tovani eklesia (XIVs. 30-iani wlebi). eklesiis garda

kompleqsSi gaerTianebulia imave drois samreklo da

XVs. sabWeo. gergetis sameba iTvleba mcxeTis sakaTa-

likosos Zvirfaseulobisa da wm. ninos jvris saxi-

zar adgilad. myinvarwveris fonze, mTis wverze aR-

marTuli taZari gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia.1

xevSi, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos mTianeTis sxva

nawilebSi, TavdacviTi nagebobebis didi simravlea.

ver SevxdebiT xeobas an strategiulad mniSnelovan

gzas, romlis gayolebazec, sakvanZo adgilebSi raime

simagre an saTvalTvalo koSki ar iyos agebuli.

CrdiloeTidan saqarTvelos centraluri raione-

bidan mimaval gzas saukuneTa manZilze icavda daria-

lis cixe; gadmocemiT, Zv.w II s. I naxevarSi darialis

xeobaSi pirveli simagre iberiis mefe mirian I-s auSe-

nebia. mematianeTa mixedviT, darialis xeoba Caketili

iyo sqeli kedliT, romelSic koSkebi iyo CarTuli

da Sebmuli hqonda rkinis kari. V saukuneSi vaxtang

gorgasalma Zveli simagris adgilas mZlavri saTav-

dacvo sistemis mSenebloba daiwyo. Tavdapirvel ci-

xes gars evleboda koSkebiT gamagrebuli maRali ga-

lavani. amJamad SemorCenil cixis nangrevebSi sxva-

dasxva periodis samSeneblo fenebi Cans. ZiriTadi fe-

na antikuri xanisa da adrindeli ASua saukuneebisaa.

SemorCenilia gviani Sua saukuneebis droindeli nawi-

lebic.2

xevis TavdacviT nagebobaTa Soris Tavisi arqi-

teqturuli da mxatvruli gadawyvetiT gamoirCeva

snos cixe da arSis cixe (XVI s. an XVII s. dasawyisi).

orive cixe _ simagre metad popularuli iyo xalxur

1 Ibid, 21. 2 Ibid, 22.

11

sityvierebaSi da maTTan dakavSirebiT mravali sagmi-

ro brZolis amsaxveli gadmocemaa moRweuli. arSis

cixeSi inaxeboda rkinis klite, romliTac kars ke-

tavdnen da romelic qarTvelTa laSqars ganjis aRe-

bis Semdeg wamouRia.

gvxvdeba sxvadasxva tipis koSkebi _ saxizari,

saTvalTvalo, sasignalo, sacxovrebeli, romlebic

ZiriTadad XVI-XVIII saukuneebs miekuTvneba.

Semonaxulia gvian Sua sakuneebis sacxovrebeli

saxlebis saintereso nimuSebi (desi, xurTisi, fanSe-

ti, yanobi, gaiboteni da sxva.), gansakuTrebiT sainte-

resoa orsarTuliani baniani saxlebi, sacxovrebeli

koSkebi da cixe-saxlebi, romlebic metad mniSvnelo-

vania saqarTvelos mTianeTis xalxuri xuroTmoZRvre-

bis Sesaswavlad.1

xevis sacxovrebeli saxlebisTvis niSandoblivia

erT kompleqsSi samsarTuliani sacxovrebeli saxli-

sa da oTxsarTuliani koSkis dakavSireba. aq, iseve

rogorc mTianeTis sxva kuTxeebSi, Senoba simagres

ufro hgavs, vidre sacxovrebels. sarTulebis fun-

qciuri diferenciacia aqac igivea, rac xevsureTsa da

TuSeTSi. pirveli sarTuli (`qoiTai~) pirutyvisTvi-

saa gankuTvnili. sigrZivi kedliT igi orad iyofa _

erTi nawili msxvilfexa saqonlisTvisaa, meore

wvrilfexasTvis. meore da mesame sarTulebi sacxov-

rebel sarTulebs warmoadgens. meore sarTulze

(`Sua saxli~) mowyobilia kera. yoveli sarTuli ka-

riTaa dakavSirebuli koSkis saTanado sarTulTan.

koSkis meoTxe sarTuli dazvervisTvis iyo gankuTvni-

li (`saTolmarjo~). garda amisa, gvxvdeba ukoSko

samsarTuliani saxlebic, romlebSic Serwymulia ci-

xe-saxlisa da terasuli saxlis motivebi. pirveli

1 Ibid, 22.

12

sarTuli aqac saqonlisTvisaa gankuTvnili, magram

mas sakuTari Sesasvleli ara aqvs. aseTi saxlis er-

TaderTi Sesasvleli meore sarTulzea, saidanac sa-

qoneli sagangebod mowyobili pandusiT Cadis Tavis

sadgomSi.

pirvelsave sarTulSi gamoyofilia patara sai-

dumlo saTavsi (samxedro saWurvelis sacavi), romel-

Sic mxolod Weridan SeiZleboda CaZroma. meore sar-

Tuli sacxovrebelia, mesame sarTulze ukan fardu-

lia, win ki didi terasaa, romelic amave dros qveda

sarTulis bania.1

meurneobis wamyvani dargi xevSi mecxoveleoba

da gansakuTrebiT mecxvareoba iyo. aqve ganviTarebu-

lia mTis miwaTmoqmedeba, Tumca regioni amisaTvis ga-

mosadegi miwebis simwires ganicdida. damxmare Semo-

savlis wyaro iyo Sinamrewveloba, monadireoba, sa-

qarTvelos samxedro gzaze muSaoba da tvirTis gada-

zidva.2

marcvleulidan xevSi mohyavdaT qeri, svili (Wva-

vi), qersvila, Svria, TavTuxi, gazafxulis saadreo

xorbali dika da xaduri (xadidan Semotanili cer-

cvi). yvelaze didi raodenobiT qeri da qersvila moh-

yavdaT.3

xevis aRwerisas vaxuSti batoniSvili werda:

`xolo xeoba xevisa ars mosavliani xorblisa, qrTi-

lisa, selisa, Svriisa STasavliT gueleTamde. ara

ars aqa xilni, Tvinier mTis xilTa; ars kowaxuri,

mocxari, kldis merseni da sxuanica balaxTa xilni.

1 Ibid, 17. 2 Ibid, TofCiSvili, 2010; valerian iToniSvili, moxeveebis

yofa-cxovreba, (Tbilisi, istoriis, eTnologiis, religi-

is Seswavlisa da propagandis centri, 2015). 3 Ibid, iToniSvili.

13

ars vardi WalaTa mravalfurclovani da wiTeli

mravali da sxuanica yuavilni mTisani, mravali pi-

rutyuni, rac oden etevis, mravalni cxvari udumo.

ars aqa mjixvi mravali jogad da arCvi. ars frinve-

li SurTxi, gnoli da zafxuls mwyeri uricxvni. it-

yvian liTons oqrosasa da vercxlisasa. ara ars tye

aqa, aramed zidven gueleTis quemodan. haviT ars ke-

TilmSueni. kacni arian mebrZolni, Zlierni, axovanni,

haerovanni, viTarca mTiulni.~1

gudamayari dRevandeli administraciul-terito-

riuli dayofiT duSeTis raionSi Sedis da Savi arag-

vis xeobaSi mdebareobs. igi xSirad mTiuleTTan er-

Tad moixsenieba, rogorc mTiuleT-gudamayari, magram

mainc calke istoriul-eTnografiuli mxarea. igi

esazRvreba mTiuleTs, xevs, xevsureTsa da fSavs. gudamayari moxseniebulia leonti mrovelis mi-

er wm. ninos mier qarTlis gaqristianebasTan dakavSi-

rebiT, sadac Cans, rom igi sxva mTielebTan erTad

gudamayrelebsac uqadagebda qristianobas: `warvida

wminda nino da episkoposi iovane da maT Tana wariyu-

ana mefeman erisTavi erTi da movides da dadges wor-

bnas da mouwodes mTiulTa, WarTlelTa, fxoelTa,

gudamayrelTa da uqadages maT juari qristianeTa

WeSmariti~

duSeTis raionis teritoriaze gadis Crdilo

kavkasiaSi gadamavali strategiuli gzis garkveuli

monakveTi. am gzas saqarTvelosTvis didi mniSvnelo-

ba hqonda. qarTuli saxelmwifo gzis movlasa da

dacvas did yuradRebas aqcevda da cdilobda mTeli

aragvis xeoba mimdebare teritoriebiTurT pirdapir

xelisuflebis gamgeblobis qveS yofiliyo, mas daq-

1 vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qar-Tlis cxovreba, IV, (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1973).

14

vemdebareboda da saxelwifo moxelis xeliT emarTa.

aragvis xeoba Tavisi gansakuTrebuli strategiuli

mniSvnelobis gamo, farnavazidan erekle II-mde mudmi-

vad politikuri movlenebis centrSi iyo, mis xelSi

Cagdebas cdilobdnen sxvadasxva dros dampyroblebi.

amis gamo regionis istoria mdidaria mTielTa gmiru-

li brZolis amsaxveli istoriuli faqtebiT da gad-

mocemebiT. garda amisa, aragvis xeoba saukuneTa gan-

mavlobaSi warmoadgenda Znelbedobis Jams baris mo-

saxleobisTvis saimedo TavSesafars.1

1831-1832 wlebis kameraluri aRweriT gudamayarSi

oci sofeli iyo (251 komli, 1955 suli): aTnoxi, ba-

kurxevi, baxani, gamsi, gognaurTa, dixCo, dumacxo,

zanduki, kitoxi, luTxubi, maqarTa, faxviji, Cabala-

urTa, Coxi, cucqunauri (sauxi), WoWoxi, xoza.2

gudamayari rom calke regioni iyo da mTiuleT-

Tan erTad erT erTeuls ar qmnida, iqidanac Cans,

rom gudamayrelebi ar eymobodnen saerTo mTiulur

salocavs-lomisas. gudamayrelTa saerTo salocavi

pirimze fuZis angelozi iyo. gudamayris Tanamedrove

mosaxleobis umetesoba xevsureTidanaa migrirebuli.

adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ramdenjerme Secvlila. isi-

ni barSi gadasaxlebulan. xevsureTidan gudamayarSi

mosaxleobis migraciamde, gudamyris mosaxleobis

mTavari salocavi, saburTvelos wminda giorgi iyo.

aq xdeboda saerTo Tavyrilobebi. gudamayrisTvis da-

maxasiaTebeli iyo e.w. `uymo ymis~ instituti, rome-

lic aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis sxva mxaree-

bisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar iyo. pirimze fuZis ange-

lozi wiklaur-beqaurTa sagvareulo salocavi iyo,

1 Ibid, sZa, 184. 2 roland TofCiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografi-uli mxareebi, (Tbilisi: saCino, 2017), 158.

15

magram rogorc Zlier salocavs, mas gudamayris sxva

gvarebic ase loculobdnen: `gaumarjos pirimze fu-

Zis angelozsa, ymaTa da uymoT mSvelelsa.~1

gudamayris meore Zlieri salocavi Coxis wminda

giorgi iyo. masac sxva gvaris wamomadgenlebic udge-

bodnen ymad. Coxis wminda giorgis salocavSi vaJiS-

vilis micemisaTvis loculobdnen.

metad sainteresoa 1071-1080 wlebis saistorio sa-

buTSi naxsenebi `Cabalaxi gudamayruli.~2 Zvel qar-

TulSi `Cabalaxi~ igive muzaradia, ase rom, XI sauku-

nis saqarTveloSi Zalian fasobda gudamayruli muza-

radi.3

vaxuSti batoniSvilis sityviT ki `ars gudamay-

ris xeoba magari, mosavliT viTarca sxua mTis alag-

ni da ufros mwiri. kacni da qalni mzgavsni mTiul-

Ta, xelosanni, mSvildmoqmedni, akeTeben rqisagan

mjixvisa, Txisagan da xarTagan~. ase rom gudamayarSi

kargi xelosnebi yofilan, amzadebdnen karg yanwebs

da mSvildisrebs.

regionebSi ganviTarebuli iyo mesaqonleoba,

mecxvareoba, mTis miwaTmoqmedeba. mohyavdaT xorbali,

qeri, fetvi, Tumca sakmarisi raodenobiT ar modioda.

tyeSi agrovebdnen xils da zamTrisTvis inaxav-

dnen CalaSi an wylian qvevrebSi. Sindsa da pantas

agrovebdnen da moxeveebs purze ucvlidnen. misdev-

dnen Sinamrewvelobas. qalebi qsovdnen Salis qso-

vils, fardags, xurjinebs, mamakacebi durglobas, ka-

latozobas, mWedlobas misdevdnen.4

1 Ibid, r. TofCiSvili, 2017, 157. 2 isidore doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1965), 40.

3 Ibid, TofCiSvili, 157. 4 sergi makalaTia, mTiuleTi (tfilisi: saxelgami, 1930).

16

gudamayrelebi, mTiulebTan erTad, daxelovne-

bulni iyvnen yanwebis keTebaSi. isini yanws `jixvs~

uwodebdnen. roca xars an mozvers daklavdnen, rqebs

culiT aWridnen, is unda yofiliyo magari da lama-

zi feris.1

dRevandeli gudamayari ZiriTadad xuTi gvari-

Taa dasaxlebuli, es gvarebia: beqauri, wiklauri, af-

ciauri, Coxeli da anTauri.

am gvarebs garda gudamayarSi sxva gvarebsac uc-

xovriaT. ramdenime gudamayruli gvari wiklaurebs

Seyria, maTi gvari miuRia. 1774 wlis aRweris davTris

Tanaxmad es Seyra jer ar iyo ganxorcielebuli. wik-

lauris gvari miuRiaT sofel dumacxoSi mosaxle

xarxelaurebs, bubunaurebs da WoWolaurebs, romle-

bic sofel boselSi mkvidrobdnen. wiklauris gvarze

arian gadasuli agreTve Cobalaurebi, Tamniaurebi da

TloSiaurebi. beqaurebi gamxdaran xiTaTiSaurebi,

cucqunaurebi. Satilidan gadmosaxlebuli jalabau-

rebi sofel dumacxoSi afciaurebs Sekedlebian da

maTi gvari miuRiaT. rac Seexeba Coxelis gvars, eT-

nografiuli masalebiT, is Sedgenili gvaria. am gvar-

Si oTxi didi mamiSviloba gamoiyofa: SuRliani, gami-

xardiani,Siozaurebi da xaxani. am mamiSvilobaTa wi-

naprebi gudamayarSi mosvlisas Zmad gaficulan da

yvelas erTi gvari _ Coxeli miuRia. dRevandeli Co-

xelebi Coxis wminda giorgis mesame ymad miiCnevian.

pirveli da meore ymani amowyvetilan.2

TuSeTi kaxeTis mTianeTs ekuTvnis da kavkasio-

nis mTavari qedis gadaRma, mis CrdiloeT kalTaze,

zRvis donidan 2800-4500 m simaRleze mdebareobs. qvey-

nis SigniT TuSeTis sazRvari fSavsa da xevsureTTan

1 Ibid, TofCiSvili, 2017, 158. 2 Ibid, 159-160.

17

aqvs. igi agreTve esazRvreba Crdilo-kavkasiel mTie-

lebs _ CaCnebsa da didoelebs.A

TuSeTis teritoria gomewris, piriqiTis da Wan-

Waxovnis alaznis auzebSi, mTaTa kalTebze da xeoba-

Ta Sesayar platoebzea ganlagebuli da ormocdaa-

Tamde sofels moicavs. isini erTiandeba 4 Temad da

am Temebs SigniT gamoyofil patar-patara sazogadoe-

bebad. es 4 Temia piriqiTis, CaRmis, gomewris da wo-

va.1

TuSeTi, rogorc qarTuli saxelwifo politikis

gatarebis erT-erTi forposti Crd. kakvasiaSi, gansa-

kuTrebiT ainteresebda yvela dampyrobs, ris gamoc

igi xSirad zaraldeboda.

levan kaxTa mefem TuSebs zamTris saZovrebad

alaznis veli uwyaloba, TuSebma ki begaris gadaxda

da laSqris gamoyvana ikisres. Teimuraz II-isa da

erekle II-is sigeliT alaznis veli kvlav TuSebs

eboZaT saZovrebad. XVII-XVIII ss.-Si lekTa da sxva

Crd. kavsasielTa gaxSirebuli Semosevebis gamo Tu-

SeTis roli isev mniSvnelovani gaxda, man didi po-

litikur-strategiuli mniSneloba SeiZina. Teimuraz

II-isa da erekle II-is mier TuSebi ganTavisuflebuli

iyvnen `morige laSqridan~, radgan isini isedac icav-

dnen qveynis CrdiloeT sazRvrebs.2

TuSebi or jgufad iyofian _ CaRmaTuSebad da

wovaTuSebad. es jgufebi eTnografiulad, yofiTi da

kurturuli TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisgan TiTqmis ar

gansxvavdebian. maT Soris mxolod enobribi gansxva-

vebaa. CaRmaTuSebi erTenovanni arian da enis TuSur

dialeqtze laparakoben, romelic lingvisturi Tval-

1 giorgi cocaniZe, giorgobidan giorgobamde (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1990), 5.

2 Ibid, sZa, 31.

18

sazrisiT fSaur, xevsurul da moxeur dialeqtebTan

erTad qarTul kiloTa e. w. fxovur jgufSi erTian-

deba. rac Seexeba wovaTuSebs, isini orenovanni arian

da maT saSinao salaparako enas mTis kavkasiur enaTa

naxuri jgufis wevri wovaTuSuri warmoadgens, gareT

ki isini qarTuli enis kaxuri dialeqtis msgavs ki-

loze metyveleben, romelic misgan mxolod TuSuri

tradiciuli yofisa da meurneobis dargTaTvis dama-

xasiaTebeli leqsikiT da wovaTuSuri enisaTvis ni-

Sandoblivi intonaciiT gasxvavdeba.1

dRes zemo alvanis zemo naxevarSi mcxovrebi wo-

va TuSebisa da zemo alvanis qvemo naxevarSi, qvemo

alvanSi, lalisyurSi da sof. fSavlis erT ubanSi

mcxovrebi CaRmaTuSebis istoriuli samkvidrebeli

TuSeTi iyo.

marTalia XX saukunis dasawyisSi TuSeTSi oTxi

teritoriuli Temi iyo, magram eTnografiuli monace-

mebis mixedviT maTi raodenoba meti yofila da maTi

gamsxvileba momxdara. gomewris Tems ivanaurTa da

xecuurTa Temebi SeuerTebia, CaRmis Tems _ WanWaxova-

nis Temi, piriqiTis Tems ki samcixis Temi. amgvarad,

istoriul TuSebSi rva Temi arsebobda: WanWaxovani,

CaRma, xecuurTa, ivanaurTa, gomewari, piriqiTi (aRma),

samcixi, wovaTa.2

IV saukuneSi TuSeTi gaqristianebis winaaRmdeg

mebrZoli fxovelebis TaSesafari iyo.

TuSeTis soflebi da Tem-sazogadoebebi Semdeg-

nairad iyo ganawilebuli TuSeTis teritoriaze:

gomewris alaznis xeobaSi mdebareobda gamowris

Temis ocdaori sofeli: boWorna, doWu, beRela, gu-

daanTa, jvarboseli, verxovani, dadikurTa, alisgori,

1 Ibid, cocaniZe, 4. 2 Ibid, TofCiSvili, 2010, 117.

19

koklaTa veZisxevi, cixe, vakisZiri, biquurTa, buxur-

Ta, iliurTa, sadaraT ubani, Cirdili, gogrulTa, sa-

CiRolo, sabue, vestmo, vestomTa. amaTgan xuTi sofe-

li: vestmo, vestomTa, gogrulTa, saCiRolo, sabue _

ivanaurTad gamoiyofoda, xolo sami _ iliurTa, bu-

xurTa da sadarT ubani_xecuurTad iwodeboda.

piriqiTelTa Tems piriqiTis alaznis auzSi mde-

bare Semdegi soflebi Seadgenda: CiRo, darTlo, kvav-

lo, dano, WeSo, farsma, girevi, baso, daqiurTa, naku-

durTa, heRo, WonTio. amaTgan pirveli xuTi soflis

mcxovrebT samcixelebs eZaxdnen, danarCenebs _ aRma-

nelebs.

CaRmis TemSi Sedioda soflebi: omalo, diklo,

Senaqo, ageurTa, qumelaurTa, cokalTa, xiso, xisos

Wala, StrolTa, JvelurTa, CiglaurTa, nacixari, xa-

xabo. amaTgan bolo xuTi agreTve calke _ WanWaxov-

nis sazogadoebad gamoiyofoda.

wovaTis Tems gomewris alaznis erTi mozrdili

Senakadis _ wuaTis wylis auzSi mdebare eqvsi sofe-

li Seadgenda: waro, eTelTa, indurTa, sagirTa, mo-

zarTa, Savwyali.

am soflebis erTi nawili, kerZod wovaTis eqvsi-

ve sofeli, gomewarSi _ cixe, sadaraT ubani,sabue,

Cirdili, CaRmaSi _ ageurTa, piriqiTSi _ heRo, Won-

Tio, nakudurTa, diqiurTa, baso TuSeTis daclamdeve

nasoflarad iqca.

TuSeTis soflebis pirvelmaSenebelni, `Tox-ba-

ris damkravni~, rogorc Cans, adgilis amorCevisas

ramdenime aucilebel garemoebas iTvaliswinebdnen:

sofeli iseT adgilas unda aSenebuliyo, sadac mas

Tovlis zvavi da mewyeri ver daazianebda, sasmeli

wyali axlos eqneboda da rac SeiZleba meti saxnav-

saTibi farTobi iqneboda Tavisufali, rac adgilob-

20

rivi klimatur-geografiuli garemodan gamomdinare-

obda.

soflebSi Cveulebriv Txutmeti-oci komli sax-

lobda. ocdaaT _ ormockomliani soflebi did sof-

lebad iTvleboda da aseTi mTel TuSeTSi sul ram-

denime iyo. sofelSi saxlebi erTmaneTTan Zalian ax-

los iyo aSenebuli, ise rom maT Soris gasasvleleb-

Si ori bargiani cxeni erTmaneTs gverds ver auvlis,

zogan ki cxenic ver gaeteva.

Senobebis kedlebi lurji fiqalis mSrali wyo-

biTaa naSeni.zogan duRabis magivrad talaxia naxmari,

romelsac sicivis daWeris daniSnuleba ufro aqvs,

vidre qvaTa SemakavSirebeli. sworzedapirian fiqals

yoris ostati ise awyobda erTmaneTze, rom duRabi

saWiro ar iyo, qvebi TviTon iWerda erTmaneTs. saxu-

ravadac fiqalisve sipebi iyo gamoyenebuli. fiqali

qvis feris gamo, mTel sofels molurjo elferi

dahkravda.1

TuSuri cixe-saxli axlos dgas xevsurul cixe-

saxlTan, mxolod aq pirveli sarTuli (`baSte~) gamo-

iyeneba saqonlisTvis. Sua ori sarTuli (`Sua~ da

`zedSua~) sacxovrebeli nawilia, saxlis zeda–meoTxe

sarTuls (`Werxo~) Cardaxi aqvs. sarTulSua gadaxur-

va brtyelia. sarTulebi erTmaneTs misadgmeli xis

kibiT da WerSi mowyobili xvreliT ukavSirdeba.2

aqauri sacxovrebeli nagebobis tips arc Tu ise

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, sul cota samjer mainc uc-

vlia saxe: Tavdapirveli TuSuri saxli sacxovrebe-

lic yofila da sabrZolo-TavdacviTi nagebobac. igi

sam da oTxsarTuliani iyo, erTob viwro da maRali,

pirveli sarTuli _ „baSte~ _ pirutyvis sadgomad ga-

1 Ibid, cocaniZe, 5-6. 2 Ibid, sZa, 17.

21

moiyeneboda. igi usarkmlo iyo, hqonda dabali da

viwro Sesasvleli erTfrTiani xis masiuri kariT. ka-

ri Signidan iketeboda an ganivi urduliT _ „kediT~,

romelic gaeyreboda karis iqiT-aqeT kedelSive ga-

moyvanil xvrelebSi _ „sakedurebSi~, an vertikaluri

urduliT „sagdoliT~, romelic Camoeyreboda am ka-

ris aswvriv zeda sarTulSi datanebuli xvrelidan _

sasagdvledan.

meore sarTuli _ „Sua~ _ xalxis samyofs warmo-

adgenda, romelsac hqonda iseTive viwro da magrad

saketi kari. baStes, rogorc wesi, qvemoTa samxreTis

mxridan Seudioda kari, Suas ki _ aRmosavleTis

mxridan. Sesasvlelis mxares Suas sarkmlebi ar hqon-

da samxreTisaken, baStis karis aswvriv, iqiT da aqeT

proporciulad gadioda ori sarkmeli. isini Signi-

dan farTo iyo, xolo gareTa mxares imdenad viwrov-

deboda, rom kacis Tavi Zlivs gaeteoda Sig. sarkmle-

bi maRliTa mxridan momrgvalebuli, uCarCoo da umi-

no iyo. uCarCoo iyo karic. igi karis Zirsa da Tavze

dadebul erTian msxvil xeebSi an sipebSi _ „sakarZi-

oebSi~ _ amoxvretil sayunwurebSi iyo Casmuli zed

karebzeve gamoyvanili „yunwebiT~. sarkmlebs Soris

almacerad datanebuli hqonda erTi saTofuri, rome-

lic baStis karebs upirdapirdeboda. mesame sarTu-

lic xSirad agreTve `Suas~ warmoadgenda da „zeTSu-

ad~ iwodeboda. amasac iseTive kar-sarkmelebi da sa-

Tofurebi hqonda, oRond erTi saTofuri „qveTSuis~

karebsac uyurebda.

meoTxe sarTuli warmoadgenda sipis orferda

saxuraviT gadaxurul „Werxos~, romelsac sam mxares

kedelSi datanebul da gareT gaSveril did qvebze _

„ixanebze~ _ gamarTuli hqonda saomari Cardaxebi, me-

oTxe _ ferdobis zeda mxridan, kari Seudioda. Car-

22

daxebidan karis axlos mosul mters WerxoSi winas-

war Sezidul didron qvebs, „xexebs~ esrodnen an

mduRare wyals asxamdnen.

baStis iataki fiqalis brtyeli sipebiT _ „zRve-

biT~ _ iyo mogebuli, xolo danarCeni sarTulebis

iatakebi miwisa iyo. miwis iataks „bani~ ewodeboda.

bani gamarTuli iyo sqel morebze _ „xidebze~. sar-

Tulebs Soris gadebul sam xidze gardigardmo mWid-

rod daawyobdnen aryis an fiWvis wvril, qerqgaclil

Zelebs _ „yavreebs~, mere ki daayridnen da magrad

motkepnidnen miwis sqel fenas, romelsac zemodan

„morRvnidnen~ _ moadebdnen talaxis xsnars.

im adgilebSi, sadac aryis xis simciris gamo

Cxlakvi ar iSoveboda, yavreebze jer wvril fiCxs

gaSlidnen, zemodan _ xavss da mere miwas. fiWvis sa-

more xeebiT Rarib soflebSi iataks erT xids udeb-

dnen SuaSi. gverdiTa xidebis magivrobas ki xidis

doneze kedlidan gamoWarbebuli qvebis wyoba _ Tar-

xnebi~ _ eweoda.

sarTulebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeboda TiTo kuT-

xeSi gamarTuli asaZromi xvrelebiT _ „erdoebiT~.

erdoSi adiodnen an kedlidan gamoSverili qvis safe-

xurebiT, an sqeli xis misadgmeli kibiT.

amnairi „cixesaxlebi~ mxolod nangrevebadaa Se-

morCenili.

baStis karebis win patara ezo _ „baStikari~ _

SemozRuduli yofila qvis maRali galavniT, romel-

sac Signidan saketi magari kari hqonia. es „qavi~ iyo

_ pirutyvis sadgomi zafxulSi da moZaladis xelyo-

fisagan misive damcavi nageboba. saxlis saTave mxa-

res, Werxos karis win SemozRuduli hqoniaT cxvris

sadgomi baki.

23

raki soflebi umeteswilad ferdobze iyo gaSe-

nebuli, baStisa da Suis ukana kedlebi mTlianad, xo-

lo gverdiTa kedlebi naxevrad miwaSi iyo amoyvani-

li. „zeTSuasac~ da „qveTSuasac~ karebis win Tav-Ta-

visi „karTanebi~ _ boloze yoriT gamagrebuli da si-

pis filaqniT mogebuli patr-patara ezoebi hqonda,

romlebsac Sesabamisad „zeTkarTanasa~ da „qveTkar-

Tanas~ eZaxdnen. am karTanebs Soris yoreSi erTidan

meoreSi asasvlel-Casasvlelad „qvakiba~ iyo CaSene-

buli.

rogorc Cans, amnairi saxlebi XIX saukunis Sua

wlebamdis Sendeboda, sanam TuSeTSi moZaladeTa sa-

alyo Tavdasxmebi iyo mosalodneli.

gasuli saukunis bolos Zvelebur saxlebs, Sua

karis win, gauCnda minaSeni usarkmlo oTaxebi _ „uCi-

na karseebi~. SuaSi Semsvleli jer am karses Seivli-

da, mereRa Sevidoda sacxovrebel oTaxSi. karsem Sua

gantvirTa sursaTis Sesanaxi godor-kidobnebisa da

rZis sadRvebi da sagrovebeli WurWlisagan. igi zam-

TarSi xels uwyobda oTaxis daTbunebasac. Werxos

saomari Cardaxebis adgilas gaCnda ficriT amoked-

lili Riobebi _ „saniaoebi~ da TviT Werxoc yvel-

matylisa da sxva xasiaTis produqtis Sesanax saTav-

sod iqca. gaCnda „sacxora Werxos~ tipi _ ojaxis sa-

zafxulo samyofi taxtebiTa da mex-kidobnebiT gaw-

yobili. oTaxebSi Suacecxlis asanTebi kera Secvala

kedelze midgmulma xis buxarma, saidanac kvamli ke-

delSi an WerSi datanebul xvrelSi _ `sabolaSi~

gadadioda.

Cveni saukunis ociani wlebidan Cndeba axali

TuSuri saxli _ „axal Sinai~, romlis prototipi ba-

ruli orsarTuliani sacxovrebeli saxlia.

24

soflebSi an maT siaxloves kldovan SemaRle-

bebsa Tu cicaboTa Tavze dResac dgas fiqali qvisa-

gan nagebi, araCveulebrivad swori kedlebiTa da wax-

nagebiT, xuT-eqvssarTuliani koSkebi. CaRmisa da go-

mewris xeobebSi isini saxuravmoSlilebia, piriqiTSi

ki umetesoba piramiduladaa Sewverili da garegnu-

lad jerac saRad gamoiyureba, Tumca sarTulebs So-

ris iataki Caqceulia. es sagvareulo an sasoflo ci-

xeebia, romlebic saimedo TavSesafari iyo mterTa Za-

lobis Jams.

cixeebi, Cveulebriv, miuval adgilas Sendeboda

da mxolod erTi mxridan SeiZleboda masTan misvla

viwro bilikiT, romelsac yvela sarTulidan gamoma-

vali saTofurebi uTvalTvalebda. pirveli sarTuli

aqac pirutyvis Sesaxiznad yofila gamoyenebuli. ci-

xes sul ori magrad saketi kari hqonda _ erTi pir-

vel sarTulze da erTic _ meoreze. meore sarTulze

misadgmeli kibiT Sediodnen, romelsac xalxis Se-

xizvnis Semdeg cixeSi Seitandnen. sarTulebi erTma-

neTs Sida erdoebiT ukavSirdeboda. cixeSi winaswar

imaragebdnen saWmelsa da wyals. sul maRla sarTul-

Si Seziduli hqondaT agreTve qvebi, romlebsac Car-

daxebidan uSendnen cixis kedlebTan mosul mters.

mtris Tavdasxmisas Sexiznuli xalxi cixeebSi rCebo-

da manam, sanam garedan maSveli TanamoZmeni mters ar

gaabrunebdnen an TviT momxduri ar moxsnida raime

mizeziT alyas. aseTi garemocvebi sul ramdenime

dRes grZeldeboda, Semdeg an cixe „gatydeboda~ _

damorCildeboda, an moZalade ukuiqceoda.

cixeebi zogan ori-sami da metic idga erTad. uf-

ro mozrdili, ganieri cixeebi diac-ymawvilTa da sa-

qonlis TavSesafrad iyo gankuTvnili da „sadiaco

25

cixeebs~ eZaxdnen, meore _ mamakacTa saomari cixeebi

Tavisi saTofurebiT am „sadiaco cixeebsac~ icavda.

eamayeboda da TiTqmis salocavad miaCnda Zvel

TuSs mterSeuvali, gautexeli cixe. dRemdea SemorCe-

nili xalxSi cixeTa Senebis, momxvdur-damxvdurTa

Serkinebis, cixis gatexisa Tu gamagrebis Sesaxeb

leqsebi, gadmocemebi, legendebi.

dResdReobiT TuSeTis didi nawili daclilia

mosaxleobisagan, romelic kaxeTis barSia Camosaxle-

buli. XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi jer

wovebi Camosaxldnen, Semdeg ki CaRma TuSebi. wovebis-

gan gansxvavebiT CaRma TuSebs TuSeTSi cxovreba ar

SeuwyvetiaT, barSic cxovrobdnen da mTaSic. eweod-

nen xvna-Tesvas mTaSic da barSic. Seiqmna saqarTve-

loSi mxolod TuSeTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movle-

na _ organbinadari mosaxleobis tipi, ris aRsaniSna-

vad saTanado terminebic Seiqmna, „kaxuraebi~ _ sazam-

Trod kaxeTSi mimavalni da „TuSuraebi~ _ zamTar-

zafxul mTaSi mcxovrebni. gaCnda am regionisaTvis

niSandoblivi yofiTi movlena: „kaxeT-TuSeToba~ _

mTabaroba, mosaxleobis sezonuri mimoqceva kaxeTsa

da TuSeTs Soris.1

TuSeTis mosaxleobisagan daclis procesi Sem-

dgom periodSic gagrZelda da XX saukunis 50-ian

wlebidan TuSeTis mosaxleobisagan daclis da pi-

rutyvis saZovrebad misi gadaqceva daiwyo.

soflebis garSemo ferdobebs asdevda saxnav-sa-

Tesi miwis patar-patara nakveTebi, romelTa Soris

uZravi beqebi erTgvar bunebriv terasebs qmnida. sof-

lis qvemoT da mis doneze aqeT da iqiT qeri iTesebo-

da, zemoT ki svili. cicabo kldian adgilebze gaSe-

nebul soflebs yanebi moSorebiT hqonda. yanebsa da

1 Ibid, cocaniZe, 27.

26

saTibebs Soris gafantviT idga ojaxisa da pirutyvis

sazamTro sadgomebi _ „boslebi~, aq gadmosaxldebo-

da xolme ojaxi dazamTrebis xans da gazafxulamde

rCeboda, pirutyvs aq gamoazamTrebda.

religiuri saxalxo dResaswaulebi _ „dReoba-

aTnigenobebi~, „jaroba-jvariskrobebi~, „samxdo-Siya-

raebi~, romlebic imarTeboda zamTarSic da zafxul-

Sic sasoflo, saTemo da sagvareulo xat-salocaveb-

Si Tu soflis sajareebSi, xatis karze gausvlelad,

Zveli TuSeTis yofis umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi

iyo.

erTi mxriv, TuSTa sameurneo yofa, Sroma-saqmia-

noba da meore mxriv, saxalxo religiuri dResaswau-

lebi, uqmeebi Tu micvalebulTa xsovnisa da niSnoba-

qorwilisaTvis gankuTvnili dReebi isea erTimeores-

Tan gadajaWvuli, rom maT Sesaxeb cal-calke sauba-

ri Znelia. sameurneo cxovrebis etapebic ama Tu im

religiuri dResaswaulebiTaa gamijnuli.

erT mTlian sameurneo wels TuSebi „giorgobi-

dan giorgobamde~ angariSobdnen. erT naxevarwliurs

_ „giorgobidan amaRlebamdis~ da meores „amaRlebi-

dan giorgobamdis~. wlis meoTxedebi ase iangariSebo-

da: „giorgobidan ocobamdis~ _ erTi, „ocobidan amaR-

lebamdis~ _ meore, „amaRlebidan aTnigenobamdis~ _

mesame, „aTnigenobidan giorgobamdis~ _ meoTxe.

oRond es iyo Sinameurnis drois angariSi. mecxvare

sameurneo wels sxvagvarad anawilebda: „yoCgarevidan

(igulisxmeba deda cxvris faraSi mwarmoebeli yoCis

SeSveba) dolamdis~. Tveobrivad es moicavs periods

oqtombridan Tebervlamdis, „dolidan darCevamdis~ _

Tebervlidan maisis bolomdis, roca deda cxvarsa

da batkans daacalkeveben da cxvris wvelas iwyeben,

darCevidan parsvebamdis~ (e.i. maisidan agvisto-seqtem-

27

bramdis), roca parsaven batkansa da cxvars, „gapar-

svidan yoCgarevamdis.~1

TuSebma gamoiyvanes adgilobriv pirobebs, mTaba-

rul, gadarekviT mecxvareobas Seguebuli cxvris ji-

Si _ TuSuri cxvari, agreTve adgilobrivi TuSuri

cxeni.

ganTqmuli iyo TuSi mecxvareebis mier damzade-

buli TuSuri fardagebi, tiloebi, SesaniSnavi naqso-

vi CiTebi, windebi, qudebi da sxv.

1 Ibid, cocaniZe, 44-45.

28

grafikuli anazomebi

iv. javxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTno-

logiis institutis arqivSi, sxva masalaTa Soris,

inaxeba grafikuli anazomebi, romlebic 1930-1980-ian

wlebSia Sesrulebuli. maTze mocemulia Sesabamis

wlebSi Catarebuli eTnografiuli eqspediciebis

dros moZiebuli da dafiqsirebuli masala. esenia:

religiuri, TavdacviTi, sacxovrebeli da sameurneo

daniSnulebis nagebobebi, satransporto saSualebebi,

adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli

nivTebi. SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fon-

dis mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi: `Seus-

wavleli saarqivo masalebi da aRmosavleT saqarTve-

los mTianeTis tradiciuli kultura (eTnologiuri

Ziebani)~ SevarCieT grafikuli anazomebi sami regio-

nidan: gudamayari, xevi, TuSeTi. maTze ZiriTadad mo-

cemulia sakulto, mcire raodenobiT ki sacxovrebe-

li da sameurneo daniSnulebis nagebobebi. aris to-

pografiuli rukebi. SemuSavebuli parametrebis mi-

xedviT, damuSavda da cifrul matareblebze ganTav-

sda iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTno-

logiis institutSi daculi 275 erTeuli grafikuli

saarqivo masala (gudamayari 23 anazomi, xevi 82, TuSe-

Ti 170). moZiebuli, SerCeuli da damuSavebuli grafi-

kuli anazomebi, fotografirebis gziT, gadatanilia

cifrul matareblebze. Seiqmna monacemTa baza. muSao-bis procesSi masala damuSavda mowveuli konsultan-

tis, arqiteqtoris, nano zazanaSvilis aqtiuri monawi-

leobiT. agreTve, masala Sedarda kulturuli mem-

kvidreobis erovnuli saagentos interaqtiul rukas-

Tan. grafikuli masalis monacemTa banki inaxeba: iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis

29

institutSi. masalis damuSavebis procesSi dadginda

ori anazomis kuTvnileba. Zveli aRwerilobiT igi mi-

kuTvnebuli iyo TuSeTis regions, aRmoCnda rom ana-zomebze fSavis laSaris jvaria asaxuli. grafikuli

masalis moZiebis, klasifikaciis, sistematizaciis da

aRweris procesSi gamovlinda ori damatebiTi, ucno-bi grafikuli masala.

grafikuli anazomebi Sesrulebulia Savi tuSiT

an zogjer ferSic, Semdegi zomebis muyaoze:

30.3X59.5sm., 39.5X59sm., 39X59.5sm., 39.5X59.5sm., 40.5X59sm.,

40.5X59.5sm., 41X60sm., 41X64sm., 41X59.5sm., 41X59sm.,

41.5X60sm., 41.5X59.5sm., 42X59sm., 42X60sm., 42.5X59.5sm.,

43X60sm., 44.5X60sm., 45X59.5sm., 45X60sm., 45.5X60sm,

46X61sm., 46.5X64.5sm., 46.5X61.5sm., 46X59.5sm., 46.5X59.5sm.,

46.5X61sm., 46.5X60sm., 46.5X67sm., 47X60sm., 47X61sm.,

47X62sm., 47X67sm., 49X58.5sm., 49.5X59sm., 55X70sm.,

58.5X59sm., 58.5X60sm., 58.5X58.5sm., 59X59sm., 59X59.5sm..

grafikuli anazomis masStabi ZiriTadad pirobi-

Tia. Sesrulebulia 1945, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969 wlebSi

giorgi/gogi zamTaraZis, marTa/maTiko kakabaZis, c.T-s

(Teona cuxiSvilis an Tamaz citaiSvilis) (planSets

ukana mxridan aqvs miwerili), enuqiZis, daviTaSvilis,

a.m-s, a.S-s,1 nodar WadaSvilis, kote wulaias mier.

zogierT anazoms ar aqvs Semsrulebeli miTiTebuli.

Sesrulebulia Semdegi nagebobebis anazomebi:

gudamayari – fuZis angelozi (sof. axali kito-

xi), mTavar angelozi (sof. zanduki), RvTismSobeli

anu yvelawminda da maCagnis wm. giorgis eklesia, kvi-

ria (sof. maqarTa), dedaRvTiSobeli, cabauraSvilebis

saxli da nene gigauris saxli, pirimze fuZis ange-

lozis xati, eklesia (sof. Coxi).

1 a. m-s da a.S-s vinaobis dadgena ver moxerxda.

30

xevi – arSis cixis kompleqsi, wm. giorgis axali

xati (sof. arSa), mamawminda (sof. goriscixe), elias

niSi, kopala/vaJebis salocavi (sof. axalcixe), niSTa-

na, kvire-RvTisSvilis eklesia, kvire-RvTisSvilis xa-

tis cixe (sof. gaiboteni), mindvris wm. giorgis xati,

saufroso garbnis wm. giorgis eklesia, mindvris wm.

giorgis xati, kvireRvTisSvilis xati, cixismcavi an-

gelozi, baxtris cixe, mTavarangelozi (sof. garba-

ni), yvelawminda/qalebis xati, oxareSis wm. giorgis

xati, ninowminda (gergeti), semRisa (?) (sof. gveleTi),

Tamaris cixe (dariali), ioane naTlismcemlis xati

(sof. vardisubani/tornisa), wm. giorgis kompleqsi

(sof. kobani), wm. giorgis eklesia, aTengenobis niSi,

samebis niSi, samreklo (sof. sioni), daryis wm. gior-

gi mimdebare kompleqsTan erTad, kvires xati, wveris

sparsangelozi/nadarbazevi (sof. sno), qalebis xati,

kviraZlis xati, Tav-mamawmindis xati da cixe (sof.

tyarSeTi), kavTis wm. giorgi, yvelawminda (sof. fan-

SeTi), oqros burTusovani, quSenis wm. giorgis xati,

wm. giorgi/aRdgomis xati, xedeniSis wm. giorgi, qof-

cixe/Targmniscixe, sasanTle, semRisa (?) /amRis naT-

lismcemeli, sparsangelozis niSi, wiTeli eklesia,

ivane naTlismcemeli, riyis wm. giorgis xati, axal-

wlis niSi, kvirikes xati, Tamar mixeilis as. RuduSa-

uris saxli, ivan-wmindis niSi (yazbegi/igulisxmeba

stefanwminda-n.R.), wm. giorgi, qalebis xati (sof.

fxelSe), akldama (sof. Ruda), wm. giorgis xati da ek-

lesia, aryonis wm. giorgis xati (sof. yanobi), kvirias

xati, givargobis xati, Jamis xati (sof. cdo), aklda-

ma, xatis kompleqsi (Zveli gveleTi), qaSeTai, petre-

pavlobis xati, wm. giorgis eklesia (sof. xurTisi).

31

TuSeTis eqspedicia. fotoze marcxnidan marjvniv arian: giorgi zamTaraZe, vera bardaveliZe, giorgi Citaia

da nodar WadaSvili

TuSeTi – karationi, batoni iaxsris xati (sof. alisgori), wm. giorgis xati, kviracxovlis xati, xur-

xvis jvari, xinWrikva boWornis Tavisa, (sof. boWor-

na), mariamwmindis xati, wieTes xati (sof. girevi),

zedxaxa da qvedxaxa (sof. gogrulTa), angelozTavi,

jvarTana anu batoncvarielis xatis kompleqsi, koS-

kmcavi angelozis xati (sof. dadikurTa), wm. giorgi

wyaro-gorisa, aSto, miqel-gabriel mTavarangelozi,

karates jvari, xaxmatis jvari, da axali xati, (sof.

dano), iaxsris xati, mariamwminda, karates jvari, xin-

Wrikva, maRaloelis xati, soflis wisqvili, xidi,

cxvrebis sabanao, idoiZis sacxovrebeli saxli, qavi

(sof. darTlo), xaxmatis jvari, biWexis xati, sanebis

32

xati, wm. giorgis xati (sof. diklo), wm. giorgi Sav-

gvremanis xati (sof. doWu), jvarTana [deda mariam

wminda], xaxmationi (sof. vestmo), sanebis xati, mariam

wmindas xati, miqel-gabrielis anu mTavarangelozis

xati, cixe keselos topo anazomi (sof. zemo omalo),

jvriskris xati, saflavis Zegli, beRva (sof. iliur-

Ta), mariam RvTismSobeli, beris sameba (sof. indur-

Ta), kopales xati (sof. mozarTa), jvarTSua, xaxa/xev-

surT salocavi (sof. kvavlo), batoni mTavarangelo-

zi, (sof. koklaTa), akldama (sof. alisgori), laSa-

ris jvari (laSaris gori, mTa-TuSeTi), taso iWirau-

lis sazamTro boseli, iWiraulis saxli, boslebi,

wasnes xati, (sof. omalo), karate, daviTos jvari

(sof. JvelurTa), xaxmatis xati, giorgi wmindas xati,

(sof. saCiRolo), deda mariam-RvTismSobeli, saginwya-

ros xati, rostom iosebis Ze aSaZis saxli, wm. ninos

xati, wm. giorgis xati, karatis jvari (sof. farsma),

xaxmatis jvari, filo guloxaiZis sacxovrebeli sax-

li, SafurTa (sof. qumelaurTa), sanebis xati, wasnes

xati, TuSuri sacxovrebeli saxli (ageurTa (nasof-

lari), sof. Senaqo), daviT muxrovnis xati, giorgi ba-

laurTisa, giorgi wyarosTavisa, (sof. StrolTa), Ci-

gilaurTa xevsurT salocavi, xaxmati, CigilaurTa

karate (sof. CigilaurTa), karatis jvari, qavTaris

milionai, qavTarsagiris xati (sof. CiRo), akldama,

samebis niSi, mariamwminda (sof. waro), wm. giorgis ni-

Si (sof. indurTa), ivane naTlismcemlis xati (wova-

Ta), iaxsris jvari, kopales xati, samarxi qvayuTi, ma-

tura [anu saflavis Zegli-n.R.], sacxovrebeli saxli

(sof. WeSo), Tursiexis xati, madolis xati (sof. Won-

Tio), xiTanas wm. giorgis xati, jvarboslis orcixe

(sof. jvarboseli), sofel xaxabos ucnobi nageboba,

sofel xaxabos jvaris bortvi (sof. xaxabo), wm. gi-

33

orgi [xaxa] (sof. xiso), xaxmatis jvari (sof. gog-

rulTa), platon idoiZis sacxovrebeli saxli, (sof.

darTlo), k. osoraulis sacxovrebeli saxli (sof.

diklo), laRmTavari angelozi (sof. vestomTa), bato-

ni mTavarangelozis xati, karates da xaxmatis xatebi

(sof. koklaTa).

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, anzomebis Semsrule-

beli arqiteqtorebi arian: giorgi/gogi zamTaraZe,

marTa/maTiko kakabaZe, kote wulaia, a. m., a.S., T. c.

(Teona cuxiSvili an Tamaz citaiSvili) (planSets

ukana mxridan aqvs miwerili) da topografi nodar

WadaSvili.

34

gudamayari

pirimze fuZis angelozi _ gudamayris mTavari salocavi

iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-

stitutis arqivSi dacul grafikul anazomebs Sori-

saa cxra anazomi (An. Gud. 15, An. Gud. 16, An. Gud. 17, An. Gud. 18, An. Gud. 19, An. Gud. 20, An. Gud. 21, An. Gud. 22, An. Gud. 23), romlebzedac dafiqsirebulia pirimze fuZis

angelozi _ gudamayris mTavari salocavi.

An. Gud. 151 _ gamosaxulia pirimze fuzis angelo-

zis xatis kompleqsis (pirimzis xati, ezo, galavani,

sazare, salude, sasaklao, xmeli xe sakadrisebiT, za-

rebi, qvis sajdomebi, qva SenawiravebisaTvis) oTxive

mxris sqematuri gegma da fasadebi. anazomi 47X60 zo-

mis Txel muyaozea Sesrulebuli giorgi/gogi zamTa-

raZis mier 1966 wels.

An. Gud.16 _ gamosaxulia pirimze fuZis angelo-

zis grZivi da ganivi Wrili, agreTve, brtyeli saxu-

ravis detali eqsplikaciiTurT.

An. Gud.17 _ sof. Coxis pirimze fuZis angelozis

eklesiis zedxedia.

An. Gud.18 – datanilia sof. Coxis pirimze fuZis

angelozis eklesiis grZivi da ganivi Wrili, agreTve,

brtyeli saxurvis detali eqsplikaciiTurT.

An. Gud. 19 – am anazomze sof. Coxis pirimze fuZis angelozis eklesiis CrdiloeTis da dasavleTis fasa-

debia gamosaxuli.

1 anazomebi arqivSi amgvaradaa gatarebuli. laTinuri aso-ebi An. niSnavs anazoms da Gud. gudamayars.

35

An. Gud. 20 _ gamosaxulia sof. Coxis pirimze fu-

Zis angelozis sabero (gegma da dasavleTis fasadi),

An. Gud. 21 _ anazomze sof. Coxis pirimze fuZis ange-lozis saberoa (gverdis (samxreTis) fasadi) gamosa-

xuli.


Zis angelozi (gegma, Wrili, dasavleTis fasadi).


Zis angelozis niSi eklesiis galavnis samxreT-dasav-

leT nawilSi (gegma, Wrili, dasavleTis fasadi). yve-

la anazomi 46,5X61,5 zomisaa da 1967 wels tuSiT da

akvareliT muyaozea Sesrulebuli gogi/giorgi zam-

TaraZis mier.1

gudamayris xeoba `ars magari, mosavliT viTar-

ca sxua mTis alagni da ufros mwiri. kacni da qalni

mzgavsni mTiulTa, Ãelosanni, mSÂldT-moqmedni, ake-

Teben rqisagan mjixvisa, Txisagan da ÃarTagan~ _ aR-

niSnavs vaxuSti batoniSvili.2 `...mTiuleTi moicavs md. TeTri (mTiuleTis)

aragvis teritorias fasanauridan jvris uReltexi-

lamde, xolo gudamayari mdebareobs md. Savi (guda-

mayris) aragvis xeobaSi, romelic TeTr aragvs uer-

Tdeba fasanaurTan.~3

1 anazomebi An. Gud. 15, An. Gud. #16, An. Gud. #17, An. Gud. #18,

An. Gud. #19, An. Gud. #20, An. Gud. #21, An. Gud. #22, An. Gud. #23 inaxeba Tsu iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnolo-giis instiutSi.

2 batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1973), 358.

3 roland TofCiSvili, mTiuleTisa da gudamayris zogier-Ti istoriul-eTnografiuli sakiTxi, macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiis da xelovnebis istoriis se-ria, 2(1985), 87.

36

1890 wels gudamayreli mRvdeli ioba yruaSvili

iveriaSi werda: `... fasanauridan CrdiloeTis mxares,

kavkasionis mTebis kalTebis ZirSi, iwyeba viwro xeo-

ba gudamayrisa. am xeobaze aqa-iq gafantulad scxov-

robs samasi komli qarTvelis tomis xalxi, wodebu-

li gudamayrelebad.

gudamayris xeoba, rogorc sazogadod suyvela

mTis adgilebi, Zlier mwiri da unayofoa, didi sici-

veebisa da qaris gamo aq ara modis ra. amas daumateT

saxnav-saTesis adgilebis simcire, iseTi simcire, rom

zogs mekomurs ori dRis saxnavi miwac ara aqvs. gu-

damayrelebs saZovari mTebi blomad aqvT da amis ga-

mo mkvidrni saqonlis yolas ufro misdeven. gudama-

yarSi blomad moipoveba iseTi ojaxi, romelsac ori

aTas sulze mometebuli cxvari hyavdes da ocze mo-

metebuli sxvil-fexi saqoneli.

Tumca, saxnavi miwebi mwiria gudamayarSi, magram

gudamayrelni nivTierad kargs mdgomareobaSi imyofebi-

an; imaTni diacni, anu dedakacni, Tanaswor mamakacebisa,

erTgulad muSaoben saxlisaTvis. gudamayrelebs gayra-

gancalkevebiT cxovreba ar uyvarT da erT did ojaxad

yofnas amjobineben; aq iSviaTi ar aris, rom erTs sax-

lSi oci, oci-da-aTi suli iTvlebodes.~1

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi kuTxe, guda-

mayari, marTalia xSirad mTiuleTTan erTad moixse-

nieba da bevri saerTo aqvs masTan, magram, amis miuxe-

davad, mecnierTa TqmiT, igi damoukidebeli istori-

ul-eTnografiuli mxarea da istoriul wyaroebSi

mTiuleTze adre moixsenieba.2 roland TofCiSvilis

marTebuli SeniSvniT, is, rom gudamayari mTiuleTis-

1 ioba yruaSvili, daba da sofeli (mowerili ambavi), ive-ria, 76(1890), 2.

2 Ibid, TofCiSvili, 101.

37

gan calke mdgomi regioni iyo, iqidanac Cans, rom gu-

damayrelebis mTavari salocavi lomisas nacvlad sa-burTvelos wminda giorgi iyo, xolo mogvianebiT ki

pirimze fuZis angelozi gaxda. gudamayris adrinde-li mosaxleoba barSi gadasaxlebula. dRes aq umete-

soba xevsurebi arian. swored maT moitanes xevsure-

Tidan pirimze fuZis angelozi, romelic Tavdapirve-

lad wiklaur-beqaurebis sagvareulo salocavi iyo.

mogvianebiT, mas, rogorc `uymo ymebi~ (ase uwodeb-

dnen TavianT Tavs gudamayrelebi xsenebul salocav-

Tan mimarTebaSi) gudamayris sxva gvarebic loculob-

dnen da loculoben: Coxelebi, afciaurebi, anTaure-

bi.1 zogierTi mTxrobeli termin `uymo ymas~ ase

xsnis: vinc yma ar aris, is uymoao.2 anu am xatis ymebi

wiklaurebi da beqaurebi iyvnen. danarCenebi (Coxele-

bi, afciaurebi da albaT, is sxva gvarebic, romel-

TaTvisac pirimze mTavari salocavi iyo), vinc aseve

loculobda xsenebul salocavs, fuZis angelozis

uymo ymebi iyvnen.3 pirimze fuZis angelozi gudamay-ris umTavres salocavad iTvleba, miuxedavad imisa,

rom igi sxvaTa, kerZod xevsur wiklaurTa da beqaur-

Ta fuZis anu maTi soflis (ukanaxos) angelozi iyo.

1 roland TofCiSvili, qarTvelTa eTnikuri istoria da saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi (Tbili-si: mematiane, 2002), 57-58; roland TofCiSvili (red.), saqar-Tvelos eTnografia/eTnologia (Tbilisi: universali, 2010), 120.

2 sof. gamsi, mTxrobeli sandro ivanes Ze beqauri, 68w. da qeTo Tedos as. afciauri, 62w., 1989 w. nino RambaSiZe, gu-damayris eTnografiuli eqspediciis savele dRiuri, 1989, xelnaweri.

3 Ibid, TofCiSvili, istoriul-eTnografiuli sakiTxi, 99; zurab kiknaZem, RvTiso mamisimediSvilma da tristan ma-xaurma, jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, (Tbilisi: nekeri, 1998), 149.

38

gudamayarSi ZiriTadad beqaurebi, wiklaurebi,

Coxelebi da afciaurebi mosaxleoben. isini xevsure-

Tidan arian gadmosaxlebulebi. roland TofCiSvi-

lis TqmiT, aq isini adgilobrivi gudamayrelebis ad-

gilas unda dasaxlebuliyvnen, mkvidri gudamayrele-

bi ki maT mosvlamde, mTiswineTsa da barSi unda ga-

dasaxlebuliyvnen. gudamayarSi ucxovriaT: bubunau-

rebs, WoWolaurebs, ToTiaurebs, Cobalaurebs, Tamni-

aurebs, TloSiaurebs, cucqunaurebs, migriaulebs, xi-

TaTiSaurebs da sxv., romelTagan nawili wiklaurebs,

beqaurebs da sxv. Serevian, zogic, magaliTad, xiTa-

TiSaurebi, TavianT gvarze darCenilan.

rogorc iTqva, beqaurebi da wiklaurebi, rom-

lebsac beqam da wikam daudes saTave, sof. ukanaxodan

gadmosaxldnen.1 sof. gamsSi mcxovrebi beqaurebis na-

wili gorzamaSvilebi yofilan da baridan, sof. mar-

tyofidan amosulan. vinaidan isini im sofelSi Casax-

lebulan, sadac beqaurebi cxovrobdnen, maTi gvari

miuRiaT. Coxelebs da afciaurebis nawils oseTidan

gadmosaxlebuli Tagauri hyoliaT winaprad. am gva-

ridan ors kaci Semokvdomia qisteTSi da mesisxleo-

bis gamo gamoqceulan gudamayrSi. maTi saerTo war-

momavlobis sabuTi isicaa, rom es ori gvari qorwine-

bis gziT ar naTesavdeba. afciaurebis meore nawili,

mesisxleobis gamo, xevsureTidan, sof. Satilidan,

mosuli jalabaurebi arian. isini amanaTad Sesulan

afciaurebis gvarSi, ris gamoc xsenebul gvarze iwe-

rebian.2 sergi makalaTias TqmiT, sof. Coxis ferdob-

1 ufro dawvrilebiT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. TinaTin oCiauris miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT saqar-Tvelos mTianeTSi (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1967).

2 Ibid, TofCiSvili, istoriul-eTnografiuli sakiTxi, 93-96, 98.

39

ze, boslisa da bursaWiris wylebis SesarTavTan mde-

bare pirimze fuZis angelozi erT-erTi mTavari xatia

mTiuleTSi. sergi makalaTias TqmiT, pirimzis xati

patara qvitkiris eklesiaa, romelic sipi qviT iyo

mis dros gadaxuruli da masze qvis jvaric iyo aR-

marTuli. eklesias gars xatis tye ekra. eklesiaSi ma-

kalaTias ubralo, fabrikuli xatebi daxvedria. Ta-

vad pirimzis xati, romelsac wm. giorgis gamosaxule-

biani vercxliT moWedili da mxedrulwarweriani

jvari warmoadgenda, Coxis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi ina-

xeboda. rogorc mis mier moxmobili warweridan ir-

kveva, es yofila wiklaur-beqaurebis pirimzis bovra-

yis Tavi, romelic saxlTuxuces iason erisTavis

Svils, Teimurazs (mogvianebiT, 1724-1735 wlebSi arag-

vis erisTavs) 1707 w. fuZis angelozisTvis Seuwiravs.

pirimzeSi 9-10 xatoba scodniaT, romelTagan mTavari

fuZis angelozoba yofila. mis TariRad sergi maka-

laTia 30-31 agvistos asaxelebs. rogorc iTqva, pirim-

ze wiklaur-beqaurebma xevsureTis sofel ukanaxodan

gadmoitanes, rodesac gudamayarSi gadmosaxldnen. am-

denad, salocavi maTi fuZis angelozia.1 albaT, geog-

rafiuli mdebareobis saxelwodebidan gamomdinare,

pirimze fuZis angelozoba axoobadac moixsenieba.

fuZis angelozis dResaswauli ori nawilisagan Sed-

geba, rac erTgvarad mosaxleobis da, Sesabamisad, mi-

si salocavis migraciis istorias ganasaxierebs. ro-

desac dResaswauli gudamayarSi mTavrdeba, mlocve-

li sof. ukanaxoSi gadadis da iq agrZelebs dResas-

wauls. ufro srulad am sakiTxs odnav qvemoT Seve-

xebiT.

vera bardaveliZe aRniSnavs, rom pirimze fuZis

angelozi, cnobili triadis meore wevria, romelsac

1 sergi makalaTia, mTiuleTi (tfilisi: saxelgami, 1930), 159-160.

40

xevsureTSi mze/dRe dResindeli hqvia.1 SesaZloa es

azri mas 1962-1963 wlebSi sof. ukanaxoSi Cawerilma xu-

cobamac ganumtkica, romlis drosac jer RmerTs ixse-

niebdnen, Semdeg kviraes da mesame adgilze pirimze fu-

Zis angelozs, romelsac sxva jvar-xatebi mosdevda.2

rogorc cnobilia vera bardaveliZis mier gamovleni-

li cnobili triada Sedgeba morige RmerTis, kviriasa

da mze qalis/dRe dResindelisagan.

xalxis TqmiT pirimze fuZis angelozi Zlieri

salocavia. arian da-Zmani da erTi droSa aqvT.3 zo-

gis TqmiT, pirimze fuZis angelozi lomisas darad,

axalgazrda, pirtitvela jeeli, kargi ymaa.4 zogis

TqmiTac, pirimze qalia, fuZis angelozi kaci. xalxis

TqmiT salocavebi erTmaneTTan dadian. fuZis angelo-

zi, iaxsari da kopala moZmeebi arian. fuZis angelo-

zi gudamayrisaa, iaxsari xevsureTis da kopala fSa-

vis. gudamayarSi swored am konteqstSi yvebodnen

gadmocemas devebTan brZolis Sesaxeb, rac farTod

iyo gavrcelebuli fSav-xevsureTSi. TinaTin oCiaurma

am sakiTxs specialuri naSromic miuZRvna. igi aRniS-

navs, rom fSav-xevsureTis, xevsureTis mosazRvre gu-

damayris, aragvisa da ivris fSavis garkveul terito-

riaze mosaxle dev-kerpebis ganadgurebasTan dakavSi-

1 rogorc cnobilia, vera bardaveliZem aRmosavleT saqar-Tvelos mTianeTSi gamoavlina RvTaebaTa triada: morige RmerTi, mze qali/dRe dResindeli da kviria. Вера Барда-велидзе, Древнейшие религиозные верования и обрядовое графическое искусство грузинских племен (Тбилиси: Caucasian House, 2007), 26.

2 vera bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi, t. II1, xev-sureTi (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1982), 43.

3 Ibid, RambaSiZe, gudamayris eTnografiuli eqspediciis sa-vele dRiuri.

4 Ibid, TofCiSvili, istoriul-eTnogrfiuli sakiTxi, 102.

41

rebuli miTologiuri gadmocemebi erT-erTi yvelaze

gavrcelebuli motivi iyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTaSi. igi mokled ase aRwers xsenebuli Tqmulebis

Sinaarss: didi fizikuri Zalis mqone devebi mesaqon-

leebi, miwaTmoqmedebi da mWedlebi yofilan. isini sa-

Sinel dReSi agdebdnen mosaxleobas, Seuracxyofas

ayenebdnen salocavebs. Sewuxebulma xalxma daxmare-

bisTvis TavianT salocavebs mimarTa. maTac Seismines

xalxis vedreba da saTaTbirod morige RmerTis kar-

ze Seikribnen. morige RmerTma gadawyvita xalxs dax-

mareboda. saamisod man jer RvTisSvilebi, salocave-

bi, gamocada ZalaSi. SejibrSi kopalam da iaxsarma

gaimarjves. RvTisSvilebi maTi TaosnobiT SeebrZol-

nen dev-kerpebs da gaanadgures kidec. xiluli devebi

uxilav arsebebad gadaiqcnen da samudamod miatoves

is teritoria, romelzedac odesRac saxlobdnen. gu-

damayreli devebis sofel sakerpodan gandevnaSi pi-

rimze fuZis angelozs kopala da iaxsari daexmarnen.

gadmocemis mixedviT, devebisagan Seviwrovebuli xal-

xis dasaxsnelad pirimzes kopala miuwvevia, aseve

iaxsari. Seyrilan fxiturze.1 pirimzes uTqvams, axla

me Caval devebTan sabrZolvelad da Tu damWirda

Tqveni daxmareba, momeSveleTo. fuZis angelozs deve-

bi laxtiT dauxocavs, magram Segvianebia. maSin, kopa-

la da iaxsari misken wasulan da fuZis angelozi

gzaSi SexvedriaT. maTi Sexvedris adgils xalxi sa-

sadilos eZaxis. aq, am adgilas, xationi isvenebda, qa-

debs seravda, xats adidebda.2 xalxis TqmiT, pirimze,

1 uReltexili gudamayris qedze. 2 savaraudod, es swored is erT-erTi adgili iyo, sadac axoobisken mimavali mlocveli da xationi Cerdeboda.

42

iq dabinavda, sadac devebis nasaxlaria. dasaxldi,

rom kidev ar gamravldneno _ uTqvams iaxsars.1

1989 wlis savele masalis mixedviT, sakerposa da

xevsurebis sofel gorulSi devebi iyvnen dasaxlebu-

lebi. devebi sakerposa da am devebis gzaze mloc-

vels ar uSvebdnen. mlocveli sxva gziT dadioda. im

gzaze iyo tba. mTxrobeli yveba: `Rame dainaxes, rom

cxeniani kacebi iZirebodnen da erTi TeTr cxeniani

kaci daiZira da gaCerdnen. `devebis SvilTa~ gaakeTes

fxiturze yriloba. `ra vqnaT exla? vin CaxvalT sa-

omrad kerpebTan? veravin eweva laxts (devebs lax-

tiT unda SebrZolebodnen – n. R.). fuZis angelozma

aswia. mere kidev aswia iaxsarma, mere kopalem~. Seeba

fuZis angelozi kerpebs da 8 iqve mokla. erTi gaiqca.

gaqceuls iaxsari daedevna. kerpi abudelauris tbaSi

CaZvra da iaxsari iq daedevna. Turme, sxva kerpebic

cxovrobdnen im tbaSi da iaxsari daatyveves. mTxrob-

lis (ilo wiklauri, sof. kitoxi) TqmiT, xucesma

sizmarSi naxa kopala, romelmac uTxra, oTxyura da

oTxrqa batkani damikaliT, rom amovideo.

mTxrobelTa TqmiT, fuZis angelozi SeiZleba

didi xaris saxiTac Sexvdes adamians.2

gudamayarSi dRemde erTi sintereso istoriaa

SemorCenili. sofel Coxis mkvidris, 80 wlis nino

qumsas asul wiklaur-afciauris TqmiT urwmunoebs

qarTveli kaci auyvaniaT mTaze da rom urjuloeba

ver miaRebines, mTaze atanil, almasebdamagrebul

uremze daakres da daagores. es kaci sul nawilebad

1 TinaTin oCiauri, miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1967), 20-21, 44-45.

2 eliso CubiniSvili, gudamayris eTnografiuli eqspedici-is savele dRiuri, 1989, xelnaweri.

43

daiWra. es kaci wm. giorgi iyo, romelic 363 nawilad

danawevrda. xalxma nawilebi ar dakarga da salocaveb-

Si Caayola. Coxis wm. giorgiSi enaa da pirimzeSi –

mklavi, maCaganSi Tavio. pirimzeSi xalxma Zalian icis

Cxubi, es ki xdeba swored imitom, rom aq mklavia Cata-

nebuli, Tqva mTxrobelma. Coxis wm. giorgi enis gamyo-

liao. wmindanis enis wveri, xalxis TqmiT, sam nawilad

gaiyo. erTi nawili CoxSia, meore wiforis wm. giorgi-

Si. mesamis Sesaxeb mTxrobels aRar axsovda. Tu Coxe-

lis qali daqvrivdeboda, ar gaTxovdeboda, kaci cols

ar iTxovda, Coxis wm. giorgi daswyevlis, enaa Cayoli-

lio. Coxelis qvrivs sxva aRaravin iTxovda.1

xalxSi pirimze fuZis angelozis mier moxdeni-

li saswaulebis xsovnacaa SemorCenili. xatis moe-

danze 1989 wlisTvis jer kidev iyo nayazarmali. aq

rusi samxedroebi idgnen. erTxelac maT xatis tyeSi

SeSa moWres. rodesac moWrili xe CamoqondaT, jaris-

kacebs moeCvenaT, rom mteri daesxaT Tavs da erTmane-

Ti daxoces. xalxma am ambavze aseTi leqsi gamoTqva:

`didia Cveni pirimze

xmals irtyams lerwam tanzeda.

ar moixdina moZale,

misuli Tavis karzeda.~

mTxroblis TqmiT, es xSirad imRereba Congur-

zeo.2

sergi makalaTias aRwerilobiT, gudamayarSi, fu-

Zis angelozobaze mravali mlocveli midioda. guda-

mayrelebisa da xevsurebis garda, aq midiodnen: fSav-

lebi, moxeveebi, DduSeTis sxvadasxva kuTxis macxov-

1 Ibid RambaSiZe; Ibid, CubiniSvili. 2 Ibid RambaSiZe, gudamayari.

44

reblebi. xatoba RamisTeviT da sami dRis ganmavloba-

Si scodniaT. makalaTias aRwerilobis mixedviT, ro-

melic XX s. I naxevarSi Tavad daeswro xsenebul

dResaswauls, rodesac dekanozi pirimzis xats pirve-

lad gamoabrZanebda eklesiidan, mis karTan myofi

avadmyofebi pirqve wvebodnen. uxucesi dekanozi avad-

myofebs xatis droSiT jvars samjer gadasaxavda,

droSis tars Tavze, welze, orive mxarze (anu jvris

formiT) daaWerda da samjer iqiT-aqeT gdaaxteboda.

amas xatiT galaxva ewodeboda. amis Semdeg, dekanozi xats (rogorc Cans xsenebul vercxliT SeWedil

jvars) ludSi amoavlebda da `mis nabans~ avadmyofs

daalevinebda,1 nakurTxi wylis msgavsad. makalaTias-

ve TqmiT, misi xatobaSi yofnis dros mravali kurati

da cxvari daikla da Seewira salocavs. samsxverplo

saqonels dekanozi xanjliT klavda. mas Tavze TeT-

ri xilabandi (droSa) hqonda wakruli da gulze mra-

vali jvari ekida. mis gverdiT iyvnen dasturebi, rom-

lebic wesrigs icavdnen. xalxi idga da damwyalobne-

bis rigs eloda. damwyalobnebisas mlocveli deka-

nozTan xelada aryiT, saklaviT, nazuqiT da kelap-

triT midioda. dekanozi mlocvels kelaptars gamo-

arTmevda da dalocavda.2 ori axalgazrda dekanozi

pirimze fuZis angelozis eklesiis galavanSi mloc-

velebisgan sawirs iRebda. es imas niSnavda, rom visac

surda raime Seewira pirimzesaTvis, mividoda am or

dekanozTan, Tan Sesawirs miayolebda, qadas, romel-

Sidac vercxlis abaziani iqneboda CarWobili, erT

xelada arays da kelaptars. dekanozi iRebda sawirs,

anTebda kelaptars da dailoceboda. dalocvas rom

morCeboda, qadidan abazians amoiRebda da inaxavda,

1 Ibid, makalaTia, 11. 2 Ibid, 161-162.

45

qadebs galavanSi awyobda. Sarnas, anu jvars an gax-

vretil abazians, romelic Sexvewils mxarze eqnebo-

da mikerebuli, moaWrida da niSSi debda. Sexvewils

SesaZloa yelze xatis uReli hqonoda. dekanozi

uRelsac Sexsnida da masac xatis niSSi debda. Tavis

mxriv mlocveli dekanozs yanwiT arays miawodebda.

dekanozi dailoceboda da dalevda. sergi makalaTi-

as TqmiT, xatobisas pirimzis eklesiac Ria iyo da

xucesi asrulebda mRvdelmsaxurebas: `bavSvebs naT-

lavs, mlocavebis SekveTiT parakliss ixdis da

sxva.~1 savaraudod sergi makalaTia xucesSi saekle-

sio msaxurs gulisxmobs,2 rac imas niSnavs, rom pi-

rimze fuZis angelozobas xatis msaxur dekanozs da

eklesiis msaxur mRvdels TavTavianTi msaxurebis-

Tvis gankuTvnili teritoria hqondaT. pirimze fuZis

angelozis dResaswaulze, romelsac s. makalaTia

araugvianes 1930 wlisa daswrebia, xalxuri da ofici-

aluri qristianoba gverdigverd Tanaarsebobda. ro-

gorc Cans, am or mxares Soris Seqmnili uTanxmoeba

1888 wlis dapirispirebisas mogvarebula, rasac odnav

qvemoT SevexebiT.

sergi makalaTias TqmiT, pirimzis mindori savse

iyo mlocvelebis Cardaxiani urmebiT da karvebiT,

aseve, xurjiniani urmebiT, eklesiis galavani ki Sewi-

ruli qadebiT, saklavebis tyavebiT da beWebiT. xal-

xis mier Sewiruli fuli, pirimzis salocavis saWi-

roebisTvis, dekanozebs mihqondaT.3

1 Ibid, 164. 2 adgilobrivi salocavebis RvTismsaxurs dekanozi hqvia, xolo xucess eklesiis msaxursac uwodebdnen. es gvafi-rebinebs, rom xucesSi makalaTia saeklesio msaxurs unda gulisxmobdes _ n. R.

3 Ibid.

46

1989 wlis monacemebiTac, pirimze fuZis angelo-

zi gudamayrelebis mTavari salocavi iyo, Tumca wik-

laurebi da beqaurebi aRniSnavdnen, rom xsenebuli

salocavi maTi salocavia. pirimze fuZis angelozoba

mariamobis TveSi, mariamobas, 28 agvistos modis. mis

sworze dReoba grZeldeba xevsureTSi, sof. ukanaxo-

Si, iq, sadac pirimze angelozis fuZe iyo da hqvia

axooba. xsenebul wels gudamayrelebi pirimze fuZis

angelozis saberes aSenebas apirebdnen. mTxrobelma

aseve dasZina, rom gudamayrelebs saxato dResaswau-

lebis aRniSvnas ukrZalavdnen, magram maT isini ar

dauTmiaT. xatis `bavrays~, anu droSas, baRdadebis

garda, Tavze brtyeli jvari hqonia damagrebuli da

zarebic ekida. mTxroblis TqmiT, `partiulma aramza-

da xalxma~ zegardobis dResaswaulze (romelic, ser-

gi makalaTias TqmiT 5-10 agvistos imarTeboda),1 moi-

pares borayis jvari. mTxrobels mamamTilis naTqvami

axsovda, romlis mixedviT im jvarSi `kacis nawili~

anu, savaraudod, wmindanis wminda nawili iyo Catane-

buli. rogorc Cans, Semdeg orjonikiZeSi kvlav gaake-

Tebines jvari da mTxroblis mamamTili Turme jav-

robda, mag jvarSi `kacis xorci unda iyos Catanebu-

lio~. gudamayarSi daculi gadmocemis mixedviT, ur-

juloebma qarTvels Tavisi sarwmunoeba rom ver mia-

Rebines, mTaze aiyvanes da awames. es wm. giorgi iyo.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, misi almasebian uremze

dakruli da nawamebi sxeuli nawilebad rom daWri-

la, es nawilebi xalxs ar daukargavs da isini saqar-

Tvelos sxvadasxva salocavSia moTavsebulio. Coxis

wm. giorgiSi, xalxis TqmiT, wmindanis ena yofila,

xolo pirimze fuZis angelozSi, mklavi. amitomaa,

rom pirimzeSi, dReobisas xalxma Zalian icoda Cxu-

1 Ibid, 158.

47

bio, amboben adgilobrivebi.1 pirimze fuZis angelozs

ara marto sabWoTa periodSi ebrZodnen. 1888 wlis

iveria iuwyeba, rom mTavrobis gankargulebis mixed-

viT mlocveli axoobaze, igive pirimze fuZis angelo-

zobaze, tradiciul adgilas ar unda mieSvaT da Ta-

vad dResaswauli aekrZalaT. mTavrobis moxeleebi

xalxs ar uSvebdnen da imuqrebodnen. xalxi gabraze-

bula, Cven Cvens trdicias ar moviSliTo da gaweu-

lan mTavrobis wargzavnili xalxis winaaRmdeg. rom

ara adgilobrivi sasuliero piri, dapirispireba Se-

saZloa SetakebaSi gadazrdiliyo.2 momdevno statia

momxdars ufro azustebs. xalxis sarwmunoebasTan

dakavSirebiT mRvdel i. y-s (savaraudod ioba yruaS-

vilis _ n. R.) moxsenebis Sedegad, mTavrobam gasca

brZaneba, rom mlocvelebi `axoSi aRar unda gaeSvaT

da saCalis Walis moedanzed unda edResaswaulebi-

naT, sadac imave xatis niSia aSenebuli~. mTavrobas

fasanauris `uriadniki~ cidoevi gaugzavnia iq, sadac

xalxs ritualebi unda Seesrulebina. cidoevTan er-

Tad iyvnen policiis moxeleebi da oTxi sasuliero

piri, mRvdlebi: i. y-li (savaraudod ioba yruaSvili

_ n. R.), g. s-Ze, iakob kaiSaurovi da blaRoCini g-Ze.

sasuliero pirebma da moxeleebma xalxs miuTiTes sa-

Calis xevis niSTan SeesrulebinaT axoobis sadResas-

waulo ritualebi. kaiSaurovs xalxisTvis miumar-

Tavs, usaubria xatobis mniSvnelobaze da misi gauqme-

ba urCevia. pasuxad xalxs uTqvams, Cven Cvens tradi-

cias ver gadavalTo da ZaliT moundomebiaT axosken

wasvla. xalxi aRelvebuli iyo. maSin mRvdelma kaiSa-

urovma aiRo maTi jvari/bovrayi mivida dekanoz Sio

1 mTxrobeli nino qumsas as. wiklauri-afciaurisa, 80 wlis, sof. Coxi. Ibid, RambaSiZe, gudamayari.

2 a. s-i, tfilisi, 24 seqtemberi, iveria, 201(1888), 1.

48

w-sTan (savaraudod wiklaurTan-n.R.) da mas gadasca,

Tan xalxs mimarTa: `mec mTis Svili var da gTxovT

wesi da rigi daicvaTo~. xalxi damSvidda. moxeleebma

da mRvdlebma iqauroba datoves, xalxi ki axoobis

aRsaniSnavad gaemarTa. rogorc publikaciidan irkve-

va, am saqmis zogierTi monawile sasamarTlosTvis ga-

dauciaT.1 1888 wlis iveriaSi aris mesame statia, ro-

melic imave sakiTxs exeba. statiidan vigebT, rom pi-

rimze fuZis angelozobaze eswrebodnen ananuris

blaRoCini m. g-Ze da mRvdeli m. k-Svili. isini ecad-

nen, rom xalxs tradiciuli wesi ar Seesrulebina.

blaRoCinma xalxs uTxra, rom dekanozebs uflebas

ar miscemda wesi SeesrulebinaT. xalxma upasuxa,

xelmwifec ki ver SeZlebs amaso. saqme iqamde mivida,

rom m. g-Ze iZulebuli iyo xalxisTvis neba daerTo

aReniSnaT dResaswauli. am ambavTan dakavSirebiT,

statiis avtori aRniSnavs: `zogi Zveli Cveuleba mav-

ne da mazaralebelia, magram amnairad brZola am Cve-

ulebasTan, rogorc CvenSi ician xolme, ufro mavnea,

vidre TviT dawunebuli Cveuleba.~2

vnaxoT, ra viTareba iyo gudamayarSi fuZis ange-

lozobaze 1989 wlisTvis, sergi makalaTias mier nana-

xi da aRwerilidan TiTqmis 40 wlis Semdeg.

rogorc aRvniSneT, pirimze fuZis angelozoba

bolo dromde agvistoSi, mariamobas aRiniSneba.

sworze, aucileblad SabaT dRes, xevsureTSi, sof.

ukanaxoSi imarTeba fuZis angelozoba. xationi da

mlocveli gudmayridan xevsureTSi gadadis saloca-

vad. gviSlidnen, magram, Cven xatebi ar dagviTmiao,

gviTxra 80 wlis mTxrobelma, nino qumsas as. wikla-

ur-afciaurma. rogorc cnobilia, dReobis mosamzade-

1 gudauri (duSeTis mazra), (uavtoro), iveria, 201(1888), 2. 2 gudamayari, (uavtoro), iveria, 195(1888), 2.

49

beli periodi Zalze mniSvnelovania da faqtobrivad,

dReoba/dResaswaulic samzadisiT iwyeba. SeuTqvam-

dnen kurats, sami wlis mozvers da pirvelSobil ma-

mal cxvars. xalxi mas ufalas eZaxda.1 eliso Cubi-

niSvilis masalebis mixedviT mamal batkans dolis

dros fuZis angelozis saxelze ayenebdnen. mas ver

gayididnen. xSirad saklavi usabelod win miuZRvoda

patrons xatSi. yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac saklavi

xatis karebze dawolili unaxavs patrons da garSemo

myofebs. saklavi rom salocavSi Tavisi fexiT midis,

gudmayarSi amaze erTi gadmocemacaa dadasturebuli.

gadmocemis mixedviT, erTma monadirem mokla iremi.

amasobaSi daRamda da monadires adgilze darCena mo-

uwia. `Camoatyava~ irmis erTi fexi da rodesac mwvadi

cecxlze Semodo, viRac Camoujda. am viRacam aiRo

xorci, SeWama da diZaxa: kinkinSiga kidec Semwvara,

kidec damwvarao. gaocda monadire, es ra meCvenebao.

mosulma uTxra, ras miyureb, me qali var, axla kaci

movao. gaisma fexis xma. monadirem daiZaxa: fuci, fu-

cio. fuZis angelozio unda eTqva, magram ver gaixse-

na. axlad mosulma gaiRima da gamoajavra: fuci, fu-

cio. ucbad raRac gaskda da mTxroblis TqmiT, am

kerpisgan navlis gora dadga. am ucnobs sanTlebi

daenTo xeze da monadires uTxra: nu geSinia, daweqio.

isic dawva da daiZina. am monadires bevri saqoneli

hyavda. monadirem gauCinarebul ucxo stumars mimar-

Ta: `oRondac gamagebine saqonelSi romeli mogewone-

ba da cxvarSi romelio~. `rqaze rame frinveli daas-

vio~ _ uTxra ucxo stumarma. xarsac da yoCsac daaj-

da mtredi. monadirem arc is icoda, rodis iyo fuZis

angelozoba da sad. rodesac xatobis dro movida,

xari adga da Tavad midis. xars moabruneben, magram

1 Ibid, RambaSiZe, gudamayari.

50

is isev midis. mixvda patroni, xari imitom midis, rom

fuZis angelozoba axlaao. aiRo monadirem sagzali,

Caiwyo gudaSi da Tavis xarsa da yoCs gahyva. iares

da rodesac kitoxSi mividnen, xalxi droSebiT Sex-

vda. maSin mixvda monadire, sad mivida. ikiTxa mainc

da uTxres, rom fuZis angelozobaao. maSin, monadi-

rem xaric da yoCic xats Seswira.1

pirimzeSi, dResaswaulze, RamisTeviT midiodnen.

dastur-dekanozebic xatSi aTenebdnen. mlocveli

mziT miiyvanda saklavs dasaklavad. dekanozebi sak-

lavis dakvlas sxvagvarad krZalavdnen. ambobdnen

saklavi mziT und moiyvanoTo. usaklavod xatSi ara-

vin mividoda.SeiZleboda sami wlis Wedilac. furneSi

cxveboda xaviwis, mxlis qadebi. zogierTi xaviwis qa-

debs erTi furnis odenobiT acxobda. erT samwyalob-

nos, anu qadas, 2 sanTels miayolebdnen. saklavTan

erTad maT dekanozebs miscemdnen. dekanozi klavda

saklavs, anTebda sanTels, Wrida samwyalobnos. deka-

nozi gamoabrZanebda baurays (borays) anu droSas. mas

Zvirfasi baRdadebi, droSebi hqonda gakeTebuli. bov-

rays Tavze brtyeli `joro~ (jvari) hqonda damagre-

buli da zarebi ekida. Zvelad bevri dekanozi yofi-

la. `axla aRar dgebian, balRobidan aiyvandnen wi-

naT. gagiJdeboda, mkiTxvis piriT gaigebdnen, rom da-

mizezebuliao. exlac ufro moxucebi dgebian~ _ Tqva

nino wiklaurma. saklavis dakvlisas waRma unda dam-

dgariyvnen. dekanozi saklavs sanTliT balans Seutu-

savda da dailoceboda, grZlad, rogorc mRvdlebio,

Tqva mTxrobelma. am dros, mTeli xalxi fexze idga.

saklavs marcxena xeliT iWerdnen, saklavis Tavs ki

marjvenaTi. dasturi fexebs dauWerda. dekanozs xan-

jali hqonda, romliTac saklavs yels gamoWrida. de-

1 Ibid, CubiniSvili.

51

kanozi daiyvirebda, gaumarjoso da sxvebic ahyvebod-

nen. ramdenjerac saklavi daikvleboda, imdenjer re-

kavdnen zarebs. qada-sanTeli mTlianad eZleoda das-

tur-dekanozebs. aseve maT 1 abazsac (20 kapiks) aZlev-

dnen. qalebs iq ar uSvebdnen. mTxroblis TqmiT,

mrecxeli anu qalebi, visac dedaT wesi hqondaT, xa-

tidan daaxloebiT 100 metris daSorebiT idgnen. nino

wikluris TqmiT, mas ukve SeeZlo xatTan miaxloeba.

amis Semdeg xalxs, dastur-dekanozebs binaze patiJeb-

dnen. xalxi rom dajardeboda (mogrovdeboda) iwyebo-

da qeifi.

Tu SeZlebdnen, axal wels pirimzeSi midiodnen

da 3 adlian sanTels waiRebdnen. axal wels, Sobas da

sxva dResaswaulebSic midiodnen pirimzeSi. masalis Ca-

weris drosac sruldeboda zemoT aRwerili wesebi.

xats Tavisi miwebi hqonda. Zvelad iq verc qali

gaivlida da verc mxedari mamakaci.

rogorc iTqva, pirimze fuZis angelozis dResas-

wauli erTi kviris Tavze gudamayridan xevsureTSi,

sof. ukanaxoSi grZeldeboda. es dReobis meore mniS-

vnelovani nawili iyo. sergi makalaTias TqmiT, beqau-

rebi da wiklaurebi dekanozebis winamZRolobiT, pi-

rimzes xatiT da droSebiT gudamayridan xevsureTSi

gadadiodnen. iq pirimzes niSTan imarTeboda sadRe-

saswaulo ritualebi. sergi makalaTias TqmiT, ramde-

nime wlis win, savaraudod 1920-ian wlebSi, Turme, am

gzaze, ukanaxoSi mTiuleTis yvela Temi midioda. mag-

ram, mTiulebs xevsureTSi, CxubSi, xevsuri Semokvdo-

miaT da SurisZiebis SiSiT mas mere wasvlas veRar

bedaven. midian mxolod beqaurebi da wiklaurebi da

isinic uCxubrad ar brundebian ukano.1

1 Ibid, makalaTia, 160-161.

52

2016 wels, velze, 70 wlis maro beqaurisgan Cawe-

rili masalebis mixedviTac, gudamayris mTavari sa-

locavi Coxis pirimze Cans. igi Zlieri salocavi iyo

da xalxs swamda misi. es xatoba sami iyo da sam ad-

gilas imarTeboda: CoxSi, osavis xevSi da piriqiT

xevsureTSi. xats dekanozi CoxSi hyavda da salocavs

is patronobda. 28 agvistos mariamoba rom damTavrde-

boda, paraskevs axooba daiwyeboda. `pirimze rom wab-

rZandeboda xevsureTSi, xationi gahyveboda, saklave-

bi, kuratebi mihqondaT. iq xevsureTSi `boWkebi~ id-

gao. erTSi ludi iyo, meoreSi arayio. beqaurebi da

wiklaurebi ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs~. romel kasrsac

Tavisken gadmoswevdnen, is kasri maTi iyo. `xations

droSa mihqonda, sul wkrialiT midiodnen (droSebs

zarebi hqondaT Sebmuli _ n.R.), mlocavi mihyveboda~.

xevsureTidan ukan mobrunebul xations osavSi mloc-

velebi uerTdebodnen da yvelani erTad brundebod-

nen ukan.1

Cven xelT arsebuli masalebidan, axoobis anu

pirimze fuZis angelozobis meore nawilis, romelic

xevsureTSi, sof. ukanaxoSi sruldeba, yvelaze sru-

li aRweriloba vera bardaveliZem Semogvinaxa. piri-

qiT anu bude xevsureTSi, kerZod ukanaxoSi man 1962-

1963 wlebSi imuSava da qvemoT motanili masala, sva-

raudod, am wlebiT TariRdeba. igi dReobis uSualo

TviTmxilveli iyo.

mariamobis (28 agvisto) sworze, mTxrobelTa

TqmiT, yovelTvis SabaT dRes,2 sof. ukanaxoSi axooba

anu fuZis angelozobis meore nawili imarTeboda. es

cnoba gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolosTvisac

1 nino RambaSiZe, mTiuleTis eTnografiuli eqspediciis sa-vele dRiuri, 2016, xelnaweri.


53

dasturdeba. 1962-1963 wlebSic, rodesac mas Tavad ve-

ra bardaveliZe daeswro da aRwerilobac dagvitova,

mTavari mlocvelebi ukanaxoSi, tradiciisamebr, gu-

damayrelebi yofilan (pirimzis xationi da mlocve-

li). Tumca, dReobas sofel Cirdilisa da buCukur-

Tas mosaxleobac eswreboda. fuZis angelozi sofli-

dan moSorebiT, mTis ferdobze, ukanaxosa da sof.

ubans Soris mdebare tyeSia. mis kompleqsSi 1963

wlisTvis Sedioda: 1. darbazi sakodiT, darbazis ka-

riT, 2. saqvabe, saqvabis kariT, 3. sazare, 4. eklesia, 5.

sasaklao sipi, 6. sasanTle sipi, 7. sadroSe koSki, 8.

muxis tye.

vera bardaveliZis aRwerilobis mixedviT, axoo-

bamde erTi kviriT adre gudamayrelebma ukanaxos pi-

rimze fuZis angelozis niSSi salude qeri da ludis

gamosaxdelad saWiro yvela masala miitanes, gamoxa-

des ludi da sadReobod iqve Seinaxes. dReobaze, di-

liT, gaixsna kodi. wesis mixedviT kodi xevsurma xu-

cesma gaxsna.1 mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleboda ludis

daleva. kodis gaxsnis Semdeg daireka zari da daiw-

yo saklavebis dakvla. saklavebs erTad klavdnen

gudmayreli dekanozi da xevsuri xucesi. isini fuZis

angelozis koSkis win, erTmaneTis gverdiT idgnen da

xucobdnen, saklavs Tavs Wridnen. gudamayrel deka-

nozs sxva gudamayreli dekanozi enacvleboda xolme,

xevsurs ki ara.2 jer ikvleboda gudamayrelebis sak-

1 TinaTin oCiauris masalebis mixedviT, gudamayrelebs luds xatobisTvis xevsurebi axvedrebdnen. ix. misi miT-logiuri gadmocemebi, gv. 14.

2 SesaZloa, es saklavTa raodenobis gamo iyo. anda, im grZeli savali gzis gamoc, romelic gudmayridan mosu-lebma gamoiares da kvlav gasavleli hqondaT ukana gza-ze. gudamayreli xationi am grZel gzazec, garkveul pun-qtebSi, asrulebda msaxurebas.

54

lavebi, Semdeg kvlav irekeboda zari da ikvleboda

xevsurebis saklavebi.

im dRes, rodesac vera bardaveliZe daswrebia

dReobas, ukanaxoSi mravali saklavi daklula. Ziri-

Tadad, rogorc pirimzisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli,

kuratebi (daukodavi xarebi) da welgamovlili

cxvrebi, Wedilebi. mlocvels aseve mihqonda: didi

zomis qadebi, qadiskverebi, toSolebi (patara kveri),

arayi, ludi, sanTeli, vercxlis wvrili fuli. xati-

oni maT akurTxebda, TiTo qadas daitovebda, arays

dalevda da danarCens patrons ubrunebda. xevsurebi-

dan mezRvneebi mxolod ukanaxoelebi iyvnen.1 vera

bardaveliZis TqmiT, mis Tvalwin rva kurati da or-

mocze meti cxvari duklavT, romelTagan erT-erTs

(kurats) wiTeli lenti hqonda yelze moxveuli. xa-

ris dakvlis Semdeg es lenti xucess welze Semoux-

vevia da mTeli dReoba keTebia.

rodesac mezRvne xucesTan da dekanozTan Sesa-

wir saklavs miiyvanda, maT boTliT arays (zedaSes)

da yanws miawodebda. xucesi arays yanwSi Caasxamda,

dailoceboda, mosvamda, anTebuli sanTliT saklavs

marjvena beWze da Sublze balans Seutrusavda, anTe-

bul sanTels an sxva jvarions gadascemda, an sazare

koSkis win daakravda da xanjliT sklavs yels ga-

moWrida. dasturebs mis win saklavi fexebgakruli,

gverdze hyavdaT gadaqceuli. saklavis dakvlis dros

patroni iqve cal muxlze idga, `...fuZis angelozs

1 rogorc TinaTin oCiuri aRniSnavs, gudamayrel wiklau-rebs da beqaurebs ukanaxoel xevsurebTan naTesauri kav-Siri aRar hqondaT, vinaidan maT adgilas WinWaraulebi iyvnen dasaxlebulebi. igi iqve dasZens, rom rodesac gu-damayrelebi ukanaxoSi TavianT salocavTan msaxurebas atarebdnen, iq, im dros, xevsurebis misvla ar SeiZlebo-da. ix. misi miTologiuri gadmocemebi, gv. 13.

55

Tavis gasaWirSi daxmarebas SesTxovda da gulmxur-

valed pirjvars iwerda.~1 xevisberi saklavs rom dak-

lavda, mis sisxls patrons jvris formiT Sublze

wausvamda, saklavis Tavs koSkisken gadaisroda, tans

win daagorebda an gadaisroda. xations saklavis Ta-

vi da Sewiruli qada-sanTeli rCeboda. zogierTi xa-

tis msaxurs saklavis beWsa da barkalsac utovebda

xolme. rogorc vera bardaveliZe aRniSnavs, dReoba-

ze igi amgvar SemTxvevebsac Seeswro: `1) saklavis

dakvlis Semdeg dekanozma ludian yanwSi saklavis

sisxli CaawveTa, ludi da sisxli erTmaneTSi Seuria

da Semdgom am nareviT moasxura, rogorc TviT Sem-

wirveli, ise fuZis angelozis koSki da misi aremare,

e.i. yvela isini `ganaTla~; 2) rodesac kodis gaxsnis

Semdeg gudamayrelis ojaxma saqvabidan ludi Tavis-

Tan miitana, ludis patronis mandilosanma ludi yan-

wSi gadmoasxa, Semdeg mas Tavisi saklavis sisxli Se-

uria da es narevi fuZis angelozis midamos da Tavis

ojaxis sadgom adgils moapkura, e. i. am mandilosan-

ma isini `ganaTla~; 3) fuZis angelozis niSTan (koS-

kTan) axalgazrda gudamayrelma saklavi daakvlevina

da amis Semdgom man koSkis win daiCoqa, dekanozma

koSkze miyudebuli droSa `wamoabrZana~ da gudamay-

relis TavTan ramdenjerme Searxia da Tan es ymawvi-

li daamwyalobna. es e.w. `dakoWvis~ wesi Catarda imis

gamo, rom gudamayreli daavadebulia, mas cali xeli

da muxli uxmeba~.

vera bardaveliZis TqmiT, axoobis erT-erT ni-

Sandobliv Semadgenel nawils wiklaurebis `kodis

daTreva~ warmoadgens. rodesac saklavi daikvleboda,

1 dekanozis sadidebeli ukanaxos fuZis angelozSi ix. zu-rab kiknaZe, RvTiso mamisimediSvili da tristan maxauri, 149-152.

56

wiklaurebis gvaris erT-erTi ojaxis warmomadgeneli

saludedan qvabiT, anu kodiT, luds gamoitanda da

fuZis angelozisTvis gankuTvnili nagebobis win mde-

bare beberi xis ZirSi dadgamda. am kods oTxi kaci

Semousxdeboda, romlebsac iaraRs CamoarTmevdnen.

isini xelebs da fexebs Semoaxvevdnen kods da amgva-

rad amagrebdnen qvabs. Zvelad oTxive wiklauri unda

yofiliyo, mogvianebiT adgilobriv xevsursac irCev-

dnen. Tavdapirvelad kasrTan, vera bardaveliZis

TqmiT, `keTilganwyobili~ mamakacebi mividnen, Semdeg

kacebi qvabis garSemo dajardnen, Seiqna CoCqoli, yve-

las undoda ludi. amasobaSi maT Soris zogierTs ko-

dis gataceba undoda, kodis damcvelebi ki xelebiT da

wixlebiT igeriebdnen. iqmneboda ori jgufi: kodis dam-

cvelebi da kodis gamtaceblebi. amgvar WidilSi erT-

erTi jgufi imarjvebda, mihqonda kodi iqiT, sadac iyo

dabanakebuli da imarTeboda ludis sma, kafiaoba.

vera bardaveliZis TqmiT, xevsurebi, gansakuTre-

biT qalebi, ganze, xatis saqvabis mxares idgnen da

mosul gudamayrelebSi ar ereodnen. maT cal xelSi

qadiskverebi da toSolebi eWiraT, meoreSi aryiani

tikWora _ `qinTi~, win saklavi `egdoT~ da gamvlels

arays sTavazobdnen. rodesac mze dasavleTiT gadaiw-

vereboda, irekeboda zari da yvela ukanaxos maxlob-

lad mdebare mindorze, romelsac `wincxviras~ eZax-

dnen, wavidoda. aq ixarSeboda saklavi, imarTeboda

lxini, aTevdnen Rames da meore dRes brundebodnen

TavTavianT saxlebSi.1

1980-iani wlebis bolos axoobasTan dakavSirebiT

amgvari masala iyo SemorCenili. gudamayrelebi

kvlav dadiodnen axoobaze. vinaidan, ukanaxoSi auci-

leblad mariamobis sworze, oRond SabaT dRes unda

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, Zeglebi, t. II1, xevsureTi, 42-45.

57

daiklas saklavi, gudamayrelebi paraskevs gadadiod-

nen xevsureTSi. mTas rom gadaivlidnen, xevsureTSi

salocavs karis angelozi hqvia, da iq daisvenebda

droSa da xalxic iq Cerdeboda. gzaze kidev isveneb-

dnen niSebTan. mTxroblis TqmiT, qvis jvaria im ni-

Sebze gamosaxuli. miqondaT TiTo sanTeli da TiTo

kveri da dekanozi gaseravda am kverebs. magram, pirim-

zidan wamosuli xatis droSa da masTan erTad xati-

oni da mlocveli, jer kitoxze, wyarosTan Seisveneb-

da, Semdeg osavis xevze da bakurxevze gadavidoda.

Semdeg, erTi qedia, romelsac sasadilos eZaxian, sa-

dac dastur-dekanozebi saWmels Wamdnen, marxvas,1

Tevzs sWamdneno, Tqva mTxrobelma. sasadilodan fxi-

turze gadavidodnen, fxituridan ki karis angelozSi

da bolos fuZis angelozSi. imave mTxrobelma aRniS-

na, rom aqedan rodesac mivdivarT, sanTlebs vanTebT

xolmeo, iqidan ki qadasac vWriTo.2

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom TinaTin oCiauris masa-

lebis mixedviT gudamayridan ukanaxoSi misuli jva-

rioni da mlocveli soflis axlos gaaTenebda. adgi-

lobrivebi valdebulni iyvnen maTTvis mietanaT 4-5

saklavi, puri, Tafli, sageb-saxuri da yovelive, rac

saWiro iyo, diliT ki xatSi luds daaxvedrebdnen. es

yofila erTgvari begara, romlebsac adgilobrivi

1 Cveni azriT, vinaidan axooba aucileblad SabaT dRes unda gamarTuliyo, gudamayrelebi gudamayridan xevsu-reTSi paraskevs gadadiodnen. amas mTxroblebic aRniSna-ven. amdenad, dastur-dekanozebi paraskevs marxvas inaxav-dnen da marxulobdnen. xsenebuli adgili aRsaniSnavi imi-Taa, rom igi is adgilia, sadac miTologiuri gadmocemis mixedviT pirimze fuZis angelozi mis dasaxmareblad moma-val iaxsarsa da kopalas Sexvda.


58

xevsurebi gadasaxlebulebs anu yofil mesakuTreebs

uxdidnen.1

sandro ivanes Ze beqauris TqmiT, pirimze fuZis

angelozSi ori droSa iyo, erTi pirimzis da meore

fuZis angelozis. dReoba rom mTavrdeboda, erTs,

romelsac adgilze namyof droSas eZaxdnen, dakecav-

dnen, SefuTavdnen da inaxavdnen. xalxi sakadrisebs

rom swiravda am droSebs, dastur-deknozebi etyod-

nen, visTvis ginda, moarulisTvis Tu adgilze namyo-

fisTviso. moaruli droSa xevsureTSi gadadioda.

iyo xeliT satarebeli jvaric, romelic win miuZRo-

da droSas. droSa ufros xatis msaxurs ekava, erT-erT

dekanozs ki xelis jvari da mesame, visac saklavi unda

daekla, maT mihyveboda. saklavis dakvla ukanaxoSi

dRis 12 saaTze unda daiwyos, vinaidan iq mlocvels

darCena ar SeuZliao, daamata mTxrobelma.2

da bolos, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvs, rom

am TavSi SevecadeT Tavi mogveyara Cven da sxvaTaAmi-

er Segrovili masalisaTvis aRmosavleT saqarTve-

los mTianeTis erT-erTi kuTxis, gudamayris Sesaxeb,

romelic sxva regionebTan SedarebiT yvelaze nakle-

badaa Seswavlili. amave dros, eliso CubiniSvilisa

da Cem mier 1989 wels gudamayris eqspediciaSi mopo-

vebuli masalebi pirvelad qveyndeba, ramac SesaZloa

xeli Seuwyos regionis ukeT Seswavlas.

rac Seexeba Cemi kvlevis uSualo obieqts, pirimze

fuZis angelozs, romelic gudamayris saerTo saloca-

via, mariamobas, 28 agvistos idResaswauleba, rac Cveni

1989 wlis eTnografiuli masalebiTac dasturdeba.

Tumca, s. makalaTia, romelic araugvianes 1930 wlisa

1 Ibid, oCiauri, 13-14. 2 Ibid, RambaSiZe, gudamayari.

59

daeswro am dResaswauls gudamyarSi, aRniSnavs, rom

xsenebuli dReoba 30-31 agvistos gaimarTa.

aRsaniSnavia, rom xsenebuli dResaswaulis sru-

li dasaxeleba amgvaria: pirimze fuZis angelozoba-

axooba. saTauridan, dResaswaulis ciklidan da am

ciklTan dakavSirebuli ritualidan gamomdinare,

naTlad Cans im xalxis migraciis istoria, romelic

xsenebul salocavs loculobs. rogorc iTqva, xevsu-

reTis soflis, ukanaxos fuZis angelozis niSi am

soflis mcxovrebma wiklaurebma da beqaurebma guda-

mayarSi gadmosvlisas Tan wamoiRes da sof. CoxSi

daaarses. droTa ganmavlobaSi xsenebul or gvars

adgilobrivi gvarebis nawili SeuerTda, nawilma da-

tova gudamayari da ZiriTadad barSi gadasaxlda, ra-

mac, Cveni azriT, adgilobrivi xevsuruli salocavi

saerTo gudamayrul salocavad aqcia. dResaswaulma

Tavisi warmomavlobis da saymos migraciis istoria

SeinarCuna, rac yovel wels, erTi da igive dros, ri-

tualis gziT xorcieldeba. STamomavlebi winaparTa

gzas realurad gadian, magram mas aseve, mkveTrad ri-

tualuri xasiaTi aqvs. xsenebul dResaswaulSi, ro-

gorc miTSi, ritualSia Semonaxuli sociumis isto-

ria, misi daarsebis istoria. am gzaze, realuri, ge-

ografiuli punqtiTaa gacxadebuli miTologiuri,

sakraluri geografia, romelsac sazogadoebis arse-

bobis miTosur istoriaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

adgili ekava da romelsac mniSvnelovan miTiur mov-

lenasTn hqonda uSualo kavSiri. saubaria sasadilod

wodebul adgilze, romelic pirimzes mier devebis

damarcxebis Semdgom, misi, kopalasa da iaxsris Sex-

vedris adgili iyo, sadac gaJRerda gudamayris deve-

bisagan ganTavisuflebis ambavi; sadac yovel wels,

60

xationis winamZRolobiT, gudamayrel mlocvelTa

jgufi Cerdeboda.

xalxis warmodgenebSi pirimze qaluri bunebis

RvTaebaa, fuZis angelozi mamakacuris. TiTqos, am sa-

locavis mamakacuri buneba soflis fuZes icavda xev-

sureTSi, xolo mTiuleTSi qaluri buneba gamoavli-

na. TariRiTac dReoba RvTismSobels ukavSirdeba. pi-

rimze fuZis angelozi xalxs xaris saxiTac hyavs

warmodgenili.

mocemuli masalidan gamomdinare am salocavis

SesawiravebisTvis Zalze niSandoblivia, rom isini

Tavad, sakuTari nebiT midian samsxverploze, sakuTa-

ri nebiT ewirebian RvTaebas. Cems xelT arsebul ma-

salaze dayrdnobiT, pirimzes, wesisamebr, kurati da

cxvari erTad unda Seswirvoda. marTalia, aseTi ram

sxva regionebSic gvxdeba, magram, aq es wesi TvalSi-

sacemi Cans.

pirimze aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi daculi Zal-

ze cnobili miTologiuri gadmocemis erT-erTi aqti-

uri personaJia. kerZod, RvTisSvilebis dev-kerpebTan

brZolis. am konteqstSi pirimze fuZis angelozi Zli-

eri, mebrZoli, mamrobiTi figuraa. gadmocema garkveu-

li saxiT 1989 welsac iyo xalxSi SemorCenili, mag-

ram igi aSkaradaa Serwymuli iaxsrisa da abudelau-

ris tbasTan dakavSirebul istoriasTan.

dRes, Cems xelT arsebuli masalidan gamomdina-

re, pirimze fuZis angelozi gamorCeulad sinkretu-

li xasiaTis salocavi Cans. aq Zalian bevri fena er-

TmaneTTan isea Serwymuli, rom sakmaod Wirs maTi ga-

mijvna. erTi mxriv, rogorc vera bardaveliZe aRniS-

navda, pirimze qaluri bunebis RvTaebaa da qrTul

panTeonSi cnobili triadis mesame piria. gudmayarSi

misi dResaswauli RvTismSoblobas emTxveva. mas qa-

61

ladac aRiqvamdnen, Tumca zogjer fuZis angelozs

misgan gamoyofdnen, romelic karg ymad, mamrobiT,

mebrZol, kopalasa da iaxsris Zmobil RvTaebad war-

moedginaT. arada, salocavis sruli saxelwodeba pi-

rimze fuZis angelozia. vfiqrobT, pirimze fuZis an-

gelozis raobis sakiTxi momavali kvlevis saqmea.

ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom pirimze fuZis an-

gelozis dResaswauli, rogorc mefis ruseTis dros,

aseve sabWoTa periodSi, eklesiasa da mTavrobasTan

serozuli dapirispirebis sagans warmoadgenda. XIX

saukunis bolos xalxma SeZlo daecva igi (adgilob-

rivi sasuliero pirebis garkveuli xelSewyobiTac)

da jer kidev XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebisTvis qris-

tianobis wiaRSi arsebul or sivrceSi _ oficialu-

ri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis da xalxuri sarwmuno-

ebis – erTdroulad, gverdigverd, mSvidobianad Tana-

arsebobda. sabWoTa periodSi, aTeisturi politikis

Sedegad, mTavrobis mxridan oficialurad dazianda

misi siwminde, jvari, Tumca, xalxma SeZlo saloca-

vis da dResaswaulis SenarCuneba.

62

xevi

sofel gergetis sami salocavi iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-


saa oTxi anazomi, romelzec dafiqsirebulia sof.

gergetis (xevi) salocavebi: oxareSis wm. giorgis xa-

ti, ninowminda da yvelawminda, qalebis salocavi.1 vi-

naidan xsenebuli salocavebi sof. gergetTanaa dakav-

Sirebuli, saWirod miviCnieT, sakiTxze saubari ger-

getis samebiT da sof. gergetiT dagvewyo.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis erT-erTi

eTnografiuli kuTxe, xevi, odidgan dasaxlebuli

kuTxe iyo, razedac, Tundac arqeologiuri gaTxre-

bis Sedegad aRmoCenili, I aTaswleuliT daTariRebu-

li, sayovelTaod cnobili `yazbegis ganZi~ metyve-

lebs. igi ara marto odidgan dasaxlebuli kuTxe

iyo, aramed yovelTvis saqarTvelos `organul na-

wils warmoadgenda~.2 rogorc cnobilia, Tergis xeo-

ba erT-erTi qarTveluri tomebiT, wanarebiT, iyo da-

saxlebuli, romlebsac VIII-IX ss. didi wvlili miuZ-

RviT kaxeTis samTavros SeqmnaSi. imis gamo, rom isini

kaxeTSi gadasaxldnen, Tergis xeobis zemo weli mo-

saxleobisagan, wanarebisagan daicala. amdenad, fiq-

roben, rom xsenebul teritorias wanareTis xevis

nacvlad, xevi SemorCa saxelad. xevi XVII s. 20-iani

wlebidan saqarTvelos samefos gamgeblobaSi iyo3

1 anazomebi An. Xev. 15, An. Xev. 16, An. Xev. 7, An. Xev. 18 inaxeba iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instiutSi.

2 valerian iToniSvili, xevi, gzamkvlevi (Tbilisi, sabWo-Ta saqarTvelo, 1984), 3.

3 roland TofCiSvili, qarTvelTa eTnikuri istoria da saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebi (Tbili-

63

xolo aragvis saerisTaos gauqmebis gamo, sxva mimde-

bare teritoriebis msgavsad (Trusos xeoba, mTiuleT-

gudamayari), 1743 w. saufliswulo mamulebad gamoc-

xadda da mefe erekles Svilebs gadaecaT, maT gamgeb-

lobaSi gadavida. saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis-

Tanave xevi jer ananuris mazraSi, xolo mogviano

gardaqmnebis Sedegad, duSeTis mazraSi aRmoCnda.1

`aRmosavlidam aragus erTvis, arSas queiT, aCxo-

tis Ãevi. aq ars cixe RuduSaurisa mcire, aramed

friad magari. am Ãevidam gardavals gza gudamayars.

amis CrdiloT ars stefan-wmida, daba kargi. amis da-

savliT ars gergeTi, aragus iqiT kidesa. zeiT amissa

ars, myinvaris kalTasa zeda, monasteri samebisa, gum-

baTiani, mcxeTis samkaulis saxizrad, sadaca esuena

ninos juari, Suenier naSeni, Sueniers adgils~ –

wers, rogorc kargadaa cnobili, vaxuSti batoniSvi-

li.2 mogvianebiT, XIX saukuneSi batoniSvili Teimu-

razis iveriis istoriaSi vkiTxulobT, rom andria

mociquli arSesuli mcxeTas, avida mTaze, iq, sadac

dRevandeli jvris monasteria, aRmarTa jvari da qar-

Tlidan gadavida kaxeTSi, gremSi. iqac aRmarTa jva-

ri, gadavida didoeTSi, daRestanSi, mravali adgili

moiara, qisteTis gziT `movida Ãevsa mTiuleTisasa

lomekis mdinaresa zeda (romelsa aw saxelsdeben

Tergad) da aRvida Zirsa saSinelisa mis kavkasiurisa

mTisa, romelsa ewodebis myinvari (romelsaca zeda

hgian saukuniTganni myinvarni da Tovlni ganuzomel-

si: ena da kultura, 2002), 52-53; valerian iToniSvili, mo-xeveebis yofa-cxovreba (gamocemis adgili ar aris miTi-Tebuli, 2015), 130.

1 Ibid, iToniSvili, gzamkvlevi, 3. 2 batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1973), 357.

64

ni) maRalsa mTasa zeda, sada igi ars Camoswvriv Ziri

misi, aRmarTa mun jvari, ars adgilsa mas daba da ad-

gilsa mas, sada igi jvari aRmarTa wmidaman aman mo-

ciqulman aw ars maszeda eklesia didi monasteri

wmindisa mociqulisa pirvel-mowamisa stefanesi.~1

gergetis midamoebSi aris qviSaqviani udabno `nabe-

ralni~. es adgili saZovari yofila. gadmocemiT aq

yofila mcire eklesia, sacxovrebeli qoxebi da qvis

jvari. sainteresoa, rom sof. gergetSi daculi gad-

mocemis mixedviT, wm. andria mociquls jvari aq aRu-

marTavs.2 valerian iToniSvilic Tavis xevis toponi-

mikaSi aRniSnavs, rom es adgili saZovari iyo. igi iq-

ve dasZens, rom saxelwodebidan gamomdinare, es adgi-

li berebis samyofeli unda yofiliyo. aq, SemorCe-

nil patara eklesiasTan, sacxovrebeli qoxebis nan-

grevebTan erTad aris 1 m. sigrZis da siganis qvis

jvari, romelic xalxis gadmocemiT wm. andrias aR-

marTulia.3 vaxuSti batoniSvilis TqmiT, aCxotis xe-

vis CrdiloeTiT aris daba, kargi, stefan-wminda. ste-

fanwmindis dasavleTiT, aragvs gadaRma, meore kideze

aris gergeTi. anu, vaxuStis mixedviT, mdinaris erT

mxares aris daba stefan-wminda, meoreze ki gergeti,

romlis Tavze, myinvaris kalTaze, samebis gumbaTiani

monasteria, wm. ninos jvrisa da mcxeTis samkaulis

saxizari. Teimuraz batoniSvili Tavis istoriaSi ime-

1 Teimurazi, istoria dawyebiTgan iveriisa, ese igi giorgi-sa, romel ars sruliad saqarTveloisa (sanqt peterbur-gi: samecniero akademiis stamba, 1848), 143.

2 k. kaxaZe, T. CimakaZe, gergeti, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, 2 t. (Tbilisi, qarTuli enciklopediis irakli abaSiZis mT. samec. redaqcia, 2004), 444.

3 valerian iToniSvili, xevis toponimika (Tbilisi: mecnie-reba, 1971), 130.

65

orebs vaxuStis lokalizacias. misi TqmiT andria mo-

ciqulma myinvaris Camoswvriv, mis ZirSi, maRal mTa-

ze, sadac iqvea daba, aRmarTa jvari. am jvris adgil-

ze, Teimuraz batoniSvilis TqmiT, dRes (anu XIX sau-

kuneSi, rodesac daiwera misi istoria) didi eklesia

da wm. stefane pirvelmowamis monasteria. Tu gaviTva-

liswinebT mocemul lokalizacias da im faqts, rom

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi erTaderTi didi,

gumbaTiani eklesia wm. samebaa, maSin xsenebuli ekle-

sia gergetis sameba unda iyos. am eklesiis saxelwo-

deba sof. gergetTan siaxlovem, misdami kuTvnilebam1

da am soflis mosaxleobis saydriSvilobam ganapiro-

ba. miuxedavad sxvadasxva wyaroSi miTiTebuli cnobi-

sa, zogierTi mkvlevari, mag. Tamaz sanikiZe, gamoT-

qvams eWvs, rom gergetis samebasTan iyo monasteri.

igi aRniSnavs, rom gergetis sameba monasteri ar yo-

fila, magram iqve miuTiTebs, rom mas mudmivi mcveli,

`mekare~, hyolia. monastrebsac TavianTi karis mcve-

lebi hyavdaT. gergetis mekarec gansazRvravda vin un-

da SeeSva taZarSi. mekaris samyofeli samreklos pir-

veli iarusi unda yofiliyo, vinaidan samebis ansab-

lis teritoriaze misi sacxovrebelis adgili arsad

Cans. imave naSromSi Tamaz sanikiZe aRniSnavs, rom vi-

naidan, taZarSi mrevlis SeSveba ar SeSvebis sakiTxi

aralogikuria, SesaZloa samebas monastris raRac

elementebi hqonda.2

xalxuri gadmocemis mixedviT sameba sayarau-

lod oTxi gergeteli dekanozisTvis CaubarebiaT. sa-

mebas isini morigeobiT darajobdnen. gadmocemis mi-

xedviTac morige dekanozi samrekloSi iyo. igi dila-

saRamos samSvidobo tonSi, TiTojer rekavda zars.

1 Tamaz sankiZe, gergeti, (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1975), 5. 2 Ibid, 65, 69.

66

Tu mteri gamoCndeboda, zarebis rekviT gangaSs tex-

da.1 sergi makalaTias TqmiT, samebas gergeteli yara-

ulebi 1930-ian wlebSic hyavda. Zvelad moxeveebi ger-

getelebs am samsaxurisTvis gasamrjelod erT kom-

lze maTara (fuTnaxevar, 12 kilogram) qers aZlev-

dnen. Semodgomaze, gergetis dekanozebi mTel xevs

daivlidnen da gasamrjelos krefdnen. yvela sofels

Tavisi maspinZeli ojaxi hyavda. mag. xurTisSi tuCaS-

vilebi, yanobSi tatiSvilebi, fxelSeSi eloSvilebi,

goriscixeSi Cqareulebi da sxva. anu, sofelSi misul

dekanozebs am gvaris ojaxebi morigeobiT xvdebodnen

da sapatio stumrebs maspinZlobdnen. amis Semdeg, mas-

pinZlebi stumrebs gauZRvebodnen, daivlidnen so-

fels da qers agrovebdnen.2 valerian iToniSvili aR-

niSnavs, rom es mogviano periodis maspinZlebi gerge-

tis sulTa matianeSi (`matiane mosaÃsenebeli sulTa~)

moxseniebuli mZevlebi unda yofliyvnen.3 `ese mzev-

lebi amaT [gergetelebs] saydris SvilobisaTÂs mive-

ciT, rome mefesa Seewyalnes da ebrZana C~n Tana.~4 samebasTan monastris arsebobas, garda zemoT

motanili istoriuli wyaroebisa da mekarisa, rome-

lic bolo dromde ganagrZobda Tavisi movaleobis

Sesrulebas, Cven xelT arsebuli kidev erTi wyaro

amtkicebs. mcxeTis qarTl-kaxeT-mesxeTis sakaTaliko-

so mamulebis 1392 wlis siTarxnis gujarSi vkiTxu-

lobT: `aragvis Tavs Ãevs: sofeli gergeti, monasteri

1 Ibid, iToniSvili, moxeveebis yofa, 133. 2 sergi makalaTia, xevi (tfilisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemlo-ba, 1934), 229.

3 Ibid, iToniSvili, moxeveebis yofa, 149. 4 qristine SaraSiZe, gergetis samebis `matiane mosaxsenebe-li sulTa~, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istori-isTvis, nakv. 30(1954), 245-246.

67

wmidis samebisa da udabno misis eklesiebiTa, wmida

ninos mocemuliTa juariTa cxovel vaziTa da Tmani,

TvisiTa soflebiTa; araguze cixe gergetauli.~1 ro-

gorc vxedavT am dokumentis mixedviT wm. sameba mo-

nastrad iwodeba da rac agreTve sainteresoa, sofe-

li gergeti sxva soflebisgan gansxvavebiT, saxelde-

biT da gamoyofilad moixsenieba. vfiqrobT, ufro sa-

varaudoa, rom samebasTan monasteri unda arsebuli-

yo.

wm. ninosTan da wm. andriasTan dakavSirebuli

saistorio wyaroebis Tu legenda-gadmocemebis Seje-

rebis Sedegad SesaZloa amgvari suraTi davinaxoT. I

saukuneSi wm. andria ar Sedis ra mcxeTaSi, mis pir-

dapir, mdinare mtkvris gadaRma mdebare borcvze aR-

marTavs jvars da rgavs xes,2 romlidanac IV saukune-

Si iTleba jvrebi. am xeTagan erT-erTi, mogvianebiT

sxvaTagan metad ganTqmuli da saswaulmoqmedi, wm. ni-

nos, mefis da episkoposis mier imave mTaze aRimarTe-

ba. xsenebulis Semdgom, wm. andria gadadis kaxeTSi

da gremis teritoriaze aRmarTavs jvars, moivlis

Crdilo kavkasiis garkveul nawils da kvlav brunde-

ba saqarTveloSi, imdroindeli qarTlis samefos saz-

RvrebSi. faqtobrivad, mis CrdiloeT sazRvarTan.

aqac dasaxlebuli punqtis, dRevandeli stefanwmin-

dis, mopirdapired, mdinaris gadaRma, maRal mTaze

aRmarTavs jvars. mogvianebiT, aq aigeba taZari, rome-

lic saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi siwmin-

1 isidore doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1970), 178.

2 xelmouwereli (petre geleiSvili), jaWvis-wm. jvris mo-nasteri, `mogzauri~, ianvari, 1(1901), 24; Антон Натроев, Мцхета и его собор Светицховели (Тифлис, Типография К. П. Козловского,1900), 122.

68

dis, ninos jvris saxizari iqneba. sof. gergetSi, ro-

melic uSualo kavSirSia gergetis samebasTan, arse-

bobs wm. ninos niSi da xalxSi daculi gadmocemis

mixedviT, amave soflis SemogarenSi, wm. andrias, nabe-

ralad wodebul teritoriaze, aRumarTavs jvari. anu,

orive wmindani – wm. andria da wm. nino – gadmocemis

mixedviT, jvrebis aRmarTvis Tu davanebis adgilebad

mcxeTis golgoTas da myinvaris ZirSi mdebare maRal

mTas irCevs. amas gveubnebian wyaroSi da xalxSi da-

culi gadmocemebi. erT-erTi xalxuri gadmocemis mi-

xedviT, romelic mTis legendis saxeliTaa gamoqvey-

nebuli gasuli saukunis dasawyisis presaSi, wm. ninom

kavkasionze aitana jvari, iqadaga da iq aRmarTa. mis

mier jvris aRmarTvam xalxs Soris manamde arsebuli

dapirispireba Sewyvita. statiis avtoris mier mxat-

vruli formiT gadmocemuli legenda gveubneba, rom

mas mere wm. ninos mier kavkasionze aRmarTuli jvari

dResac gadmohyurebs Tavis xalxs.1 1669 wliT daTa-

riRebul wilknis RvTismSoblis samwysos sigelSi

amgvari Canaweria: `xevi ninos moqceulia~.2 ar SeiZle-

ba aqve ar aRiniSnos, rom mcxeTis sakaTalikoso ma-

Ral mTaSi, SedarebiT usafrTxo adgilas xiznavs

qveynis, eklesiis did siwmindeebs da ganZs. savsebiT

SesaZelbelia, rom es legenda mocemuli istoriuli

faqtis gamoZaxilic iyos da imisac, rom xevi ninos

mier aris moqceuli. isic cnobilia, rom Tavdapirve-

lad wminda adgilebze jvrebs aRmarTavdnen xolme,

rac Cveni azriT teritoriis sulierad moniSvnasac

unda ukavSirdebodes. amasTanave, Cven istoriografia-

Si gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT, qristianebi salo-

cavebs im adgilebSi aSenebdnen, romlebic xalxs

1 Н. ски, Горская легенда, Кавказ, 99(1905), 2. 2 Ibid, doliZe, III, 558-560.

69

wmindad miaCndaT. `Zveli rwmena ebmeboda axali rwme-

nis sistemaSi.~1 am konteqstSi, vfiqrobT sinteresoa,

rom mkvlevrebis azriT mcxeTis golgoTaze, qristia-

nobis gavrcelebamde, kerpi unda yofiliyo aRmarTu-

li.2 zemoTxsenebuli ori geografiuli landSafti

hgavs erTmaneTs. siwminde orivegan dasaxlebuli pun-

qtis mopirdapire mTaze arsdeba. orive SemTxvevaSi

dasaxlebuli punqtisa da wminda mTis gamyofia mdi-

nare, erTgan mtkvari, meoregan Tergi. ratom daukav-

Sira sulierad da qristianobis gavrcelebis, misi

dacvis kuTxiT, saistorio wyaroebSi Tu xalxSi da-

culma gadmocemebma xsenebuli ori mTa da aq ganvi-

Tarebuli sulieri movlenebi erTmaneTs? da Tu ger-

getzec iyo kerpi aRmarTuli, isic daeca, qarTlis

samefos sxva kerpebis msavsad, rodesac mcxeTis jva-

ri aRemarTa? am sakiTxebze dRes mxolod varaudi Se-

iZleba gamoiTqvas. erTi ram ki faqtia, xsenebuli

xalxuri Tu wyaroSi dafiqsirebuli gadmocemebi wm.

andriasa da wm. ninos mier erTi da imave geografiul

wertilSi jvrebis aRmarTvas da amiT mocemuli te-

ritoriis sulierad moniSvnas, mis sakralizacias us-

vamen xazs. am mimarTulebiT dReisaTvis CvenTvis mxo-

lod ori adgilia cnobili: mcxeTis golgoTa da

gergeti. dRevandlamde moRweuli eTnografiuli ma-

salebis mixedviT mcxeTas da gergets kaxeTic unda

ematebodes. aq Zelicxovloba, 7 maisoba, erTi mxriv,

mcxeTis jvars, jvris gamoCinebas, xolo meore mxriv

1 giorgi CubinaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria (Tbi-lisi: saxelgami, 1936), 23-24.

2 guram yifiani, wmida nino da Zveli saqarTvelos dedaqa-laqi, (Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ar aris miTiTebuli, 2004), 16.

70

wm. andrias ukavSirdeba.1 Tumca, xsenebul sakiTxze

ufro Rrmad saubari Wirs, vinaidan, aSkaraa, rom

dReisaTvis saTanado eTnografiuli masala ukve da-

kargulia.

gadmocemasa Tu legendaSi daculi jvrebis aR-

marTvis Semdeg, romlebic wm. andrias da wm. ninos

miewereba, gergetis wm. samebis agebamde cnoba am ad-

gilas raime saxis salocavis arsebobis anda misi

sakralizaciis Sesaxeb, CvenTvis ucnobia. Tumca, xal-

xuri gadmocemis mixedviT, gergetis sameba V s. da-

sawyisSi vaxtang gorgasalma aaSena.2 Tamaz sanikiZis

kvlevis mixedviT gergetis sameba XIV saukunis 30-ian

wlebSi aSenda. misi agebis moTave mcxeTis sakaTali-

koso iyo, romelmac es saqme XIV s. 10-ian wlebSi wa-

moiwyo. igi ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis bolo pe-

riodis Zeglia. Tamaz sanikiZis TqmiT `taZris gegma

martivia. mas safuZvlad udevs jvari, romlis mkla-

vebsSorisi monakveTebis SevsebiT miRebulia kvadrat-

Tan daaxloebuli sworkuTxedi... amgvari gegmis mqo-

ne, SedarebiT martivi da kompaqturi gumbaTovani taZ-

rebi Cndeba jer kidev VIII-IX ss. ...sabolood Camoya-

libebul saxes igi iRebs X-XI saukuneebSi~. am tipis

taZrebi wromidan iRebs saTaves.3 asmaT oqropiriZe

samebas faqtobrivad igives, jvar-gumbaTur taZars,

uwodebs.4 wm. samebas vaxtang beriZec XIV saukuniT

1 nino RambaSiZe, mcxeTis jvari da saqarTveos gaqristia-nebis sami etapi, qristianul-arqeologiuri Ziebani, 1/2008, 452-453.

2 g. bedoSvili, `mwyemsis~ korespondencia, sof. gergeti-dan, Jur. mwyemsi, 22(1898), 6; b. RuduSauri, werili xevid-gan, iveria, 224(1900), 3.

3 Ibid, sanikiZe, 103, 32. 4 asmaT oqropiriZe, gergetis samebis saxismetyvelebisaT-vis, logosi, 7(2013), 107.

71

aTariRebs da aRniSnavs, rom igi XIII-XIV ss. Zegleb-

Tan avlens siaxloves.1 xalxuri Tqmuleba, wm. same-

bis agebas Tamar mefesac miawers,2 werilobiTi wya-

roebisa da xalxSi daculi gadmocemebis mixedviT

wm. samebis garSemo dakrZalulni iyvnen taZris `mo-

savni~ da `madidebelni~. taZris teritoriaze WavWava-

Zeebis qvevrebi iyo Cafluli, romlebsac isini yovel

wels RviniT avsebdnen.3 gamodis, rom faqtobrivad, es

WavWavaZeebis zedaSeebi iyo da Sesabamisad, wm. sameba

maTi sagvareulo wminda adgilic unda yofiliyo. am

konteqstSi, albaT, sxvagvar niuans iZens beTlemisa

da misi beris Sesaxeb arsebul gadmocemaze ilia Wav-

WavaZis mier poemis Seqmna.

gumbaTiani taZrisa da samreklos garda gerge-

tis kompleqsSi aris mesame nageboba, romelsac sab-

Weo hqvia da taZris samxreTis fasadzea miSenebuli.

sabWeo, rogorc cnobilia, xevis uxucesTa sabWos-

Tvis gankuTvnili nagebobaa. T. sanikiZe miiCnevs, rom

sabWeo XV s. dasasruls an XVI s. pirvel naxevarSi

unda aSenebuliyo, radgan XVI s-dan qarTuli xuroT-

moZRvrebis istoriaSi sxva etapi iwyeba da sabWeos

mSenebelic xsenebuli periodis tradiciebis mimdeva-

ria.4 sabWeoSi qvis grZeli `sasxdomi yadebi~ iyo Se-

morCenili.5 aq saTemo yrilobebi, saxalxo sasamar-

Tloebi imarTeboda da sxvadasxva saxis gadawyveti-

lebebi miiReboda. yvela valdebuli iyo am gadawyve-

tilebas damorCileboda. samebis sabWeoSi inaxeboda

1 vaxtang beriZe, Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba (Tbili-si: xelovneba, 1974), 169.

2 Ibid, makalaTia, xevi, 15. 3 Ibid, iToniSvili, moxeveebis yofa, 134-135. 4 Ibid, sanikiZe, 68, 69-70. 5 Ibid, makalaTia, xevi, 221.

72

saTemo droSa oruyi. sabWeos wevrebi am droSaze me-Temeebs erTgulebis fics adebinebdnen.1 aleqsandre

yazbegis TqmiT, xevi saero krebiT, erobiT, imarTebo-

da. sakiTxi, romelic mTel xevs exeboda, TemobiT un-

da gadawyvetiliyo. xalxis gadawyvetilebas erobis

dekanozebi uwevdnen meTvalyureobas, maT xelmZRvane-

lobda xevisberi, mTeli Temobis ufrosi.2

samebaSi kubos karad wodebuli ori, rogorc

sergi makalaTia aRniSnavs, karis formis xati inaxe-

boda. ficarze naxati xatebi vercxlis perangiT iy-

vnen Semosilebi. rogorc cnobilia, erTi maTgani iyo

sadaro, meore ki saavdro. saavdroze gamosaxuli yo-

fila: RvTismSobeli, xareba, Soba, mirqma da naTlis-

Reba. sadaroze gamosaxuli yofila: jvarcma, wm. same-

ba, aRdgoma, Tomas gverdis ganxilva, lazares aRdgi-

neba da ieso qristes ierusalimSi Sesvla. rodesac

xevSi gvalva iyo, saavdro xati gamoqondaT da wya-

ros wyalSi gabandnen, avdris dros ki sadaro xats

gamoitandnen.3 1988 wels gergeteli arCil sujaSvili

gviambobda, rom wm. samebaSi, romelsac didi Zala

aqvs, Severcxlili, materia gadafarebuli droSebi

inaxeboda. axla es materia daZvelebuliao. ufrosi

kacebi, magaliTad, gvalvis SemTxvevaSi, saklavs sim-

ReriT aitandnen (sof. gergetidan samebaSi-n.R.), gada-

vidodnen wyalze, xatis wyaroze, rogorc mas eZaxian

da saavdro xats wyalSi gaavlebdnen. iq rom gaav-

lebdnen, sof. gergetSi ukve avdari iyoo. sasurveli

1 rusudan xaraZe, Temuri marTvelobis gadmonaSTebi xevSi, iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis institutis Sromebi, t. IV, nakveTi 2, 1959, 174.

2 valerian iToniSvili, aleqsandre yazbegi, istoriul-eT-nografiuli monacemebi (Tbilisi: mematiane, 2006), 201.

3 Ibid, makalaTia, xevi, 222-223.

73

amindis gamosaTxovad winaswar ikvleboda saklavi.

rodesac purmarili gamzaddeboda, xatebsac maSin ga-

moabrZanebdneno.1

gergetis samebis aSenebasTan dakavSirebiT amgva-

ri cnobili Tqmulebaa SemorCenili: qarTlis, kaxe-

Tis da imereTis mefeebi daobdnen, Tu sad unda aSe-

nebuliyo wm. sameba. mcxeTaSi, maT winaSe damdgara

erTi moxuci da uTqvams, `furberwi~ daeklaT da misi

menjis nawili (samgorveli) soflis bolos daegdoT.

am dagdebul samgorvels sadac Savi yorani waiRebda

da gamoxravda, iq aeSenebiaT sameba. mefeebi asec moq-

ceulan. marTlac, yorani mosula, dauvlia niskarti

samgorvelisTvis da gafrenila. mas xalxic gahyolia.

yorans ananuris Tavze Seusvenia. mogvianebiT am ad-

gilze xalxs samebis niSi augia. amis Semdeg, yorans

bidaris mTaze (jvris uReltexili) Seusvenia. aqac

jvari aRumarTavT. bolos gergetSi mifrenila, aq

`elogeSis~ niSTan (sof. gergetis bolos) Seusvenia

da sabolood samebis wverze SeCerebula, Zvali gamo-

uxravs da iqve daugdia. gadawyda, wm. samebis taZari

aq unda aSenebuliyo, magram mefeebs Soris axla dava

imaze gaimarTa, Tu vis unda Caeyara momavali taZris

saZirkveli. aqac erTi kaci wamomdgara da mokamaTe

mefeebisTvis urCevia, bidaris mTaze, sadac samebis

jvari iyo aRmarTuli, misuliyvnen da iqidan sirbi-

liT, vinc pirveli avidoda samebaze, mas gaeWra sa-

Zirkveli. marTlac, cxeniT Tu fexiT bidaris mTidan

samebisken yvelani (rogorc Cans igulisxmeba xalxic,

romlebic yorans ukan misdevda) gaqceulan. meore va-

1 nino RambaSiZe, xevis eTnogrfiuli eqspediciis savele dRiuri (Savi xelnaweri), 1988.

74

riantis mixedviT1 saZirkvelis gaWraze moxeveebs So-

ris gaimarTa Sejibri. xalxs Soris dapirispirebis

Tavidan asacileblad Temis bWeebma amgvari gadawyve-

tileba miiRes, maT soflebi daajgufes: gerget-ste-

fanwminda, sion-garbani, fxelSe-goriscixe, xurTis-

yanobi da snos xeobis soflebi. am dajgufebul sof-

lebs TiTo axalgazrda unda SeerCiaT, romlebic Se-

jibrSi miiRebdnen monawileobas. `jorTvakidan~

(jvris uReltexilidan) elovanT qedamde, vinc pirve-

li mividoda, anu visi warmomadgenelic iyo gamarjve-

buli, saZirkvelsac is ori sofeli gaWrida. am

xalxs Soris yofila erTi xurTiseli kaci, koWli

baCxiZe. igi xurTis-yanobis saxeliT gamodioda. baCxi-

Zes mTebze, mokle gzebiT, uvlia da samebaze cxenos-

nebze win asula. baCxiZes ToxiT pirveli dartymis,

xurTis-yanoblebs ki samebis saZirkvlis gaWris neba

xvdomiaT wilad. amis Semdeg Temis sabWos samwyalob-

no daudgenia: `samebis eklesiis saZirkveli xurTiel-

yanobelT gaTxrilia, sulT imaTas Saundnes da dam-

rComs swyalobdes.~2 Tqmuleba gveubneba, rom amis

Semdeg gergetelebi axal wels pirvelad xurTisel

baCxiZes amwyalobnebeno.

daiwyo taZris mSenebloba, romelSic xalxi iyo

Cabmuli. Tqmuleba aseve gveubneba, rom dev-wiqara xa-

rebs qva yanob-xurTisidan mohqondaT. xalxSi bolo

dromde SemorCenili gadmocemis mixeviT, am dev-wiqa-

ra xarebis gaqonili ydedi (Wapani) samebaSi inaxebo-da. valerian iToniSvilis monacemebiT, samebisTvis

samSeneblo qva 2 kilometris daSorebidan, sof. ReWi-

dan, mohqondaT. mTis ferdobebze xar-marxilis gzac

1 es varianti Tavis naSromSi, moxeveebis yofa-cxovreba (gv. 146-147) mocemuli aqvs valerian iToniSvils.

2 Ibid, iToniSvili, moxeveebis yofa, 147.

75

gauyvaniaT. xalxis TqmiT, ReWiaSi dRemde yofila Se-

morCenili qvis mWrelTa nasaxlarebi da damuSavebu-

li qvis narCenebi. samSeneblo xsnaris dasamzadeb-

lad zafxulobiT 30 fur-kameCi iwveleboda da kver-

cxi baridan mohqondaT. zamTarSi fur-kameCi isev bar-

Si mihyavdaT.1 sergi makalaTias TqmiT, vinme mecxva-

res kalatozebisTvis gergetis wyarodan mihqonda

wyali da rZe. rogorc sergi makalaTia aRniSnavs, am

wyaros dResac kalatozis wyaro hqviao. gadmocemis

Tanaxmad, am wyliTa da rZiT izileboda taZrisTvis

lamkiri. Tqmuleba agreTve gveubneba, rom am mecxva-

res Tavisi saxe samebis samrekloze gamousaxavs. misi

fara umwyemsod ise Zovda mTaze, rom nadiri ar erCo-

da. gadmocemis mixedviT, am mecxvaresac axal wels

samebis dekanozebi pirvelad amwyalobnebdneno.2 sxva

gadmocemis mixedviT, rodesac mwyemsisTvis xalxs

ukiTxavs, riTi dagajildovoT amdeni xnis ganmavlo-

baSi wylis zidvisTviso, mas miugia: sof. gergetSi

mcxovreblebma yovel aRdgomas, Cem mosagonrad `ri-

giT komlze~ TiTo qada gamoacxon da Cem tol axal-

gazrdebs daurigono.3 gergetis samebis agebasTan da-

kavSirebiT, gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi jer kidev

iyo xalxSi amgvari legenda SemorCenili. xalxis

TqmiT samebas amgvari warwera aqvs: `RmerTo Seiwya-

le beri Tevdore da xari loma~. Turme, vinme ber

Tevdores hyavda xari loma. es beri Tavis xars mTis

Ziras ahkidebda qvas, lomas ki mTis wverze ahqonda.

1 Ibid. 2 Ibid, makalaTia, xevi, 222-223, 225, 226-227; Ibid, iToniSvili, moxeveebis yofa, 147.

3 Ibid, bedoSvili, 7.

76

mTaze mas xelosani xvdeboda, romelic xars tvirTs

Camoxsnida xolme.1

XIV saukunis wm. samebis taZris interieri da

kankeli ruseTis saeklesio xelisuflebam zeTis sa-

RebavebiT gadaxata. 2006 wels, kankelis Selesilobis

qveS aRmoCnda mxatvroba, romelic XVI saukuniT da-

TariRda. aq RvTismSoblis, macxovris, ioane naTis-

mcemlis gamosaxulebebis garda, wm. ninos gamosaxu-

lebac gamoCnda. rogorc cnobilia, CvenSi misi Zalze

cota gamosaxulebaa SemorCenili.2 gergetis samebaSi

wm. nino wiTeli mosasxamiTaa gamosaxuli da aqvs

warwera: `wminda nino-dedaÁ qarTlisa~. asmaT oqropi-

riZe miiCnevs, rom gergetis samebad wodeba feriscva-

lebasa da Taboris naTelTan unda avlendes kavSirs;

feriscvalebisas gacxadebul samebasTan da petre mo-

ciquliseul sam karavTan anu taZarTan. asmaT oqro-

piriZe paralels avlebs Taboris mTaze agebul sam

bazilikasa da gergetis kankelis sam damagvirgvine-

bel eklesias Soris. aseve, misi azriT is, rom taZari

XIV saukuneSia agebuli, es samebis ikonografiis

grigol palamaseuli Taboris naTlis RvTismetyve-

luri gaazrebidanac Cans. wiTel mosasxamSi gamosa-

xul wm. ninos igi gaiazrebs, rogorc `sveticxovel-

Si dafarul – gacxadebul~ saqarTvelos eklesiis

saxe-simbolod. igi aseve aRniSnavs, rom `taZari na-

kurTxi iyo feriscvalebis saxelze. aqedan gamomdi-

nare misi Secvaleba miZinebis taZrad ufro gvian un-

1 nino RambaSiZe, xevis eTnogrfiuli eqspediciis savele dRiuri #1, 1988, 2.

2 ZeglTa reabilitacia saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos kul-turis, ZeglTa dacvis da sportis saministro, 2006.

77

da momxdariyo. magram, taZris saxeli `sameba~ Zve-

lia.~1

`gergeti istoriuli xevis erT-erTi Zveli da-

saxlebaa. gaSenebulia darialis gzis mniSvnelovani

monakveTis gaswvriv. igi CarTuli iyo xevis saTavdac-

vo sistemaSi, icavda darialis gzas. aqa-iq dResac

SemorCenilia XVII-XVIII ss. koSkuri saxlebi.~2 wm. sa-

mebis aSenebisTanave samefo xelisuflebam misi mov-

la _ patronoba gergetelebs Caabara da uboZa say-

driSviloba,3 rac ufro adre stefanwmindelebis pre-

rogativa unda yofiliyo. vaJa marsagiSvili, saisto-

rio wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, gamoTqvams mosazrebas,

rom gergetelebi saydriSvilebTan erTad mcxeTisSvi-

lebic iyvnen. da rom isini `ara saepiskoposo say-

dris, aramed mcxeTis sakaTalikoso saydrisSvilebi~

iyvnen.4 sof. gergetSi daculi gadmocemis mixedviT,

wm. samebis dacva Tamar mefes da bagrats gergetele-

bisTvis miundviaT, rac sigeliTacaa dadasturebuli.

bagrat V Tavadaa am sigelSi moxseniebuli. sigeli

ganaxlebulia, xelmeoredaa dawerili da rogorc

iTqva, masSi moxseniebulia bagrat V, rac mecnierebs

aZlevs safuZvels sabuTi XIV s. daaTariRon. sabuTs

Tavdapirvelad samebis dekanozebi inaxavdnen, Semdeg

igi TbilisSi, m. sujaSvilis ojaxSi iyo, dRes ki

stefanwmindis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSia. samwuxa-

1 Ibid, oqropiriZe, 109, 110-111, 112. 2 k. kaxaZe, T. CimakaZe, gergeti, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2 (Tbilisi: qarTuli enciklopediis irakli abaSiZis mTavari samecniero re-daqcia, 2004), 444.

3 Ibid, iToniSvili, moxeveebis yofa, 146. 4 gergetis samebis matiane mosaÃsenebeli sulTaÁ. dokumen-tebi xevis istoriisaTvis. xelaxla gamoqveynebuli vaJa marsagiSvilis mier, (Tbilisi: mwignobari, 2009), 101-103.

78

rod sabuTs bolo aklia. masSi aRniSnulia, gergete-

lebis saydriSvilobis Sesaxeb. aqvea miTiTebuli ma-

Ti privilegiebis Sesaxebac.1 meore mxriv, XVI-XVII ss.

mijniT daTariRebuli gergetelebisadmi ucnobi ka-

Tolikosis mimarTvidan irkveva, rom gergetelebs

qristianuli sjulis da mcnebis dacvac moeTxovebo-

daT.2 gergetel saydrisSvilTa gamorCeuli pozicia

XIV s. Semdegac iyo qarTveli mefeebis, feodalebis,

eklesiis da xalxis mier aRiarebuli.3 xsenebuli sa-

buTis mixedviT erTi gergetelis sisxli, oficialu-

rad, sam sisxlad unda zRveuliyo.4 ufro mets amis

Sesaxeb sabuTis dazianebis gamo ver vigebT. xalxSi

ki aseTi codnaa Semonaxuli: `sufra uwevari, qali

uTxovari da Svidi mamis Semdeg sisxls aRar aiReb-

dnen, memr gabaTildeboda.~5 es imas niSnavs, rom ger-

geteli yvela sufraze mividoda, sadac ar unda misu-

liyo, yvelas sufra unda gaeSala, qalis Txovaze ve-

ravin uars ver etyoda da erTi gergetelis sicoc-

xle Svidi kacis sisxlad fasobda. sisxlis aRebis

dros gergetelis mkvlelobisTvis Svidi kaci unda

moeklaT da mesisxleobis vali Svidi Taobis Semdeg

wydeboda. dRemde gergetelebi TavianT Tavs RvTis-

Svilebs uwodebeno – aRniSnavs vaJa marsagiSvili.6

`didia wminda sameba ciskiduramde elavso, Tavis

ymis gamjavrebelsa, nabadiviTa sTelavso~-ase mRe-

1 Ibid, makalaTia, xevi, 228. 2 Ibid, iToniSvili, moxeveebis yofa, 135-137. 3 Ibid, 142. 4 Ibid, SaraSiZe, 248. 5 nino RambaSiZe, xevis eTnogrfiuli eqspediciis savele dRiuri (Savi xelnaweri), 1988.

6 Ibid, marsagiSvilis, 103.

79

rodnen moxeveebi gergetulas Sesrulebis dros.1 ro-

gorc qristine SaraSiZe wers, `...saydriSvilebi feo-

dalur ierarqiaSi CarTul erT-erT gavlenian, privi-

legiur jgufad gvesaxebian. Tavisi saqmianobiT es

jgufi yovel calke SemTxvevaSi garkveul eklesias-

Tan, ukeT rom vTqvaT, saepiskoposo saydarTan, arian

dakavSirebuli (mawyverelTan, Tbilel-manglelTan).~2

rogorc cnobilia, wm. samebis ZiriTadi dResas-

wauli 28 agvistos, mariamobas, RvTismSoblis miZine-

bis dResaa. tradiciulad iTvleboda, rom gergetis

samebis eklesiis dResaswauli weliwadSi samjer iyo:

e. w. samebobas, aRdgomis mesame dRes, fericvalebas

da RvTismSoblis miZinebas.3 Tumca, axali weli, ger-

getis samebasTan dakavSirebuli rTuli ritualuri

sistemisgan Semdgari, aseve didi dResaswauli iyo.

misi sirTule didwilad mdidari istoriuli faqte-

bis Tu istoriul pirovnebebTan dakavSirebuli mov-

lenebis Sedegadaa ganpirobebuli. Zalze saintere-

soa, rom dResaswauli, misi ritualuri, mxare inaxavs

am xsovnas da yovel jerze, rodesac is sruldeba,

masSi monawiles kvlav da kvlav axsenebs an acnobs

mas. am SemTxvevaSi, RvTis Tayvaniscemis garda, dRe-

saswauli, misi rituali, cocxali matianea, rasac sa-

ganmanaTleblo-aRmzrdelobiTi da Sesabamisad sazo-

gadoebis makonsolidirebeli funqcia hqonda. imav-

droulad, miCneulia, rom kulti tradiciis gadace-

mis saukeTeso da upirvelesi saSualebacaa.4 gergetu-

li axali wlis Sesaxeb mxolod am mcirediT Semovi-

1 Ibid, makalaTia, xevi, 223. 2 Ibid, SaraSiZe, 249. 3 Ibid, RuduSauri, 3. 4 Ю. Чернявская, Народная культура и национальные традиции,

http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/Chern/15.php, 26.02.2011.

http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/Chern/15.php

80

farglebiT, vinaidan, misi detalurad aRwera da gan-

xilva Zalze gascdeba am naSromis formats. Semovi-

farglebiT mxolod imis aRniSvniT, rom samebis deka-

nozebis meTaurobiT, gergetis dekanozebi, meTemeebis

garkveul raodenobasTan erTad, akurTxebdnen da am-

wyalobnebdnen mTel gergets da stefanwmindaSic Ca-

diodnen. droSebiT, xatebiT, simReriT, ritualebiT

gergetidan stefanwmindaSi Camosuli dekanozebi ukan

aRma, md. Cxeros mxridan adiodnen. gergetis wyalze

daRma CamovliT da ukan dabrunebisas md. Cxeros

mxridan asvliT, momavali wlisTvis geregti srulad

iyo damwyalobnebuli.1

feriscvalebac, marimobisa da axalwlis msgav-

sad saTemo dResaswauli iyo. Temis maspinZlebi ger-

getelebi iyvnen. stumrebi gergetSi sujaSvilebis

banze 5 agvistos ikribebodnen. amas gamyofelT Rame erqva. ase imitom erqva, rom am banze modiodnen deka-

nozebi da stumrebs komlebis mixedviT anawilebdnen.

mxolod or ojaxs (markozianT sujaSvilebs da Ta-

dieT arabulebs) ar evalebodaT stumrebis miReba.

maT isedac bevri stumari hyavdaT gaTxovili qaliS-

vilebis da diSvilebis saxiT. samebaSi, sakurTxevlis

marjvniv iyo sakuWnao. aq iyo qvevrebi, romlebsac

morige dekanozebi axalwlidan axalwlamde wyaros

wyliT avsebdnen.

mariamobis Rames gergetelebi da sxvebic, visac

survili hqonda, adiodnen samebaze, sadac maT oTxi

dekanozi xvdeboda. amave Rames sujaSvilebi da xu-

ciSvilebi acxobdnen qobobs, anu did qadas. igi sa-ubno RomelSi 10 girvanqa erboTi cxveboda. sididis

gamo igi guTneulis RvediT (yde) gamoqondaT. mas

jer sanaxevrod acxobdnen. gamoiRebdnen, Wridnen da

1 Ibid, iToniSvili, moxeveebis yofa, 202.

81

yvela ojaxs unawilebdnen. am monaWeri qadis gulisa-

gan acxobdnen qadebs, qerqisgan ki xarSavdnen atrias.

am wess didqadoba erqva. valerian iToniSvilis

TqmiT, igi 1850 wlamde sruldeboda. Semdeg ki patara

qadebs acxobdnen. sergi s. makalaTias TqmiT, didqa-dobas samebis dekanozebi aRdgomis mesame dRes ix-

didnen (anu gergetis samebis erT-erT dResaswaulze

_ n. R.). cxveboda didi qada, romelsac 5 litri erbo

Wirdeboda. gamomcxvari qada ahqondaT saxlis banze,

Wridnen da yvela komls urigebdnen.1

mariamobas samebaSi adgilobrivebis garda, xevs

gareT mcxovrebi didZali mlocveli modioda. eseni

iyvnen: rusebi, berZnebi, osebi, somxebi, qistebi.2 gan-

sakuTrebiT bevrni yofilan rusebi.3 1988 wels Cawe-

rili masalebis mixedviT, moxuci rusis qalebi fex-

SiSveli adiodnen samebaze (1980-ian wlebSic _ n. R.).

mTxroblis TqmiT, manqana rom gauCero, ar Cajdebia-

no. mlocveli samebaSi mariamobas RamisTeviT midio-

da. iyo wirva, daaxloebiT 50-100 saklavi ikvleboda.

Tu vinmes marcxi mouvidoda, xarsac daklavdao. SeT-

qmuli Tu vinmes qonda, qvas daidebda Tavze da fex-

SiSveli ise avidoda. arCil sujaSvilis TqmiT, Tu

Zvelad vinmes avadmyofi hyavda an rame aseTi, jaWvs

daisvenebda kiserze da ise muxliskvera Semouvlida

taZars garSemo. amas qalebic akeTebdnen da kacebic.

igive mTxroblis TqmiT, samebobas diliT mlocveli

daklavda saklavs. saklavi xari, cxvari, batkani iqne-

boda, vis ra SeeZlo da vis rogor hqonda SeTqmuli.

amas erT qadas da erT an sam sanTels miayolebdnen.

saklavs daklavda dekanozi, aanTebda sanTlebs, gaW-

1 Ibid, makalaTia, xevi, 229. 2 Ibid, 230. 3 Ibid, bedoSvili, 6.

82

rida qadas, Seaxvewebda ojaxs. dakluli saklavis

sisxls bavSvs jvris formiT wausvamda Sublze. gaW-

rili qadis naxevari dekanozis iyo. saklavis patroni

Tavisi nebiT, dekanozs dakluli saklavis imden

xorcs aZlevda, ramdenic endomeboda. saklavis nawi-

lisgan purmarili samebaSive keTdeboda, sadac qei-

fobdnen. danarCeni saxlSi moqondaT, sadac aseve

purmarilobdnen.1

mariamoba diliT samebidan gamoabrZanebdnen xa-

tebs da mTeli procesia wm. ninos niSSi (sof. gerge-

ti) midioda. adre beTlemis niSSi dadiodnen, magram

siSoris gamo, wm. ninoSi dauwyiaT siaruli. aq xalxs

wm. ninos dekanozebi amwyalobnebdnen. dekanozebi mo-

rigeobiT sujaSvilebi da xuciSvilebi iyvnen. es ma-

Ti niSi iyo. dekanozebi daklavdnen saklavs, gaWrid-

nen qadas. patroni saklavs atyavebda, romlis naxeva-

ri dekanozis, meore naxevari ki saerTo moxmarebis-

Tvis iyo gankuTvnili. es naxevari dekanozTan inaxe-

boda da iq ar mzaddeboda. ninowmindaSi mxolod

mwvadebs wvavdnen. aqve alocvinebdnen patarZlebs da

qal-rZals. ninowmindis dekanozi xatSi rCeboda. da-

narCenebi isev samebaSi brundebodnen. xatebic sameba-

Si brundeboda. zogierTi samebaSi samxdos ixdida.

klavda saklavs. samxdoSi erTmaneTs epatiJebodnen.

aqve moixmardnen WavWavaZeebis Sewirul Rvinos. maT

es Rvino, romelic samebisTvis hqoniaT SeTqmuli, er-

Ti kviriT adre mohqondaT da iq Cayril qvevrebSi as-

xamdnen. samebaSi saRmrToebis dakvlis Semdeg, ninow-

mindis dekanozi, Tavis daklul WedilasTan erTad,

saRmrToebis xorcs wamoiRebda, daumatebdnen qal-

rZlis sawules (aseve saklavia) da gaRma-wylispiras

1 nino RambaSiZe, xevis eTnogrfiuli eqspediciis savele dRiuri (Savi xelnaweri), 1988.

83

marTavdnen purobas, romelsac ninowmindis samxdo ewodeboda.1

rogorc statiis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, iv. java-

xiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis ar-

qivSi dacul grafikul anazomebs Sorisaa oTxi ana-

zomi, romelzec dafiqsirebulia sof. gergetis (xevi)

salocavebi: oxareSis wm. giorgis xati, ninowminda da

yvelawminda, qalebis salocavi. oxareSis wm. giorgis

xati or (rogorc Tavad anazomis saTaurSi vkiTxu-

lobT), An. X. 16 da An. X. 17 planSetebzea gamosaxuli.

oTxive anazomi xazovan masStabSia Sesrulebuli

T. c.-s mier (Teona cuxiSvili an Tamaz citaiSvili _

n.R.) da oTxives zomaa 46X61. An. X. 15 anazomze gamosa-xulia yvelawminda/ qalebis xati. mocemulia gengegma.

samx.-das. da samx.–aR. fasadi. rogorc aRvniSneT, An. X. 16 da An. X. 17 anazomze oxareSis wm. giorgis xatia gamosaxuli; misi gegma da Wrilebi. savaraudod es

ori planSeti erTiania. #16 planSetze gamosaxulia

wm. giorgis eklesia. An. X. 17 planSetze mocemulia

salocavis saqvabis zedxedi, akldamis Wrili da ga-

daxurvis sqema. An. X. 18 anazomze gamosaxulia sof.

gergetis salocavi ninowminda. planSetze mocemulia

samx. da das. fasadebi. salocavs miniWebuli aqvs

kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtis statusi.2

ninowmindas niSi sof. gergetis dasavleTiT da

gergetis samebis Cr.-das. mdebareobs. specialistebis

aRwerilobiT igi fiqaliT naSeni da kiriT SeTeTre-

buli, oTxkuTxa svetis formis masiuri nagebobaa, fa-

sadiT Cr.-das.-ken. kedelSi aris Rrma da maRali Ta-

1 Ibid, iToniSvili, moxeveebis yofa, 209-210. 2 identificirebulia kulturuli memkvireobis erovnuli

saagentos interaqtiuri rukidan: http://myherita.ge.

http://myherita.ge/

84

Rovani TaRCa. mis Sida mxares aqvs ornamenti da war-

wera, romelic ar ikiTxeba.1

es is ninowmindaa, romelzedac zemoT gvqonda

saubari da romelic, valerian iToniSvilis zemoT

xsenebuli masalebis mixedviT, gergetis wm. samebis

sadResaswaulo ritualebSi iyo CarTuli.

rac Seexeba An. X. 16 da An. X. 17 planSetebze ga-

mosaxul oxareSis (adgili sof. gergetSi-n.R.) wm. gi-

orgis salocavs, aq Semdegi viTareba gvaqvs: An. X. 16 planSetze gamosaxulia eklesia, Tumca anazomSi mas

xati ewodeba. oxareSis wm. giorgis eklesia, rogorc

samecniero literaturaSi vkiTxulobT, sof. gerge-

tis dasavleTiT, tyeSi mdebareobs. gegmiT mokle oT-

xkuTxedis formisaa. eklesia mozrdili qvebiTaa na-

gebi da alag-alag gamoyenebulia fiqali. kiriT Se-

lesili aRmosavleTis kedeli dazianebulia, saxura-

vi da kedlebis didi nawili Caqceulia. eklesias ka-

ri dasavleTiT aqvs. Tumca, viwro kari samxreTida-

nac yofila gaWrili da Semdgom amoSenebuli. `igi

gadaxurulia qviT, razec wreSi Casmuli jvaria gamo-

saxuli~. eklesias Signidan, aRmosavleTis kedlis ga-

yolebiT mTel sigrZeze, Taro aqvs, romelic sasan-

Tled gamoiyeneboda. Taro `wyobidan gamoSverili

fiqlis ori rigiT aris gamoyvanili~. samxreTisa da

aRmosavleTis kedlebSi Taroa. `sakurTxevlis baqani

darbazis iatakidan erTi safexuriTaa amaRlebuli.~2

1 T. rusiSvili, ninowmindis niSi, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2 (Tbilisi: qarTu-li enciklopediis irakli abaSiZis mTavari samecniero redaqcia, 2004), 446.

2 T. rusiSvili, oxareSis wm. giorgis eklesia, saqarTve-los istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2 (Tbilisi: qarTuli enciklopediis irakli abaSiZis mTa-vari samecniero redaqcia, 2004), 446.

85

An. X. 17 planSetze mocemulia wm. giorgis salocavis

akldama da saqvabe, rogorc amas anazomze datanili

warwera gveubneba.

istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivis

xsenebul An. X. 15 anazomze yvelawminda /qalebis xa-

tia gamosaxuli. igi sof. gergetis dasavleTiT, maRa-

li mTis davakebazea. xati oTxkuTxa svetis formis

ori, erTmaneTis gverdiT mdgomi, patara nagebobisgan

Sedgeba, romelTagan erTi ufro didia. isini fiqa-

lis mSrali wyobiTaa naSenebi. mozrdil nagebobas

fasadi dasavleTiT aqvs. fasadis kedelSi, miwis pi-

ras sasanTle TaxCaa gamoRebuli. meore nagebobis Se-

morCenili kedlebi yrua.1 `soflis maxloblad (adgi-

li `saTikniai~) ori koSki mdgara. maT nangrevebze

Semdeg qalTa salocavi mouwyviaT.~2 vfiqrobT, am

ori koSkis nangrevze mowyobili qalTa salocavi un-

da iyos An. X. 15 planSetze gamosaxuli sof. gerge-

tis yvelawminda /qalebis xati.

sof. sionSi, tyeSi, wm. samebis niSi arsebobda.

sergi makalaTiasTan vkiTxulobT: sof. sionSia `mSve-

nieri xatis tye wm. samebis tyed wodebuli. Sig tyeSi

agebulia xatis niSi, romelic gergetis wm. samebis

sabrZanisad iTvleba. am tyeSi xis moWra akrZalulia

da vinc amas Caidens xati mas daamizezebs, gaSterde-

ba da mokvdebao... sionis xatis tyeSi 28 agvistos

imarTeba samebis xatoba, romelic gergetis samebis

1 T. rusiSvili, yvelawminda (qalebis xati), saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2 (Tbi-lisi: qarTuli enciklopediis irakli abaSiZis mTavari samecniero redaqcia, 2004), 449.

2 k. kaxaZe, T. CimakaZe, gergeti, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2 (Tbilisi: qarTuli enciklopediis irakli abaSiZis mTavari samecniero re-daqcia, 2004), 446.

86

`mariamobis~ xatobasTanaa dakavSirebuli~. am xato-

bas vardobis dResaswauls uwodebdnen da keTil

mgzavrobas, cxvaris nadirisgan dacvas, naxnav-naTesis

baraqas, avadmyofis gamojanmrTelebas, madls, Ses-

Txovdnen. aq yvelas SeeZlo locva. mecxvareebi Ses-

Txovdnen cxvris keTilad yolas. magram, sergi maka-

laTia erTgvarad gamoyofs da aRniSnavs, rom xatSi

loculobdnen qalebi. Tumca, dekanozTan dasamwya-

lobneblad mxolod mcirewlovan da gauTxovar

axalgazrda qalebs SeeZloT misvla. dekanozi dalo-

cvas ase iwyebda: `dideba hqondes Sens vardis dReo-

bas, gaumarjos rjulsa saqistianosasa~ da Semdeg

yvela sikeTis gamoTxovas mohyveboda.1

rogorc vxedavT gergetis wm. samebasTan dakavSi-

rebiT kidev erTi dResaswauli, vardoba, Cndeba. ra dResaswaulia vardoba da ra kavSirSi SeiZleba iyos

igi wm. samebasTan? imisTvis, rom Tundac savaraudo

pasuxi gavceT dasmul kiTxvas, ganvixiloT gergetis

samebobis yvela TariRi. kerZod, feriscvaleba, aR-

dgomis mesame dRe _ e.w. sameboba, mariamoba da var-doba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, gergetis wm. samebis ikonog-

rafiis Taboris naTlis grigol palamaseuli RvTis-

metyveluri gaazreba kidev erTxel iZleva saSuale-

bas, rom xsenebuli taZari XIV s. daTariRdes. amasTa-

nave, am periodSi erT-erTi sauflo dResaswauli, fe-

ricvaleba wina planze gamodis.2 am konteqstSi, ro-

desac xevSi wm. ninos moRvaweobasa da mocemul wmin-

da adgilTan mis mWidro kavSirze vsaubrobT, rasac

wmindanis freskac usvams xazs, Znelia ar gagvaxsen-

des mociqulTasworis feriscvalebis dResaswaulTan

1 Ibid, makalaTia, xevi, 217-218. 2 Ibid, oqropiriZe.

87

gansakuTrebuli kavSiri; 6 agvisto, rodesac misi

locviT, zadenis, gacis da gaimis kerpebi daimsxvra.

rogorc cnobilia, md. mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze,

mcxeTis pirdapir mdebare mTas Tabori hqvia. korne-

li kekeliZis TqmiT aq feriscvalebis eklesia idga.

daviT xoStaria Taboris feriscvalebis eklesiad mi-

iCnevs mTaqarTlis erT-erT wverze mdgar wm. ninos

eklesias, romelic, misi TqmiT, arqiteqturuli mona-

cemebiT V-VI ss. TariRdeba. amave mTis ZirSi XII s.

RvTismSoblis saxelze aSenda monasteri, romelsac

1890 wlidan olRas monasteri hqvia. samTavros ekle-

sia mcxeTaSi Tavdapirvelad RvTismSoblis saxelze

agebula. XVIII saukunidan igi macxovris (RvTaeba) sa-

xelobis xdeba. dRes igi fericvalebis saxels ata-

rebs. iqve, mayvlovanTanaa wm. ninos saxelobis mcire,

gumbaTiani eklesia. rogorc cnobilia, mcxeTis gol-

goTis mTis ferdze, romlis wverze mcxeTis jvaria

aRmarTuli, aris ZuZus wyaro, romlis gverdiT

RvTismSoblis miZinebis samlocveloa. igi naxevrad

dangreulia.1 amdenad, erTi mxriv, wm. nino Tabors da

fericvalebas ukavSirdeba, meore mxriv, mcxeTaSi wm.

ninosa da RvTismSoblis, kerZod RvTismSoblis miZi-

nebis saxelobis, wminda adgilebi Tanaarseboben.

wm. ninosa da RvTismSobelTan dakavSirebuli sa-

locavebi Tu wminda adgilebi gergetSic Tanaarsebo-

ben. Tavad wm. samebis adgilze, legendis mixedviT,

wm. andriam da Semdgom wm. ninom aRmarTes jvari. taZ-

ris mTavari dResaswauli 28 agvisto, RvTismSoblis

miZinebis da feriscvalebis garda aRdgomidan mesame

dResac aris. iqve, sof. gergetSi wm. ninos da dedax-

Tisas xatebia.

1 daviT xoStaria, adreuli Suasaukuneebis eklesiebi mcxe-TaSi, ACADEMIA, I(2001), 27-28, 31.

88

feriscvaleba da sameba, rom Zalzed mWidro kav-

SirSia erTmaneTTan, es iqidanac Cans, rom feriscva-

lebis RvTismsaxurebaze wm. sameba gansakuTrebiT mo-

ixsenieba. msaxurebis mizania mama RmerTis gamJRavne-

basTan erTad, ieso qristes saRmrTo buneba iqnas naC-

venebi; rom `qriste Tavisi saRmrTo bunebiT ganuSo-

rebelia mamisa da suliwmidisagan~. am dRis sagalob-

lebSi xazgasmiTaa gamokveTili samebis Tayvaniscema.

samebis Tayvaniscema aseve Zlieradaa sulTmofenobi-

sa da gancxadebis sauflo dResaswaulebSi gadmoce-

muli. imdenad, rom ruseTSi xalxma sulTmofenobas

sameboba uwoda. arada, rogorc eqvTime koWlamazaSvi-

li aRniSnavs, xsenebuli dResaswaulebi qristesadmi

miZRvnili dResaswaulebia da qristianul eklesias

wm. samebis calke, sagangebo dResaswauli ar dauwese-

bia.1 ganixilavs ra gergetis wm. samebis eklesiis mo-

xatulobas asmaT oqropiriZe marTebulad midis das-

kvnamde, rom XIV s. gergeTis sameba fericvalebis sa-

xelze iyo agebuli.2 Cveni mxridan davsZendiT, rom

SesaZloa, Semdgom, rusuli eTnografiuli sinamdvi-

lis msgavsad da fericvalebis dResaswaulis wm. sa-

mebasTan mWidro kavSiris gamo, xalxma taZars sameba

uwoda, rac saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis-

Tvisac misaRebi aRmoCnda. es mxolod varaudia. Cven-

Tvis ucnobia, rom gergetis taZari XVIII saukunemde,

anu vaxuStimde, wyaroSi vinmes samebad moexseniebi-

nos. Tumca, mas arc feriscvalebis saxeliT ixsenie-

ben.

gergetis samebis sadResaswaulo ciklTan kidev

erTi didi kiTxvis niSania. ratomaa RvTismSoblis mi-

1 eqvTime koWlamazaSvili, sulTmofenoba Tu sameboba? jvari vazisa, 2(1991), 23, 24-25.

2 Ibid, oqropiriZe, 109.

89

Zineba taZris mTavari dResawauli? ra iyo am wminda

adgilze XIV saukuneSi taZris agebamde? amis Sesaxeb

mxolod gadmocemebi da Teimurazis iveriis istoria

gveubneba, romelTa mixedviT erTi mxriv aq wm. andri-

am da wm. ninom jvrebi aRmarTes da meore mxriv same-

bis agebas xalxi vaxtang gorgasals da Tamars ukav-

Sirebs. gavyveT im xazs, romlis mixedviTac wm. ninos

da RvTismSobels gergetTan da erTmaneTTan mWidro

kavSiri aqvT. rogorc iTqva, gergetis samebis erT-er-

Ti dResaswauli aRdgomidan mesame dRe anu aRdgomis

momdevno samSabaTi iyo. garkveuli periodis ganmav-

lobaSi am dRes saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendarSic

sameboba iyo miTiTebuli. ioane-zosimes kalendriT,

romlis mixedviTac warmarTavda liturgiul praqti-

kas saqarTvelos eklsia V-X ss, vkiTxulobT: `Ãsene-

baÁ wmidaTa dedaTaÁ mariam RmrTismSobelisaÁ: da ma-

riam magdanelisaÁ da mariam iakobisi: da salomÀsi

da ioh[anaÁsi] da lazarÀs daTaÁ. da maTTana sxuaTa-

ca wmidaTa dedaTaÁ.~1 faqtobrivad, es RvTismSobli-

sa da menelsacxeble dedaTa xsenebis dRe iyo. Tana-

medrove qarTuli kalendriT am dRes iveriis RvTis-

mSoblis xatis dResaswaulia.2

ratom iwodeba sof. sionis sameboba, gergetis

samebis niSis dResaswauli, vardobad? pirvel rigSi

vnaxoT ra dResaswauli iyo vardoba? pavle ingoroy-

vas kvlevis mixedviT, dResaswauli vardoba warmar-Tobis drois, did dedasTan dakavSirebuli dResaswa-

uli iyo, ramac gazafxulis erT-erTi Tvis saxelic

1korneli kekeliZe, ioane qarTvelis kalendari (Xs.), etiu-debi 5 (Tbilisi, 1957), 279.

2 ediSer WeliZe (red.), msoflio marTlmadidebeli eklesi-is SeerTebuli kalendari, I gamocema (Tbilisi: gamomcem-loba ar aris miTiTebuli, 2001), 66.

90

(vardobisaÁ – 21 aprili-20 maisi) ganapiroba. qristia-

nobis gavrcelebis Semdgom vardobam erTgvarad icva-la saxe da RvTismSobels daukavSirda. axla am dRe-

saswauls satfurebis anu ganaxlebis dResaswauli

darqmevia, magram Zveli saxeli, vardobac Zalian

didxans SerCenia. sinas mTis sagaloblebis krebulSi

15 maiss ase ewodeba: `vardobaÁ RmrTismSoblisaÁ, mai-sisa ie (-15 sa) dResa~. Zvel qarTul kalendarSi 1-7

maisi jvrebis dResaswaulebi (maTi gamoTla – aRmar-

Tvis) iyo, rasac RvTismSoblis erTkviriani (8-15 mai-

si) dResaswauli mosdevda. jvris dReobas, ara marto

saqarTveloSi, RvTismSoblis moxseneba rom mosdev-

da, da ara marto saqarTveloSi, amisaTvis pavle in-

goroyva kirile ierusalimelis sityvebs iSveliebs:

`da ravdeni aRasrulebden saÁxsenebelsa w~disa jÂa-

risasa, yovelnive Rirs iqmnnen miRebad nawilisa

w~disa mariaissa.~1 am sakiTxTan dakvSirebiT

korneli kekeliZe damatebiT informacias gvawvdis.

garda imisa, rom vardoba vardobisTvis 15 modioda, igi moZravic iyo da sxva drosac aRiniSneboda. maga-

liTad, petre-pavlobis marxvis pirveli orSabaTi,

rac TavisTavad moZravi TariRia.2 ratom SeiZleboda

RvTismSoblis xseneba jvris dResaswaulebs dakavSi-

reboda? amis mizezi vfiqrobT, SemdegSia: qristianu-

li eklesiis swavlebis mixedviT miCneuli iyo, rom

ieso weliwadis erTi da imave dRes Caisaxa da ecva

jvars. anu nisanis 14-Si da romauli kalendris mi-

1 pavle ingoroyva, ZvelqarTuli warmarTuli kalendari me-5 _ 8 saukunis ZeglebSi, saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe, t. 6 (1931), 442, 444-445, 446; Ibid, korneli kekeliZe, ioane qarTvelis kalendari (Xs.), 248.

2 korneli kekeliZe, qarTuli era da eortologiuri we-liwadi, enimkis moambe V_VI (1940), 99.

91

xedviT 25 marts1 anu xareba da jvarcma erT ricxvSi

moxda.

amgvarad, sof. sionis samebis niSis vardobis dResaswauli aris RvTismSoblis dResaswauli, rome-

lic gergetis wm. samebis msgavsad 28 agvistos, miZine-

bas idResaswauleba da romelic gergetis samebis

erT-erTi dResaswauli iyo. am erT dResaswaulSi

RvTismSoblis orma dReobam moiyara Tavi. xom ar

SiZleba vivaraudoT, rom vardoba samebasTan dakavSi-rebuli adreuli dResaswaulis, mcxeTis jvris, ro-

melsac RvTismSoblis vardoba mosdevda, gamoZaxi-

lia? da aq RvTismSoblis dResaswaulTa or fenasTan

xom ar gvaqvs saqme? adreulTan da gviandelTan?

gergetis wm. samebasTan dakavSirebiT sxvaTagan

kidev erTi sakiTxia bundovani. ratom iyo aq wm. ste-

fane pirvelmowamis monasteri da ratom ewoda xevis

mTavar dasaxlebas stefanwminda?

xalxSi daculi gadmocemis mixedviT, stefan-

wmindelebs Zvelad yuros davakebaze ucxovriaT. yo-

fila vinme Rrubela ficxelauri, romelic daqvrive-

bis Semdeg, stefanes saxeliT, berad Semdgara. jer

beTlemSi uRvawia, Semdeg yuros gamoqvabulSi. aq

xalxs misTvis `wiTeli eklesia~ auSenebia. erT dRes,

yurodan, niaRvris gamo, talaxi wamosula. stefane

beri gareT gamosula, koSkSi Sesula da xalxis ga-

safrTxileblad zarebis rekva autexia. sofelsac

droze mouswria gaxizvna. movardnil talaxs sofeli

waulekavs. amis gamo xalxs sofeli dRevandeli da-

bis adgilas gauSenebia da beris sapativcemulod

stefanwminda uwodebia. sergi makalaTia gamoTqvams

1 Andrew McGowan, Bible History Daily, 08/12/2014, How December 25

Became Christmas, http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/new-testament/how-december-25-became-christmas, 20.02.2015.

http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/new-testament/how-december-25-became-christmas

http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/new-testament/how-december-25-became-christmas

92

varauds, rom stefanwminda SesaZloa stefane xirse-

lis saxels ukavSirdebodes1, rac, vfiqrobT, ar aris

savaraudo. saistorio wyaroebi gergetis wm. samebis

monasters stefane pirvelmowames uwodeben. aRsaniS-

navia, rom stefanwmindelebi wm. samebasTan dakavSire-

biT, gergetelebze adre yofilan privilegirebulebi.

xom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom xevis mTavar dasax-

lebul punqts wm. stefane pirvelmowamis saxeli am

wmindanTan dakavSirebuli salocavis Tu monastris

gamo ewoda? aseTi magaliTebi cnobilia. Tundac, ga-

rekaxeTis sofel ninowmindis saxeli. rogorc cnobi-

lia, aq, yofili saepiskoposo taZari dRemde arse-

bobs. am adgilis erT-erT religiur centrad dafuZ-

neba vaxtang gorgaslis saxels ukavSirdeba. vfiq-

robT, stefanwmindasTan dakavSirebuli xsenebuli sa-

kiTxi Tu mosazreba calke kvlevas moiTxovs.

rogorc cnobilia, wm. stefane qalaqis ganapi-

ras, qalaqgareT Caqoles. stefane pirvelmowamis ek-

lesiebi saqarTveloSi ar aris bevri. maT Soris yve-

laze adrindeli mcxeTis unda yofiliyo da antioqi-

is saxeliT cnobil, mcxeTis ganapira samxreT-aRmo-

savleTiT, mtkvrisa da aragvis SesarTavTan mdgar,

IV_V ss. mcire eklesias ukavSirdeba da mis samxreT

kedelzea miSenebuli. saistorio wyaroebi stefan-

wmindis aSenebas stefanoz II-is vaJs, mefe arCils

ukavSireben. stefanwmindis eklesia man aragvis karze

aago, sadac mtkice sabrZolo koSkebi idgnen2. anu, es

iyo mcxeTis erT-erTi kari, romelic gamagrebuli

iyo da qalaqs mtris Semosevebisgan icavda. rogorc

guram yifiani aRniSnavs, antikuri karibWeebis msgav-

sad, sadac aRmarTuli taZriT, samlocveloTi, qanda-

1 Ibid, makalaTia, xevi, 130-131. 2 Ibid, xoStaria, 31.

93

kebiT gamoxatavdnen moqalaqeTa aRmsareblobas, qris-

tianebic qalaqis karibWeebTan agebdnen eklesiebs.

ase iyo mcxeTaSic.1 Tumca, amgvari nagebobebi arc an-

tikur xanaSi, arc qristianulSi mxolod gacnobiT

xasiaTs ar atarebdnen. upirvelesad isini sulieri

godolebi iyvnen da mtrisgan Tavdcvis mizniT Sende-

bodnen. cnobilia, rom mcxeTa, mogvianebiT Tbilisic,

ierusalimis models imeorebda. Cveni Rrma rwmeniT,

qalaq ierusalimis sakraluri gegmareba mTel qar-

Tlis samefos unda dadeboda safuZvlad. am sakiT-

xTan dakavSirebuli mosazrebebis mkiTxvelisaTvis

gacnobas samomavlod, sxva naSromis saxiT vapirebT.

axla ki mivubrundeT xevs, romelic qarTlis samefos

CrdiloeTi sazRvari iyo da am sazRvris gamagrebas

met-naklebi warmatebiT cdilobdnen qarTveli mefee-

bi. vaxtang gorgasals, romelsac xalxi gergetis wm.

samebis agebas miawers, didi wvlili miuZRvis Crdi-

loeTis sazRvris gamagrebis saqmeSi. darialis xeoba,

Tergisa da aragvis kari man axali simagreebiT gaa-

magra. manamde ki, rodesac wm. ninom kerpebi daam-

sxvria da xalxi gaqristianda, aRiara qriste Ze

RvTisad da mariamisgan ganxorcielebuli,~... Semusran

Semdgomad mirian yovelni kerpni sabrZanebelsa Tvis-

sa da maT wil aRmarTna cxovelsmyofelni juarni

qristes meufisa dasamÃobelad mterTa.~2 sainteresoa,

rom qarTlis samefos centris, mcxeTis, aragvis ka-

rad wodebul kars VIII s. mcvelad uSeneben wm. ste-

fanes saxelobis eklesias. qarTlis samefos Crdilo-

eT sazRvarTan, aragvis karis gamagreba vaxtang gor-

1 guram yifiani, wminda nino da Zveli saqarvelos dedaqa-laqi (Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ar aris miTiTebuli, 2004), 27.

2 Ibid, batoniSvili vaxuSti, 25.

94

gasalTanaa dakavSirebuli. am sazRvarTanaa dasaxle-

ba stefanwminda, romelsac gergetis wm. sameba dahyu-

rebs, sadac wm. stefane pirvelmowamis saxelobis mo-

nasteri unda yofiliyo. gamodis, rom wm. stefanes

qarTlis samefoSi qalaqisa da qveynis ganapira mxa-

reebis, maTi karibWeebis dacvas SesTxovdnen. amas

garda wm. stefane im qarTlis mTavarTa mfarveli

iyo, romlebic sxvebTan erTad mcxeTis jvars aSeneb-

dnen (stefanoz I da II). stefanoz II sabolood gaas-

rula taZris mSenebloba da sami dResaswauliT gaam-

didra saqarTvelos eklesiis liturgiuli praqtika.

yovel paraskevs mcxeTis jvarSi daadgina didi pa-

raskevis kreba, xuTSabaTs sveticxovelSi didi xuT-

SabaTis, xolo samSabaTs, samTavroSi wm. stefanesi,

wm. abibos nekreselis da sxva wmindanebis.

da bolos, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas Sem-

degi: iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-

stitutis arqivSi dacul grafikul anazomebs Soris

oTxi anazomia, romelzec dafiqsirebulia sof. ger-

getis (xevi) salocavebi: oxareSis wm. giorgis, ninow-

mindis da yvelawmindis/qalebis salocavebi. isini xa-

zovan masStabSia Sesrulebuli T. c-s mier (Teona

cuxiSvili an Tamaz citaiSvili) da oTxives zomaa

46X61. oxareSis wm. giorgi or (rogorc Tavad anazo-

mis saTaurSi vkiTxulobT), An. X. 16 da An. X. 17 plan-

Setebzea gamosaxuli. savaraudod es ori planSeti

erTiania. mocemulia gegma da Wrilebi. planSetebze

salocavi xatadaa moxseniebuli, Tumca, An. X. 16 ana-zomidan Cans, rom is mcire zomis eklesiaa, rac sa-

mecniero literaturaSicaa dadasturebuli. An. X. 17-ze saqvabis zedxedi, akldamis Wrili da gadaxurvis

sqemaa mocemuli. An. X. 15 anazomze gamosaxulia yve-

lawminda/ qalebis xati. mocemulia gengegma. samxreT-

95

dasavleTi da samxreT –aRmosavleTi fasadebi. sof.

gergetis maxloblad aris adgili `saTikniai~. aq ori

koSki mdgara. maT nangrevebze Semdeg qalTa saloca-

vi gaukeTebiaT. vfiqrobT, am ori koSkis nangrevze

mowyobili qalTa salocavi unda iyos An. X. 15 plan-

Setze gamosaxuli sof. gergetis yvelawminda /qale-

bis xati. An. X. 18 anazomze gamosaxulia sof. gerge-

tis salocavi ninowminda. planSetze mocemulia samx.

da das. fasadebi. salocavs miniWebuli aqvs kultu-

ruli memkvidreobis obieqtis statusi. im masalebis

mixedviT, romelTa moZiebac SevZeliT, xsenebuli sa-

mive salocavi gergetis wm. samebis da Sesabamisad

sof. gergetis erTian sadResaswaulo ciklSi CarTu-

li saritualo obieqtebia.

xalxuri da saistorio gadmocemebis Sejerebis

Sedegad gergetis wm. samebasa da sof. gergetTan da-

kavSirebiT Semdegi suraTi ikveTeba: mas mere, rac wm.

andria mcxeTis golgoTaze rgavs xes, aRmarTavs

jvars, gadava kaxeTsa da Cr. kavkasiaSi, midis gerge-

tis mTaze da iqac aRmarTavs jvars. xalxuri gadmo-

cema sof. gergetSic miuTiTebs andrias mier aRmar-

Tul jvarze. wm. nino, mas mere, rac andria mociqu-

lis mier darguli xidan gamoTlian jvrebs, mefes-

Tan, episkoposTan da xalxTan erTad mcxeTis golgo-

Taze aRmarTavs jvars. rogorc qarTlis moqceva gve-

ubneba, jvris aRmarTvis Semdeg qarTlis samefoSi

daiqcnen kerpebi, romlebic ZiriTadad mTebisa Tu

gorakebis wverze idgmebodnen. vaxuSti batoniSvilis

TqmiT, mirianma mis samefoSi anu qarTlSi yvela ker-

pi Semusra da maT adgilas jvrebi aRmarTa. wm. nino

qarTlis samefos mTianeTis gaqristianebas Seudga.

man xevSic miaRwia da gaaqristiana es mxare. jvari

gergetis wverze wm. ninomac aRmarTa. orive wmindani

96

– wm. andria da wm. nino – gadmocemis mixedviT, jvre-

bis aRmarTvis Tu davanebis adgilebad mcxeTis gol-

goTas da myinvaris ZirSi mdebare maRal mTas irCevs.

orive geografiuli landSafti hgavs erTmaneTs. siw-

minde orivegan dasaxlebuli punqtis mopirdapire

mTaze arsdeba. orive SemTxvevaSi dasaxlebuli pun-

qtis (mcxeTisa da stefanwmindis1) da wminda mTis gam-

yofia mdinare, erTgan mtkvari, meoregan Tergi. vfiq-

robT, jvrebis aRmarTviT sulierad moiniSna qar-

Tlis samefo. am SemTxvevaSi misi centridan Crdilo-

eT sazRvramde. aRmarTuli jvrebi sulieri simagree-

bi iyo, romlebsac qveyana mtris Semosevisa da gan-

sacdelebisagan unda daecva.

vaxtang gorgasali aarsebs mcxeTis jvris dRe-

saswauls, romelic qarTlis samefos erovnuli qris-

tianuli dResaswaulia.2 amagrebs samefos sazRvrebs,

gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeTisas, Tergisa da aragvis

(darialis) kars. xevSi daculi xalxuri gadmocema

wm. samebis agebas mas ukavSirebs.

VII s. stefanoz II sabolood asrulebs mcxeTis

jvris mSeneblobas, sami dResaswauliT amdidrebs ek-

lesiis liturgiul praqtikas, sxva wmindanebTan er-

Tad ganadidebs wm. stefanes, rasac xazs usvams sais-

torio wyaro. albaT mcxeTis jvris, wm. stefane pir-

velmowamis da stefanozis konteqstSi unda ganvixi-

loT imereTis sof. ianeTSi arsebuli dResaswauli

stefianeoba, romelic aRdgomidan merve dRes, kvirac-

1 mcxeTis jvris amSenebeli, mcxeTis erismTavrebis, mfar-veli angelozis saxelobaze.

2 lela patariZe, `cxovreba wmidisa ninoÁsa~ (qarTlis gaqristianebis kulturul _ istoriuli sakiTxebi) (Tbi-lisi: mecniereba, 1993), 59.

97

xovlobis momdevno orSabaTs aRiniSneboda,1 rac

mcxeTis jvris erT-erTi dResaswauli yofila natro-

evis mixedviT. misi TqmiT, es dRe wm. ninos mier mcxe-

Tis golgoTaze jvris aRmarTvis mosagonari iyo.2

aseve, aRdgomidan merve dRis anu wm. ninos mier mcxe-

Tis golgoTaze jvris aRmarTvis cnobili dResaswa-

ulia martvilis raionis, sof. banZis Wvenieroba, ro-

melic qristianobis warmarTobaze gamarjvebis dRe-

saswaulia.3

VIII s. stefanoz II-s vaJi, arCili, qarTlis same-

fos centris, mcxeTis erT-erT SesasvlelTan, mcxe-

Tis aragvis karTan, aSenebs wm. stefane pirvelmowa-

mis eklesias, romelic safortifikacio nagebobebTan

siaxloveSi mdgara. qveynis CrdiloeT sazRvarTan, sa-

dac asevea aragvis kari, am kuTxis mTavari dasaxle-

buli punqti stefanwmindis saxels atarebs. saisto-

rio wyarodan imasac vigebT, rom XVIII s. gergetis

mTaze, samebasTan wm. stefanes monasteri yofila. Cve-

ni azriT, garkveul periodSi, wm. stefane sazRvris,

karis Tu karibWis mfarvel wmindanad unda yofiliyo

miCneuli. cnobilia, rom ierusalimis lomis ka-

ribWes, romelTanac axlos Caqoles wm. stefane, wm.

1 k. ianeTeli, sofeli ianeTi, mogzauri, 8/9(1901), 853. 2 Ibid, natroevi, 17. 3 ix. rusudan wurwumia, ioseb Jordania (red.) nino Ramba-SiZe, nino kalandaZe-maxaraZe, Wvenierobis dResaswauli da masTan dakavSirebuli tradiciuli musika, tradiciu-li mravalxmianobis meeqvse saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, moxsenebebi (Tbilisi: Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservato-ria, 2014); nino RambaSiZe, kidev erTxel alilosa da Wo-nas urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb, analebi, 11(2015); nino Ram-baSiZe, Qqristianobis warmarTobasTan brZolis amsaxve-li qarTuli xalxuri dResaswaulebi samegreloSi, Bulle-tin of AGIBAS, Amrican-Georgian Institute of Biblical and Archeological Studies, 7(2009).

98

stefanes karibWec ewodeba. Zvelad mas wm. qalwulis

da cxvris karibWesac uwodebdnen.1 aqvea misi saxelo-

bis mcire eklesiac. aseve vfiqrobT, rom ara marto

mcxeTa da Tbilisi unda yofiliyo mowyobili ieru-

salimis mixedviT, aramed mTeli qarTlis samefo, ro-

melic jer jvrebiT moiniSna sulierad, xolo Sem-

dgom ki eklesiebi aSenda maT adgilas.

Tu ra xdeboda gergetze, V-VIII ss-dan XIV sau-

kunemde (Tundac varaudis saxiT), rodesac gergetis

wm. sameba aigo da romelic didwilad qveynis Cdilo-

eT sazRvris da qristianobis gaZlierebas emsaxure-

boda, tradicia Tu saistorio wyaro dums.2 erTi ram

albaT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom garkveuli drois ganmav-

lobaSi xevi da gergetis wminda adgili qveynis er-

Tian religiur msoflxedvelobaSi iyo CarTuli, rac

Tavis mxriv qveynis usafrTxoebisa da dacvis sakiT-

xebs exmianeboda.

viziarebT ra asmaT oqropiriZis Sexedulebas,

vfiqrobT, rom gergetis wm. sameba feriscvalebis sa-

xelze unda agebuliyo. SesaZloa feriscvalebis dRe-

saswaulSi, wm. samebis Zlieri figurirebis gamo, taZ-

risTvis sameba ewodebinaT. Tumca, manamde, frTxili

varaudis safuZvelze, SesaZloa, es wminda adgili

RvTismSobelsac ukavSirdeboda. garkveulwilad,

jvris TayvaniscemasTan RvTismSoblis da misi dRe-

saswaulebis siaxlovem SesaZloa sameba wm. mariamTan

daakavSira, razedac albaT sof. sionis samebis niSis

1 Архимандрит Никифор, Библейская энциклопедия (Москва, 1891),

332; Wikipedia, Old City (Jerusalem), Zveli ierusalimis ruka, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Map_of_Jerusalem_-_the_old_city_-_EN.png., amoRebulia 6.04.2016.

2 Tumca, kidev erTi xalxuri tradicia Tamar mefes ukav-Sirebs gergetis samebis agebas.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Map_of_Jerusalem_-_the_old_city_-_EN.png


99

dResaswaulis saxeli (vardoba) migvaniSnebs. aseve,

aRdgomis momdevno samSabaTi, rac RvTismSoblisa da

menelsacxeble dedebis dRe iyo. SesaZloa mogviane-

biT xsovna samebis RvTismSobelTan kavSiris Sesaxeb

miZinebis dResaswauliT gamoisaxa. amdenad, dResaswa-

ulebis TvalsazrisiT, varaudis saxiT, SesaZloa Sem-

degi fenebi gamoiyos: jvris aRmarTva da misi Tayva-

niscema, RvTismSobelTan dakavSirebuli dResaswau-

li, SesaZloa vardoba, aRdgomis mesame kvira, feric-

valeba da mariamoba.

100

qalebis salocavebi xevSi*

qalebisTvis gankuTvnili salocavebi aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos mTianeTis yvela kuTxeSi gvxvdeba, magram erTi SexedviT, maTi raodenoba TvalSisacemia

xevSi. velze muSaobam da sakiTxze dakvirvebam, migviy-vana im daskvnamde, rom qalis religiur praqtikaSi

CarTuloba xevSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sxva kuT-

xeebTan SedarebiT, erTgvarad gansxvavebul xasiaTs

atarebda. swored es sakiTxi, romelic dRemde Seus-

wavleli iyo, warmoadgens winamdebare Tavis gansjis

sagans. iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis in-


saa xuTi anazomi, romelzedac dafiqsirebulia: sof. axalcixis elias niSi/qalebis salocavi (An. X.5), oxa-reSis, sof. gergetis yvelawminda/qalebis niSi (An. X.15), sof. tyarSetis qalebis niSi (An. X.38), sof. fxelSes qalebis xati (An. X.47, An. X. 48).

xuTive anazomi Sesrulebulia tuSiT da rasak-

virvelia xeliT, muyaos planSetebze (46X61 sm), piro-biT masStabSi. anazomebi moicavs Senoba-nagebobis gegmebs, Wrilebs, fasadebis ganSlebs. Tumca ar moi-cavs situaciur gegmebs, rac maTi zusti lokaliza-

ciis saSualebas ar iZleva. anazomebze gamosaxuli

yvela nageboba qvisaa da aqvs sakulto daniSnuleba. yvela anazomis Semsrulebelia Teona cuxiSvili an

Tamaz citaiSvili. salocavebi, rogorc amas planSe-

* madlobas vuxdi, Cems kolegas, qeTevan alaverdaSvils, daxmarebisTvis.

101

tebidan vigebT, azomilia 1966 wlis 19 (An. X. 38, An. X. 47, An. X. 48), 20 ( An. X. 5), 27 (An. X.15) agvistos (xevis eT-nografiuli eqspedicia, xelmZRvaneli vera bardave-liZe).

sof. axalcixis elias niSi/qalebis salocavi (An. X. 5)

sof. fxelSe mdinare Tergis marcxena napirze, daba yazbegidan 13 kilometrSi mdebareobs. am soflis

`erT Zvel koSkSi moTavsebulia `kviraRvTisSvilis

xati~, romelsac qalebis xats uwodeben~.1 mas kvirac-xovels, kviraZals, qalTa xats, `dayaWul~-sac uwode- 1 sergi makalaTia, xevi (tflisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemlo-

ba), 1934, 212.

102

ben. igi kldeze, soflis samxreTiT mdebareobs da fi-

qalis mSrali wyobiTaa nagebi. arqivSi daculi 1966 wlis anazomis (An. X. 47) mixedviT, Zegli im droisaT-

vis ukve sakmaod dangreulia. salocavi sxvadasxva

doneze mdebare or nagebobas warmoadgens. qveda nage-boba zedas aRmosavleTis kedelze ebjineba da mar-

TkuTxa formisaa. anazomis mixedviT, qveda nagebobis aRmosavleTis kedeli interierSi naxevarwriuli

formisaa. zeda nagebobis Crdilo-dasavleTis kedels

wriuli moyvaniloba aqvs, rogorc eqsterierSi, aseve interierSi. nagebobaSi Sesasvleli samxreTidan aris

mowyobili. T. rusiSvilis mixedviT qveda nagebobis

momrgvalebuli kedlis ZirSi, mTel sigrZeze qvis

skamebi iyo ganTavsebuli, xolo interierSi ori oT-

xkuTxa qva ido. salocavs bazaltis qvebisagan nagebi

galavani hqonda Semovlebuli, romelic mWidrod ek-

vroda kldes. am galavnis SigniT xatis saTibi iyo. rusiSvili aseve varaudobs, rom qveda doneze mdebare nageboba SesaZloa eklesia yofiliyo.1 magram, vfiq-robT, Cvens xelT aresbul anazomze nagebobis struq-

tura imdenadaa dazianebuli, rom Zneli saTqmelia, iyo Tu ara es nageboba marTlac qristianuli

samlocvelo. makalaTias TqmiT, am xatSi 54 sm-is TeTrebSi Se-

mosili dedofala iyo, romelsac saxeze macxovris,

liTonis patara xati hqonda mikruli. swored mas

ewodeboda `kviraRvTisSvilis xati~. igi Semkuli yo-

1 T. rusiSvili, kvireRvTisSvili, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2 (Tbilisi: qarTu-li enciklopediis irakli abaSiZis mTavari samecniero redaqcia, 2004), 482-483.

103

fila `mZivis yelsabamiT, RilebiT, sayureebiT, beWde-

biT da sxv.~ vfiqrobT, es im wesis gamoZaxili unda

iyos, rodesac xatebs Tu wmindanTa gamosaxulebebs

ZvirfaseulobebiT amkobdnen da amSvenebdnen.1 am

xats, anu faqtobrivad macxovris gamosaxulebas Tu

ase vTqvaT, `qandaks~, yelze zanzalakic hqonia Sebmu-

li. am xatis dResaswauli amaRlebas scodniaT da aq mxolod qalebi dadiodnen salocavad. aq qalebs Ta-

vianTi, qal-dekanozi hyoliaT. igi gauTxovari da

qalwuli unda yofiliyo. amaRlebas am xatSi misul

qalebs mihqondaT gastexeli da sanTeli da xats Svi-

lierebas, gamravlebas, kargad yofnas evedrebodnen. misul mlocvels xatSi TeTrebSi gamowyobili qal-dekanozi xvdeboda. mlocvels sawirs gamoarTmevda, sanTlebs daanTebda, dailoceboda da qalebs amwya-

lobnebda. amis Semdeg, qalebi xatis niSTan sufras

Slidnen da mxiarulebaSi atarebdnen dros. zogierTi qali, Tu avad iyo, kviracxovlis salocavs dedofa-

las SeuTqvamda. am mizniT igi sofels daivlida. yve-la ojaxi mas raRaciT Seeweoda. zogi mZivs micemda, zogic xurda2 fuls, qsovils, samkauls da sxv. amis Semdeg Sexvewili xisgan adamianis formis Tojinas

gamoTlida, qalis tansacmels Caacmevda da im samkau-

1 rogorc Cans, aq ori tradiciuli msoflmxedveloba unda

Sexvedroda erTmaneTs. erTi, romlis mixedviTac aRmosav-leT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi qaluri bunebis RvTaebebs

samkaulebiT amkobdnen (ix. naTia jalabaZe, lia meliqiS-

vili, RvTismSoblis xalxuri kulti aRmosavleT saqar-

Tvelos mTianeTSi (eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT), analebi, 11(2014) da meore, saeklesio.

2 makalaTias TqmiT TeTr fuls.

104

lebiT Seamkobda, rac eqneboda. gamzadebul Tojinas

xatSi miitandnen da datovebdnen. Turme Zvelad kviraR-

vTisSvils zogadad xevSi scemdnen Tayvans, magram mog-vianebiT es wesi ufro sof. fxelSeSi da goriscixeSi

SemounaxavT.1 fxelSe-goriscixeSi avsajaniSvilebs da

Cqareulebs Turme TavTavianTi qalebis xati hqondaT.2 kviras xati, romlis dResaswaulic aRdgomidan

mesame kviras modis, sxva xatebTan erTad sof. axal-

cixeSic aqvT. sofeli md. snoswylis marcxena napirze, 1800 m. simaRleze mdebareobs.3 xalxis TqmiT, mas kvi-raZloba/kvirazlobac hqvia. mlocveli saklaviT mi-

dis xatSi. ufro Tikani uyvars kviriaso. valerian iToniSvilis masalebis mixedviT axalcixel dasao-jaxebel vaJebs da gasaTxovar gogonebs TavTavianTi

xati hqoniaT. qalebis dReobad eliaoba iTvleboda, vaJebis ki kopalioba. dReobaze qalebs mZivebasxmuli

droSa mihqondaT, romelsac xats swiravdnen. saerTo fuliT yidulobdnen Tikans. xatSi dekanozobda ga-

saTxovari qali, magram cikans Tanasoflel kacs ak-

vlevinebdnen. Tu dReobisTvis vinmes vaJi SeeZineboda, cikani mas unda daekla. biWebis da gogonebis salo-

cavebis xatebi IX-X saukuneebis axalcixis eklesiaSi

inaxeboda.4 xsenebuli xati mexuTe anazomzea mocemu-

li (An.X. 5).

1 iqve, gv. 213-214. 2 valerian iToniSvili, moxeveebis yofa-cxovreba (Tbili-si: istoriis, eTnologiis, religiis Seswavlisa da pro-pagandis centri), 2015, 180.

3 z. jamburia, kvireRvTisSvili, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2, (Tbilisi: qarTu-li enciklopediis irakli abaSiZis mTavari samecniero redaqcia, 2004), 483.

4 Ibid, iToniSvili, 229-230.

105

sof. tyarSeti md. Tergis marcxena napirze mdeba-reobs da arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mixedviT da mopo-

vebul artefaqtebze dayrdnobiT, es teritoria

mtkvar-araqsis periodSic [Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis Sua

xanebi- Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebi] iyo dasaxle-

buli. XV s. igi istoriul sabuTebSi da XVIII s. wyaro-ebSic moixsenieba. soflis ganapiras mdebare kviras

(kvirias) eklesia ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis, qvis mozrdili kvadrebiT nagebi darbazuli (6X4.5 m.) ekle-

siaa. eklesias ar aqvs afsidi da aRmosavleTiT swo-

ri kedliT mTavrdeba.1 mas, qarTuli eklesiebisaTvis

tradiciulad samxreTidan aqvs Sesasvleli. vfiq-

robT, kviras (kvirias) eklesia An. X. 38-ze mocemuli

qalebis xati unda iyos. xsenebul An. X.15 anazomze yvelawminda /qalebis

xatia gamosaxuli. igi sof. gergetis (SeuerTda ste-fanwmindas 1966 w.) dasavleTiT, maRali mTis davakeba-

zea. xati oTxkuTxa svetis formis ori, erTmaneTis gverdiT mdgomi, patara nagebobisgan Sedgeba, romel-

Tagan erTi ufro didia. isini fiqalis mSrali wyobi-

Taa naSenebi. mozrdil nagebobas fasadi dasavleTiT

aqvs. fasadis kedelSi, miwis piras sasanTle TaxCaa

gamoRebuli. meore nagebobis SemorCenili kedlebi

yrua.2 `soflis maxloblad (adgili `saTikniai~) ori

1 g. bagrationi, b. macaberiZe, kviras (kvirias) eklesia, sa-qarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2 (Tbilisi:qarTuli enciklopediis irakli abaSiZis mTavari samecniero redaqcia, 2004), 477.

2 T. rusiSvili, yvelawminda (qalebis xati), saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2 (Tbi-

106

koSki mdgara. maT nangrevebze Semdeg qalTa saloca-

vi mouwyviaT.~1 vfiqrobT, am ori koSkis nangrevze mow-

yobili qalTa salocavi unda iyos An. X.15 planSetze

gamosaxuli sof. gergetis yvelawminda / qalebis xati.

oxareSis, sof. gergetis yvelawminda/

qalebis niSmi (An. X. 15)

lisi: qarTuli enciklopediis irakli abaSiZis mTavari samecniero redaqcia, 2004), 449.

1 k. kaxaZe, T. CimakaZe, gergeti, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2, (Tbilisi: qarTuli enciklopediis irakli abaSiZis mTavari samecniero re-daqcia, 2004), 446.

107

imis gamoZaxili, rom kviraRvTisSvils zogadad

xevSi scemdnen Tayvans, SesaZloa, sof. snoSi kviraZ-lis eklesiis arsebobac iyos. patara mTidan sofels

eklesia da zurgiani cixe dayurebs. es eklesia 1987 wels Zveli eklesiis saZirkvelze aaSenes. zurgian cixeSi ki gadmocemis mixedviT, daviT aRmaSenebels

uTenebia Rame. kviraZlis eklesiis dReoba aRdgomis

wina kviras, bzobasaa. aq axali rZlebi gayavT. zoga-dad ki xsenebul adgils kvira hqvia.1

nasoflar yananazis mopirdapired, sof. karkuCis gaRma, ubnis saTaveSi kviresZloba/kvirerZloba-kvi-reRvTisSvilis salocavia. aq dReoba, mTxroblis

TqmiT, ufro maisSi icis, SesaZloa amaRlebas. marTa-lia. amaRleba moZravia, magram xSirad igi maisSi mo-

dis. am salocavs Tvalis sinaTles SesTxovdnen da

cikans is daklavda, visac Tvalebi awuxebda. mas ase

SesTxovdnen – `RmerTo, mogve Tvalis sinaTleo, kvi-

raZlobis madlo~.2 valerian iToniSvilis TqmiT, xa-tobaSi soflis yvela ojaxi monawileobda. qalebi, salocavSi asvlis win, WalaSi, Tavze WaWs anu fiqals

daidebdnen da xatSi RamissaTevad fexSiSvelebi adi-

odnen. am salocavs kvires xatic erqva. mihqondaT san-Tlebi, qadebi, zedaSe (1 boTli Rvino). Tikans isic

klavda, vinc uqmis gatexvis gamo xatisgan patiebas

iTxovda. kvires xatSi patara koSki yofila, romlis

sarkmelSi mlocveli Sesawirad fuls da yelsaba-

mebs (uRlebs) debda. aq mxolod Tikani ikvleboda. Ra-

1 nino RambaSiZe, xevis (yazbegis r.) 1988 w. eTnografiuli eqspedicia, rveuli #1, gv. 3.

2 nino RambaSiZe, iqve.

108

mismTevlebi qadas iqve Wridnen, dakluli Tikani ki

soflis sasaflaosTan CamohqondaT, aqve asufTaveb-

dnen, amzadebdnen da sadResaswaulo sufrasac sasaf-

laosTan axlo Slidnen. icodnen bavSvebisTvs patara kverebis, cxreulebis gadmoyra.1

kvireRvTisSvilis/kviresZlobis salocavebis xev-

Si farTod gavrcelebis magaliTebs gvaZlevs 1966 wlis xevis eTnografiuli eqspediciis teqsturi masa-

la. im eqspediciis masala, romlis drosac Cveni sak-

vlevi grafikuli anazomebia Sesrulebuli da rome-

lic aseve daculia institutis arqivSi. ase magali-

Tad, xsenebuli masalebis mixedviT kvireRvTisSvi-

lis/kviresZlobis salocavebi goriscixis garda

gvxvdeba: xurTisTan, gaibotenSi. sof. goriscixidan dasavleTis mxares mTaze,

mdebareobs sruliad CaSlili, uzarmazari nagebobebi, romlebic ciklopur nagebobebs mogvagonebs, maT

gverdiTaa akldamebic. swored am nagebobebs Sorisaa moTavsebuli goriscixis qalebis xati. qalebis xati

warmoadgens lods, romelic CrdiloeTis mxridan da-

bali yoriT aris SemozRuduli. yores Sesasvleli

aqvs dasavleTis mxridan. aRmosavleTisa da dasavle-

Tis mxridan klde amoSenebulia. qalebis xatSi eqspe-

diciis wevrebma TeTri da feradi mZivebi naxes. lods

etyoboda sanTlis namwvis kvali. qalebis xatoba aR-

dgomidan eqvsi kviris Semdeg modioda. xatSi sanTel-

1 valerian iToniSvili, dasax. naSromi, gv. 232-233.

109

gastexeli da kanfeti mihqondaT. aqac icodnen xati-dedofala, romelsac patara zarebi ekida.1

sxva cnobiT, goriscixelebi aRdgomis sworze, kviracxovlobas aRniSnavdnen kvirerZlobas. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebisTvis soflis mosaxleoba

aRar aRniSnavda am dRes, mxolod uqmobda. yazbegeli

mTxroblis TqmiT, aRdgomis mesame kviras anu mar-

Tlmadidebluri kalendris mixedviT menelsacxeble

dedaTa kviriakes, icodnen kviraZloba. misive TqmiT, kviraZloba da kviraRvTisSvili sxvadasxva dResaswa-ulebia, magram orive kviras modis.2

xurTisis Crdilo-dasavleTiT didi kldis Zir-

Si mdebareobs kviraZlis xati. 1966 wlis xevis eTnog-

rafiuli eqspediciis masalebis mixedviT, igi oTxkuT-

xa formis, basriT, WaWiTa da wiTeli qviT mSralad

nagebi niSia, sami mxridan kiriT SeTeTrebuli. mTava-ri fasadis (samxr.-aRm.) mxares datanebuli aqvs oT-

xkuTxi formis, wyobaSi Rrmad Sesuli Sukuna, romel-

Sic sanTlis naRvenTebia. Sukunis Tavze garWobilia

rkinis joxi, romelzec ori zaria Camikidebuli. erTi zari Zalian pataraa, meore, SedarebiT mozrdili, da-zianebulia. Sukunis Tavze mTavari fasadis mxares

wyobaSi Catanebulia qvaSi gamoTlili jvari. kvireZ-lobaSi dReoba aRdgomidan mesame kviras modis. aq mi-yavdaT patarZlebi da bavSvebi. kvireZloba RamisTe-

1 vera bardaveliZis piradi fondi, 1966 wlis xevis eTnog-

rafiuli eqspediciis masalebi, iv. javaxiSvilis istorii-

sa da eTnologiis institutis arqivi. 2 nino RambaSiZe, xevis (yazbegis r-ni) 1988 w. eqspedicia. Savi xelnaweri.

110

viT iyo. aq damizezebuli bavSvebic miyavdaT. icodnen qeris Sekreba da sasoflo saklavis yidva.1

sof. gaibotenis kvire RvTisSvilis eklesia mde-

bareobs soflis ganapiras, samxreT-dasavleTiT. imave 1966 wlis eqspediciis masalebis mixedviT eklesiis

qviTkiriT nagebi Senoba SeTeTrebuli iyo kiriT. mas samxreTiT mogrZo, oTxkuTxa formis Sesasvleli

aqvs. Ria karis aRmosavleTiT, Sua nawilSi, viwro sam-kuTxa sarkmelia datanebuli. aRmosavleTis kedelSi

eklesias viwro, grZeli sarkmeli aqvs, romlis mar-

jvena mxares patara oTxkuTxa niSia. amave aRmosav-

leT mxares eklesiis saxuravis ori ferdis gadakve-

Taze, napiras aRmarTulia qvajvara adamianis gamosa-

xulebiT. mis Tavsa da orive mxares patara jvrebia

qvaSi amokveTili, amasTan TavTan gamokveTili jvari

rgolSia Casmuli da mzis STabeWdilebas stovebs. CrdiloeTiT eklesia goraks ebjineba, amitom am mxa-res kedeli dabalia, aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis

kedlebi centrisaken azidulia, rac orferda gada-

xurvas qmnis. eklesia gadaxurulia didi brtyeli fi-

qali qvebiT. eklesiis Sida sivrce gayofilia or na-

wilad qviTkiriT amoyvanili kankeliT. misi marjvena

mxare ufro ganieria, vidre marcxena. eklesiis aRmo-

savleT nawilSi e.i. sakurTxevelSi, Sua adgilas, sami didi bazaltis (kerkenis) qvisagan trapezia agebuli. fuZis qva dabla ufro viwroa, zeviT SedarebiT far-Tovdeba. sakurTxeveli mTlianad SeTeTrebulia ki-

1 vera bardaveliZis piradi fondi, 1966 wlis xevis eTnog-


sa da eTnologiis institutis arqivi.

111

riT. SuaSi adevs bazaltis qvisagan naTali jvari, er-Ti Sandali, erTi zari da ori boTli aryis da Rvi-

nis narCenebiT. Crdilo-aRmosavleTis kuTxeSi kerke-

nis qviT amoSenebulia samkuTxa formis magida, ro-melzec dekanozi Tavis wil gastexlebs awyobda. kan-kelze damagrebulia grZeli xis sasanTle, romelic

Semkulia geometriuli ornamentiT, garda amisa mzis sami gamosaxulebaa, SuaSi mze wreSia Casmuli. xevSi gavrcelebuli xalxuri samSeneblo teqnikis Sesaba-

misad, wyobaSi gasamagreblad WaWis (sipi) sartylebia

Catanebuli. xalxi Tavisi SesawiravebiT Sedioda ek-

lesiis dasavleT nawilSi, sadac dekanozebi maT ar-yiT umaspinZldebodnen. am eklesiaSic kvireZlobas aRdgomis mesame kviras aRniSnavdnen. gahyavdaT bavSve-bi da patarZlebi.1

marTalia qalebisTvis gankuTvnili salocavebi

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis yvela kuTxeSi

gvxvdeba2, magram erTi SexedviT, maTi raodenoba

TvalSisacemia xevSi. sayuradReboa, rom xalxi kviri-

as xSirad kviraZlobasTan/kvirasZlobasTan/kviraz-lobasTan kavSirSi moixseniebda da faqtobrivad, ma-Ti erTad moxseniebiT erT religiur dResaswauls

aRniSnavda. s. makalaTias niSandoblivi SeniSvniT kvi-

raRvTisSvils, igive kvirias da valerian iToniSvi-

1 vera bardaveliZis piradi fondi, xevis 1966 wlis eTnog-


sa da eTnologiis institutis arqivi. 2 sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. naTia jalabaZe, religiuri sinkretizmis Taviseburebani aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (adgilis deda RvTismSobeli), 1988 w., diserta-cia, xelnaweri.

112

lis TqmiT kvireRvTisSvilis/kviresZlobis saloca-

vebs `zogadad~ xevSi scemdnen Tayvans. Cvens xelT ar-

sebuli masalebis mixedviT kviraRvTisSvilis/kvi-ras/kviraZlis/kvirasZlis/kvirazlis salocavis gar-

da qalebs sxvadasxva sofelSi sxvadasxva salocavi

ukavSirdeboda. magaliTad: sof. axalcixis elias ni-

Si/qalebis salocavi (An. X. 5), oxareSis, sof. gergetis yvelawminda/qalebis niSi (An. X. 15), sof. tyarSetis qa-lebis niSi (An. X. 38).

sof. tyarSetis qalebis niSi (An. X. 38)

113

sof. fxelSes qalebis xati (An. X. 47)

Znelia gaqrobis gzaze damdgari tradiciis rea-

luri arsis dadgena. rogorc wesi, tradiciebs nel-nela, droTa viTarebaSi, ekargebaT garkveuli Semad-

geneli nawilebi, anda maT sxva msgavsi tradiciebi ek-vrian, romlis Sedegadac SesaZloa, pirvandeli arsi

da konteqsti daikargos an sulac gaqres, Canacvldes

axliT. SesaZloa, sxvasTan Serevis Sedegad tradicia erTgvarad `CaixlarTos~ masSi.

114

sof. fxelSe, qalebis xati (An. X. 48)

Cven SemTxvevaSic aTeizmgamovlili saeklesio-xalxuri dResaswaulebic daknindnen da maTi pirvan-

deli mniSvnelobis garkveva garTulebulia. amis miu-

115

xedavad, vfiqrobT, rom saaRdgomo ciklis sami dRe-

saswauli, romlebic erTmaneTs mosdeven: kviracxov-loba, menelsacxeble dedaTa kvira da amaRleba er-TmaneTs garkveul wilad daukavSirda, ris xatovan

magaliTs Cveni azriT, Tundac zemoxsenebuli sof. fxelSes kviracxovelis/kviraZalis/qalTa xatis/`da-yaWulis~/ kviraRvTisSvilis xati warmoadgens. es iyo qalebis salocavi, mas marTalia kviracxoveli erqva, magram dReoba aRdgomis momdevno kviris nacvlad, amaRlebas, aseve sauflo dRes imarTeboda. es dRe,

amaRleba, xalxuri tradiciebis mixedviT qalebTan

dakavSirebuli dRec iyo. vfiqrobT, patarZlis wyalze

pirvelad gayvanis rituali xalxma menelsacxeble

dedebis xsenebis dRes daukavSira da kviraZloba/kvi-rasZloba/kvirazloba Searqva. es saxelwodeba araCve-

ulebrivad kompaqturad aerTianebs xalxur da saek-

lesio dResaswaulebs. erTi mxriv, es aris rZlebis

anu dedebis, qalebis, menelsacxeble dedebis kvira da

meore mxriv, rZlebis, patarZlebis kvira. religiuri

dResaswaulebis xalxuri saxelwodebebi sxvadasxva

enaSi xSirad asaxavs mocemuli dRis wesebs Tu ritu-

alebs. magaliTad qarTuli wyalkurTxeva, romelSic

naTlisRebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesia asaxuli. sulTmofenobis inglisuri saxeli Witsun/White Sunday, romelsac TeTri kvira mosanaTli kaTakmevlebis

TeTri kvarTebis gamo Seerqva da sxv. vfiqrobT, kvirasZloba da amaRleba urTierTkav-

SirSi rom iyo xalxisTvis, amis sabuTad amaRlebis

TariRis gamoTvlac gamodgeba. rogorc wesi, saekle-

sio kalendris da saeklesio tradiciis mixedviT, amaRlebas sxva kuTxeebSi aRdgomidan iTvlian. xevSi

116

ki misi gamoTvla kvirasZlobidan xdeba. ZiriTadad, xalxis TqmiT, amaRleba kvirasZlobis mesame-meoTxe kviras modis. amaRleba aRdgomidan me-7 kviris xuTSa-baTia, xolo menelsacxeble dedaTa kviriake mesame. sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom saqarTveloSi amaRleba

qalebis dRedac iTvleboda. rogorc iTqva, kviras-Zlobis salocavi xevSi TiTqmis yvela sofelSi iyo. menelsacxeble dedebisadmi miZRvnili dRis aseTi

Tayvaniscema CvenTvis cnobili masalebis mixedviT,

saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeSi arsad gvxvdeba. xevSi am-

gvari Tayvaniscema uSualod qalebTan da patarZleb-

Tan dakavSirebuli ritualis gamo unda yofiliyo,

rasac garkveuli wanamZRvrebi da ganmapirobebeli

garemoebebi unda hqonoda. albaT, es sakiTxi calke

unda iyos ganxiluli. Tumca xsenebuli rituali sa-

qarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSic gvxvdeba, rac kidev er-Txel gvafiqrebinebs, rom, religiur cxovrebasTan da-

kavSirebiT, qalTa poziciebi xevSi sakmaod mniSvne-

lovani iyo. xsenebul kviracxovelis/kviraZalis/qalTa xa-

tis/`dayaWulis~/ kviraRvTisSvilis xatSi, sadac qa-

lebi ieso qristes gamosaxulebas, kviraRvTisSvilis

xats, amaRlebas scemdnen Tayvans, hyavdaT qal-dekano-zi. aseve qali dekanozobda sof. axalcixis qalebis

xatSi. anu salocavSi, xatSi msaxuri qali iyo, rac qarTul sinamdvileSi iSviaTi movlenaa. aseve, dRemde CvenTvis cnobili magaliTebidan, mxolod xevis ioane

naTlismcemlis xatSia SesaZlebeli dedaTwesiani da

fexmZime qalis misvla. rogorc cnobilia, aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mTielTa salocavebSi aramc Tu dedaT-

117

wesiani, aramed zogadad qalis axlos misvlac ki ik-

rZaleba. calke dganan qalTa iseTi xatebi, romlebic Zi-

riTadad nayofierebis mimniWeblad miaCnda xalxs da

kvirasZloba/kviraRvTisSvilTan ar iyvnen dakavSire-buli. magaliTad sof. gergetis yvelawminda/qalebis

niSi (An. X. 15). vfiqrobT, xevSi qalebis salocavebis arseboba

da am salocavebTan dakavSirebul religiur praqti-

kaSi qalTa CarTuloba, SesaZloa imis niSani iyos, rom am kuTxeSi qalebs metad hqondaT uflebebi re-

ligiur cxovrebaSi, vidre aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis sxva kuTxeebSi. amis mizezi, Cveni azriT,

SesaZloa xevSi wm. ninos aqtiuri moRvaweobis

Sesaxeb arsebuli, xalxSi daculi codna yofiliyo.1

1 ix. Nino Ghambashidze, Women’s Position in Religiouse Life of Georgia

and Its Peculiarities, in USA Journal of Literature and Art Studies,Volume 7(2017).

118

TuSeTi

laSaroba da qarTvelTa sarwmunoebis istoriis erTi gamotovebuli

periodi

`hoÁ, yovladpatiosano da cxovelsmyofelo

juaro uflisao, Seguewie Cuen yovlad wmidisa

qalwulisa RmrTismSobelisa da yovelTa

wmidaTa, Tana, ukunisamde. amin.~1

`laSarelais lurjasa

asxav fafari giSlisa,

raxan samcxeTod wavides,

kotor gahyveba nislisa,

saCqarod SemoCindeba,

xan rom ar iyos misvlisa.~

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTno-

logiis institutis arqivSi daculia aTi anazomi

(An. Tush 77, An. Tush 78, An. Tush 79, An. Tush 80, An. Tush 81, An. Tush. 166, An. Tush. 167), romelzec TuSeTis mTavari

salocavi-laSaria gamosaxuli. laSarTan erTad Tu-

SeTis mTavar salocavebad xiTana da samebac iTvleba.2

rogorc cnobilia, TuSeTi kavkasionis mTavari

qedis gadaRma, mdebareobs. xevsureTTan erTad, sam-

xruli ferdobis mezobeli regionebisagan igi `ufro

maRalmTuri da rTuli reliefiT, mSrali haviT, mce-

nareulobis simwiriTa da gansxvavebuli Sedgenilo-

1 locvani, locvaÁ naTel ars sulisa (Tbilisi: alilo, 2013), 215-216.

2 levan maruaSvili, saqarTvelos fizikuri geografia (Tbilisi: codna, 1964), 203.

119

biT ganirCeva~. kavkasionis farglebSi mdebare saqar-

Tvelos sxva regionebisagan gansxvavebiT TuSeTi, xev-

sureTTan erTad, gamoirCeva fiWvnari da arynari tye-

ebis raodenobiT.1 mdinareebi: gomewris alazani da

piriqiTi alazani, romelTa auzSia mTeli TuSeTi

moqceuli, sam xeobad hyofs mas: piriqiTi, gomewari

da CaRma.2 am dayofas giorgi boWoriZe ar eTanxmeba

da aRniSnavs, rom TuSeTi istoriulad rva Temad

(WanWaxovani, CaRma, xecurTa, ivanaurTa, gomewari, wo-

vaTa, piriqiTi, samcixi) iyofoda, rac kargad axsovT

moxucebs.3

TuSuri dReobebis cikli, romelic ivlisis

pirvl naxevarSi iwyeba da erTi Tve grZeldeba, `aT-nigenobebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili. es cikli CiRos la-

Saris jvris dReobiT iwyeba. igi aRdgomidan meToT-

xmete kvira dRes dgeba.4 sof. CiRo dRes nasoflaria.

igi axmetis municipalitetSi Sedis,5 mdebareobs sof.

omalodan 7-8km. daSorebiT, piriqiTAalaznis marcxena

sanapiroze, maRal mTaze, 500m. simaRleze, sof. CiRo-

dan 2km. daSorebiT. xatis kompleqsi Sedgeba sasan-

Tle koSkis (miliona), sakurTxevlis, samsxverplos

(anu `sasaklao~ – vera bardaveliZis mixedviT), dar-

bazis, darbazis (jvaris) karis, sadroSes, sazares,

koSkebiani galavanisa da saberosagan. v. bardaveli-

Zis aRwerilobis mixedviT, darbazis karis win gar-

1 Ibid, 200-202. 2 sergi makalaTia, TuSeTi, (Tbilisi: nakaduli, 1983), 9-10. 3 giorgi boWoriZe, TuSeTi (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1993), 14, 302.

4 Ibid, maruaSvili, 208; giorgi cocaniZe, giorgobidan gi-orgobamde (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1987), 132.

5 Dzeglebi.ge, http://www.dzeglebi.ge/mxareebi_qalaqebi/tusheti/tusheti_ chigo.html, amoRebulia internetidan 3.10.2017.

http://www.dzeglebi.ge/mxareebi_qalaqebi/tusheti/tusheti_%20chigo.html

http://www.dzeglebi.ge/mxareebi_qalaqebi/tusheti/tusheti_%20chigo.html

120

kveuli adgili yoris galavniT yofila SemosazRvru-

li. xats ekuTvnoda sayane miwa da tye. yvela es nage-

TuSeTi, laSaris jvari (An. Tush. 77)

boba mSralad, fiqaliTaa naSenebi da usaZirkvloa.

rogorc l. mowoneliZe aRwers, sworkuTxa gegmare-

bis sasanTle koSki jvris karis misasvlelTan dgas.

mas aqvs ori niSa, samxreTis kedlis zeda nawilSi

da meore dasavleTis kedlis qveda nawilSi. sasan-

Tles xuTsafexuriani piramiduli gadaxurva aqvs,

romlis zeda safexurze xinWrikva anu mTis brolia

moTavsebuli. sasanTle, sadac laSarobis dros san-

Tlebs da ritualur Sesawiravebs awyobdnen, sasan-

Tle koSkis dasavleTi kedlis win mdebareobs. sa-

121

kurTxevlis1 gverdiT samsxverplo, igive sasaklao,

mdebareobs. aqedan 3-4-m. mkveTri daqaneba iwyeba. dak-

lul Sesawirs aqedan agorebdnen. tafobSi zvaraks

atyavebdnen da am tyavebiT laSarobis jiriTSi ga-

marjvebulebs ajildovebdnen. sworkuTxa gegmis mqo-

ne darbazi sasanTles samxreTis mxridan aqvs midgmu-

li da Sesasvleli samxreTidan aqvs. interierSi, da-

savleTis kedelSi samkuTxa niSia, CrdiloeTisaze sa-

mi safexuria mowyobili. aqedan zedaze, romelic sa-

sanTlea, laSarobisas sanTlebs anTebdnen da xmia-

debs (ritualuri puri) awyobdnen. qveda skamia. sam-

xreT kedelTan merxi dgas, darbazis SuaSi moCuqur-

Tmebuli xis skamia, romelzedac xelosani ijda. es

misi `sabZani~ iyo. aRmosavleTis kedelTan sipiT na-

gebi skami mdebareobs. iataki fiqaliTaa mopirkeTebu-

li, rogorc darbazis orferda saxuravi. yoreT

amoyvanili kedlis meSveobiT warmoqmnili mogrZo ba-

qani saxuravis win wamoweuli nawiliTaa gadaxuruli

da qmnis darbazis kars, romelic darbazis mTavari

fasadis (samxreTis) winaa. sadroSe sasanTle koSksa

da sasanTles Sorisaa moTavsebuli. aq amagrebda xe-

losani darbazidan gamotanil droSas laSarobaze.

darbazis karis dasavleTiT dgas sazare. es aris Ta-

RebiT dakavSirebuli oTxi boZi, romelic orsafexu-

riani piramiduli saxuraviT yofila gadaxuruli. l.

mowoneliZis TqmiT, mas orferda saxuravi aqvs, ro-

melzedac jixvis, irmis, yoCis, vacebis rqebia moTav-

sebuli. boZebs Soris gadebul Zelze spilenZis ori 1 rogorc Cans avtori sasanTles, sadac sanTlebs anTeb-dnen da ritualur purebs awyobdnen, arqmevs sakurTxe-vels, rac, vfiqrobT ar unda iyos zustad naxmari ter-mini, Tu, ra Tqma unda, mas ase xalxi ar uwodebda. es ki, TiTqos, masalidan ar Cans. albaT, am terminis brWyaleb-Si Casma ufro gamoxatavda avtoris saTqmels.

122

zaria Camokidebuli. jvaris ezo darbazis karis win

mdebareobs da sami koSki aqvs CaSenebuli e.w. xati,

rogorc amas l. mowoneliZe aRniSnavs, romelic vera

bardaveliZis masalebsac eyrdnoba. galavnis aRmosav-

leT kedelSi CaSenebulia RvTismSoblis xati, sam-

TuSeTi, laSaris gori (An. Tush. 79)

xreTSi `droSaT sabrZanisia~, dasavleTSi ki ioane

naTlismcemlis xati. am samive koSks piramiduli sa-

xuravi aqvs. kldis piras, sazares Crdilo-dasavle-

TiT dgas sabero. igi sworkuTxa gegmarebisaa da

calferda saxuravi aqvs. Sesasvleli CrdiloeTidan

aqvs. interierSi, dasavleTi kedlis gaswvriv, fiqa-

lisgan mSralad nagebi merxia da iatakic aseve fiqa-

liTaa mopirkeTebuli. darbazidan 200m. daSorebiT,

vake adgilze, mdebareobs sajare, sadc medReobe mama-

123

kacebi ikribebodnen. qalebis misvla aq ikrZaleboda.

sajaris SuaSi, 1m. qva, `sawdea~ Cadgmuli, romelze-

dac anTebdnen sanTlebs. laSaris dasavleTiT goraa

xatis tyiT. am gorazea e.w. sabinao adgilebi, sadac

dReobaSi mxolod sof. CiRos qalebi aTevdnen Rames.

TuSeTi, laSaris gori (An. Tush. 80)

sabinaoSi RamiT kacebs Ramis Teva da Rame misvlac

ekrZalebodaT. yvela gvars Tavisi sabinao hqonda. ar-

sebobda saerTo sabinao, sadac sxva soflebidan mi-

sulebs SeeZloT RamisTeva. mTis kalTaze, sabinaos

dasavleTiT sajiriToa. aq laSarobas jiriTi imar-

Teba.1

1 l. mowoneliZe, laSaris jvari, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, 2 t. (Tbilisi: qarTu-

124

vera bardaveliZis 1931, 1949, 1957, 1965, 1966 wle-

bis eqspediciis masalebis mixedviT, laSaris jvris

kompleqsi igive nagebobebisgan Sedgeba. vera bardave-

TuSeTi, laSaris jvari, sabero (An. Tush. 81)

liZis aRwerilobis mixedviT laSaris jvris es kom-

pleqsi sof. CiRos Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 2km. daSo-

rebiT, maRal goraze mdebareobs. mis dasavleTiT

sxva goraa, romlis tye laSaris tyed iTvleba. am

tyis Crdilo-dasavleTiT `sabinaod~ wodebuli adgi-

lebia, romlis dasavleTiT, Crdilo-dasavleTiT da

CrdiloeTiT farTod gaSlili mTis kalTa laSaro-

baze sadReobo jiriTisTvis gamoiyeneboda. sajiri-

Tos axlos, vakeze, iyo sajare. am mTis kalTas Crdi-

li enciklopediis irakli abaSiZis mT. samec. redaqcia, 2004), 159-160.

125

lo-dasavleTiT emijneba klde, romelzedac agebuli

iyo sabero. am or goras Soris Tavmongreuli milio-

na iyo, romelic aqve daRupuli TuSis mosagonrad

gakeTda. xatis samsxverplo _ `sasaklaosTan~ iwyeba

mkveTri daqaneba. vera bardaveliZe milionas ganmar-

tebisas aRniSnavs, rom TuSebi milionas uwodeben

imas, rasac fSav-xevsurebi sataZro arqiteqturaSi

koSks anu sworkuTxa gegmis mqone, momaRlo da xSi-

rad TaxCian sakulto nagebobas da sazares.1 iv. java-

xiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutSi da-

cul anazomebze, romelic vera bardaveliZis xel-

mZRvanelobiT warmarTul 1965-1966 wlebis TuSeTis

eqspediciaSia Sesrulebuli, mocemulia laSaris

jvris darbazi (dasavleTis fasadi, gegma, Wrili,

gegmisa da Wrilis masStabi), darbazi da darbazis

kari (samxreTis fasadi), darbazi da sazare (aRmosav-

leTis fasadi, gengegma), darbazi (Wrili 2-2), darba-

zis interieri, xis Tasebi darbazidan, sabero (gegma,

Wrili), laSaris jvris topografiuli ruka, 1964

wels kote wulaias mier Sesrulebuli laSaris jva-

ri, sajare da sazare (samxreTis fasadi, sajaris

Wrili 1-1, sajares gegma, sazaris Wrili 1-1) da ucno-

bi avtoris mier 1947 wels Sesrulebuli laSaris

jvris sazare, marani, sajare (gegma, Wrili a-a). koSki

miliona datanilia mxolod topografiul rukaze.2 anazomebze ar Cans arc RvTismSoblis da arc ioane

nTlismcemlis xatebi.

1 vera bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi, t. II2, Tu-SeTi (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1985), 3, 15,16-17.

2 iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institu-tis arqivi, An. Tush. 77, An. Tush. 78, An. Tush. 79, An. Tush 80, An. Tush. 81, An. Tush. 166, An. Tush. 167.

126

rogorc aRiniSna, TuSeTSi laSaroba aRdgomi-

dan meToTxmete kviras anu mease dRes, kvira dRes mo-

dioda da aTengenobebis pirveli dResaswauli iyo.

sergi makalaTia aRniSnavs, rom sayovelTao TuSuri

dReoba ician 19-20 ivliss axali stiliT.1 vera bar-

daveliZis mixedviT es dRe 28 ivlisia Zveli sti-

liT.2 orive SemTxvevaSi Txroba iseT STabeWdilebas

tovebs, TiTqos dResaswaulis aRniSvnis TariRebi uZ-

ravia. am pirobiT orive SemTxvevaSi ricxvebi aSkarad

ar emTxveva erTmaneTs da laSarobis dResaswaulis

realuri TariRi gaugebari xdeba. magram Tu am saer-

To saTuSo dResaswaulis TariRis yvelaze misaReb

da zust TariRad aRdgomidn meToTxmete kvira dRes3

anu aRdgomidn mease dRes4 aviRebT, xsenebuli Tari-

Rebi sruliad adekvaturi aRmoCndeba. moZravi aT-

vlis wertili, anu aRdgoma, moZravs xdis laSarobis

dResaswaulsac.

TuSuri laSarobis daarsebis Sesaxeb arsebobs

gadmocema. TuSebs fSavlebTan mtroba hqondaT. vaJa-

fSavela, xalxur zepirsityvierebaze dayrdnobiT,

gviambobs, rom erTxel giorgi TilisZis meTaurobiT

TuSebi fSavs gamoemarTnen dasarbevad. am sabrZolo

laSqrobaSi TuSebi mTlianad daxocilan, mxolod

TilisZe gadarCenila.

`TilisZem uTxra mamasa:

`mamav, SavyaroT jario,

CavideT ukvena fSavsa,

amovirekoT cxvario...~

1 Ibid, makalaTia, TuSeTi, 208. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 19. 3 Ibid, cocaniZe, 132. 4 Ibid, mowoneliZe, 159.

127

`ver CavalT ukvena fSavsa,

egeca Cvenni ario!~

`maS, xoSaraSi CavideT,

varCioT qali-rZalio...~

`verc CavalT xoSaraSia,

eg aris Cveni mxario!~

`maS, maTuraSi CavideT,

mokled Cauvlen gzanio,

gogolaurTas CavideT,

Cakibuli hqon gzanio...~

`kiburT ar Cagvacileben

lom-xuzaura Zmanio!~

`maS, cibaurTas CavideT,

vumtvrioT beRlis kario!~

Cavides cibaurTasa,

umtvries beRlis kario,

pir-da-piraiT gadmoCndes

lom-xuzaura Zmanio,

esroles TilisZis kacebs,

beRels akeres mkvdario.

TilisZe gamaipara, gadmaiara mTanio,

roca TuSeTSi movida,

gamoegeba rZalio:

`mamamTil, Svili ra uyav,

Tinibeq, Cemi qmario?~

`Tinibeq fSavSi gavwire

sisxlisa RviniT mTvralio...~

qali cixeSi Sevida,

welTiT daketa kario,

sanam wel Sesruldeboda,

samjer daiWrna Tmanio.

mamamTilm gamaugzavna

samxvewrod TeTri xario:

128

`gTxov, gamoxvide, lelao,

cixeSi nuRar xario~...

mamamTils SemouTvala:

`welzed Samartyi xmalio,

iqisak wamavali var,

maswavle fSavis gzanio...

qmris sisxli Tu ver viZio,

lelaimc nuRar vario!~1

am ambavze xalxma simRerac, `TuSo nu waxvl

xoSaras~, Seqmna. erTxelac, TilisZe fSavSi, erT-erT

laSarobaze misula, TeTri kurati miuyvania, iqve da-

uklavs da TuSebis da fSavlebis Serigeba uTxovia.

marTlac, TuSebi da fSavlebi laSarSi Zmad gaficu-

lan. am ambis da Zmobis simtkicis niSnad TilisZem

laSaris droSa CiRos mTaze, TuSeTSi aRmarTa, sa-

dac laSaris awindeli xatic auSenebiaT.2 mTavar la-

SarSi ki, Serigebis niSnad, sazaris samxreTiT,3 sama-

ni CausvamT.4 Tu ratom mivida TilisZe laSarSi la-

Sarobas, amas vaJa-fSavela sainteresod xsnis. mas xo-

Saris ambis amsaxveli erT-erTi xalxuri leqsi moh-

yavs:

`TuSo, xoSaras nu Caxval,

xoSara ekliania;

Sig samni mgelni budoben,

samive lekviania;

Tu Caxval, veRar amoxval.

1qarTuli xalxuri poezia, http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/

1234/4318/1/Qartuli_XalxuriPoezia.pdf, 6.02.2018. 2 Ibid, makalaTia, TuSeTi, 210-211. 3 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 36. 4 sergi makalaTia, fSavi (Tbilisi: nakaduli, 1985), 216-217.

http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/%201234/4318/1/Qartuli_XalxuriPoezia.pdf

http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/%201234/4318/1/Qartuli_XalxuriPoezia.pdf

129

giorgi etliania (wmida giorgi).~1

vaJa aRniSnavs, rom swored bolo strofSia da-

maluli, Tu ratom mividnen isini uZvirfasesi sakla-

viT, rqaTeTri xariT laSarSi da ratom iTxoves Se-

rigeba da Cveni mxridan davsZenT, ratom gaixades is

mTavar TuSur salocavad. orive moqiSpe mxarem miiC-

nia, rom brZolaSi fSavlebs wm. giorgim, laSaris wm.

giorgim gaamarjvebina.2 amdenad, erTi mxriv TuSebma

patieba sTxoves wm. giorgis da meore mxriv ymoba.

laSarTan arxotel xevsurebsac hqondaT SuRli. er-

Txel, laSarobas, rodesac arxotelebs surdaT

fSavlebs Tavs dasxmodnen, es ambavi droulad Seut-

yvia laSaris Tavxevisber focxvera maxincaurs da

fSavlebs xevsurebi SeupyriaT. Tumca, laSaris qa-

dags moSuRlarebi Seurigebia. `ficis gautexlobis~

niSnad xevsurebs laSarisTvis 12 cxvari da xari da-

uklavT. am SemTxvevis aRsaniSnavadac CausvamT sama-

ni.3 makalaTia ar miuTiTebs xevsurebis samanis ad-

gils da aRniSnavs, rom igi iqvea, sadac TuSebis. bar-

daveliZis aRwerilobiT, TuSebis samanis axlo mdeba-

re meore samani (sul ors moixseniebs) sazaris dasav-

leTiT mdebare samania.4

vera bardaveliZis masalebis mixedviT, laSaro-

bis wina dRes Sultebs sof. CiRodan xatSi sasoflo

ludi mihqondaT da sasoflo saklavi mihyavdaT. dRe-

obaSi misul mamakacebTan erTad jvaris karze iyrid-

nen Tavs da elodnen xelosnis jvaridan gamosvlas.

1 vaJa-fSavela, publicisturi da eTnografiuli nawerebi, IX (Tbilisi: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1964), 58, 235.

2 Ibid, 58-59. 3 Ibid, makalaTia, fSavi, 216-217. 4 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 36-37.

130

mTavar RvTismsaxurs TuSeTSi xelosani hqvia, romel-

sac hyavs TanaSemwe Sulta. mas sofelSi ramdeni gva-

ric iyo, imdens irCevdnen, anu TiTo gvaridan TiTos

da es morigeobiT xdeboda. Sultas arCeva kenWisyriT

xdeboda. Sulta ianvridan momdevno ianvramde msaxu-

robda. mas evaleboda: ludis duReba, erTi saklavis

dakvla da xalxis – soflis da soflis stumrebis

gamaspinZleba. saerTo sufrisTvis sanovagis akrefa

da sufris momzadebac mas evaleboda. umamulo xatis

Sulta xalxs sTxovda saludeSi ludisTvis saWiro,

TavianTi wili, fori, SeSa da wyali mietanaT. Sul-

tas Tavisi damxmarec hyavda, mgolavi, romelic mas

ludis damzadebaSi exmareboda.1

sergi makalaTias gadmocemiT CiRos laSarSi

mlocveli RamisTeviT midioda. 1931 wlisTvis, rode-

sac xsenebulma mecnierma TuSeTSi imogzaura, laSa-

ris xatis Sesasvleli kari xatis droSebiT da alme-

biT iyo morTuli. misive aRwerilobiT, xatis droSa

iyo oTxkuTxa formis, TeTri mitklis da samyuraze

mikerebuli hqonda grZeli wiTeli salte. droSa

grZel, daaxloebiT 2m. sigrZis joxze iyo Sebmuli,

romelsac wverze zanzalaki hqonda damagrebuli.

zogjer ramdenimec. zogierTi Sexvewili mlocveli

wiTel da TeTr naWrebs, xilabandebs swiravda dro-

Sas. am xilabandebs gadascemdnen xelosans da is hki-

debda maT droSaze. droSa xatSi an Zvel cixeSi ina-

xeboda. mas `xatobis win dekanozi (anu xelosani-n.

R.) gamoitans da xatis niSTan miayudebs.~ giorgi co-

caniZe aRniSnavs, rom xelosani manam, sanam droSas

Seexeboda, wmindobda anu sufTad inaxavda Tavs. qals

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 19; Ibid, makalaTia, TuSeTi, 204-205; Ibid, cocaniZe, 29; valerian iToniSvili, TuSeTi da TuSebi (Tbilisi: universali, 2012), 23-24.

131

ar gaekareboda, sxvis saxlSi ar Sevidoda da arc

sakuTar saxlSi SemouSvebda vinmes, rom uwmindurs

(mrioSs, rogorc TuSeTSi uwodeben) anu dedaTwesi-ans ar Seedga fexi. droSis gamobrZanebamde xelosani

civi wyliT ganibaneboda. adgili, sadc es rituali

sruldeboda, ucvlelad dadgenili iyo. xelosani

Rames xatSi aTenebda, ris Semdegac SeeZlo, rom

droSas Sexeboda. sanam droSa gareT iyo gamobrZane-

buli, xelosani mas verc dRe da verc Rame ver mo-

cildeboda. TuSebi Tvlidnen, rom droSasTan erTad

Tavad jvari iyo gamobrZanebuli da rom droSis ya-

rauli Tavad xatis, RvTaebis sapatio yaraulia.1 mze

rom gadavidoda, xelosani da Sulta xatis niSTan

dgebodnen, anTebdnen sanTlebs da xelosani iwyebda

damwyalobnebas. xatis moedanze dReobaze misuli

mlocvelebi (mamakacebi, bavSvebi, moxuci qalebi, rom-

lebsac dedaTawesi aRar hqondaT) idgnen. qalebi mo-

SorebiT iyvnen. mlocvels xelosanTan sawiri (kvere-

bi, sanTlebi, xelada sazedaSe aryiT) mihqonda. sa-

wirs Sulta gamoarTmevda, xelosani sanTels aanTeb-

da, mxvewaris saxels ityoda da dailoceboda: `dide-

ba RmerTsa, madli RmerTsa, RmerTo, gaumarjve wm. gi-

orgis laSarisas, didad sadidebelsa, Zvirad saÃse-

nebelsa, muxis wveris angelozTa, didad sadidebel-

sa, Zvirad saÃsenebelsa! wm. giorgi, Sen Segvewie, Sen

gexvewebian samsaxuris mimRebni Tavi dabliTa, guli

marTliTa, naZaxevs gaugonebdi, naqadebs ar gimtyune-

ben. Sors myofi axlos dauxvdidi, daicavi, daifare

zvavisgan, wylidan, senidgan, sasjlidan. mware sik-

vdilsa Tav Tqven SeuqciidiTa. zamTar mSvidobisa

wagvareTa, zafxul gamarjvebisa mogvareTa. jox ai-

Ron, vaÃSam misciTa, saxel sargeblian miataniTa, sav-

1 Ibid, cocaniZe, 135-136.

132

nebel moaSoreTa, mtris ÃeliT Ãmal axÃadiTa, sik-

vdilobas ausubuqiiT. mterTan Wirs nu daukargav,

sworTan samarTals, mÃar-guTan waRm wagvareTa. yana-

mka mogvareTa, Ronesa, qonesa umatiTa. cxvar-cxvris

mkravs umateTa, pursa da puris mWamels umateTa! di-

do bedniero angelozo, Sen gexvewebian Tavi dabliT,

guli marTliTa! meSveli, mwyalobelimc aris Tqveni!

gaumarjos Cven salocavebs, gaumarjos ymebs laSaris

giorgisas!~ damwyalobnebis Semdeg, xelosani Semwir-

vels arays gamoarTmevda, erT yanws dalevda da da-

narCens TungSi asxamda. ritualuri kveris nawilsac

itovebda. visac bavSvi hyavda Sexvewili, xelosanTan

bavSviT midioda. vinc saklaviT iyo Sexvewili,

cxvars miuyvanda xelosans, romelic rqaze sanTels

miakravda da ise dailoceboda.1 saklavis damwyalob-

nebis erT-erTi varianti amgvaria: `didebulo RmerTo,

RmerTo da kviraeo, Seni sazRvnoa, Seni sadidebelia,

samwyalobno (magaliTad-n.R.) ioramisa, imis saxl-ja-

lafobisa.

dideba RmerTsa, madli RmerTsa, RmerTo gaumar-

jve wminda giorgisa laSarisasa, didaT sadidebelsa,

Zvirad saxsenebelsa muxis-wveris angelozsa, xali-

siT qaravniT mkrefalsa, oqros skam mjdomareTa,

RvTis piriT meRvineTa, RTis mesamsaxureTa.

dido bednier angelozo wminda giorgi, Seni

sazRvnoa, Seni sadidebelia moyenebuli sanaTlavi.

morige RmerTs Saswiridi, wyaloba gamouTxove, nu-

ras Camaagdeb magaT saxlSia, mtris xeli da Ãmal

aÃadidi, sikvdilobas ausubuqdidi, mtersTan Wirs nu

daukargidi, sworTan-samarTalsa; Ãar-guTan waRm

waRgvaridi, yana ka moRgvaridi, Svidobas aWmidi, Ro-

1 Ibid, makalaTia, TuSeTi, 4, 208-210.

133

nesa-dʼ qones miumatidi, pursa puris mWameli miumati-

di, cxvarsa cxvaris kravi miumatidi.

dido bedniero angelozo wmindao giorgi, Seni

sazRvnoa, Seni sadidebeli moyenebuli sanTeli sam-

wyalobnea ioramis, meSveli, mwyalobeli imis saxl-

jalabobisa, adidos iorami.~ damwyalobnebis dasru-

lebis Semdeg iq myofebi daiZaxebdnen: adidos!1 dam-

wyalobnebis Semdeg xelosani saklavs sanTliT Sub-

lze balans Seutusavda da Sultas gadascemda. Sul-

ta zvaraks xanjliT yels gamoWrida da zemoT naxse-

neb daRmarTze daagorebda. am dros xalxi daiZaxeb-

da: wyaloba xatisa! daklul cxvars daRmarTSi bav-

Svebi iWerdnen. vinc pirveli `Seavlebda xels~, cxva-

ris jigaric misi iyo. amasobaSi mzis Casvlis droc

dgeboda. xelosani droSiT xelSi, SultasTan erTad,

maRlobze dadgeboda. erT-erTi maTgani xalxs mimar-

Tavda da mouwodebda, laSaroba ise gaetarebinaT,

rom erTmaneTisTvis ar ewyeninebinaT, ar eCxubaT,

`Zveli SurisZieba sxvagan da sxva dros eZiaT~, vinai-

dan laSari da laSaroba salocavi adgilia da ara

Cxubiso. RvTismsaxuri aseve Txovda iq misul mloc-

vels, darbazSi, xelosanTan mietanaT, Tu raime nivTs

ipovnidnen dakarguls; rom xalxSi sitkbo da mxiaru-

leba yofiliyo. aseve, miuTiTebda, Tu saiT iyo qale-

bis jari anu sadgomi da romel mxares kacebis. igi

mkacrad ukrZalavda kacebs RamiT qalebis jarSi ga-

dasvlas, gansxvavebiT fSavis laSarobisa, sadac waw-

loba daSvebuli da miRebuli iyo.2 mamakacebs evale-

1 zurab kiknaZe, xvTiso mamisimediSvili da tristan maxau-ri, jvar-xatTa sadideblebi (Tbilisi: nekeri, 1998), 173.

2 sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. sergi makalaTia, fSavuri wawloba da xevsuruli sworfroba (eTnografiuli masa-lebi) (tfilisi: s.m.u.s. poligrtrestis ganyofileba me-3

134

bodaT SeSis motana. wesebis mkacrad dacvis mizniT,

xatis msaxuri Temidan TiTo kacs irCevda. amis Sem-

deg axalgazrda kacebi moitandnen SeSas da did cec-

xlsac daanTebdnen. iwveboda mwvadi, ixarSeboda xor-

ci, iSleboda sufrebi, mRerodnen Congurze. SuaRames

Sulta kodis locvaze miiwvevda mamakacebs. idgmebo-

da didi ludiani kodi, romlis kideze inTeboda san-

Tlebi. mlocvelebi or-or mrgval purs da cxvris

xorcs miitandnen. es laSaris wm. giorgis samRvTo

iyo. samRvTos Sulta amzadebda. luds sofelSi Seg-

rovili qerisgan aduRebda, saklavs yidulobda, purs

ki acxobdnen. es CiRoeli mlocvelebis samRvTo iyo.

aqve iqnebodnen sxva soflidan misuli mlocvelebi.

erT mxares ideboda CiRoelebis samRvTo, xolo meo-

re mxares ara CiRoelebis, stumrad mosulebis. mama-

kacebi kodis garSemo ganier wres abamdnen da `kodis

locvas~ ambobdnen anu abamdnen ferxuls da mRerod-

nen. `kodis locvas~ qalebi ver daeswrebodnen. vera

bardaveliZis TqmiT xsenebuli simRera samwyebad im-

Rereboda. jer imRerebdnen xelosani da Sultebi,

Semdeg igives gaimeorebdnen CiRoelebi da bolos

sxva soflebidan mosuli stumrebi.

`simRera uTxraT erTsao,

SevexveweniT RmerTsao,

RmerTo gvicocxle eseni,

Rvinos gvaxlian gverdsao.

qal-wyalze dagviandeba

dabanas xel-pirisao,

vaJ darbazT dagviandeba

Sesmasa barZimisao.

stamba, 1925) da nino RambaSiZe, kidev erTxel sworfroba-wawlobis wesis Sesaxeb, analebi, #5(2009).

135

cxvarsa umate, giorgi,

Tu ginda kodi savseni,

ymaTa umate, giorgi,

Tu ginda mosaxeleni.

wmindis giorgis karzeda

xe alva amosuliyo,

imas deesxa yurZeni,

saWmelad moweuliyo,

imis Semcode qal-vaJi

udrood daSauliyo.~1

simReris dasrulebis Semdeg daiZaxebdnen: gau-

marjos laSaris wm. giorgiso. kodidan xalxs xis

TasebiT ludi urigdeboda. vaxSmiT im dRis wesebi

mTavrdeboda. diliT dekanozi droSebs aaJRarunebda.

iSleboda sufrebi da lxini, rasac mohyveboda `qor-

beRela~, romelzedac odnav qvemoT visaubrebT. `qor-

beRelas~ wesis Sesrulebis Semdeg, xatoba mTavrde-

boda da yvela saxlSi brundeboda. icodnen qadagad

dacemis wesi. qadagi xatis nebas umJRavnebda xalxs.2

vera bardaveliZis aRwerilobis mixedviT, CiRo-

el Sultaebs dResaswaulis wina dRes xatSi mihqon-

daT sasoflo ludi, mihyavdaT sasoflo saklavi,

medReobe mamakacebTan erTad, iyridnen Tavs da xe-

losnis darbazidan gamosvlas elodnen. darbazidan

gamosuli xelosani sasoflo luds dalocavda, Sem-

deg sasoflo saklavs balans Seutusavda, Sulta ki

yels gamosWrida da daagorebda. amis Semdeg xelosa-

ni jer CiRoelebis sakomlo zedaSeebs dalocavda,

Semdeg darTloelebis sawirs da bolos yvela da-

narCenisas. sakomlo zedaSe, vera bardaveliZis TqmiT

1 stili daculia-n.R. 2 Ibid, makalaTia, TuSeTi, 210-212.

136

iyo: 3 xmiadi (samkuTxedis formis puri), 1 boTli

arayi, yvelis kokora da kenti raodenobis Taflis

sanTeli. visac saxlSi ludi hqonda gamoxdili, am

ludis naTaursac, anu pirvelad amoRebulsac dauma-

tebda. pirad saklavs yvela TviTon atyavebda. sakla-

vis mxars saerTo sasoflo saklavTan debda. tyavebs

Zvelad xatSi tovebdnen. zogis TqmiT, doRSi gamar-

jvebulebs tyavebiT ajildovebdnen. rodesac xelo-

sani sasoflo ludis da saklavis dalocvas daasru-

lebda, iRebda vercxlis Tass-barZims da CiRoelebis

Sesawiri zedaSedan cota arays Caasxamda da dailo-

ceboda. mxolod amis Semdeg locavda is sxva sofle-

bidan misuli mlocvelis zedaSeebs. sasoflo sawi-

ris xorcs Sultebi imave saRamos sajareSi xarSav-

dnen. amzadebdnen `sufrebs~. TiTo aseT sufraze or

xmiads, xorcis naWrebs da Taflis sanTlebs debdnen.

amgvar sufras zvarakiT misuli mlocvelic akeTebda.

sajareSi xelosani droSas miabrZanebda, Sultebi sa-

jares qvaze sanTlebs daanTebdnen da xelosani sa-

soflo kods locavda. dalocvas `salaSaro simRe-

ra~, qorbeRelas sagalobeli mosdevda, rogorc mas

vera bardaveliZe uwodebs, romelic igive qorbeRe-

las sagalobelia da romelic meore dResac imRere-

ba qorbeRelas ritualis Sesrulebisas. vera barda-

veliZe simReris Sesrulebis wess amgvarad aRwers.

misi TqmiT, `...Sultebi da axalgazrdoba samwyebad

mRerian: jer pirveli sami daiwyebs, imRerebs qvemoT

motanili leqsis pirvel striqons, gaimeorebs meo-

red da imis damTavrebisas Tavidan iwyebs meore sami

mwkrivi, axla mesame, Semdeg kvlav pirveli wyeba da

ase sxva. qorbeRelas leqsi Semdegia:

137

`dResam dReoba visia,

wmidisi giorgisia,

wmida giorgis karzeda

xe alvad amosuliyo,

imis Semcode qal-vaJi

udrood daSauliyo.

ymaTaR umate giorgi,

Tu ginda mosaxeleni,

xalxsaR umate giorgi,

Tu ginda kodni savseni,

cxvarsaR umatne giorgi,

Tu gind rqa-jangianni.

qal wyalze dagviandeba,

dabanas xel-pirisasa,

vaJ darbaz dagviandeba

Sesmasa barZimisasa.

mTa-mTa movalis qavTari,

naprals moarRvevs mTisasa,

barze movalis giorgi

alTos moanCqlevs wylisasa.~1

`salaSaro simReris~ dasrulebis Semdeg, xelo-

sani locavda sufrebs da lxinic iwyeboda, romlis

drosac sagmiro leqsebs mRerodnen. xelosani dro-

Sas didi siswrafiT waiRebda darbazisaken. meore

dRis SuadRes sruldeboda qorbeRelas wesi.2

giorgi cocaniZis TqmiT, meore dRes droSis ga-

mobrZanebis Semdeg mTavari kodis dalocvaze yvela

ojaxidan zemoTxsenebul tradiciul Sesawirs mii-

tandnen. xelosani ludian kods moxdida Txles,

calke WurWelSi gadaiRebda, rom jvarSi gaetana.

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 20. 2 Ibid.

138

Semdeg kodze sanTlebs daamagrebda garSemo, aavseb-

da Tass ludiT, daiWerda xelSi da sadidebels it-

yoda, sofels dalocavda. Sulta iq myofebs erT-or

Tas luds daalevinebda, ris Semdegac iq myofebi da-

iSlebodnen. amasobaSi jvaris karidan zarebis rekva

sofels xatisken mouxmobda. kacebi saklavs waiyvan-

dnen da ludis (TuSurad aludi) naTaurs waiRebdnen.

saklavi daukodavi cxvari, 1 wlis Wedila an 3 wlis

nayoCari, TeTri feris unda yofiliyo. piriT aRmo-

savleTisken mdgar saklavs xelosani Sublze balans

sanTliT Seutusavda, gamosWrida yels, sisxls xatis

niSis yores miasxamda da daqanebaze daagorebda SeZa-

xiliT: swyalobdes! aseve SesZaxebdnen, oRond sam-

jer, iq myofi mamakacebi. saklavis xorcis sxva nawi-

lebisagan gansxvavebiT, marjvena mxars dauWrelad

agdebdnen qvabSi mosaxarSad. sanam xorci moixarSe-

boda, xatis karze qalebi da bavSvebic mividodnen da

saxlSi gamzadebul saWmelsa da sasmels miitandnen.

bavSvebs xelsaxocSi gaxveul 3 xmiads, 1 an 3 san-

Tels da aryis zedaSes miataninebdnen. `xelosani

xmiadebs yurebs waamtvrevda, xatis yoreSi Seyrida,

ors xatis niSaSi dadebda, mesames ki – `Tavnaqceva-

ras~1 – xelsaxocSive datovebda ukan wasaRebad, san-

Tlebs aanTebda da zedaSis patrons dalocavda,

jvars Seavedrebda~. xatSi ymis jvarSi gayvanis wesic

sruldeboda. axalSobil, `sayme~ vaJebs ojaxSi `ymis

kotors~ anu did qadas gamoucxobdnen. ojaxis `mek-

vle~ kotorTan, 1 sanTliT da aryis zedaSiT axal-

Sobils jvaris karze xelosans miuyvanda. xelosani

mitanil sanTels aanTebda da zedaSiT salocavs Sea-

vedrebda ymas, SenTan sawiriT mosulan da iymeo. mas

sxva iq myofebic dalocavdnen. kotors daWridnen. na-

1 ukan gatanebuls.

139

wils SeWamdnen da nawils axal patarZlebs gaugzav-

nidnen, momaval wels Tqvengan elis salocavi ko-

torso. sof. xisoSi gzaSi am kotors vinme qalebis-

ken gaitacebda, mas daedevnebodnen, atydeboda ZiZgi-

laoba da kotoric gzaSi SeiWmeboda. es wesebi rom

moTavdeboda da saklavis xorci moixarSeboda, kace-

bis sajareSi dasaloci sufra iSleboda. Zirs, miwa-

ze daafendnen TeTr tilos naWers da zed daawyob-

dnen: 3 purs, romelsac daadebdnen `siTeTres~ anu

kaltis kvers an yvelis naWrebs, marjvena mxris Ti-

To naWers. aqve iyo 3 sanTeli da ludis naTauriT

savse Tasi. xelosani yvela purze TiTo sanTels da-

anTebda da ludiani TasiT xelSi sadidebels ityo-

da. iwyeboda puroba. qalebi da kacebi cal-calke

sxdebodnen, ise, rom SuaSi sacekvao adgili rCeboda.

Sultas qalebTan xorci da ludi mihqonda, qalebi

TavianT mamakacebs saWmel-sasmels ugzavnidnen. amaso-

baSi `mekode~ soflelTa axalgazrdebic mividodnen.

maT cxenebs CamorTmevdnen da sufrasTan miiwvevdnen.

lxini didxans grZeldeboda, mravali sadRegrZeloc

Seismeboda. Tu sofelSi iseTi micvalebuli iyo,

romlis wlisTavi jer ar iyo gasuli, iq myofTagan

ori xandazmuli mamakaci, ludiani TasebiT, xalxis

win gamovidoda da am gardacvlilis Sesandobars da-

levda. amasTanave, iq myofT bodiSis moxdiT mimar-

Tavdnen da etyodnen: marTalia sofels jer kidev

glovis periodi aqvs, magram aTengenobaze lxinis ga-

reSe ar SeiZlebao da axalgazrdebs lxinis uflebas

miscemdnen. amis Semdeg imarTeboda cekva, garmonze

simRera. amasobaSi, mzec `Casasvlelad daqandeboda~

da qorbeRelas ritualis Sesrulebis droc dgebo-

da.1 vera bardaveliZis TqmiT, es dro SuadRes dgebo-

1 Ibid, cocaniZe, 135-137, 139.

140

da. imarTeboda qorbeRelas saxeliT cnobili orsar-

Tuliani ferxuli. qveda rigSi idga xelebgadaWdobi-

li eqvsi mamakaci, romlebsac aseve xelebgadaWdobi-

li eqvsi mamakaci edga mxrebze. SuaSi dgeboda erTi

mamakaci, romelic salaSaro simReris anu `qorbeRe-

las1 sagaloblis~ simReras iwyebda. giorgi cocani-

Zis TqmiT, xuTi mamakaci qveda rigSi idga, zemodan

ki oTxi iyo moqceuli. Cveni azriT, rogorc Cans, vi-

naidan qorbeRelas Sesrulebas fizikurad Zlieri ma-

makacebi Wirdeboda da qveda wres aramarto unda da-

eWira mxrebiT zeda sarTulze myofebi, aramed fer-

xuls ise unda emoZrava, rom is ar daSliliyo, qveda

rigSi meti dgeboda xolme. qorbeRelas momRerals

`mecixovne~ hqvia. qorbeRela erTxmiani simReraa2 da

1 qorbeRelas mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs. giorgi cocaniZis azriT, igi cixes unda ganasaxierebdes [oTar kapanaZe, qarTuli saferxu-lo simRerebi: musikaluri enis Taviseburebebi, sadiser-tacio naSromi, xelnaweri (Tbilisi, 2014), 43.] qeTevan alaverdaSvili aRniSnavs, rom qorbeRela SeiZleba gan-xiluli iyos, rogorc maRali, mrvalsarTulini nagebo-ba, koSki, rac Tavis mxriv samyaros centrSi aRmarTuli xis simbolocaa. iSveliebs ra qarTul folklorul ma-salas, igi aseve aRniSnavs, rom cixis dangreva, waqceva adamianis sikvdils ukavSirdeboda, rac qorbeRelas ri-tualSi unda iyos asaxuli [qeTevan alaverdaSvili, sak-raluri geometria, (Tbilisi: universali, 2007), 73-74] ve-ra bardaveliZis mixedviT `qorbeRelad dawyoba~, `dabeR-vla~ ritualuri beRlisTvis saxuravis daxurvis garkve-ul teqnikas gulisxmobs [vera bardaveliZe, aRmosvleT saqrTvelos tradiciuli sazogdoebriv-sakulto Zegle-bi, t.1, fSavi, (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1974).]

2 nino maisuraZe, qarTuli trdiciuli musika da erovnu-li cnobiereba. qarTuli da Crdilokavkasiuri musikalu-ri enebis urTierTmimarTeba da maTi erTobis problema (Tbilisi: em-pi-ji, 2015), 45.

141

fanduris TanxlebiT imRereboda. ferxuli sajaredan

xatis karisken daiZreboda. gza damreci da Znelad

savali iyo. ferxuli xatis karTan, neli trialiT da

simReriT, ise unda misuliyo, rom ar daSliliyo.

ferxulis daSla soflisTvis ubaraqo, zaralian we-

liwads da laSaris jvris gawyromas gulisxmobda.

qorbeRelas Sesrulebis win Sulta aryian tikWoras

debda jvaris niSTan. rogorc ki qorbeRela daiSle-

boda, yvela tikisken garboda da vinc miaswrebda, ti-

kic mas rCeboda da sasmelsac danarCenebs is asmevda.

sergi makalaTias TqmiT, qorbeRelas xalxic mihyve-

boda, vinaidan maTi rwmeniT, mas, vinc ar Caebmeba

qorbeRelas ritualSi, xati daamizezebso. xatis kar-

Tan qorbeRela samjer datrialdeboda, riTic ritua-

li mTavrdeboda.

rogorc nino maisuraZe aRniSnavs, saferxulo

simRerebis teqstebs Soris erT-erTi, TiTqmis mTel

saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli. es teqsti wm. giorgis

Tu Cveni batonis karze amosul da zed gasul maR-

lar vazs exeba, romlis nayofis uWmeli qal-vaJi ud-

rood iRupeba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es teqsti

qorbeRelas sagalobelSidacaa. fiqroben, rom `sawe-

so sacekvao sagalobeli~ qorbeRela yvela qarTve-

luri tomisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. nino maisura-

Zis TqmiT, `am varauds esatyviseba qorbeRelas musi-

kaluri teqstebis retrospeqtuli analizis Sedegebi,

romlis mixedviT saferxulos uZvelesi intonaciuri

Sre qarTuli musikaluri fuZe-enis intonaciur areSi

Sedis~, rac `saferxulo sagaloblis uZvelesi droi-

dan momdinareobaze metyvelebs~.1

oTar kapanaZis kvlevis mixedviT, TuSeTSi erTa-

derTi saferxulo hangia da am hangze imRereba qor-

1 Ibid, maisuraZe, 32.

142

beRela. Tumca, doWuuri qorbeRela, misi teqstidan

da misamReridan gamomdinare, oTar kapanaZis azriT,

saferxulo simReris refreni unda yofiliyo. amde-

nad, simRerac uwin gansxvavebul hangze unda emRe-

raT. amJamad teqsti doWuSi aRar imRereba, mxolod,

garkveuli SeZaxilebiT gamoiTqmeba. doWuuri qorbe-

Relas teqsti ki amgvaria:

`giorgi saxeosas gaRmarjvebia,

hoÁ li, li, li, li;

gmir kopale karatisas gaRmarjvebia,


fiwale doWusTavisas gaRmarjvebia,

hoÁ li li li, li;

deda mariams gaRmarjvebia,


giorgi gomewrisas gaRmarjvebia,

hoÁ li, li, li, li.~1

oTar kapanaZe aseve aRniSnavs, rom ferxulebSi

sakravis Tanxleba ukidures iSiviaTobas warmoadgens

da amdenad, misi azriT, fanduri qorbeRelaSi gvian

unda gaCeniliyo. giorgi cocniZis TqmiT, qorbeRela

orpirulad sruldeba, xolo vera bardaveliZis aR-

weriT, rac zemoT iyo motanili, sampirulad. sampi-

ruli Sesruleba qarTul musikalur folklorSi iS-

viaTi SemTxvevaa. qorbeRelas mRerian xmamaRla, daZa-

bulad, daWimuli maneriT, daRmaval erTxmian melo-

diaSi.2 nino kalandaZe-maxaraZe miiCnevs, rom qorbeRe-

la imitom ar xasiaTdeba saferxulo simRerebis sti-

luri niSnebiT da igi imitom imRereba unisonurad,

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 140. 2 Ibid, kapanaZe, 41-43.

143

banis gareSe, rom orsarTuliani ferxulis mocemul

reliefze gadaadgileba sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSi-

rebuli.1

qorbeRelas dasrulebis Semdeg, Sultas sadeka-

nozodan ludi gamohqonda da qorbeRelas monawile-

ebs asmevda. makalaTiasa da bardaveliZis TqmiT,

axalgazrdebi cxenebs ajiriTebdnen. qorbeRelas we-

sis Sesrulebis Semdeg xalxi ibargeboda da Sin

brundeboda. mxolod, vera bardaveliZe aRniSnavs,

rom qorbeRelas dasrulebis Semdeg qeifi iwyeboda.

vera bardaveliZe wers, rom qorbeRelas dasrulebis

dros, romelime mlocveli qadagad ecemoda da

`xalxs laSaris `brZanebebs~ acnobda~. sergi makala-

Tiac aRniSnavs, rom laSarobaze qadagobac icodnen.2

da bolos, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sof. CiRos la-

Saris jvris grafikuli anazomebi, romlebic iv. ja-

vaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis ar-

qivSi inaxeba, im aRwerilobas exmianeba, romelic xse-

nebul salocavze teqsturi masalis saxiT samecnie-

ro literaturaSi mogvepoveba. xsenebul Senoba-nage-

bobaTa vizualuri mxare am samecniero literatura-

Si ar mogvepoveba. is, rac xsenebul anazomebze ar

gvaqvs, es aris TuSeTis laSaris jvris kompleqsSi

arsebuli RvTismSoblisa da ioane naTlismcemlis

xatebi.

fSavis laSari Ziri xatia laSaris wm. giorgis.

misi niSebi uxvad gvxvdeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelo-

Si, ganskuTrebiT TianeTis raionsa da kaxeTSi. isini

1 Nino Ghambashidze, Nino Makharadze, St. George in Georgian Mytho-

logy, Religious and Musical Traditions, xelnaweri, gadacemulia dasabeWdad.

2 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 20-21; Ibid, cocaniZe, 139-140; Ibid, mkala-Tia, 213.

144

TvalsaCinod gamoxataven laSaris jvris ymebis mig-

raciis, gadasaxlebis marSruts. am marSrutis naTeli

magaliTaia XX s-Si laSaris niSis gadmotana ivris

xeobis sof. artaansa da yvaras Soris da aqedan ni-

Sis kaxeTis sof. yvarelSi gadatana. yvarlis sofel

yvaradan warmomavlobaze Tavad vaJa-fSavela1 da vera

bardaveliZe, mTxrobelTa gadmocemebze dayrdnobiT,2

miuTiTeben. vfiqrobT, roland TofCiSvili savsebiT

marTebulad miiCnevs, rom toponimi yvareli yvarada-

naa –el sufiqsis meSveobiT nawarmoebi.3 Cvens xelT

arsbuli maslebidan gamomdinare, fSavidan Ziri xa-

tis niSis gadmotanis Semdeg laSaroba TianeTis rai-

onis mTavari dResaswauli xdeba. fSavis laSaris

msgavsad, TianeTis laSarsac aqvs Tamaris salocavi.

rogorc aRvniSneT, TianeTis laSari Tamaris xati-

TurT TianeTis sof. artaansa da yvaras Soris, xat-

xevad wodebul adgilas mdebareobs. xalxuri gadmo-

cemis mixedviT, xatxevidan ukanafSavis laSaramde oq-

ros Sibia gabmuli. CargalSi xatis ifania, romelis

wverzedac gzad gadis es oqros Sibi, sadac xalxis

warmodgeniT angelozi isvenebda.4 vera bardaveliZis

aRwerilobis mixedviT5 sof. artnidan laSarisaken

mimaval gzaze mgzavri Tavdapirvelad ioris gaswvriv

1 Ibid, vaJ-fSavela, 235. 2 vera bardaveliZe, ivris fSavlebi (Tbilisi: kvirioni, 1941-2003), 39.

3 roland TofCiSvili, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa migracia XVII-XXss. (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1984), 58, 69-70,79-83, 89.

4 zurab kiknaZe, qarTuli miToologia I, jvari da saymo (quTaisi: nekeri, 1996), 106.

5 mocemuli aRweriloba vera brdaveliZes 1939 wlis eqspe-diciis dros aqvs gakeTebuli, romelic 1941 wels ivris fSavlebis saxeliT cnobil mis naSromSi gmoqveynda.

145

gaSlil Tamaris xatis xeivanTan aRmoCndeba. iori am

xatis xeivans aRmosavleTidan esazRvreba. dasavle-

TiT xatxeurxis gorakia, sadac Tamaris xati mdeba-

reobs. Tamaris xatis gaswvriv, CrdiloeTiT, 1km. da-

SorebiT, aseve gorakze, mdebareobs laSaris xati.

vera bardaveliZis TqmiT, igi `moTavsebulia mTis

farTo davakebaze, romelsac Txeli tye sartyeliviT

akravs... laSaris xats aRmosavleTidan mdinare iori

da mis gadaRma aziduli maRali mTebi sazRvravs, xo-

lo samxreTidan _ mcire xevi da tyiT dafenili mTa.

tyiani mTiT aris igi SemozRuduli agreTve dasavle-

Tidanac... laSaris xati anu jvari ewodeba `sazaresa~

da `sasanTle~ niSebs garSemovlebuli galavniTa da

tyiT.~ galavani oTkuTxa formisaa da mSralad nage-

bia. bardaveliZis iq yofnis dros galavani morRveu-

li, miwis piramde dasuli yofila. am galavnis mxo-

lod zogierTi adgili daaxloebiT naxevar metramde

yofila SemorCenili. am morRveuli qvebiT iqve rZis

ferma auSenebiaT.

sazare Suamde oTxkuTxedi formis, kiriTa da

qviT nagebi Senoba iyo, romelic kiriTve yofila Se-

lesili. mas, am oTkuTxa Suawelze, oTxi sveti hqon-

da dadgmuli, romlebic kamariTa da maTze dadgmuli

saxuraviT bolovdeboda. saxuravi `oTxwaxnagovani~

da TunuqiT gadaxuruli yofila. igi jvriT da mis

Tavze TeTri liTonis moelvare burTiT bolovdebo-

da. svetebs Soris ekida zari.

saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa

aRwerilobis mixedviT, romelic 2004 wels gamoica,

xati, romelsac avtori XIX s. aTariRebs, Sedgeba

oTkuTxa niSisa da samreklosagan, romlebsac riyis

qvis yore aqvs Semovlebuli. rogorc Cans es niSi ve-

ra bardaveliZis mier aRwerili sasanTlea. mocemuli

146

aRwerilobis mixedviT, niSi salocavis ezos Crdi-

lo-aRmosavleTiTaa da mas dasavleTis waxnagebSi

sanTlisTvis gankuTvnili TaxCebi aqvs. saxuravi

calferda da Tunuqisaa. aguriT da natexi qviT age-

bul samreklos kvadratuli gegmareba aqvs (2.2X2m.).

1.5m. oTxkuTxa postamentzea oTxi burji, aseve oT-

kuTxa formis. am TaRebs naxevarwriuli gumbaTi ey-

rdnoboda, romelic Tunuqis, piramiduli saxuravi-

Taa gadaxuruli. saxuravs rkinis jvari aqvs. `gum-

baTSi spilenZis ori didi da erTi momcro zari ki-

dia. postamentis das-idan midgmuli aqvs qvis kibe.~1

vera bardaveliZe aRniSnvs rom xatxevi zemo artni-

dan daaxloebiT 5km. manZiliTaa daSorebuli, adgi-

lobrivebis TqmiT ki, 3, 3,1/2km-iT2. ZeglTa aRwerilo-

baSi miTiTebulia zemo artnis Temis sakrebulos,

sof kvernauladan samxreTiT, 2km-iT daSorebuli la-

Saris eklesia, romelic saydarasgoraze, tyeSi dgas

da gviani SuasaukuneebiT TariRdeba. `eklesia darba-

zulia (7.2X5.1m.), nagebia didi zomis riyis qviT. Zli-

er dazianebulia. Camoqceulia gadaxurva. dangreulia

Crd., samxr. da das. kedlebis didi nawili. Sesasvle-

li samxr-idan hqonia. naxevarwriuli afsidis RerZze

farTo, gareTken Seviwroebuli sarkmelia, romlis

orive mxares TiTo sworkuTxa niSia.~3 rogorc cno-

1 a. nucubiZe, laSaris xati, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2 (Tbilisi: qarTuli enciklopediis ir. abaSiZis saxelobis mTavari samecnie-ro redaqcia, 2004), 383.

2 vera bardaveliZe, ivris fSavlebi, dRiuri (Tbilisi: kvi-rioni, 1941-2003), 38.

3 n. nakaiZe, laSaris eklesia, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, t. 2 (Tbilisi: qarTuli enciklopediis ir. abaSiZis saxelobis mTavari samecnie-ro redaqcia, 2004), 388.

147

bilia, 1614 wlis Sah-abasis Semosevis Sedegad sparse-

lebma 30000 tyve waiyvanes am regionidan iranSi, ris

Sedegadac regioni TiTqmis dacarielda.1 adgilobri-

vi mosaxleoba mcire raodenobiT mainc darCenila.

isinic (albaT maTi nawili, vinaidan 1980-ian wlebSi

jer kidev SeiniSneboda aqa-iq maTi regionSi arsebo-

ba-n.R) dRevandeli Telavisa da axmetis midamoebSi

gadasulan sacxovreblad. iTvleba, rom XVII s. II na-

xevridan iwyeba da XX s. 20-ian wlebamde grZeldeba

fSav-xevsurTa erwo-TianeTSi Casaxleba, Tumca, ro-

land TofCiSvili miiCnevs, rom es procesi ufro ad-

re unda dawyebuliyo. igi imavdroulad aRniSnavs,

rom, vinaidan XX s-mde ivris xeobaSi laSaris salo-

cavi ar arsebobda, amis gamo kaxeTSi gadasaxlebuli

fSavlebi salocavad fSavSi dadiodnen.2 magram, ro-

gorc irkveva, zemo artnis Temis sofel kvernaulas-

Tan laSaris saxelobis, gviani Suasaukuneebis ekle-

sia yofila. samwuxarod am eklesiaze zemoT motani-

li masalis meti CvenTvis araferia cnobili. arada,

mis garSemo mravali SekiTxva Cndeba. gviani Suasau-

kuneebis eklesias (rogorc xsenebuli wyaro aTari-

Rebs) laSaris eklesia hqvia. rogorc samecniero li-

teraturSia miCneuli, fSavlebma erwo-TianeTSi da-

saxleba XVII s. II naxevarSi, faqtobrivad, gvian Sua-

saukuneebSi daiwyes. regionic amave saukunis 10-ian

wlebSi mosaxleobisagan didwilad daicala Zala-

dobrivad. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa es

eklesia regionSi dasaxlebuli fSavlebis aSenebuli

1 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1973), 182, http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/ 1234/2957/1/SakartvelosIstoriisNarkvevebi_Tomi_IV_1973_Nacili_I.pdf, 15.02.2018.

2 Ibid, TofCiSvili, 26, 10, 11,18, 82.

http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/%201234/2957/1/SakartvelosIstoriisNarkvevebi_Tomi_IV_1973_Nacili_I.pdf

http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/%201234/2957/1/SakartvelosIstoriisNarkvevebi_Tomi_IV_1973_Nacili_I.pdf

148

salocavic ki iyo. sainteresoa isic, rom laSaris sa-

xelobis eklesia Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis mi-

xedviT iSviaTobas warmoadgens. eklesia aSenebuli

iyo Tavad mTavari laSaris kompleqsSi, erwo-TianeT-

Sic da yvarlis raionis, sof. SildaSic, sadac mas

laSaris niSi-naeklesiari ewodeba.1 Cveni savele eT-

nografiuli masalebis mixedviT igi laSaris jvris

sadroSo iyo. mTxrobeli mas eklesias uwodebs.2 mar-

Talia, masalis simwris gamo raimes dabejiTebiT

mtkiceba Znelia, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom fSavi, er-

wo-TianeTi, kaxeTi, kerZod yvareli da misi raioni

zustad imeorebs fSavlebis mTidan mTiswineTsa da

Semdeg barSi migraciis marSruts.

ratom aSenda erwo-TianeTSi zemo artnis Temis

sofel kvernaulasTan, saydaras goraze laSaris sa-

xelobis, gviani Suasaukuneebis darbazuli eklesia?

ZeglTa aRweriloba am goraze agebul sxva eklesiis,

nangrevis Tu naSalis arsebobas ar aRniSnavs. topo-

nimidan gamomdinare, goraze saydari unda mdgariyo.

termini saydari (eklesia, nageboba wirva-locvisTvis,

rogorc amas arqiteqturuli leqsikoni ganmartavs)

aris `eklesiis sinonimi, XIV saukuneSi Semodis. XIV

saukunemde saydari im eklesias ewodeboda, romelic

episkoposis an qorepiskoposis sajdomad iTvlebo-

da.~3 Zvel qarTulSi saydari erqva taxts, sajdoms.

amdenad, Cveni azriT, eklesias, mTavar, gamorCeul ekle-sias, sadac ijda patriarqi, episkoposi, qorepiskoposi,

1 yvarlis raionis istoriuli Zeglebi, http://saunje.ge/

index.php?id=326&lang=en, 15.02.2018. 2 simon solomonis Ze lomauri, 85 wlis, nino RambaSiZe, kaxeTis eTnografiuli mivlinebis dRiuri, 2008.

3 arqiteqturuli leqsikoni, Zeglebi.ge, http://www.dzeglebi.ge /leqsikoni/leqsikoni_s.html, 16.02.2018.

http://saunje.ge/%20index.php?id=326&lang=en

http://saunje.ge/%20index.php?id=326&lang=en

149

sadac iyo misi saydari anu taxti,1 daerqva saydari; anu im eklesias, sadac idga ierarqis saydari, taxti da ro-melzec ijda es ieraqi. rogorc cnobilia, amasTanave, skams, taxts, saydars Tanamdebobis, Zalauflebis aR-mniSvneli sagnis mniSvneloba aqvs. saqarTveloSi Zali-an xSiria, rodesac patara eklesiebs soflebSi an maT SemogarenSi saydrebs uwodeben. xom ar SeiZleba vivara-udoT, rom es eklesiebi mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis, maTTvis vinc iq loculobda, sakaTedro taZris funqci-as asrulebda?

mivubrundeT TianeTis laSaris eklesias. iyo Tu ara gviani Suasaukuneebis am eklesiaze adre saydaras-goraze raime eklesia, esec ucnobia. magram, rodesac ge-ografiul adgils salocavis aRmniSveli toponimi er-qmeva, Cveni azriT, es am salocavis mniSvnelobaze met-yvelebs garkveuli jgufis mosaxleobisTvis, romelic mas loculobs. miT ufro, Tu termini saydaric soflis garemoSi igive mniSvnelobis gamomxatvelia. amasTanave, vfiqrobT niSandoblivia, rom toponimis semantikaSi xazgasmulia is faqti, rom gora ekuTvnis saydars anu siwminde, visi saydaricaa mocemul goraze, anu laSari, am garemos ganmgebeli, batonia. amasTanave, rogorc vera bardaveliZe Tavis saarqivo masalaSi aRniSnavs, `yove-li jvar-xati moTavsebulia Sesaferisi Temis saukeTe-so adgilas.~2 im mosazrebis sasargeblod, rom xsenebu-li eklesia fSavidan gadmosaxlebul fSavlebs unda ae- 1 Ibid; qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, http://www.

ena.ge/explanatory-online, 16.02.2018. 2 iv. javaxiSvili Tbilisis sax. universietis iv. javaxiS-vilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivi, vera bardaveliZis piradi fondi, v.b. 661, gv. 81.

150

SenebiaT, an maTTvis unda aSenebuliyo, vfiqrobT, isic unda metyvelebdes, rom garkveul salocavSi locvis moTxovnileba da saWiroeba aqvs mis ymas. es misi valia. fSavelisTvis aseTi salocavi laSaria. kerZod, fSave-lisTvis, romelic gvian SuasaukuneebSi gadmosaxlda fSavidan erwo-TianeTSi; da rom ar darCeniliyo am mTa-vari salocavis gareSe, romlis winaSec upirvelesi va-li, sasoeba da imedi aqvs, Tan gamoiyola.

TianeTis laSaris sasanTle, romelzedac zemoT gvqonda saubari. galavnis SigniT, sazaris Crdilo-aR-mosavleTis mxares mdebareobda; iyo oTxkuTxedi for-mis aguriT da kiriT naSenebi, sazareze gacilebiT mci-re zomis nagebobaa. hqonda orwaxnagovani gadaxurva. sa-sanTles ori TaxCa hqonia, sadac xevisberebi da dastu-rebi mlocvelis sanTlebs anTebdnen `da maT win qadebsa `klaven~ (Sesawiravi qada fSavlebis gamoTqmiT `daik-vlis~, e.i. xtis msaxuris mier daniT daiWreba Sesaferi-si locva-vedrebis Sesrulebis Semdeg) – wers vera

bardaveliZe. sasanTlis gverdiT kunelis totebze

TeTri feris naWrebi, irmis rqebi da rkinis uReli

yofila Camokidebuli. xatis galavanSi mdgara ramdenime xe, romlebze-

dac mlocvelebisgan Sewiruli TeTri, wiTeli, var-

disferi sakadrisebi (mitklis, marlis, naWris) ekida.

galavnis SigniT Sesvla mxolod xevisbrebs, dastu-

rebs, xatis monebs, xatisgan daWerilebs SeeZloT.1

vera bardaveliZis aRwerilobis mixedviT kaxeTSi ga-

dasaxlebuli fSavlebi saklavebiT, sanovagiT, ojax-

Tan erTad petre-pavlobis (29 ivnisi/12 ivlisi) mom-

devno xuTSabaTs modian da orSabaTmde, sami dRe

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, ivris fSavlebi, 38-41, 79.

151

dResaswauloben.1 xuTSabaT saRamodan SabaT dilamde

Tamaris xatTan rCebodnen, Semdeg ki laSarSi gada-

diodnen. ivrisFfSavlebi da erwoelebi laSarobas

petre-pavlobis momdevno SabaTsa da kviras aRniSnav-

dnen.2 isini SabaT saRamos Tamaris xatSi midiodnen,

aTevdnen Rames, swiravdnen sklavs, qadebs, qeifobdnen

da meore dRis naSuadRevs gadadiodnen laSarSi, sa-

dac saRamomde rCebodnen. gaSlili hqondaT orivegan

sufrebi, erTmaneTs epatiJebodnen, svamdnen, garmonze

ukravdnen. kviras, Tamaris salocavidan laSarSi rom

movidoda procesia, xevisberi galavanSi Sevidoda,

sazareze avidoda da zaris rekvas iwyebda. procesi-

as, romelsac xatis droSa miuZRoda da ferxisulis

simReriT moZraobda, xats samjer Semouvlida da xa-

tis win gaCerdeboda. xatis karTan ferxisas momRer-

lebi naxevar wred idgnen da simReras ganagrZobdnen.

maT win, xatis karze droSiT medroSe idga, SuaSi ki

dasturi, aryiani boTliT da WiqiT xelSi. dasturi

mReroda da rogorc vera bardaveliZe wers: `Tan mom-

Rerlebs pirSi arays asxamda.~ simReris dasasruls

yvela vaSas SesZaxebda da medroSe droSas sazareze

aitanda da `Signidan svetze daayudebda.~ iSleboda

sufrebi. mlocvels periodulad xatis msaxurebTan

mihyavda saklavi, mihqonda qada da arayi. TviTon xa-

tis galavnis gareT idga qudmoxdili. dasturebi We-

dilas xevisbris win miiyvandnen. xevisberi ityoda sa-

didebels da xucobas, msxverpls Sublze sanTliT

1 TianeTis muzeumis TanamSromlis, istorikos nukri fasu-riSvilis cnobiT, TianeTis laSaroba petre-pavlobas, 12 ivliss iwyeba da erTi kvira grZeldeba. madloba mas da eTnomusikolog qeTevan baiaSvils cnobis mowodebisTvis.

2 TianeTis laSarobaze 1991 eTnomusikologma hugo zempma gadaiRo filmi: `Tamarisa da laSaris dResaswauli~, ro-melsac Tan erTvis gamokvleva (Study guide).

152

balans Seutusavda, dasturebi mxsverpls fexebs gau-

koWavdnen da xevisbers win wauqcevdnen. xevisberi

marcxena xeliT Tavs gadauwevda, marjvenaTi ki yels

gamoWrida. dasturebi daiZaxebdnen: `gwyalobdeT!~ qa-

debs dasturebi `klven~, daniT seraven jvris for-

miT. tradiciuli wesis mixedviT cxvris beWi an kanWi

da qadis naoTxali xations rCeboda. xatis galavan-

Tan misvla mxolod iseT qalebs SeeZloT, visac de-

daTwesi aRar hqondaT.

kaxel mlocvelTaAumravlesoba fexSiSveli,

TeTrebSi an wiTlebSi iyo Cacmuli an samosis raRac

nawili hqonda am ferebidan erT-erTi. xsenebuli aR-

werilobis mixedviT. mkiTxavebi mitklis TeTr samoss

atarebdnen, `xatis daWerilebi~ ki mxolod zedatans.

Cveulebriv mlocvels mitklis an marlis TeTri Tav-

Slebi hqondaT wakruli. mamakacebis nawili wiTel

TavSals atarebda. welze ki umravlesobas qamrad an

qamarTan erTad mitklis TeTri naWeri hqonia Semok-

ruli. `axalgazrda qalebs da bvSvebs mxrebze gadag-

debuli da mkerdsa da zurgze cerad gayolebuli

aqvT wiTeli an vardisferi lentebi, romlebic TeZos

TavTan gaunaskvamT. zog Suaxnisa da moxuc mandilo-

sans kabis gulisprze samkuTxi moyvanilobis wiTeli

an TeTri naWeri, an zolebad daWrili da badis

msgavsad mownuli amave feris `samkauli amkobs~ ...am

samoss da `samkaulebs~ mlocvelebi xatSi stoveben.

dReobis ganmavlobaSi visac rodis unda, maSin moi-

Sorebs maT da wmindad miCneul xeebs totebze dahki-

debs.~1 vera bardaveliZes aRwerili aqvs garkveuli

xnis cekvis Semdeg, rogor daeca ori damizezebuli

da gaqadagda. erT-erTi qadagad dacemulis dedam

fanduriT angelozebis gamxiaruleba scada (ase swam-

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 41, 55, 56-57, 65-66.

153

da xalxs), rom Svili wamoeyenebina da isic, kvlav,

acekvebuliyo, magram daWerili ar wamomdgara. maSin,

rogorc bardaveliZe aRniSnavs, dedam dabali da na-

zi xmiT daiwyo galoba. bardaveliZes iqve mohyavs sa-

galoblis teqsti, romelsac misive TqmiT, Zvelad qa-

dagis dacemis dros mRerodnen. mas TianeTis laSaro-

baze mesame qadagis dacemac aqvs aRwerili. garkveu-

li xnis Semdeg, iq myofi mona mTvareuliviT, rogorc

amas vera bardaveliZe aRwers, wavida xatisken, gadaa-

bija zRurbls, sasanTle-niSis Tarodan gamoiRo san-

Teli, daanTo, pirjvari gadaisaxa, ukana svliT wamo-

vida da galavans gadmoabija, gadaiwera pirjvari da

galavanTan gaCerda, TeTri Tavsafari waikra, rome-

lic miawodes da miwaze garTxmuli erT-erTi daWeri-

li wamoayena. Semdeg lekuri dauara, SeCerda niSis

mopirdapired, pirjvari gadaisaxa, Sevida galavnSi,

daiCoqa, bardaveliZis TqmiT, Tavi miwas daaxeTqa,

gasworda, pirjvari gadaisaxa, wamodga, gareT gamovi-

da, galavanTan gaCerda, mimoixeda da urmebisken gaiq-

ca. male dabrunda. Tan saklavi: xbo da cxvari moh-

yavda, ukan mamakaci mohyveboda. SeCerda sasanTle

niSTan. mamakacis daxmarebiT saklavs balani Seutu-

ses, galavans samjer gars Semoavlevines. bolos mo-

nam saklavi mamakacs gadasca da miuTiTa, xatis gala-

vanis gareT, samxreTisken, mTis davakebis kideze da-

ekla. TviTon iqaurobas gascilda. xalxma daiwyo

laSarisTvis saklavis Sewirva. es im adgilas xdebo-

da, sadac mona qalis saklavi daikla.1

laSaris xati sof. zemo-TianeTSi, tuSurebSicaa.

1939 wels igi aguriT da qva-kiriT naSenebi, oTxkuT-

xa formis, orwaxnagovani, qarTuli kramitiT gadaxu-

1 TianeTis laSarobaze filmi, Sesabamisi samecniero ga-mokvleviT gakeTebuli aqvs eTnomusikolog hugo zemps.

154

ruli, galavniani niSi yofila, fasadiT dasavleTis

mxares. fasadze jvris gamosaxuleba hqonia. mis Tavze

adamianis Tavi yofila gamoqandakebuli, romelsac

xalxi laSa giorgis ukavSirebda. niSze jvaric iyo

aRmarTuli. xalxuri gadmocemis mixedviT, niSis ad-

gilas Zvelad sxva nageboba yofila. erTxelac aq

laSas da mis mxleblebs SeusveniaT. amis gamo da me-

fis spativcemulod, xalxs aq misi saxelobis niSi

augia. adgilobrivTa TqmiT, `laSari~ `Tamar-dedof-

lis~ Svilia. dedofali gaTxovebas ar apirebda. ve-

zirebi SeSfoTebulan, rom taxts memkvidre ar eyo-

leboda da gadauwyetiaT wilis yriT erT-erTi Sesu-

liyo dedofalTan. marTlac, veziri, romelsac wili

Sexvda, Seipara mZinare dedofalTan da amgvarad gaC-

nda `laSari~. gadmocemis mixedviT is Zalian uSno

iyo, didi laSebi hqondao. dedas ubrZanebia, sadme ga-

daagdeTo. ufliswuli Cumad gauzrdiaT da kvlav de-

dasTan miuyvaniaT. dedofals igi miuRia. xalxuri

gadmocema mas axovan da vaJkac pirovnebad axasia-

Tebs1.

Tu TuSur gadmocemas daveyrdnobiT, TuSuri

laSaroba erTgvari xalxuri samarTlis normis moS-

veliebis gziT arsdeba. igi or dapirispirebul mxa-

res (fSavlebsa da TuSebs), faqtobrivad or eTnogra-

fiul regions Soris, gamrjulavi, momrigebeli bWe

aRmoCnda. morigebis Sedegad faqtobrivad, misi say-

mos sazRvrebi gafarTovda. TuSebic laSaris jvris

ymebi gaxdnen, Tumca, SeinarCunes `damoukidebloba~;

laSaroba saerTo saTuSo dResaswaulad Camoyalibda

da individualuri, adgilobrivi xasiaTi miiRo. aRsa-

niSnavia, rom laSarobas TuSeTSi Tamar dedoflis

Tayvaniscema ar gadmoyolia, rac vfiqrobT gasagebia,

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 93-95.

155

vinaidan, TuSebi uSualod wm. giorgis eymnen, mis wi-

naSe Tvlidnen Tavs damnaSaved da misgan iTxoves pa-

tieba. laSaris wm. giorgis sazRvrebis Tu saymos

gafrToebas win uZRoda qarTul xalxur samarTalSi

moSuRlarTa Serigebis arsebuli da nacadi xerxi,

maTi Zmadgaficva, rac zemoTxsenebuli TuSuri gad-

mocemis mixedviT jgufur xasiaTs atarebda. Zmadga-

ficvas win uswrebda TilisZis mier iSviaTi da Sesa-

bamisad Zvirfasi msxverplis laSarisTvis Sewirva,

kerZod TeTri qora anu rqaTeTri xaris Sewirva.

vfiqrobT, es RvTaebis Tayvaniscemis garda, Serigebis

procesSi gaRebuli tradiciuli, normiT dadgenili

jarimac iyo; da vinaidan, SuRli or Tems Soris iyo

momxdari, jgufur xasiaTs atarebda da rac mTavaria,

igi Temis gamgebeli RvTaebis, laSaris wm. giorgis-

Tan Serigebis da misdami ymobis mizniT iqna gaRebu-

li. ai ras wers amis Taobaze vaJa-fSavela: `mTis

xalxs Cveulebad aqvs, rom rodesac erTs meoresTan

mZime danaSauli miuZRvis da damnaSave `saxvewriT~ –

saklaviT, sasmeliT midis da Seuracxyofils sTxovs

Sewynarebas, patiebas, ueWvelad miiRebs. es Cveuleba

dResac moqmedebs mTis xalxSi. xasiaTi, Sinaarsi am

Cveulebis isaa, rom damnaSave Seuracxyofils sak-

lavs rom uklavs, patara xatad hxads. saklavis Se-

wirva xom RvTisa da RvTisSvilebis (xatebi) mosamad-

lierebeli saSualebaa. saklaviT Sexvewna didi xvew-

naa, romliTac sisxlic ki daiurvebis. TilisZes

aramc Tu cxvari, xari mohyavs `samxvewrod~ xatTan

da TemTan Sesarigeblad, albaT imitom, rom did dam-

naSaved hgrZnobs Tavs~.1 yovelive gadmocemaSi moT-

xrobili realobis amsaxvelia, Tumca, sakiTxTan da-

kavSirebuli istoriuli sinamdvile CvenTvis ucno-

1 Ibid, vaJ-fSavela, 59.

156

bia. unda aseve aRiniSnos, rom aRmosavleT saqarTve-

los mTaSi salocavs udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda mi-

niWebuli. igi davis mogvarebis ukanaskneli instancia

iyo da erTgvarad uzenaesi sasamarTlos funqcia eni-

Weboda. saboloo da mtkiced Serigeba salocavSi

xdeboda.1

rogorc cnobilia, laSaris wm. giorgis mTavari

xati mdebareobs ukana fSavSi, Savi aragvis zeda

welSi, e. w. xmelgorze anu laSaris gorze. igi xoSa-

risa da wiTelauris Temebs Soris mdebareobs. ro-

gorc vera bardaveliZe aRwers: `am goris ferdobebi

Sefenilia muxis, ifnisa da adgil-adgil cacxvis xe-

ebiT. iq, sadac aragvis marjvena mxares xmelgori Wa-

las uaxlovdeba, mis odnav davakebul adgilze la-

Saris jvaria gaSenebuli.~ rogorc ki laSaris gors

mlocveli aaTavebs, aRmoCndeba e.w. jvaris karze.

bardaveliZis aRwerilobis mixedviT, jvars galavani

hqonda Semovlebuli, romlis gareTac mdebareobda

jvriskari, sadac didi ifnis da qorafis xeebi idga.

ifnis erT xeze TeTri sakadrisebi ekida: TeTri Ci-

Tis Tavsafrebi, grZeli TeTri, zanzalakeb mibmuli

naWrebi, meoreze e.w. jalambari anu jalabauris jaW-

vi. igi masiuri, 10-11 mm. diametris rgolebis mqone,

3.62m. didi jaWvi iyo. am jaWvs xalxSi gavrcelebuli

erTi cnobili gadmocema ukavSirdeba. gadmocema gvi-

ambobs, rom Turme, erTxel Tamar mefes misreTSi ga-

uvlia da cxeni `daunalvinebia~. gadmocema mWedels

1 liana beriaSvili, lia meliqiSvili (red.), naTia jalaba-Ze, xalxuri (CveulebiTi) samarTali aRmosavleT saqar-Tvelos mTianeTSi, kr. qarTvelebi (Tbilisi: palitra, 2016), 435; naTia jalabaZe, religia da CveulebiTi samar-Talis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis aRmosavleT sa-qarTvelos mTaSi, logosi, N2(2004), 155, 156.

157

ori saxeliT ixseniebs: misria da jalabauri. mefes

unaxavs misi grdemlze dakruli lursmani, rogor Ca-

sula grdemlSi da misive gakeTebuli xmali, rogor

gaSlila jibidan amoRebis Semdeg. mWedeli Tamars

mowonebia da sdomebia misi wayvana. mWedels uari uT-

qvams. maSin mefes misra misive gamoWedili jaWviT wa-

mouyvania mWedeli. meore variantis mixedviT, laSa-

ris jvarSi daubams, mas mere rac Tamars gamoqcevia.

dabmuli misria daTanxmebula Tamaris mWedeli gam-

xdariyo. maSin, mWedeli mefem auSva da misrianTkarSi

daasaxla, sadac gaagrZela Tavis saqmianoba. iTvleba,

rom fSaveli misriaSvilebi am misradan momdinareo-

ben. iTvleboda, rom misriaSvilebSi aucileblad ga-

moereoda erTi kargi mWedeli da erTi xevisberi. `es

orive modenilobiT aqvT milocvili Tamar-nefisa da

laSaris jvarisagan~ _ uTxra cnobilma xevisberma

biWur badriSvilma vera bardaveliZes, rodesac is

1964 wels fSavSi iyo eqspediciaSi.1 vfiqrobT, gadmo-

cema aSkarad gviambobs rCeulobis institutTan da-

kavSirebul ambavs. imas, Tu rogor iWerda Tavis rCe-

ul ymas salocavi da ayenebda samsaxurSi. jalabau-

ris jaWvic amdenadaa RvTaebis ymobis niSani da es

funqcia aqvs salocavSi misuli mlocvelisTvis, rac

kargad Cans misi mxrebze dadebis da CoqviT saloca-

vis Semovlis ritulSi. Tavad vera bardaveliZe ja-

labauris jaWvis msgavs jaWvebad moixsenebs lomisis,

geris, goris jvris awyuris TeTri giorgis saqedur

jaWvebs.2

1 vera bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi, t.1, fSavi (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1974), 21-23.

2 Ibid, 25-29.

158

laSaris jvaris karze, fiqali qvisgan da la-

miT naSeni kvrivi, sasanTle koSki, idga. dasavleTis

mxridan datanebuli hqonda Sukumebi. koSki samiaru-

siani-sanawvTebiani saxuraviT iyo gadaxuruli, rom-

lis Tavze brolis qvis naWeri iyo moTavsebuli. vera

bardaveliZe aRniSnavs, rom mas laSarSi yofnisas,

sasanTlis zeda SukumaSi rusuli, patara, marTlma-

didebluri xati, zarakebi da SuSis qiliT zedaSe

daxvedria Sedgmuli.1 qveda SukumaSi bardaveliZes

unaxavs patara yanwebi, `iaffasiani Sandali~, boTle-

bi, `SuSis namsxvrevebi, xisa da Tunuqis namtvrevebi,

patruqis nagleji, cvilis naWrebi,2 uricxvi sanTlis

namwvebi.~ laSaris jvris sasanTle biWua da giorgi

xaxaSvilebis gakeTebuli yofila.3 mlocvels, qals

Tu kacs, visac Txovna hqonda xatisadmi, kiserze ja-

lambars/`jalabauris borkils~ daidebda da sasan-

Tles CoqviT, maqsimum samjer, Semouvlida. samsxver-

plo cxovelze, am SemTxvevaSi Wedilaze, Sebmul na-

Wers/sakadriss ifnis xeebze Seabamdnen, zarakebs ki,

romelic aseve hqonda msxverpls Sebmuli, sasanTle-

ze awyobdnen.4

mSralad nagebi fiqali qvis sworkuTxa qva, ro-

melzedac brtyeli sipi ido da sasanTles aRmosav-

leTidan ekvroda, rogorc bardaveliZe aRniSnavs,

iyo sakurTxeveli. misive ganmartebiT `esaa erT-erTi

saxeoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis sakulto

centrebSi Semonaxuli nairgvari sakurTxevlebisa.

maT qada-kveris sawiri, anu sasufeveli ewodeba.~ aq

1 Ibid, 21, 29. 2 fSavlebis salocavebSi Camouqneli sanTlebi mihqondaT-n.R.

3 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 1974, 29. 4 Ibid, bardaveliZis saarqivo masala, gv. 54, 137.

159

xevisberi, mlocvvelebisagan Senawir `qada-purebs~,

jvris formiT seravda, maT Tavs laSaris jvars

avedrebda da naoTxals TavisTvis itovebda.

iqve, aRmosavleTiT iyo sasaklao anu samsxver-plo. es iyo sworkuTxa ormo. misi kedlebi fiqali

qviT iyo amoyvanili. aq ikvleboda samsxverplo sak-

lavi: kuratebi, didi nayoCrebi, Wedilebi, cxvrebi,

batknebi. saklavi ise ikvleboda, rom maTi sisxli

ormoSi CaRvriliyo. Turme, sasaklaoze anu samsxver-ploze ori didi fiqali yofila gadafarebuli, ro-

melTa Soris oTkuTxedis formis naCvreti iyo dato-

vebuli.1 swored am naCvretidan Caedineboda Turme

saklavis sisxli ormoSi. bardaveliZis iq yofnisas,

es fiqalebi ukve dazianebuli iyo da nawilobriv fa-

ravda ormos. sasanTle, sakurTxeveli da samsxver-

pli jvris karis centralur nawils warmoadgens.

aseve, fiqalisagan, mSrali wyobiT nagebi iyo

sworkuTxovani salude, romelic jvriskaris Crdi-

lo-aRmosavleTiT mdebareobda da Crdilo-dasvleTis

mxareze gadioda. sami kedeli miwaSi iyo Camjdari da

saxuravi Caqceuli iyo. vera bardaveliZe fiqrobs,

rom salude orqanobiani saxuraviT iyo gadaxuruli.

saludis Crdilo-dasvleT kuTxeSi mSrali wyobiT

amoyvanili fiqalis sacecxluri, romelSic Cadgmu-

li iyo spilenZis furclebisa da lursmnebisgan ga-

keTebuli salude qvabi. bardaveliZes aqve unaxavs

`didi zomis navi – isarna, romelSic Tavis droze,

sadResaswaulo ludis damzadebisas mis zemoT damag-

rebul balnis tomrebSi Casxmul foris da qeris

fqvilis gamonaxarSi wveni iwureboda.~

saludesTan axlos iyo sayeino anu sayeeno. es

iyo miwaze dagebuli brtyeli sipi, romelzedac di-

1 cnoba XIX s. 90-ian wlebs exeba. Ibid, 30.

160

di spilenZis gobi (rogorc mas bardaveliZe uwo-

debs) idgmeboda. mas kaxeTidan motanili RviniT, ku-

luxiT, avsebdnen.

jvariskaris irgvliv, did farTobze 12 sajare

iyo mowyobili, romelic fSavis 12 TemisTvis iyo gan-

kuTvnili. ufro zustad, fSavis ZiriTadi 11 Temisa

da xaxaboel xevsurTA meTormete TemisTvis, romelic

laSaris jvarSi iyo gaficuli. laSaris teritoria-

ze arsebobda kidev erTi sajare, gegmarebaSi mogrZo,

daaxloebiT marTkuTxa formis da didi farTobis

mqone, mSralad, fiqaliT naSenebi, romelsac zamTris

dReobebSi, gansakuTrebiT axal wels iyenebdnen. aq

yvela Temis mamakaci ikribeboda. vera bardaveliZis

aRwerilobiT, laSars Sida galavanic aqvs, romlis

CrdiloeT nawilSi aris sazare-marani. aseve, bWe xe-

visberebis sabWos kedeli, sakurTxevliT da qvis,

grZeli merxi. mas dasavleTidan saberos kedeli

esazRvreba.

sazare-marani fiqalisgan aSenebuli, oTxsvetia-

ni, kvadratuli Senoba iyo. am svetebze gadayvanili

iyo cru TaRebi, romelsac `aTiarusian-sanawvTebiani

oTxferda saxuravi~ eyrdnoboda. mis wverze mTis

brolis qva ido. vera bardaveliZes aq svetebs Soris

arsebuli sivrce aRmosavleTiT, dasavleTiT da sam-

xreTiT amovsebuli daxvda. svetebs Soris datanebul

or Zelze gadebul xarixaze ekida warweriani zari.

masze ewera: `q:. ese:. zari:, Semogwire:. me:. erisTavma:.

revaz:.1 Sen wmindas giorgis laSares:. RmerTo:. ad-

222 igi zurab erisTavis SviliSvili yofila. zurab erisTa-vis ojaxi, mas mere, rac zurabma laSaris wminda muxa moaWrevina, damizezda da SviliSvilmac amis gamo Seswi-ra zario, ambobda xalxi. vera bardaveliZis TqmiT, es revazi, istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, SesaZloa yofi-

161

RegrZel:. misi damweri.~ aqve iyo Cafluli, miwaSi,

oTxi qvevri, sadac, biWur badriSvilis ganmartebiT,

axmetidan, laSaris venaxebSi moweuli sazedaSe Rvi-

no inaxeboda, romelic ritualuri msvlelobis gziT

ahqondaT fSavSi da umTavresad serobasa da axal

wels moixmardnen.

vera bardaveliZis TqmiT, fSauri sabero xevsu-

rul darbazs emTxveva. daFrom fSavSi saberos sabe-

rosac eZaxian da darbazsac. magram, laSaris jvaris

saberos gansakuTrebuli funqciac hqonia. kerZod,

rodesac laSarSi garkveuli saqme irCeoda, bWe-xevis-

berebi Tavdapirvelad saberoSi ikribebodnen, raTa

saqmes winaswar gacnobodnen da iqve emsjelaT. sabe-

ro fiqali qvis, mSralad nagebi mogrZo, sworkuTxa

Senoba iyo. vera bardaveliZes daxvedria nawilobriv

SemorCenili saxuravis koWebi da zed gawyobili or-

ferdad koWebi. saxuravis danarCeni nawili CaSlili

iyo. aRmosavleTis kedelSi gaWrili iyo kari. dasav-

leTis kedels mTel sirZeze grZeli sipis skamebi

gasdevda. vera bardaveliZe varaudobs, rom igive un-

da yofiliyo samxreTis da aRmosavleTis kedlebis

gaswvriv, sadac imJamad qvis ramdenime skami moCanda.

kedlebSi datanebuli iyo TaxCebi.

saberos kars da viwro farTobs, romelic zam-

Tris sajares da sazare-marans Soris iyo, sabWos

eZaxdnen. ai ras wers amis Taobaze vera bardaveliZe:

`aq, saberos karis Riobidan vidre sazare-marnamde

agebulia yoris sqeli kedeli, kedelSi datanebulia

sipis skamebi, skamebis aRmosavleTiT sipebisagan

mSralad nagebi baqania, romelsac biWurma `qada-ve-

liyo zurab erisTavis Zmis, nugzaris Svili, anda nugza-ris meore Svilis, zaalis, SviliSvili. 1720-anebi misi moxseniebis wlebia. Ibid, 37.

162

ris dasaWrel-dasamwyalobnebeli sipi~ uwoda. am ba-

qanze gamarTulia qoredi sakurTxeveli-zemo nawilSi

vercxlis Tasebis gasarigebeli niSiT. qvemoT ufro

didi niSiT sanTlebis asanTebad da qada-kveris ga-

sawyobad. biWuri gvixsnis: aq jer sanTlebs daanTeb-

dnen, Tasebs dadgamdnen, qada-kvers daalagebdnen.

TavÃevisberi dalocavda. imaT gaadidebda, mamCivarni

aq daificebdnen da mere imaT gaasamarTlebdnen. Tor-

meti TavÃevisberi asamarTlebda. mosakveTs moikveT-

dnen, gasaZeveblebs gaaZevebdnen, Tu didi damnaSave

iyo, Caqolavdnen. Ãevisbrebi daniSnavdnen dros da

damnaSavesac daibarebdnen. imaT mudmiv SeeZloT iq

misvla. Cemobas mokveTa iyo. arc wisqvilSi, arc Ta-

vis saxlSi SeeZlo misvla-moikveTavdnen. sisxlis

aRebis rjuli Cemsobas aRar iyo. bWe sxvaa, Ãevisberi

sxvaa. SesaZlebelia bWe arc yofiliyo Ãevisberi. yve-

la Ãevisberi bWe ver iqneboda. Temi bWed gonier Ãe-

visbers irCevda. bWenic Tormetni iyvnen; bWeni arCe-

ulni iyvnen fSavis Tormeti Temisgan da isini aq Ãe-

visberebTan erTad muSaobdnen. bWe-Ãevisberni arCev-

dnen saqveyno saqmeebs, bWobdnen am saqmeebze da gad-

wyvetilebebs iRebdnen. sabWo iyo laSaris jvarSi, ai

aq am adgilas, amas sabWo hqvian.~

saberos samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, mis maxloblad,

miuTiTebdnen bermuxis `safens,~ adgils, sadac wmin-

da muxa, bermuxa mdgara. mis axlos mdebare nangre-

vebs vera bardavliZe saunjed, salocavis Tas-ganZis

sacavad miiCnevs.1 bermuxaze ufro vrclad qvemoT

SevCerdebiT.

jvaris karis mTavar, ase vTqvaT obieqtebs, wmin-

da ifnebis qveS mdebare sasanTle koSki, sakurTxeve-

li da samsxverplo warmoadgenda.

1 Ibid, 29, 30-32, 33, 35, 37-38, 40.

163

galavnis SigniT idga sazare koSki, marTkuTxa

moyvanilobis baqani, kuTxeebSi oTxwaxnagovani svete-

biT. aRmosavleTiT, am svetebs Soris, zarebamde mi-

sasvleli sami safexuri iyo. svetebze fiqalis qvebi

iyo gadebuli, rac oTkuTxed CarCos qmnida. masze

`dadgmulia gumbaTi spilenZis furclebisagan Seke-

rili spilenZisave lursmnebiT da Semkuli amobur-

culi ornamntebiT. gumbaTs Tavze aqvs buSti, buStze

damagrebulia spilenZis jvari, jvaris sam mxareze _

zemo da gverdiT mxrebze, kvlav siniT Camokidebuli

wvrili jvrebia da spilenZis buStebi, gverdiT

mxrebze TiTo-TiTo zarakic hkidia; amaTgan erTi za-

raki warweriania. sazare garedan lamkiriTaa Selesi-

li. gumbaTis garSemo `mzidavi~ CarCos napirze Se-

mowyobilia wvrili fiqalis naWrebi. spilenZis gum-

baTze Signidan damagrebulia spilenZisave keti, ro-

melzec yurebiT Camokidebulia didi zari. zarze

Semdegi warweraa: `q, ese zari SemogwireT laSaris

wminda giorgisaTvis Cuen erTobliv TerTmet TemTa

Tavisi samwyalobniT da Tavis sasulieroT mamukama

da elisbarma da beriZema. viTaveT da viyideT Cun

samwyalobnoT welsa CymÀ-sa.~ gumbaTis momcro zarze

ki amgvari warweraa: `q. Semogwire Sen laSaris jvar-

sa da gedexurma cixlkam (vera bardaveliZis varau-

diT cixelama-n.R.) mis Svilma nadirama da mamisimeda-

ma Seni wyaloba dagvadevne.~1 sazaris dasavleTiT,

svetebs Soris, damagrebuli iyo Zelebi, romlebzec

ori zari ekida. erT-erTs, romelic meoreze patara

iyo, hqonda warwera: `q:. SewevniTa:. RaT.: SeniTa.: me.:

saxlTuxucesma beberi.: Svilis.: pauas.: Semomiwiravs.:

zari.: ese.: fSavs:. laSa:. giorgisaTvis:. mosaxsene:.

1 Ibid, 35-36.

164

blad:. da:. Sesandoblad:. c˜dvaT:. CvenT:. amin:. q˜k:. tpv.~1 vera bardaveliZe aqve aRwers Tu ra daxvda mas

sazaris baqanze: `isriswveriani droSa Wreli, wiTe-

li da ramdenime TeTri sakadrisi, spilenZis jami,

Tungula, spilenZis grZeli sufra oTx fexze Seyene-

buli da ori furclisgan Semdgari, furclebi gada-

kerebulia viwro napirebidan Sua adgilze spilenZi-

save lursmnebiT. sazaresTan miwaze ewyo: cilindru-

li formis saxorce qvabi spilenZis furclebisagan

spilenZisave lursmnebiT Sekerili, spilenZis zarfu-

Si, spilenZis xelqvabi, spilenZis mokaluli sini

warweriT: `anton TiliZe 1960 w.~ qarTuli zari, ori

faifuris Wiqa, zarfuSis mili, ornamentiani rkinis

kera da rkinis Ciraxi sasanTleebiT, romelic win da-

farebul sajareSi mdgara.~2

sazaresTan axlos vera bardaveliZes ori samani

daxvda, erTi dasavleTiT, amogdebuli da meore sam-

xreTiT. mas biWur badriSvilis naTqvami mohyavs da

aRniSnavs, rom es ukanaskneli samani TuSebis Zmobis

niSnad yofila Casmuli. mTxroblebs bardaveliZis-

Tvis isic uTqvamT, rom samanebi laSarSi bevri yofi-

la Cayrili, magram pativcemul mecniers xsenebuli

oris meti ver unaxavs. rogorc Tavad aRniSnavs, Se-

saZloa isini im droisTvis ukve `miwis qveS iyvnen

moqceuli.~

sazaris Crdilo-dasavleTiT, biWur badriSvilis

TqmiT, sipiT gadaxuruli darani iyo. mas vera barda-

veliZe e. w. darans uwodebs.3

laSaris jvris kompleqsSi, anazomebis mixedviT

aris eklesia. Seiswavla ra laSaris jvris kompleqsi

1 Ibid. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid, 36-37.

165

vera bardaveliZem, mivida daskvnamde, rom `...laSaris

jvari mniSvnelovani sazogadoebriv-sakulto centri

iyo ara marto fSavlebisa da saerTod mTielebisaT-

vis. mas mWidro urTierToba hqonda baris saqarTve-

losTan rogorc religiuri xaziT, ise politikuri

da ekonomiuri TvalsazrisiT.~ amis sabuTad, mas moh-

yavs gvianfeodaluri xanis qarTuli saistorio do-

kumentebi.

rogorc aRvniSneT, laSaris kompleqsSi aris ek-

lesiac. `...xevsureTis aRmosavlis mTas iqiT ars fSa-

vi, romels SuaSi udis TeTri aragÂ, da moerTvian

Ãevni aRmosavliT dasavleTidam. aq fSavsa Sina ars

eklesia mefis laSasagan aRSenebuli, romelsa Sina

arian mravalni xatni da juarni oqro-vercxlisani,

WurWelni da wignni, da uwodeben laSas juars, da

aquT sasoeba mas zeda friad, rameTu verc fSavni,

verca Ãevsurni, ukeTu iSovos oqro anu vercxli, ve-

raraid iÃmareben Tavisad, aramed miuZRvnis laSas

juarsa. da arian eseni sarwmunoebiTa da eniTa qar-

TuliTa, garna aqusT sasoeba qadagsa zeda, romeli

warmodgebis kaci ucebi da viTarca xelqmnili, da

RaRadebs mravalsa magierad wmidis giorgisa, da ra-

sa igi ityÂs, sTnavT da jer iCenen umetes WeSmarite-

bisasa~ _ wers vaxuSti batoniSvili.1 irkveva, rom

arauadres XII s. bolosi da ara ugvianes XIII ss. 20-

iani wlebis dasawyisisa, giorgi IV laSas xmelgorze

auSenebia eklesia da uxvad dausaCuqrebia siwmindee-

biT, kerZod, jvar-xatebiT da rogorc Cans, RvTismsa-

xurebisTvis saWiro wignebiT da WurWliT. unda viva-

raudoT, rom es WurWeli barZimi, feSxumi da RvTis-

msaxurebisTvis saWiro sxv. nivTebi iyo. amdenad, la-

Sa-giorgis mocemul adgilze yvela piroba Seuqmnia

1 Ibid, batoniSvili vaxuSti, qarTlis cxovreba, IV, 353.

166

liturgiuli praqtikisa da regionis qristianuli

centris Sesaqmnelad. rogorc Cans, laSaris eklesia-

Si imgvari ganZi iyo, rom vaJa-fSavela gviambobs,

fSauri gadmocemis mixedviT, Sah-abass fSavis dapyro-

bis garda xsenebuli ganZis xelSi Cagdebac sdomebia.

man, erT-erTi qveSevrdomi xani, mravalricxovani

laSqriT gamoagzavna am ganZis xelSi Casagdebad. naw-

veTad wodebul aragvis viwro gasasvlelSi fSavle-

bi daxvedrian laSqars da daumarcxebiaT. gadmocemis

mixedviT, ori kvira aragvi ar daileodao.1

rogorc vera bardaveliZe aRniSnavs, laSaris

jvari aRmosavleT saqarTvelos rogorc mTaSi, aseve

barSi mniSvnelovani kulturul-religiuri centri

iyo, romelic politikur-ekonomikur urTierTobebSi

TamaSobda mniSvnelovan rols. vfiqrobT, am process

xeli didwilad laSa-giorgis moRvaweobam Seuwyo.

magram ratom airCia man laSaris jvaris gaZliereba,

CvenTvis ucnobia. Tumca, ioane batoniSvili Tavis

`istoria qarTlisaSi~ aRniSnavs, rom vinaidan fSav-

lebs `rigiani~ qristianoba ar hqondaT: qurdobdnen,

iyvnen mravalcolianebi da sxv., mefe giorgi IV ga-

dawyvita WeSmaritebis gzaze moebrunebina isini. aaSe-

na patara eklesia, am eklesiaSi daasvena mis mier

fSavlebisaTvis naCuqari, wm. giorgis nawiliani, moWe-

dili jvari, daudgina mRvdelebic da rjulis mqada-

geblebic, monaTla, rogorc Cans nawili. aCuqa bora-

yi anu droSa. mefis naCuqar, nawilian jvars fSav-

lebma laSaris jvari uwodes.2 xsenebulis Taobaze

xalxuri gadmocema Semdegs gviambobs: erTxel, laSa-

giorgis dros, rodesac laSaris dReoba iyo, mefe

1 Ibid, vaJ-fSavela, 236. 2 gvanca abdalaZe, laSa-giorgi-xevsurTa Svilobili, cis-kari, 4(1999), 119.

167

amaliT misula dReobaze. stumrad misuli mefisTvis

da misi amalisTvis fSavlebs pativi uciaT. Sin dab-

runebul mefes fSavlebisTvis saCuqrad vercxliT

daferili oqros jvari gaugzavnia. gadmocemis mixed-

viT jvari didi yofila da laSaris jvarSi inaxebo-

da. mas Semdeg daerqva laSaris jvari am salocavso,

gveubneba gadmocema. xalxis TqmiT, laSars nawiliani

jvari hqonda, romelic fSavlebs laSqrobisas mih-

qondaT. nawiliani imas niSnavs, rom is mudam imar-

jvebs. laSa giorgis naCuqari didi jvari axadel

mRvdel ilarions wauRia da aRar daubrunebia. xal-

xi mas endo da is ki ase moiqcao.1 Tumca, niko xiza-

niSvili ar eTanxmeba laSa-giorgidan salocavis sa-

xelis momdinareobas da aRniSnavs, rom laSari mo-

laSqres niSnavs, vinaidan fSavlebs mudam uxdebodaT

laSqroba,2 rasac ver gaviziarebT. mefis mier salo-

cavis jvriT dasaCuqrebis Taobaze vaJa-fSavela aR-

niSnavs, rom `es jvari aris Sewiruli laSa giorgi-

sagan albaT eklesiisTvis, rogorc niSani erTmaneTis

erTgulebisa: mefisa fSavlebis mimarT da fSavlebi-

sa mefis mimarT.~3 laSa giorgi, rom laSaris jvar-

Tan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli da zrunavda masze,

iqidanac Cans, rom dedofali susanac hyavda CarTu-

li maTze zrunvis saqmeSi. ioane batoniSvilidan vi-

gebT, rom erTxelac, rodesac kvlav Seqmnila mTaSi

areuloba, mefes dedoflisTvis werilis meSveobiT,

SfoTis daSoSmineba uTxovia. ioane batoniSvili da-

1 aleqsi oCiauri, qarTuli xalxuri dReobebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (fSavi) (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1991), 199-200.

2 niko xizaniSvili (urbneli), eTnografiuli nawerebi (Tbilisi: ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis saqarTvelos fi-lialis gamomcemloba, 1940), 103-106.

3 Ibid, vaJa-fSavela, 28.

168

viT laSas Zis dedas dedoflad moixseniebs. mTaSi

asul dedofals fSav-xevsurebi pativiT migebebian da

mis brZanebebs damorCilebian. amisTvis mefem dedofa-

li daajildova da fSavis erTi sofeli uboZa, rome-

lic susanas sajoge ulays inaxavda. mTaSi dedo-

fals 3 Tve dauyvia. mas gzebis siviwrovis gamo fe-

xiT uvlia. erTxelac gacivebula da gardacvlila,

TianeTis mxares. mefes igi 1207 w. 20 agvistos xarWo-

is eklesiaSi daukrZalavs. dedoflis gardacvalebis

adgilze, ioane batoniSvilis TqmiT, iyo 12 aryis xe,

sadac fSavlebi yovel weliwads midian, klaven sak-

lavs, uxdian dedofals aRaps, avedreben mis suls

RmerTs, svamen Rvinos da luds da sadiloben.1 anu

ioane batoniSvilis dros amgvari wesi sruldeboda.

daviT mWedluri miiCnevs, rom laSari warmarTo-

bis droidan momdinare RvTaebaa da igi mTvaris

kults ukavSirdeba.2 qeTevan lomTaTiZec, ivane java-

xiSvilis cnobil mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT, iziarebs

zemoTqmuls da rogorc mecnierTa umravlesoba, miiC-

nevs, rom laSari laSqrobis salocavia. is aRniSnavs,

rom laSa giorgis jvriT da laSaris jvriT (anu xa-

tiT-n.R.) da misi droSiT midiodnen fSavlebi mterze

da amis wyalobiT imarjvebdnen. amis sabuTad, mas va-

Ja-fSavelas leqsi mohyavs. pativcemul mecniers imis

sabuTad, rom laSari laSqrobis RvTaebaa da molaS-

qres niSnavs, aseve mohyavs laSarSi salaSqrod was-

vlis gadawyvetilebis miRebis wesi.3 Tumca, salaS-

qrod wasvlis win Sekreba da gadawyvetilebis miReba,

1 Ibid, abdalaZe, 119-120. 2 daviT mWedluri, CarCoebs nu davaviwroebT, ciskari, 1(1985), 118-119.

3 qeTevan lomTaTiZe, kvlav `laSaris jvaris~ Sesaxeb, mna-Tobi, 8(1985), 143, 144.

169

mxolod laSarSi ar xdeboda. mag. igive xdeboda xe-

vis samebaSic. qeTevan lomTaTiZe aRniSnavs, rom la-

Saroba, laSaris jvari fuZiT sityva laSqrobas

ukavSirdeba da ar iziarebs aleqsi WinWaraulis mo-

sazrebas. aleqsi WinWarauli aRniSnavs, rom laSari

wm. giorgis salocavia da saxelwodebiT mefe giorgi

IV laSas ukavSirdeba. igi aseve aRniSnavs, rom salo-

cavis saxelwodebis amosval formaSi `laSa-oba~

(`laSa-r-oba~), -r- Tanxmovani CarTulia Tamar mefisad-mi miZRvnili dResaswaulis aRmniSvneli saxelis ana-logiiT: Tama-r-oba || laSa-r-oba.1 sityva `laSaroba~ nawarmoebia -a- xmovanfuZiani saxelisagan laSa, romel-

sac daerTvis rTuli Sedgenilobis -oba- sufiqsi (zmnis Temis niSani -ob + a- zmnis sawyisis mawarmoebeli). qarTulSi -oba- sufiqsi daerTvis sxvadasxva metyvele-

bis nawils (saxelebs, zmnizedas, nawilaks, aseve saw-yissa da mimReobas), ris Sedegadac iwarmoeba sxvada-sxvagvari Sinaarsisa da daniSnulebis ganyenebuli Tu konkretuli sityvebi da cnebebi, maT Soris, religiuri dResaswaulebisa da ritualebis saxeldeba2 swored am ukanasknels miekuTvneba laSar-ob-a.

dodo-mariam Rlontis TqmiT, yuradRebas iqcevs `laSarobasa~ da `TamarobaSi~ arsebuli -r- Tanxmov-nis gansxvavebuli morfo-fonetikuri warmomavloba:

`Tamaroba~ nawarmoebia TanxmovanfuZiani sakuTari

1 vaJa-fSavelas mcire leqsikoni, Seadgina al. WinWaraul-ma (Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1969), 167.

2 gogolaSvili giorgi, arabuli avTandil (red.), axali qarTuli ena. wigni I _ saliteraturo enis morfologia: zogadi. saxeli (Tbilisi: universitetis gamomcemloba, 2016), 296-298.

170

saxelisagan Tamar-i, romelSic -r- Tanxmovani ganekuT-vneba am saxelis fuZes: Tam-ar.

amisgan gansxvavebiT, `laSarobaSi~ igive -ar- erT morfologiur mTlianobas ar Seadgens, aramed erT leqsikur-semantikur wiaRSi -a- da -r- aRmoCndnen leqsikur-semantikuri analogiis Sedegad, rogorc sa-marTlianad gviTiTebs batoni aleqsi.

dodo-mariam Rlontisave azriT, rasac Cvenc vi-

ziarrebT, SesaZlebelia dasaxeldes imave -r- Tan-

xmovnis CarTvis kidev erTi motivi: -r- Tanxmovani

amosaval formaSi *„laSaoba~ xmovanTagayris fun-

qciiT CaerTo: *laS-ao-ba laS-a-r-o-ba. ase rom, `la-

Saroba~ amgvarad unda gaviazroT:

laSa-r-oba =(xmovanf.sak.sax.) laSa + r (analogia, xmovanTgayris funqcia) + oba (sufiqsi).1

vera bardaveliZis saarqivo masalebis mixedviT,

fSavelTa mTavari salocavi, laSaris jvari, laS-

qris mfarveli da winamZRoli xatia. laSqris winam-

ZRoli laSaris ufrosi Tavxevisberi iyo. brZolaSi

mas eWira laSaris jvris droSa da win miuZRoda meb-

rZolebs. amave dros, laSaris jvari, romelic fSav-

lebisTvis lurji feris, Sav fafrian da kudian

cxenze SeiaraRebuli iyo, uxilavad, amxedrebuli,

Tan sdevda mebrZolebs, mis ymebs da mfarvelobda.

`laSarelais lurjasa,

asxav fafari giSlisav,

raxan samcxeTod wavides,

kotor gahyveba nislisa,

saCqarod SemoCindeba,

1 madlobas vuxdiT dodo-mariam Rlonts gaweuli konsul-taciisa da daxmarebisTvis.

171

xan rom ar iyos misvlisa.~1

saerTod, fSavelTa warmodgeniT, salocavebi Ra-

me, naTlis Tokze, zecidan TavianT sabrZanisSi Camo-

diodnen, naTlis burTis saxes iRebdnen da mTavar

salocavsa da niSebs Soris moZraobdnen. naTlis

Tokze gasrialdebodnen xolme.2 xat-salocavebi xal-

xuri gadmocemis mixedviT, oqros jaWviTac ukavSir-

debodnen erTmaneTs, radganac erTmaneTis Zmobilebi

iyvnen. es gza mokvdavTaTvis uxilavia, magram jvarCe-

nis SemTxvevaSi adamians cecxlis saxiT, xolo misi

nakvalevi ki oqros jaWvis, Sibis saxiT ecxadeba.3

Tumca, laSaris wm. giorgi zecaSic adioda, razedac

qvemoT gveqneba saubari.

laSarobis (igulisxmeba mTavari salocavi fSav-

Si) albaT, yvelaze kompetenturi aRweriloba aleqsi

oCiaurma dadgvitova. vera bardaveliZec, sakuTar ma-

salasTan erTad, didwilad mas eyrdnoba. Tavisi

Txrobis dasawyisSi, laSaris jvris Sesaxeb, aleqsi

oCiauri gamoTqvams wuxils, rom miuxedavad kompeten-

turi mTxroblebis (Wrel jixviaSvilis, biWur bad-

riSvilis, biWua xaxaSvilis, ivane nakveTauris da

Wrel goderZaulis) gamokiTxvisa, ver SeZlo laSar-

ze da Tamar nefeze saTanado masalis Segroveba. `ar

vici, mTxroblebma ar icodnen, Tu marTla araferi

iyo~ _ wers igi.4 laSaroba ramdenjerme imarTeboda:

1 Ibid, aleqsi oCiauri, 194. 2 vera bardaveliZe, saarqivo masala, v.b. 661, saerTo salo-cavebi fSavlebisa, xelnaweri, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelo-bis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti, gv.1-2, 4.

3 Ibid, kiknaZe, jvari da saymo, 106. 4 aleqsi oCiauri, qarTuli xalxuri dReobebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (fSavi) (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1991), 189.

172

serobas ivlisSi (petre-pavlobis anu 12 ivlisis mom-

devno orSabaTs), mariamobas, 28 agvistos, axalkiras

maisSi (`aRdgomis sworis swori~ anu aRdgomis mesame

kvira, zatikis zatiki) da giorgobas. aleqsi oCiauri

ar azustebs, es giorgoba romelia. amdenad, igi sava-

raudod 23 noebris giorgobas unda gulisxmobdes.

Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis mixedviT, mTavar

dReobad laSarSi seroba iTvleboda,1 xolo, ro-

gorc Cans, yvelaze sadResaswaulod da pompezurad

axalkviris laSaroba aRiniSneboda.

sergi makalaTias aRwerilobiT seroba axali

stiliT 18-19 ivliss ician. sainteresoa, rom 1932

wels, rodesac pativcemuli mecnieri fSavis eqspedi-

ciaSi iyo da romlis masalebi daedo sfuZvlad mis

cnobil wigns, 18 ivlisi petre-pavlobis momdevno

orSabaTi dRe iyo2 da 19, Sesabamisad, Tamar-Releoba.

anu, laSaroba-Tamaroba uZravi dResaswauli ki ar

aris, rogorc amas sergi makalaTia aRniSnavs, aramed

moZravi da damokidebulia petre-pavlobis dResaswa-

ulze.

sergi makalaTias TqmiT, Turme, laSarobis dRe-

saswaulamde laSaridan xevisbrebi da dasturebi,

droSebiT, gadadiodnen xevsureTSi, TuSeTsa da gu-

damayarSi, raTa laSaris begara moegrovebinaT. xaxa-

boeli da ardoteli xevsurebis begaras 3 saklavi, 12

maneTi da 1 qvabi ludi Seadgenda. zogjer xationi

xevsureTidan qisteTSic gadadioda, iqac agrovebda

1 ibid. 2 1932 wlis kalendari, https://www.google.ge/search?q=1932

+calendar&rlz=1C1CHBD_enGE721GE721&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=k7XbTV_FQDtWBM%253A%252Ce1ud3ErBe_XWsM%252C_&usg=__g5ozeMfV3TJW6G_ty-9MZh4-vCI%3D&sa=X&ved= 0ahUKEwi 62ZT7gM7ZAhUS16QKHTPtDxcQ9QEIUDAG&biw=1008&bih=467#imgrc=ZkCCUENdITaHeM:, 02.03.2018.

https://www.google.ge/search?q=1932%20+calendar&rlz=1C1CHBD_enGE721GE721&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=k7XbTV_FQDtWBM%253A%252Ce1ud3ErBe_XWsM%252C_&usg=__g5ozeMfV3TJW6G_ty-9MZh4-vCI%3D&sa=X&ved=%200ahUKEwi%2062ZT7gM7ZAhUS16QKHTPtDxcQ9QEIUDAG&biw=1008&bih=467#imgrc=ZkCCUENdITaHeM






173

begaras, komlze 1 cxvars. xalxis TqmiT, qistebs la-

Saris jvris Zalian eSinodaTo. anu, rogorc Cans, mas

Zlier salocavad miiCnevdnen.

ioseb cigroSvilis TqmiT, `laSari rjulianT

urjuloT salocavia, rogorc xevsureTs xaxmati.

laSarSi xevsurebic modian da xaxmatSi fSavlebic

midian. laSarSi yvela rjulis kacs SeuZlia misvla.

laSaria fSavSi yvelaze didi salocavia. laSari ma-

gas mogvianebiT aqvs Serqmeuli. rogorc ufrosi

xalxisgan gamigia, _ winaT erqva laSqarT gori. al-

baT XII saukunemde. omSi rom midiodnen, iq debdnen

fics: fSaveli, TuSi, xevsuri, kavkasiis sxva urjulo

xalxic modioda. fics debdnen da ambobdnen: an dav-

brundebiT, an arao da ulvaSs iZrobdnen da debdnen.

erT xevisbers vkiTxe, visac ulvaSi ar hqonda, rasa

tovebda Tqo. iseTi kaci arc qarTveld ar iTvlebo-

dao – mipasuxa. es im kacobas niSnavda, rom samSob-

losaTvis Tavdadebuli unda yofiliyo... mandidan wa-

sulma laSqarma aiRo baxtrioni.~1

mlocavs laSarSi 1 muWa qeric mihqonda laSa-

ris lurjasTvis. Tavxevisberi am qers Turme Tesav-

da, laSarobisTvis laSaris lurjas moundebao. amas-

Tanave, fSavis yvela Temis, yvela ojaxs evaleboda

axalkviris xuTSabaTs laSarSi 3 abazis mitana. vinc

begaras droze ar miitanda, laSaris iasaulebi mis

ojaxs arbevdnen da narbevi laSarSi mihqondaT. Tu

darbeuli ojaxi saRamomde ver miitanda salocavSi

begaras, yvelaferi xats rCeboda sakuTrebaSi.2

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom TuSeTis garda laSa-

ris jvars xevsureTTanac hqonda kavSiri. vera barda-

1 nino RambaSiZe, fSavis 2010 wlis eTnografiuli eqspedi-cia, xelnaweri.

2 Ibid, makalaTia, fSavi, 118, 220.

174

veliZe xevsureTis salocavebis CamoTvlisas, xaxma-

tis wm. giorgis xsenebis Semdeg, rigiT meore adgil-

ze laSaris giorgis-giorgi muxis angelozs asaxe-

lebs da miuTiTebs, rom igi fSavSia. aseve, sof. xaxa-

bos hqonda laSaris jvris niSi. wyalsiqiTis xeobis

sof. blos hqonda muxis giorgis jvari.1 Cndeba vara-

udi, xom ar iyo es jvaric laSaris salocavi. Tumca,

Znelia amaze dabejiTebiT saubari. arsebobs xalxuri

gadmocema, romlis mixedviT laSa giorgi xevsureTSi

gaizarda. gadmocemis mixedviT, erTxelac fSaveli

da xevsuri monadire erTad nadirobdnen. dainaxes

iremi da frTxilad daedevnen. miaxloebulebma naxes,

rom irmis ZuZus bavSvi swovs. monadireebma ise gaake-

Tes, rom iremi gaaqcies da bavSvi daitoves. yares wi-

li, vis darCeboda Cvili. wili xevsurs ergo. waiyva-

na xevsurma monadirem bavSvi xevsureTSi, daarqva gi-

orgi da gazrda. gamoxda xani. giorgi gizarda. gair-

kva, rom igi Tamar mefis Svili yofila. Tamarma Svi-

lis dabruneba moisurva, magram xevsurebma giorgi ar

daanebes. Tamari jariT Seesia xevsurebs, sadac da-

marcxda.2 misrianebi/misriaSvilebi, igive jalabaure-

bi, romlebic zemoT xenebuli jalambaris mWedlis

STamomavlebi arian da vaJa-fSavelas TqmiT, laSaris

jvarSi meTormete Temad gaficul fSavis meTormete

Tems warmoadgenen,3 xevsureTidan gadmosaxldnen da

gafSavlebuli xevsurebi arian. biWur badriSvilis

cnobaze dayrdnobiT, vera bardaveliZe aRniSnavs,

rom laSaris jvris meTormete Temi xaxaboeli xevsu-

1 vera bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi, xevsureTi, t. II1 (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1982), 175, 137, 102, 112.

2 Ibid, abdalaZe, 120-121. 3 Ibid, vaJa-fSavela, 28.

175

rebi iyvnen, romlebsac laSaris jvriskaris samxreT-

aRmosavleTiT mdebare gorakis Tavze hqondaT saja-

re.1 aleqsi oCiauris masalebis mixedviT, piriqiTa

xevsureTis xaxaboelebi gaficulebi iyvnen laSarSi.

maT xevisberobac moudiodaT da 12 Temis yrilobaze

monawileobis misaRebad xevsureTidan gadmodiodnen.

Tumca, iqvea aRniSnuli, rom siSoris gamo dResaswa-

ulSi dasturebad ver dgebodnen. xaxaboelebi 4 gva-

risagan Sedgebodnen: mindikaurebi, mamiaurebi, xaxiau-

rebi da xositaurebi.2

laSarobaze mlocavs mihyavda samsxverplo: bat-

knebi, cxvrebi, Wedilebi, didi nayoCrebi, kuratebi.

nayoCrebs da kuratebs sakadrisebi da zarakebi hqon-

daT Sebmuli, danarCenebs ki zanzalakebSebmuli

grZeli da viwro naWrebi. maTi msxverplad Sewirvis

Semdeg xevisberi Sexsnida yvelafers da xeze Camoki-

debda. xevisberis damwyalobnebis Semdeg, saklavs

specialur ormosTan miiyvandnen. xevisberi Subls Se-

utrusavda, zars moxsnida da yoreze Sedebda, dastu-

rebi ki ise daklavdnen, rom sisxli ormoSi Cadeni-

liyo.Ajalambars mlocveli kiserze daidebda, Semo-

uvlida xats da evedreboda. Tu avadmyofs laSaris

mkiTxavi etyoda, rom igi laSaris gamoa damizezebu-

li, mas rkinis uReli da rkinis sartyeli unda eta-

rebina. zogi rkinis uRlis nacvld xisas anu wneli-

sas atarebda. makalaTias TqmiT, aseTi uRliani

mlocvelebi ufro kaxeTidan modiodnen. uReli gan-

kurnebamde unda etarebinaT. uRliani da sartyliani

mlocveli laSarSi xevisberTan sawiriT mividoda.

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, fSavi, 23, 32. 2 aleqsi oCiauri, religiuri ambebi fSavSi, rv. 30, xelna-weri, X, 1947 w., gv. 259, iv. javaxisvilis saxelobis isto-riisa da eTnlogiis institutis arqivi.

176

xevisberi mas amwyalobnebda, Sexsnida uRels an sar-

tyels da niSze hkidebda. zogs, laSarSi TeTrebSi

da fexSiSveli misvla hqonda SeTqmuli. damwyalobne-

bis Semdeg, isinic ixdidnen TeTrebs da xatis gala-

vanSi tovebdnen. monadireebi xats nanadirevis rqebs

swiravdnen. makalaTiasve TqmiT, laSarSi xevisbrebi

xSirad ecemodnen qadagad. xalxi loculobda, Sem-

deg, qadagad dacemuli qadagobda. xalxi Cumad idga,

pirjvars iwerda da `gulze mjiRs icemda~. saRamos

mlocveli aragvis WalaSi Cavidoda, laSarobis Rames

iq gaaTenebda, rom meore dRes Tamar-ReleSi asuli-

yo. cnobilia, rom laSari wawlobis nebas rTavda

Tavis karze. laSari Tavad iyo moqeife da qalebis

moyvarulio, ambobda xalxi.1

vera bardaveliZis TqmiT `laSaris jvarSi amo-

suli medReobe meTemeni Tav-Tavis sajareSi jarde-

bodnen. garda saTemo Tu sasoflo saklavisa (ase

ewodeboda Temis wevrebisagan sakuTari ojexebidan

morigeobiTi wesiT, erT wels erTi ojaxidan, meore

wels meorisa da ase Semdeg, gamoyofil saukeTeso

cxvars an Wedilas), romelic dReobaze pirvelad da-

ikvleboda laSaris jvarSi, – fSavlebs Tav-Tavisi

saxlebidan SeTqmuli saklavebi mohyavdaT, saWmel-

sasmeli mohqondaT da maT Tavis saTemo sajareSi

abinavebdnen. aqedan warekavdnen saklavebs samsxver-

ploze dasaklavad, Tavis saTemo sajaresTan moxar-

Savdnen saklavis xorcs da iqve, sajares sigrZeze

gaSlidnen sadResaswaulo saTemo sufras. jer erTi

Temis sufra gaiSleboda da yvela sajaridan xalxs

iq miipatiJebdnen, Semdeg mezobel sajareSi gaSlil

sufraze gadaipatiJebdnen yvelas da ase grZeldebo-

da dReebis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTis gadawveva-gamas-

1 Ibid, mkalaTia, fSavi, 218-220; bardaveliZe, fSavi, 26.

177

pinZleba saTemo sufrebze. sajareSi Wama-smas Tan

sdevda lxini, fSauri simRerebisa da ferxulis Ses-

ruleba da ase Semdeg.~1

aleqsi oCiauris masalebis mixedviT, laSaris

jvars sanado mamulebi ar hqonda, vinaidan igi iseT

adgilas daarsda, sadac arc mamulia da arc sofe-

li. misive TqmiT, aq berebi cxovrobdnen, razedac ma-

Ti saflavebi metyveleben. laSaris ber muxis moWram-

de xmel gorze berebis garda veravin adioda. xalxi

qvemodan loculobda. laSars xevisbrebi sxvadasxva

soflebidan emsaxurebodnen. qeri da sve xalxSi

grovdeboda, sxvagan duRdeboda da Semdeg mihqondaT

dReobaSi. ganZi da droSa xevisbrebs ebaraT. laSars

kaxeTSi hqonda venaxebi, romelsac mezvre uvlida.

Rvinis `nafasuri~ kvlav venaxis muSebs xmardeboda.

iyo xevisberi, romelic yvela dResaswaulze midio-

dao, wers al. oCiauri. rogorc cnobilia baxtrionis

brZolis Semdeg mefem mTielebs kaxeTSi miwebi da

dasaxleba SesTavaza. TuSebi alvanSi dasaxldnen,

fSavlebma da xevsurebma salocavebisTvis zvrebi ai-

Res. gadmocemis mixedviT, ai ra uTqvamT maT mefis-

Tvis: `Cven mTis xalxi varT da baris sicxes ver avi-

tanT. am omis mosagoneblad da Tqven sadRegrZelod

mogveciT venaxebi, davamuSavebinebT, Rvinos davaye-

nebT da yvela Tav-Tavis xatSi waviRebT kuluxso.

xatsac vadidebT imis zedaSiT, Cvenc weliwadSi er-

Txel mainc davlevT kaxur Rvinos da Tan movixseni-

ebT am brZolaSi daxocil pirebsao... kaxeTSi aqedan

aTengenas, saRmurTobas da serobas... kuluxze igzav-

neba ramdenime kaci... moaqvT Rvino da daidgmeba sayei-

no.~ sayeino iyo didi Tasi, romelsac avsebdnen kaxe-

Tidan motanili RviniT da vinc dalevda, Sig fuls

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, fSavi, 32-33.

178

agdebda.1 am wesze odnav mogvinebiT visaubrebT. fSav-

xevsurebi baxtrionis brZolaSi xatebis droSebis

qveS ibrZodnen. maT TiTo venaxi iTxoves axmetasa da

mis SemogarenSi im xatebisTvis, visi droSebic ib-

rZodnen, anu: gudanis, arxotis, karates, kopalas, la-

Saris, Tavarmowamesa da iaxsrisaTvis. 98 wlis daviT

Wrelas Ze Turmanauls, romelic qmodis wm. giorgis

Tavxevisberi iyo, vera bardaveliZisTvis uTqvams:

`imas (laSars-n.R.) mamuli rad unda. laSaris jvaris

mamuli arsad araa. marto axmetas aqvs sasxlavi.~

bardaveliZisave masalaSi vkiTxulobT, rom `laSa

giorgis, anu laSaris jvars miwebi ar hqonda fSavSi.

xevsureTSi ki, piriqiTSi, mucoSi.~2

2010 wels Cveni samkaciani eqspedicia (wevrebi:

nino RambaSiZe, Tamar wereTeli da salome cigroSvi-

li), jarji fxovelis TanxlebiT, laSarobis mTavar

dResaswaul serobas eswreboda. eqspedicia Txiliana-

Si, irakli da bela cigroSvilebis stumarTmoyvare

ojaxSi iyo dabinavebuli. dReobam 19 ivliss mouwia.

xmelgorze gakvaluli sacalfexo bilikiT aviareT.

bolosken gza odnav dacicabovebulia. Cvens ukan We-

dila da ori cxvari mohyavT. wina dRes TxilianaSi

yofnisas vxedavdiT, rogor mihyavdaT saklavebi la-

Sarisaken manqanebiT. rogorc meore dRes xevisberma

Tqva, saklavma Rame xatSi unda gaaTenoso. goraze

asuli qalebi xel marjvniv gagviSves, sadc aseve go-

ra iyo. qalebis xatTan misvla ikrZaleba. aqaur xe-

visbers laSa hqvia, Zebniauria da im droisTvis kaxe-

Tidan modioda. jarjis vTxoveT, ekiTxa ramdenad Se-

iZleboda Cveni xatTan misvla da gadaReba. ritualis

1 Ibid, al. oCiauri, 38-39. 2 vera bardaveliZe, v.b. 664, xelnweri, iv. javaxiSvilis sa-xelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivi.

179

gadaReba ar SeiZleba, angelozi krTebao, mogvivida

xevisbris pasuxi. Tu nagebobebis gadaReba undaT,

dReobis mere darCnen da gadaiRono. jarjis xeliT

xevisbers laSaris wm. giorgisTvis xis jvarze dak-

ruli jvarcma gadaveci. Tu sanTelic aqvs, moayolo-

so, SemomiTvala xevisberma. 3 sanTeli gavatane. xevis-

bers sanTeli daunTia da Cems saxelze ulocia.

jvars aq, xelmwife laSarisaTvis vakurTxeb da dav-

debo. qalebma CvenTvis miCenil goraze davikaveT ad-

gilebi da dResaswauls Tvals iqidan vadevnebdiT.

saqalebo goraze mosuli medReobeebi erTmaneTs

esalmebian: wyaloba, wyaloba mogceT aq mdgomma ange-

lozebma! wyaloba mogceT xatma, wyaloba xatisa! med-

ReobeTa Soris sanaTa aleqsis asuli maCuriSvili-na-

yeurisac aris. misi TqmiT, igi laSaris ymaa. sanaTa

xel-mkadre xevisbris, fridon buraSvilis SviliSvi-

lia. Tamar mefis Svils, romlis salocavi gadaRmaa,

laSa erqva-gviTxra sanaTam. erTxelac ZiZam dakarga

laSa, romelic iremma ipova, awova ZuZu da gazarda.

amis Semdeg arc Tamari da arc laSa irmis xorcs ar

Wamdnen. sanaTas TqmiT, man bibliidan icis, rom rac

ufali movida, Cveni codvebi iman waiRo da saklavi

aRar unda davklaT. me mainc meSiniao, miTxra sana-

Tam. am salocavebs ver veleviT. saklavi ro ar dav-

klaT, gveSinia. Tu rames vcodavT, gvapatios. dedaCe-

mi xel-mkadre xevisberis Svili iyo da imisgan vici,

rom qadas Rvinis zedaSe mohyveba. Rvino nakurTxia,

arayi eSmakisaa. amasobaSi 12 saaTmac moawia. mlocve-

lebi cxenebiTac movidnen. amoitanes sanovage, moiyva-

nes saklavebi. maT Soris kurati da mozveri. mloc-

velTa Soris erovnul tansacmelSi (Coxasa da xevsu-

rul talavarSi) gamowyobili xridolis biWebic ari-

an. mlocvelebs Soris bevria axalgazrda. erT biWs

180

balalaikac aqvs. xmelgorze saklavebis raodenoba

nel-nela matulobs. droSis zaric daireka. qalebis

mxares msxdomi kacebi xatisken daiZrnen. 13 saaTze da

40 wuTze mlocvelebma saklavi waiyvanes dasaklavad.

dadga rigi. xevisberma daiZaxa: kuratebi visac hyavs,

movideso. jer isini unda daiklan. iqve bavSvic hyavT

amoyvanili xatSi misabareblad. kuratic misambareod

hyavT. xevisberma zari dareka. yvela fexze wamodga.

zogma daiCoqa. xevisberi loculobs, adidebs, jvriT

xlxs amwyalobnebs. Cven, qalebs, didebis teqsti ar

gvesmis. locvisas xevisberTan mdgomma kacebma er-

Txmad SesZaxes: gaumarjos...! sxva sityvebi qalebamde

aRar aRwevs. eqspediciis wevri Tamriko wereTeli So-

ridan iRebs, magram xevisberma dainaxa. didebisas bav-

Svi gamoagzvna da SemouTvala, nu iRebo. dakluli

kurati oTx janRoniT savse mamakacs moaqvs da gver-

diT gahyavs, rom cxvrebTan erTad gaatyaon. daklu-

li saklavebi xeze dakides da atyaveben. gaisma bat-

knis xma. sanaTam, romelic Cems gverdiT zis, miTxra:

es Cveni batkania, xmaze vcnob. 14 saaTisa da 30 wu-

TisTvis saklavebi ukve daikla. daiwyo samzadisi

sufrisTvis: SeSis Wra, gatyaveba, cecxlis danTeba.

qvabebi da xorci daaqvT, nawils saklavi jer ar ga-

utyavebia, xalxi molodinSia. axla qadebic moanTes.

laSarSi qormac Semoifrina. xalxis nawilma qvemoT,

mTis Zirisken daiwyo Casvla, sadac saqeifod unda

dasxdnen. zogmac aqve, xmelgorze daiwyo puroba. bo-

los sayeino da droSa unda gamoabrZanon, riTiTac

mTavrdeba dReoba. mlocveli gvian saRamomde modiod

laSarSi, adioda maRla xmelgorze qada-puriT da

saklaviT. yvela, nacnob-ucnobi erTmaneTs xatis wya-

lobas da wyalobis gataneba-gayolas usurvebda.1

1 nino RambaSiZe, fSavis 2010 wlis eTnografiuli eqspedi-

181

sanam sayeinos ritualis ganmartebaze visaub-

rebdeT, gvinda kuluxsac SevexoT. anu rogor moqon-

daT kaxeTidan xatis venaxebidan dayenebuli Rvino

xatobebisTvis. samwuxarod, uSualod laSaris kulu-

xis Sesaxeb masalas Cven ver mivakvlieT. magram,

aleqsi oCiaurs kuluxis wesi iaxsris magaliTze moh-

yavs. rogorc iTqva, baxtrionis omis Semdeg fSavle-

bi da xevsurebi, mefem maTive TxovniT, venaxebiT daa-

saCuqra, romlidanac moweul Rvinos isini jvar-xate-

bis dResaswaulebze moixmardnen. axmetaSi marani qvis

kedliT iyo SemoRobili, hqonda marani, xatis dro-

Sis sabrZanisi koSki, mezvris sadgomi. venaxs miCeni-

li hyavda mezvre, romelic mudmivad adgilze iyo da

mas uvlida. kerZod: inaxavda saxato qonebas, xel-

mZRvanelobda muSebs, yaraulobda venaxs. aleqsi oCi-

auri aRniSnavs, rom qvvrebs Soris erT-erTi kaJisgan

iyo damzadebuli. rodesac masSi dawuruli yurZnis

tkbils Caasxamdnen, ifuvlebda da ramdenime Tve, se-

robamde, gadaRebis gareSe idga erT WurWelSi. qvevri

erTi koWli kacis gakeTebuli yofila da amis gamo

mas (qvevrs) `koWlauri~ erqva. am koWl ostatTan

dakavSirebiT, romelic gadmocemis mixedviT, kargi

mWedelic yofila, aleqsi oCiaurs miTologiuri gad-

mocema mohyavs. Turme, igi devebs hyavdaT datyvevebu-

li da TavianT sasargeblod amuSavebdnen. misula

iaxsari koWl ostatTan da Sepirebia dagixsni deve-

bisgan, Tu kaJis qvevrs gamikeTebo. ostats gaxarebia,

Sen oRond damixseni da iseTs gagikeTeb, misi badali

ar iyoso. gadmocema gveubneba, rom devebi iorze

cxovrobdnen. erTxelac, rodesac saxlSi misulan,

iaxsari Tavs dasxmia da ostatic dauxsnia. wamouyva-

nia koWli mWedeli axmetaSi da Tavis maranSi dausax-

cia, xelnaweri.

182

lebia. ostats saucxoo iaraRebi gamouWedia da kaJis

ubadlo qvevric gaukeTebia. Tanac, sikvdilamde aq

darCenila da venaxs uvlida.

Tavxevisberi da ori dasturi, Sekrebdnen `sam-

gzavrod saimedo~ da morwmune kacebs, iSovnidnen

karg cxenebs. sacalo saxato tikebi Tu ar eyofodaT

xalxSi iTxovdnen da gaemarTebodnen kuluxis wamo-

saRebad da masTan dakavSirebuli ritualis Sesasru-

leblad. saamisod xelmxars gainaTlavda (saklavs

daklavda), rom droSa aeba. droSis gareSe kuluxze

ver wavidodnen. iaxsris xations sami droSa hqonda.

erTs zari da vercxlis jvari hqonda Sebmuli, da-

narCen ors rkinis Subebi. abreSumis Tavsafrebi, anu

droSis baRdadebi, xalxisgan iyo Sewiruli. iyo

wminda sipi, anu masTan mxolo wminda kacebs SeeZ-

loT misvla. xevisberi am sipze awyobda yovelive ze-

moT CamoTvlils. `pirvelad aiRebda xelSi mgzavri

droSis tars, moaxvevda wverze erT baRdads, Camoac-

mevda zed vercxlis burTs, daiwerda pirjvars da

ityoda: `dalocvilo Cemo salocavo iaÃsaro, nu Sa-

miwyindebi Ãorcielsa Seni wmida xatis xelis kadre-

bisaTvis Semindev, dalocvilo, rasaca gcodav Cemis

ÃorcielobiTa `aiRebda xelSi jvars, emTxveoda da

gaukeTebda baRdadmoxveul wverze. mere TiToobiT

Seabamda baRdadebs droSis tarze; Semdeg miabamda

patara zars. aseve morTavda sxva or droSis tarsac,

oRond wverSi ukeTdebodaT Subebi rkinisa. kuluxze

wamsvlelni yvelani gabanil-gasufTavebulebi wmidad

mividodnen da gamgzavrebisTvis yvelafriT momzade-

bulni idgnen, roca xevisberi droSaT aabamda.~ am

dros ludiT an arayiT ityodnen sadidebels. pirve-

lad sasmels xevisbers miarmevdnen. is sanTlebs da-

anTebda da mokled dailoceboda: `dideba Zalsa

183

RvTisasa, dideba Senda, kvirav cxoelo, dideba Senda,

Cveno salocao laRo iaÃsaro, mogzauro angelozo.

gevedrebiT da gexvewebiT, laRo iaÃsaro, uSvele Sen

ymaTa da ymaTaSi Senis wmida droSais TnamyolTa ku-

luxis momtanTa, SenTa wamebulTa. Saixvewen, Cveno

salocao, laRo iaÃsaro, mgzavroba mSvidobisa miec

da mosulTa xizan-jalafoba mSvidobiT daaxvedre.

Senda sasaxelod iyos es sanTel-kelaptari da es ze-

daSe da am mgzavrTa samwyalobnod.~ xevisbris dide-

bis Semdeg yvela ityoda: `amin, dalocvilo Cveno sa-

locavo, gviSvele da gvimgzavrne mSvidobiTa.~1 Tasi-

ani sasmeliT yvela dailoceboda, xevisberi droSas

aabrZanebda, gadaiwerdnen pirjvars da gzas gaudge-

bodnen. erT dReSi ukve zemo TianeTSi iqnebodnen, sa-

dac iaxsris niSi da droSis sabrZanisia. aq gaaTev-

dnen Rames. adgilobrivebi, vinc ver axerxebda iax-

srobas fSavSi gamgzavrebas da saklavis Sewirvas, aq

mividoda xationTan, uxvdebodnen iaxsris droSas,

rogorc aleqsi oCiauri aRniSnavs da swiravdnen sak-

lavs. mekuluxe xationi zemo TianeTSi Rames qeifiT

da drostarebiT aTevda, diliT ki gezs axmetisken

aiRebda. rogorc aleqsi oCiauri aRniSnavs, `saRamo

xanze axmetaSi Tavis maranze iyo iaxsris droSa.~ ax-

metaSi mekuluxeebi aucileblad orSabaTs unda Casu-

liyvnen. axmetaSi iaxsris droSis mibrZanebasac bevri

xalxi uxvdeboda. `...xevisberi droSas gadmoiRebda,

daiWerda orive xelSi da marcxnidan marjvniv zaris

wkaruniT marans Semouvlidnen garSemo. iyo SemTxve-

va, rodesac venaxsac Semouvlidnen, Tu es iaxsaris-

gan iqneboda nabrZanebi. Semdeg xevisberi droSas mi-

abrZanebda Tavis sabrZanis koSkze, mobrundeboda da

daamwyalobnebda iq myofT: `gwyalobdesT laRi iaÃ-

1 Ibid, aleqsi oCiauri, 65-66.

184

sari, droSisaTvis myoli mogzauri angelozi imis

mlocavT: ymaTa da TanmyolTa. am Tavis sabrZaneblis

da misi marnis karis locva nu SegananasT, sixaru-

lad gagiÃadosT, da kvlav ukeTesis guliT migage-

bosT am dResa.~ xalxi am dros qudmoxdili idga

pir-xevisbrisaken da pasuxobdnen: `Tqvenimc mwyalobe-

lia~.1 fSavidan mekuluxeebs saklavi hyavdaT wamoyva-

nili, romelsac aq klavdnen. saklavis dakvlis dros

edgaT Tasi, romelSic saklavis sisxli grovdeboda.

erT-erTi xationi, balaxiT asxurebda sisxls marans,

SigniT da gareT midamos. mezRvneebic, visac saklavis

amgvarad Sewirva hqondaT SeTqmuli, sTxovdnen, rom

maTi saklavis sisxliTac gaenaTlaT marani da misi

Semogareni. mezRvneebs saklavTan erTad Rvino da

saWmel-sasmelic mohqondaT mosulebisTvis. amave

sufrebiT locavdnen micvalebulebsac. iwireboda

sanTeli. saWmlis Wamisa da Sesvenebis Semdeg, erT-er-

Ti dasturi, wamodgeboda sufridan da Sewirul san-

Tels Camoqnida. xevisberic da dasturebic droebiT

adgebodnen sufridan. xevisberi `pirjvris weriT da

madlis TxoviT maranSi Sevidoda, dasturnic Tan

Sehyvebodnen, aunTebdnen sanTlebs, amoiRebdnen Suaf-

xodan TanwaRebul sawiravT, sanTels qvevris (koWla-

uras) pirze daakravdnen (qvevrs winaswar axdida xe-

visberi da gadaasufTavebda mis midamos), sawiravTac

qvevris pirze daawyobdnen, erT koS Rvinos amoiReb-

dnen da Caasxamdnen naTavars im tikSi, romliTac Su-

afxoSi unda waeRoT zedaSe, meored sam patara ver-

cxlis Tass avsebdnen da iqve qvevris pirTan patara

sufraze dadgamdnen sawirTan erTad. xevisberi Seud-

geboda locva-didebaT.~2 pirvelad iaxsarze iloceb-

1 Ibid, 66-67. 2 Ibid, 67.

185

da. bolos ityoda: `dideba RmerTsa, qveynis damaarse-

belsa, romelmac gaaCina Ãmelni da gadaxura carva-

li, amuSavna ÃmelTa zeda mwvanilni da mcenareni, ga-

aCinna purni da Rvinoni Tavisi didebiTa cxovelTa

da kacTa saarsod da Tavis didi saxelis sadideb-

lad. dideba Sendav, kvirav Zalian-madlianoi, xTis

maRlis mokarveo, dideba Senda, Cveno salocao dido

iaÃsaro. Tqvenamc ididebiT am qvevr-maranze, dad-

gmul Wiqa-barZimze da daWvreTil sefiskverTaze. la-

Ro iaÃsaro, mogzauro angelozo, qvevrisa da marnis

mcvelo-mfarvelo, Tqven swyalobdeT iaÃsaris saymo-

Ta, saymoTaSi iaxsaris qvevr-maranze mosulTa, Senis

saxelis mlocavTa. gexvewebian da gevedrebian, Cveno

salocavo, laRo iaxsaro, dRes Sens qvevr-maranze

droSisad TanamyolTa, qvevr-maranze mosulTa, Senis

saxelis mlocavTa. gexvewebian da gevdrebian, Cveno

salocavo, laRo iaxsaro, dRes Sens qvevr-maranze

mosulni-Senis saxelis mlocavni, wesisa d rigis mye-

neni. xvewna-vedreba sasixarulod gauxade, sasinanu-

lod nu gauÃdi, daeÃmare, dalocvilo, velTaca da

Sinaca’ gzaSi da mgzavrobaSica.~1 didebis Semdeg

jer xevisberi, Semdeg dasturebi dailocebodnen da

TiTo Tas Rvinos dalevdnen. dasturi ritualur

purs jvaredinad, daniT gaseravda da kvlav Sevsebu-

li TasiT moixseniebda, Sendobas etyoda koWlauris

gamkeTebel koWl ostats da yvela imas, visac wvli-

li hqonda gaRebuli iaxsris venaxis movla-patrono-

baSi. yvela Sesvamda Sesandobars amis Semdeg, daan-

Tebdnen kelaptrebs, marnis yvela kuTxeSi. am dros

ukve Rame iyo. diliT mekuluxeebi ukve ukana gzaze

unda wsuliyvnen. kuluxi xatSi dReobisTvis unda mi-

suliyo, romlis gadadeba ar SeiZleboda. kuluxis

1 Ibid, 68.

186

marSrutic dagegmili iyo. es xalxma icoda da meku-

luxeebs gzadagza xvdeboda da wyalobas iTxovda.

jvarions axmetaSi dilisTvis bevri saqme xvdebodaT

mosaswrebi, amitom Ramis gaTeneba uwevdaT. tikebs

ocdaxuTi CafiT avsebdnen, sapalneebad kravdnen da

cxenebze amagrebdnen. ocdaxuTive xatSi unda mieta-

naT. mekuluxeebs patara tikebSi saxarjo Rvinoc

hqondaT. rogorc iTqva mlocveli im Rames misuli

iyo da sufrebi, RamisTeva imarTeboda. gamTeniisas

cxenebs Rvinos ahkidebdnen, xevisberi droSas aabZa-

nebda, marnis SigniT droSiT Semouvlida, gamosvli-

sas Rviniani TasiT dailoceboda da gamoemgzavre-

bodnen. xalxi saWmel-sasmeliT da simRerebiT Sor

manZilze gaacilebda. axmetidan mekuluxeebi kvlav

zemo TianeTSi, iaxsris niSi sadac iyo, iq mividod-

nen. aq maT bevri mlocveli xvdebodaT. xevisberi

droSiT xelSi koSkTan gaCerdeboda da xalxs dalo-

cavda. droSas koSkTan daabrZanebda, daisvenebda. ik-

vleboda saklavebi, iSleboda sufrebi. xationi xal-

xTan erTad Rames gaaTevdnen da diliT mekuluxeebi

fSavisken gamoemarTebodnen. mekuluxeebi iors gamo-

uyvebodnen da miselurze, Suafxos pirdapir mdebare

maRal mTaze gaCerdebodnen. Semdeg, Tofebis sro-

liT, Suafxos xevisken gamoemarTebodnen. xalxi To-

fis xmas igebda da mekuluxeebs garkveul adgilas

xvdeboda. FSuafxomde kuluxis procesia kidev Cerde-

boda ramdenime adgilas. kopalas xatis mekuluxeebi

iaxsarSi droSiT unda misuliyvnen da iaxsris dro-

Sas SuafxoSi daxvedrodnena, gzaSi miegebebodnena.

jer droSebi Sexvdebodnen erTmneTs, Semdeg xevis-

brebi xels CamoarTmevdnen erTmaneTs da gadakocnid-

nen. Semdeg orive droSas sabrZanisSi daabrZanebdnen.

ikvleboda saklavi, iSleboda sufra, xevisbrebi lo-

187

cavdnen xlxs. kopalas mekuluxeebi saRamomde rCe-

bodnen SuafxoSi.1 2010 wels iaxsarisa da kopalas

xevisberebma gviTxres, rom maT isev aqvT kaxeTSi

zvrebi da isev moaqvT kuluxi. udaoa, rom Zveleburi

wesebi gmartivebulia. ioseb koWliSilma, kopalas 84

wlis xevisberma, gviTxra, rom igi 2005 wels iyo ku-

luxze. misTvis am wesis Sesruleba ioli araa, vinai-

dan cxeniT ver midis da droSas, rogorc Tavad aR-

niSna, manqaniT ver waabrZanebs. sabWoTa periodSi,

rogorc iaxsris xevisberma gviambo, komunistebi meku-

luxeebs arbevdnen da isinic didxans da wvalebiT

Cadiodnen axmetaSi Rvinis wamosaRebad.2

sayeinos da masTan dakavSirebuli tradiciis

warmoSobis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli gadmocemebi arse-

bobs. zogis TqmiT, yeenobis dros,3 yaenisTvis TasSi

grovdeboda fuli, ris gamoc am Tass sayeino daer-

qva. yaens mihqonda saqarTveloSi Segrovili qoneba

da xalxic damonebuli iyo. mTxrobel levan TaTa-

raSvilis monaTxrobis mixedviT, erTxel, rodesac

TaTrebi saqarTvelos Semoesien, yaenis brZanebiT,

rodesac fSavi daarbies, sxva mZevlebTan erTad, vin-

me saxelovani fSavelis, luxumis ori vaJi gaitaces.

erT-erTi, RaWauri yeens Zalian moewona da iSvila.

manac, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, mamobils erTguleba da-

umtkica. Tumca, naxa ra mTielTa da maT Soris fSa-

velTa gasaWiri, mosaxleobasa da sxva qarTvel tyve-

ebTan erTad, daamarcxa TaTrebi da yaeni. misi nadav-

1 Ibid, 70-75. 2 nino RambaSiZe, fSavis 2010 wlis eTnografiuli eqspedi-cia, xelnaweri.

3 yaeni iyo mefis tituli zogierT aRmosavlur qveyanaSi. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, http://www.ice. ge/liv/liv/ganmartebiti.php, 08.03.2018.

188

li Tan wamoiRo da surda xalxisTvis daerigebina.

xalxma iuara, es nadavli Sen gekuTvniso. maSin RaWa-

urma ganZi xatebs Seswira. afxuSos wm. giorgis, rom-

lis ymac RaWauri iyo, yaenis muzaradi Seswira, rome-

lic sayeinod ixmareboda. marTalia laSaris jvars

bevri Seswira, magram igi mainc gamwyrala. molaSqre

var da muzaradi me mekuTvnodao. laSarma RaWaurs

muzaradi miatanina da uSvilobiT dasaja. rodesac

sayeinos dReobis bolos gamoitandnen, avsebdnen Rvi-

niT da yvelas, visac misi daleva undoda, TasSi

fuls agdebda. daCoqilebs ise unda daeliaT, rom xe-

liT ar Sexebodnen. erTxel Cagdebuli Tanxa erTi

dalevis safasuri iyo. xalxi erTmaneTsac patiJebda.

vercxlis fuls Rvinian TasSi agdebdnen, qaRaldisas

sxva cariel TasSi. fuls xatis msaxurebi inaxavdnen

da xatis saWiroebebs axmardnen. xevisberi Segrovil

fuls saxalxod Tvlida, da dasturebs gadascemda

Sesanaxad. sayeinos wesi laSaris piroflianTa Sesan-

dobari iyo. piroflianebSi igulisxmebodnen is meom-

rebi, romlebic laSaris droSis qveS, aseve samSob-

losaTvis ibrZodnen da daiRupnen. anda qistebTan da

TaTrebTan mebrZolebi. piroflianebi imitom iyvnen,

rom gametebiT da TavdadebiT ibrZodnen. `daRlilebi

da oflianebi daixocneno.~ iaxsrobis sayeinos wesis

Sesrulebis win xevisberi droSas miitanda iq, sadac

sayeino iyo. marjvena fexze daibjenda droSis tars.

sayeinos TasSi Caasxamdnen Rvinos, miakravdnen anTe-

bul sanTels da xevisberi ityoda didebas. amis Se-

meg Sendobas etyodnen laSaris piroflianTa. `Seiw-

yalos isini RmerTman, naTeli daayenos imaT suls

saiqiosa~ _ upasuxebda xevisbers Sesandobris dasru-

lebis Semdeg. xevisberi droSas Tasze ramdenjerme

gaarxevda, muxlze dajdeboda, ramdenic undoda im-

189

dens dalevda sayeinodan ise, rom droSa xelSi eWi-

ra. adgeboda, droSas kvlav gaarxevda da misTvis

gankuTvnil adgilze daabrunebda. amis Semdeg, erTi

kaci tiks zurgze moikidebda, sayeinosTan axlos

dajdeboda da tikis pirs marjvena mxridan `sayeinos-

ken gamouSvebda.~ amis Semdeg iwyeboda sayeinoSi Cas-

vla. rogorc iTqva, msurveli sayeinos win muxls mo-

iyrida, laSris piroflianT Sendobas etyoda, RviniT

savse TasSi fuls Caagdebda da Rvinos ise dalevda,

rom Tass xels ar mokidebda. Rvinis daZalebac

icodnen da am wesis Sesrulebas mxiarulebac sdevda

Tan. aleqsi oCiauri ar eTanxmeba mTxroblis mosaz-

rebas, rom sayeino imitom daerqva Tass, rom yaenis-

Tvis iyo warTmeuli. Tavad gamoTqvams mosazrebas,

rom es sayeino yvelieris erT-erT mTavar personaJs,

yeens ukavSirdeba; rodesac TasSi fuli grovdeboda,

romliTac am mxiaruli dReobis monawileebi sanova-

ges yidulobdnen da ilxendnen.1 xevsureTSi, xaxabos

erT-erT jvarSic scodniaT sayeenos Sesrulebis we-

si. mlocvelebi wesis Sesrulebisas ase ityodnen:

`Saundnas, maaÃmaras RmerTma laSaris jvaris laS-

qarSi daÃocilT, muÃliT maSvralT, piriT mwyur-

valT.~2

sayeinos wesTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi mosazreba

gamoTqva xaTuna ioselinma. igi Teimuraz II dayrdno-

biT varaudobs, rom sayeino, sayeni da sayani erTi sa-erTo qarTuli `ritualis an dReobis safuZvelze

aRmocenebuli saxvadasxva formiT Camoyalibebuli

wesebia. sayeni religiuri dResaswaulebis, qorwilis

da samgloviaro sufris wesi iyo; kerZod, sadRegrZe-

los Sesmis garkveuli wesi, romelic `sadRegrZelo-

1 Ibid, al. oCiauri, dReobebi, 150-154, 77-80. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe, fSavi, 32.

190

ritualis~ saxiT movida Cvenamde. lingvistur monace-

mebze dayrdnobiT, xaTuna ioseliani aRniSnavs, rom

sayeni yenebas, dgomas, dayenebas niSnavs. faqtobr-

ivad lingvisturi masala mis mier moxmobil eTnog-

rafiul masalaSidac hpovebs dasayrdens. sayeni, say-Áani (svanuri) fexze dgomiT, garkveuli wesis mixed-

viT Sesasrulebeli sadRegrZeloa. garda eTnografi-

uli masalisa xaTuna ioselians Teimurzis dRe-Ramis

gabaasebidanac mohyavs nawyveti.

`dro mova sayeenosi,

yvela adgeba fexzeda,

ase asmeven zemdgomTa,

Tass arigeben msmelzeda,

gaaTaveben Taviss msmels,

pirs akoceben zezeda~1

fSauri sayeeno sayÁans da sayens imiT hgavs, rom samive ritualuri sadRegrZelo, ramdenadac CvenTvi-

saa cnobili, erTi da igive ritualebis dasasruls

ismeba (dReobebi, qorwili, samgloviaro sufra). Ta-

vad termini, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, dgomas niSnavs

da xazs usvams imas, Tu rogor unda dailios sad-

RegrZelo. fSauri sayeino muxlze CoqiT da xelSeu-

xeblad ismeba. Tumca, es saerTo wesis kuTxuri nair-

saxeobac SeiZleba iyos. SesaZloa fSauri sayeino sa-

erTo qarTuli wesis amsaxveli tradiciac iyos, mag-

ram masSi, Cveni azriT, aSkaradaa areklili baxtrio-

nis omTan dakavSirebuli movlenebic. vfiqrobT, pi-

roflianTa Sesandobari RviniT baxtrionis omis Sem-

dgom unda dawesebuliyo, rodesac fSav-xevsurebs ka-

1 xaTuna ioseliani, stumarmaspinZlobis tradicia svaneT-Si (Tbilisi: mematiane, 2005), 102-115.

191

xeTSi mefisgan zvrebi eboZaT. piroflianTa Soris

albaT, metadre baxtrionis gmirebi unda vigulis-

xmoT, vinaidan CvenTvis ar aris cnobili sxva imaze

saxelovani brZola, vidre baxtrionis, romelSic la-

Saris droSa ibrZoda. da bolos, baxtrioni brZo-

lasTan kavSirSi sayeino alaverdobis dasasruls da-

laobis wesis Sesrulebas gvagonebs. gvagonebs Tavisi

mizandasaxulobiT. rogorc cnobilia, alaverdobis

dResaswauls Tavisi specifiuri ritualuri dasasru-

li hqonda. alaverdis ezoSi 200–300 cxenosani TuSi

ikribeboda da omSi gansakuTrebiT baxtrionis omSi,

daRupulTa sulebisaTvis dalais simReriT gars uv-

lida alaverdis taZars. Cveni mTxroblis TqmiT cxe-

nosani TuSebi zemo, qvemo alvanidan da sofel la-

lisyuridan ikribebodnen, samjer uvlidnen alaver-

dis taZars da `adalavebdnen~.1 rogorc cnobilia,

dalaoba micvalebulis sulisTvis gamarTuli ritua-

luri doRia, romlis drosac am ritualisTvis gan-

kuTvnili natirali-dalai sruldeba. sayeenos Sem-

TxvevaSi, daRupul meomarTa mosagoneblad da maTi

sulebis Sesandobrad gansakuTrebuli da savaldebu-

lo sadregrZelo ismeba.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gansakuTrebuli pompe-

zurobiT, ritualurobiT da sadResaswaulo ganwyo-

biT axalkviris laSaroba gamoirCeoda. aRgomis mesa-

me kviras anu aRdgomis sworis sworze fSavis Torme-

tive Temi saTemo droSebiT laSarSi iyrida Tavs.

1 nino RambaSiZe, 2008 wlis kaxeTis eTnografiuli mivli-neba; mgosanni glovisani, teqstebi Sekriba, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da leqsikoni daurTo nanuli azikurma (Tbi-lisi: mecniereba, 1986), 74; karbeli, alaverdoba (14 seq-temberi), `saxalxo furceli~, 383(1915), 4; maTe (maTe ian-qoSvili), daba da sofeli (mowerili ambavi), `iveria~, 203(1900), 3.

192

aleqsi oCiauris aRwerilobis mixedviT1 rituali ase

iwyeboda: sof. gomewris kopalas xevisberi xel-mxars

gainaTlavda, droSas aabrZanebda da Suafxosken gae-

marTeboda. mas laSaris jvris mlocvelebi gahyve-

bodnen. maT daaxloebiT 30km. unda gaevloT, rom la-

SarSi misuliyvnen. mlocvelebs saklavebic mihyavdaT.

gzad isvenebdnen, svamdnen da ilxendnen. procesia,

romelsac win xatis droSa miuZRvoda, mividoda sof.

SuafxoSi. xalxi WalaSi dabinavdeboda, droSa ki

iaxsris xatSi mibrZandeboda. droSis xmaze xatis

msaxurebi gamovidodnen, medroSe droSas aabrZanebda

da kopalas droSas gzaSi miegebeboda. xatis msaxure-

bi win wadgebodnen, uxmod mxrebidan droSebs gadmo-

iRebdnen da erTi droSis jvars meorisas ise daadeb-

dnen, TiTqos adamianebi eamborebiano. Semdeg ganze

gadgebodnen, erTmaneTs sityvierad miesalmebodnen,

xels CamoarTmevdnen, gadakocnidnen da etyodnen:

`gwyalobdeT Cveni salocavebi. bevri es dro mSvido-

bisa moggvarosT dalocvilma, mSvidobisa da kargad

yofnisi.~ aanTebdnen sanTlebs, miakravdnen ludian

koSze da iaxsris xevisberi fSavis salocavebs adi-

debda. didebas laSariT iwyebda, rasac Tormetive sa-

Temo salocavis gadideba mohyveboda. yovel jerze

laSaris ymebs amwyalobnebda. bolos mosvamda luds

da koSs mosul xevisbers gadascemda. axla is daam-

wyalobnebda laSaris jvris ymebs. isic cotas mos-

vamda, gadaulocavda dasturebs da bolomde manam Ca-

moarigebdnen, sanam ludi mTlianad ar daileoda. am

procesias aqve, SuafxoSi, Tu uZilaurTas kopalas

droSac Semoeswreboda xolme, maSin droSebisa da

xevisbrebis Sexvedra igive wesiT xdeboda. iaxsarSi

stumrad mosul xatis msaxurebs gaumaspinZldebod-

1 Cven misi aRwerilobis mixedviT moviyvanT masalas.

193

nen, ris Semdegac droSebs aabrZanebdnen da laSari-

saken wavidodnen. procesias win miuZRvoda is droSa,

romlis xevisberic uxucesi iyo. procesias gzaSi ca-

baurTa Temis mTavarangelozis droSa SexvdebodaT.

droSebi erTmaneTs zemoT aRwerili wesis mixedviT

xvdebodnen. jer droSis jvrebs daamTxvevdnen, Sem-

deg xevisbrebi gadakocnidnen erTmaneTs. misalmebis

Semdeg procesia gzas agrZelebda. am gzaze procesi-

as xvdeboda: gogolaurT wm. giorgis, muqus RvTis-

mSoblis, maTuris mTavarangelozis, xoSaris Tamarne-

fis, WiCos pircecxlis, axadis pirquSis, wiTelaur-

Tis kotias wm. giorgis, ukanafSavis wyarosTauris da

xaxabos wm. giorgis droSebi, Tu xaxabodan mTaze

gadmosasvleli gza gaxsnili iqneboda. misalmeba

xsenebuli wesiT sruldeboda. gzadagza yvela salo-

cavSi sanTlebs daanTebdnen da gaadidebdnen. gadide-

ba Turme, Zvelad mxolod Rvinoze an ludze SeiZle-

boda, arayze ara. Tu Rvino da ludi ar eqnebodaT

gaadidebdnen Tafl-wyalze an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi,

wyalSi purs Cayridnen da ise. bolos yvela Tavs la-

SarSi moiyrida da yvela droSas laSaris ganier

koSkSi daabrZanebdnen. yvela droSas, romelic xmel-

gorze mividoda laSaris droSa da sxva, iq myofi,

ufro adre misuli droSebi gamoegebebodnen da aRwe-

rili wisis mixedviT miesalmebodnen misuls. laSar-

Si 12 Temis droSas mecamete laSaris droSa xvdebo-

da. rigiTobis mixedviT, marjvniv jer laSaris jva-

ris droSa dabrZandeboda, Semdeg kopalasi, iaxsris

da a.S. cotaxnis Semdeg laSaris xevisberi sasanTle-

Si jer laSars daunTebda sanTlebs, Semdeg ki yvela

Temis motanil sanTlebs aanTebda maTi salocavebis

saxelze. sanTlebis danTebas didi samRvTooba mos-

devda. igi `dawesebulia Wirveulobis, qar-setyvis da

194

miwisZvris Tavidan asacilebel saxvewrad. amiT

sTxovdnen laSaris jvars da yvela xTiSvils, rom

iSuamdgomlon im angelozTan an RTisSvilTan, ro-

melTac aqvT molocvili iseTi movlenebis movlena

qveynad, rom Tavidan aacilon qveyanas zarali...~1 yve-

la Temi miiyvanda saukeTeso saklavs laSarisTvis,

Tavisi salocavisTvis da `kviraisaTvis~, romelsac

meore dRes `sakviraoSi~ gadaixdidnen. kidev erTi

saklavi hyavdaT, romelsac ukana gzaze damasturs

uklavdnen. aq yvela droSas unda gamoevlo. laSaris-

Tvis gankuTvnil saklavs mxolod laSaris xevisberi

daklavda. Tu raime mizezis gamo is aq ar iqneboda,

misi Secvla mxolod kopalasa da iaxsris xevisbe-

rebs SeeZloT. saTemo saklavebs TavianTi xevisbrebi

daklvdnen. yvela saklavi dReobaSi moixarSeboda.

laSarSi, rogorc aRiniSna, yvela Tems Tavisi sajare

hqonda, sadac xatis msaxurebi da mlocveli ikribe-

bodnen. mlocveli bevri scodnia am dReobasac. yve-

las saxlidan saWmel-sasmeli mohqonda da TavianT

saTemo sajareSi marTavda sufras. medReobeebi er-

TmaneTs TavianT sjareebSi epatiJebodnen. imarTeboda

lxini. mRerodnen ferxisul simRerebs, ZiriTadad

laSaris jvarsa da fSavlebis gmirobaze. meore

dRes, mlocvelebi laSaris pirdapir, aragvis meore

napirze mdebare sakviraos xatSi gadiodnen, manamde

ki laSaris cnobili sabWo imarTeboda, sadac irCeo-

da, rogorc saerTo safSavlo, aseve, calkeuli saTe-

mo sakiTxebi. sabWo ZiriTadad xatobisas imarTeboda,

magram saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sxva drosac. sabWo

rom damTavrdeboda, laSaris xevisberi sanTelze da

Tasze adidebda laSars da fSavis yvela siwmindes.

didebisas yvela Temis xatis msaxurs Tavis droSa

1 Ibid, al. oCiauri, fSavi, 191.

195

eWira da zars nela aJRarunebda. Tasze yvela xevis-

beri amwyalobnebda laSaris ymebs. droSebs sakvira-

osken laSaris jvari gauZRveboda. xalxi ferxisas

simReriT gahyveboda xations. kviraSi msaxurobdnen

laSaris xevisbrebi. es xatic saerTo safSavlo xati

iyo da yvela Tems ekuTvnoda. aqac xsenebuli wesiT

Sesruldeboda sadidebeli. mwyalobndeboda yvela.

xalxi piriT xatisken idga da evedreboda kviras

maTTvis eSuamdgomla. laSaris xevisberi yvelas mo-

tanil kelaptrebs anTebda sasanTleSi. amis Semdeg,

aqac saTemo saklavebi daikvleboda laSaris xevisbe-

ris winamZRolobiT. `aqac zRvnoba-sanTlobas didi

samxTo anu fSavelTa samxTo ewodeboda.~ amis Sem-

deg, xalxi sakuTar saklavebs swiravda. imarTeboda

lxini. saTemo sufraze ismeboda Zveli xevisbrebis,

dasturebis, micvalebulebis sadRegrZelo. xationi

calke ijda, xalxi calke. meore diliT kvlav lxini

imarTeboda. SuadRes laSaris xevisberi isev aanTeb-

da sanTlebs, darekavda zars da laSaris ymebs daam-

wyalobnebda. xationi droSebiT win gauZRveboda Ta-

vianT ymebs. gamoemSvidobebodnen laSaris droSas da

Sinisken gamoemarTebodnen. amjerad, ukanafSavis, wi-

TelaurTis, axadis, xoSarisa da WiCos droSebi sxva

gziT dabrundebodnen, ise rom damasturs veRar gaiv-

lidnen1.

vfiqrobT, laSaris wminda giorgis mTavari siw-

mindeebi cnobili wminda muxis xe da giorgi IV la-

Sas mier salocavisTvis naCuqari jvari (sxva siwmin-

deebTan erTad) da eklesiaa, sadac es jvari da da-

narCeni siwmindeebi inaxeboda. muxis xe, rom upirve-

lesi siwminde iyo laSaris, es mis srul saxelwode-

baSidac Cans. mas vera bardaveliZe, rogorc zemoT

1 Ibid, 189-192,194-197.

196

aRvniSneT, laSaris giorgi-giorgi muxis angelozad

moixseniebs. amas garda, laSarTan dakavSirebiT sa-

mecniero literaturaSi albaT, yvelaze metad swo-

red es wminda muxaa naxsenebi. aleqsi oCiauris masa-

lebis mixedviT, muxaze cidan sveti iyo Camosuli. es

didi muxa cas oqros SibiT iyo mibmuli, rogorc

xevsureTSi xmalas mironmdinari alvis xe. bermuxis

ucnauri foToli zurab erisTavma JinvalSi naxa da

aqedan Seityo saswaulebrivi da wminda muxis Sesaxeb,

romelic cas oqros SibiT iyo mibmuli; da rom wm.

giorgi (Tianuri versiiT laSa giorgi) zecaSi, Rmer-

TTan am muxis meSveobiT adioda.

wmida giorgi mec viyav,

cas vebi oqros SibiTa,

xmelgorze medga bermuxa,

zed avdiodi kibiTa,

Cems saymoT SemonaZRveni

RmerTTan amqonda iqiTa.

anda

didi var laSaris jvari,

cas vebi oqros SibiTa,

bevr-bevrma murgvliT miara,

vervin damwona SiSiTa...

sulkrulma erisTviSvilma

amamabruna ZiriTa.

sulkrulma afciaurma

gamyida Tavis piriTa,

sanam imisi Ze aris,

me amovageb WiriTa,

ukuRm Caudev sayelo

197

Tavis qal-qaliSviliTa.1

zurabma muxis moWra moindoma. moisyida vinme

afciauri, magram xe najaxis dakvraze isev mTeldebo-

da. zogis TqmiT, moWrisas nafoti muxas isev ekvro-

da.2 Tianuri versiis mixedviT ki, rac metad moxvde-

boda xes culi, miT metad sqeldeboda misi tani. zu-

rabi sastikad gabrazda fSavlebze, iciT, ratom ar

iWreba da ar meubnebiTo. erTxelac, axadelma afcia-

urma mosyiduls aswavla: cica anu kata unda dakla

muxis ZirSi, xes angelozi veRar miudgeba3 da moiW-

rebao. am wesiT muxa marTlac moiWra. Tianuri versi-

is mixedviT, zurabma sawadels rom ver miaRwia, gab-

razebuli fSavlebs daeria. erT-erT moxuc fSavels

ver gauZlia xalxis tanjvisTvis da erisTavisTvis

xis moWris saidumlo gaundvia. moWrili xis Sibi ze-

caSi wuiliT asula, muxa gadaqceula da wveriT gaR-

ma dacemula, iq, sadac sakviraos xatia axla.4 Tianu-

ri versiiT, bermuxas 3 nafoti gavardnia. erTi ad-

gilzeve darCenila, meore xatxevSi gadmovardnila,

mesame wyalSi Cavardnila da misi bedi aRaravin icis.

ai ras wers vera bardaveliZe bermuxaze: `biWur bad-

riSvili aRniSnavs: `laSaris jvaris bermuxas didi

saxeli hqonda. es muxa iseTi maRali da gamxvivebuli

yofila, rom mzis amosvlisas is xoSaraSi foris sa-

fens Crdilavda (manZili laSaridan xoSaramde swo-

ri xaziT daaxloebiT 2km. iqneba). zurab erisTavi

1 xalxuri poeziis anTologia, Sedgenili zurab kiknaZisa da tristan maxauris mier (Tbilisi: memkvidreoba, 2010), 15.

2 nino RambaSiZe, fSavis 2010 wlis eTnografiuli eqspedi-cia, xelnaweri.

3 Ibid. 4 Ibid, al. oCiauri, fSavi, 200-201;

198

edaveboda fSavs. xalxi ar eymo zurabs da moWra mu-

xa... afciauri ver Wrida bermuxas da – Saligaurebi

rom iyvnen, imaT SavSalvam, aÃadelma SavSalikam as-

wavla: cica dakali, imis sisxli moasxi, xe moiWre-

bao. amis mere moRalates vwyevlidiT: axalweliwads

Ãevisberi daiZaxebda – `Saunde SavSalikas Savi bal-

RiTa, Savi sanTliTa, Savi cicaiTa da Savi ZaRli-

Tao!~ da xelukuRma Tass gadaayudebda, luds gadaR-

vrida.~... bermuxa rom mouWriaT, imisi wveri laSaris

goris pirdapir, Ãevs gaRma kldes dascemia da iq

fSavlebs bermuxis saxelze koSki augiaT. Ãevis gaR-

ma kldeze dResac mosCans saxato koSkio.~ TviT la-

Saris jvarSi, iq, sadac bermuxa mdgara, amJamad sipi

qvebia dawyobili `safenad~. biWuris TqmiT, es `safe-

ni Cabrunebulia~ da safenis kideebze garSemovle-

bul nayar qvebTan erTad igi icavs bermuxis fesvebs

zedmeti namisa da dalpobisagan.~1

dResaswauli, miT ufro xalxuri, iseve, rogorc

taZari, fenebisa da Sreebisagan Sedgeba. arqeologiu-

ri gaTxrebis darad, dResaswaulebis Seswavlisas,

mkvlevars CaRrmaveba da Zieba giwevs. zogjer bedi

gagiRimebs da SemorCenili, Tundac mcire faqtobrivi

masala, saSualebas gaZlevs miuaxlovde mikargul

fenebs. amgvarma, ase vTqvaT, `eTnologiurma arqeo-

logiam~ laSarobis dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT,

Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebidan gamomdinare, sami

fena gamoavlina. aqedan ori ukavSirdeba qristia-

nuls da erTi winaqristianul periods.

gviandel periods, romlis Sesaxebac ufro meti

viciT, bunebrivia, misi CvenTan siaxlovis gamo, wm. giorgis periods davarqmevdiT. igi araugvianes X s.

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, fSavi, 38-39; misive, Ibid, ivris fSavlebi, 37-38.

199

unda iRebdes saTaves. rogorc irakli surgulaZe aR-

niSnavs, wm. giorgis saqarTveloSi imTaviTve scemdnen

Tayvans, magram IX saukunidan qarTvelebisTvis igi im-

denad mniSvnelovani wmindani gamxdara, rom mis sa-

xels qarTvel mefeebs arqmevdnen.1 es arc unda iyos

gasakviri, giorgi meomari wmindania da misi Semweoba

brZolebSi saqarTvelos Zlier sWirdeboda. es Semwe-

oba qarTvelebma momdevno saukuneebSi ara erTxel

gamoscades, razedac qarTuli saistorio wyaroebic

saubroben. Tumca, pirvel qarTvel mefes giorgi XI

saukunis dasawyisSi (1002 w.) daarqves (giorgi I me-

fobda 1014-1027 ww.), rac Cveni azriT laSarobis dRe-

saswaulis fenebis gamoyofisTvis mniSvnelovani faq-

tia. Tu ratom, amaze odnav qvemoT visaubrebT.

albaT, saqarTveloSi ar moipoveba iseTi salo-

cavi, romelic laSarze metad iyos laSqrobasTan

dakavSirebuli. vfiqrobT, es arcaa gasakviri. igi sam-

magad ukavSirdeba Zlier, popularul, meomar wmin-

dans. laSari wm. giorgis saxelobisaa, aq inaxeboda

wm. giorgis nawiliani jvari, romelic qarTveli me-

fis, giorgi IV naCuqari iyo da romlis patronaJis

qveSac unda yofiliyo laSaris wm. giorgi. es wminda

nawili albaT, wm. giorgis fizikur myofobasac ga-

nacdevinebda mTielebs brZolebis dros. vifiqrobT,

zemoTqmulis gamo, laSari Zlier mebrZol RvTaebad

iTvleboda.

amgvarad, mosazreba, rom laSari molaSqre

RvTaebaa, Cveni azriTac, simarTles Seefereba. ufro

zustad rom vTqvaT, am salocavis wminda giorgis pe-riods. mxolod ver gaviziarebT im mosazrebas, rom

1 Давид Мусхелишвили (ред.), Иракли Сургуладзе, Святой Георгий в

грузинских религиозных верованиях, в ~Очхари~ (Тбилиси: Мема-тиане, 2002), 370.

200

laSaris etimologia molaSqres niSnavs. Cven vemxro-

biT im Sexedulebas, rom misi etimologia giorgi IV

laSas saxels ukavSirdeba, miT ufro, rom laSari

Tamar mefe/Tamar Reles salocavTan erTad qmnis

dResaswaulis erTian cikls da miTologiurad es

ori salocavi xalxis warmodgenaSi mode-moZmea. mas garda, xalxi salocavs mefis saxeliTac moixseniebda da mas laSas uwodebda.

mecnierTa erTi nawili, magaliTad qeTevan lom-

TaTiZe, ivane javaxiSvilis cnobili mosazrebidan ga-

momdinare, miiCnevs, rom vinaidan laSari wm. giorgis

saxelobisaa, is winaqristianul periodSi mTvaris sa-

locavi iyo. warmarTuli saqarTvelos upirvelesi

RvTaeba mTvare Seerwya wm. giorgis kults da mogvia-

nebiT meqanikurad daukavSirda mefe laSa-giorgis.1

cnobili qarTveli eTnologi irakli surgulaZe

Rrmad iyo dainteresebuli wm. giorgisTan dakavSire-

buli sakiTxebiT. erTxelac pirad saubarSi gavuzia-

re Cemi mosazreba, rom eTnografiuli masalebis sagulisxmo nawili ar gvaZleven imis varaudis saSua-

lebas, rom wm. giorgi mTvaris kults unda Canacvle-

boda Tu Serwymoda. aRmoCnda, rom baton iraklis

igive mosazreba hqonda. man miTxra, batonma ivanem

mogvianebiT Tavad uarhyo es Sexedulebao. Rrmad pa-

tivcemuli mecnieris am mosazrebas Cven ver mivage-

niT. ivane javaxiSvilis gamoqveynebul naSromebSi igi

ar Cans. Tumca, batonma ivanem didi saarqivo masala

dagvitova da SesaZloa, swored aq miakvlios dainte-

resebulma mkvlevarma xsenebul sakiTxTan dakavSire-

bul garkveul mosazrebas.

1 Ibid, lomTaTiZe, 146.

201

istoriul-eTnografiul monacemebze dayrdnobiT

winaqristianuli kultebi qarTlis samefoSi pirda-

pir ar gadazrdila wm. giorgis TayvaniscemaSi. maS

ra periodi gamoiara warmarTobasa da wm. giorgis

Tayvaniscemas Soris qarTvelTa sarwmunoebis isto-

riam? mivubrundeT laSarobis meore TariRs, rome-

lic faqtobrivad bolo dromde Zalze pompezurad

aRiniSneboda da romlis aRweriloba zemoT gvaqvs

motanili. es TariRia aRdgomis mesame kvira, zatikis

zatiki, romelic dRes laSarSi aRar aRiniSneba. es

TariRi laSarobis, igive serobis, Tanamedrove dRe-

saswaulis mTavar TariRTan konteqstSi saCino xdeba,

ris Cvenebasac qvemoT SevecdebiT. ioane zosimes ka-

lendris mixedviT, romelsac ZiriTadad safuZvlad

`ierusalimis ganCineba~ daedo da romelsac V_X ss.

saqarTvelos eklesiis liturgiuli praqtika efuZne-

boda, zatikis zatiks, `kÂiriakesa mesamesa zatikTa

ioseb da nikodimosisi da mcxeTisa juarisaÁs~ xsene-

ba iyo. iseve, rogorc qaSueTis wm. giorgis Tavdapir-

veli eklesiis, romelic mcxeTis jvris saxelze un-

da yofiliyo agebuli. xSirad qaSveTobis saxeliT

cnobil, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis salocavebs

swored am dRes aqvT dReoba.1 aRdgomis mesame kvira

ioane zosimes kalendarSi aRniSnulia RamisTevis

niSniT, rac did dResaswauls niSnavs.2 gavixsenoT

cnobili adgili `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁdan~, romelic

jvrebis aRmarTebis saxeliTaa cnobili. ioane epis-

koposma da wm. ninom iTxoves qarTlSi jvrebis aR-

1 nino RambaSiZe, wm. daviT garejelTan dakavSirebuli dResaswaulebi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 4-5(2003), 49, 48.

2korneli kekeliZe, ioane qarTvelis kalendari (X s.), eti-udebi V (Tbilisi: saqarTvelos mecnierebTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1957), 244, 279, 249.

202

marTeba. saamisod, mcxeTis gadaRma mdebare borcvze

mdgari saswaulmoqmedi, kurnebis mimniWebeli xe moiW-

ra, romelic 37 dRis ganmavlobaSi, sanam misgan jvre-

bi gamoiTleboda, maradmwvane foTlebiT iyo gafur-

Cqnili. rodesac xis mosanaxuleblad misul mTavar

diakons da ufliswul revs mTaze martisTvis uCveu-

lod gafurCqnili xe daxvdaT, mTavar diakons daviT

mefsalmunis sityvebi uTqvams: `ese xÀ ars Tana warsa-

valisa kldisasa zegardamoÁTa cuariTa morwyuli

da furcelni misni araÁ dascÂvnen ukunisamdeÁ.~ es

xe, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, xalxuri gadmocemis mi-

xedviT, I saukuneSi wm. andria mociqulis mier iyo

darguli.1 xe moiWra, romlisganac sami jvari gamoi-

Tala. erTi juari aRmarTes mcxeTas, meore aRmarTa

`mirianve mefeman mTasa Sina maRnarsasa, romelsa

hrqÂan TxoTisaÁ, da erTi igi maxlobelad patiosnisa

juarisave.~2 sxva wyroebis mixedviT igi kaxeTSi und

aRmarTuliyo. anton natroevi samis nacvlad oTx ga-

moTlil jvars asaxelebs,3 Satberdis krebulis mi-

xedviT ki mxolod erTi jvari gamoiTala da is aRi-

marTa mcxeTis gadaRma borcvze, aRvsebisa zatikis

zatiks.4 rogorc cnobilia, mcxeTis jvris dResaswa-

1 nino RambaSiZe, wmida andria mociqulTan da mcxeTis jvarTan dakavSirebuli qarTuli xalxuri dResaswauli, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 13(2009), xelmouwereli (petre ge-leiSvili), jaWvis-wm. jvris monasteri, mogzauri, 1(1901), 24.

2 zaza aleqsiZe, moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, axladaRmoCenili si-nuri reaqciebi (Tbilisi: gamomcemloba ar aris miTiTe-buli, 2007), 14; Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa, gamosa-cemad moamzades baqar gigineiSvilma da elguja giunaS-vilma (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1979), 322-323.

3 Ibid, natroevi, 17. 4 Ibid, Satberdis krebuli, 351.

203

ulTan sami TariRia dakavSirebuli: aRdgomidan mesa-

me kvira, jvrebis gamoTlis dRe, romelic 326 w. anu

qarTlis moqcevis wels 1 maiss emTxveoda. 7 maiss,

SabaTs, 25 marts, paraskev dRes moWrili, 1 maiss sas-

waulebrivi xisgan gamoTlili, sami jvari aRmarTes

eklesiaSi, kerZod, sveticxovelSi, `xelis dadebiTa

mefeTa~. saRamos am jvrebs varskvlavTa gvirgvini da-

adga gariJraJamde. am gvirgvins sami varskvlavi gamo-

eyo da dadga im adgilebSi, sadac jvrebi unda aR-

marTuliyo. marTlac, erTi meore dRes, 8 maiss,1

mcxeTis gadaRma borcvze aRmarTes, xolo danarCeni

ori, am dRidan, momdevno kviras2 TxoTze da kaxeTSi.

1 samecniero literaturaSi miCneulia, rom jvris aRmarT-vis TariRi 7 maisia da igulisxmeba saswaulmoqmedi xis-gan sami jvris sveticxovelSi aRmarTva.

2 daviT musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, (Tbilisi: mematiane, 2003), 21-26; nino abakelia, mariam CxartiSvili (red), lela patariZe, qarTvelTa gaqristia-neba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT~, qristianoba saqar-TveloSi, istoriul eTnologiuri gamokvlevebi (Tbili-si: mematiane, 2000), 13; klarjuli mravalTavi, teqsti ga-mosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo Tamila mga-lobliSvilma (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1991), 351; Ibid, aleqsi-Ze, 57. samwuxarod wyaro arafers gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, momdevno kviras anu 14 maiss orive jvari aRimarTa Tu kvira gamoSvebiT. xom ar SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom ori jvari kvira gamoSvebiT aRimarTa, rac, vfiqrobT erTi jvridan gamoTlili sami jvris, erTarseba samebis mode-lia da jvris Tayvaniscemis cikls qmnis. sagulisxmoa, rom rig dResaswaulebs saqarTveloSi ori swori aqvT. anu dResaswaulis aRniSvna erTi da ori kviris Tavze xdeba, rac am dResaswaulebsac ciklur xasiaTs aniWebs. aseTi dResaswaulebia magaliTad lomisa, alaverdi, rom-lebic Tavis mxriv mcxeTis jvars ukavSirdebian, ix. nino RambaSiZe, lomisobis dResaswaulis TariRis raobisaT-vis, saqrTvelos sapatriarqo, 1(1998) da alaverdoba da

204

amdenad, 7 maisi, jvrebis sveticxovelSi aRmarTebis

dRea. amasTanave, erTkviriani periodi 8-dan 15 maisam-

de RvTismSoblis moxseniebas, mis dResaswauls daeT-

mo.1 Tu mcxeTis golgoTaze 8 maiss aRmarTes erTi

jvari da danarCeni ori erTi kviris Tavze, maSin am

jvrebis aRmarTva RvTismSoblis vardobas ukvSir-

deba. aRsaniSnavia, rom Satberdis krebuli aRdgomis

mesame kviras jvris aRmarTvis dRed asaxelebs, rac

mirian mefem ZleviT Semosili jvris dResaswaulad

daawesa. `da viTarca aRemarTa niSi juarisaÁ queyana-sa mas qarTlisasa, meyseulad mas Jamsa daecnes yo-velni kerpni, romelni iyvnes sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa, da Seimusrnes, da sakerponi dairRues. viTarca ixi-les ese sakÂirveli saqmÀ da saswauli, romeli qmna Zlevis-myofelman man niSman juarisaman kerpTa zeda, ufroÁs gnukÂirdeboda saqmÀ ese da adidebdes Rmer-Tsa da sixaruliT Tavyuanis-scemdes patiosansa ju-arsa. da yo mirean mefeman da yovelman erman mcxeTi-saman Sesawiravi didi mas dResa Sina patiosnisa jua-risa. da daaweses dResaswauli ZleviT Semosilisa juarisaÁ aRvsebisa zatikis zatiksa, dResa kÂiriake-sa, yovelman qarTlman, vidre dRendelad dRedmde da vidre ukunisamde.~2

mcxeTis jvris dResaswaulis mesame TariRia

sulTmofenobis momdevno oTxSabaTi, rodesac mcxe-

Tis jvari didi saswaulebiT gandidda. saswauli im-

denad didi da sakvirveli iyo, rom am dRem mcxeTis

masTan dakavSirebuli qarTuli tradiciebi, ACADEMIA, 1(2010).

1 pavle ingoroyva, ZvelqarTuli warmarTuli kalendari me-5 _ 8 saukunis ZeglebSi, saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe, t. 6 (1931), 445-446; Ibid, kekeliZe, etiudebi, 248.

2 Ibid, mravalTavi, 351.

205

jvris dResaswaulebs Soris wamyvani adgili daikava.

saistorio wyaros mixedviT, am dRes mcxeTis jvars

jvris saxiT naTlis sveti daadga. Tormeti angelo-

zi, da aseve, Tormeti varskvlavi gvirgvinad edga ga-

remos, idga gvirgvinad. jvris borcvi ki surnelebas

gamoscemda. leonti mroveli odnav sxvagvarad aR-

wers xsenebul saswauls. misi TqmiT, jvris formis

naTlis sveti daadga mcxeTis jvars, garemos ki Tor-

meti varskvlavi gvirgvinis saxiT. borcvi surnels

gamoscemda. am saswauls, meore mohyva. mcxeTis jvars

daadga cecxli, romelic Svidjer ufro brwyinvale

iyo vidre mze. am cecxlze, mogizgize quraSi (saÃ-

milSi) gacvenili naperwklebis darad, RvTis angelo-

zebi adiodnen da Camodiodnen. borcvi ki Zlier iZ-

vroda. rodesac saswauli gaqra, borcvic dadga Ta-

vis adgilze.1 am dRes kidev erTi mniSvnelovani as-

peqti axlavs. mcxeTis jvris saswauli mWidrod ukav-

Sirdeba 351 w. 7 maiss (qarTuli wyaros mixedviT 352

w.) ierusalimSi jvris gamoCinebas, rac im weliwads

sulTmofenobis dReebs damTxvevia. am ori movlenis

mWidro da mravalmxriv kavSirs araerTi argumentire-

buli samecniero naSromi mieZRvna.2

sagulisxmoa rom anton natroevi uTiTebs mcxe-

Tis jvris dResaswaulis gansxvavebul TariRs. misi

TqmiT mcxeTis jvris dResasawauli aRdgomidan merve

dRes anu kviracxovlobis orSabaTs aRiniSneboda.3

1 Ibid; leonti mroveli. 2 Ibid, Ккекелидзе, канонар, 249; Ibid, mgalobliSvili, 151; ediSer WeliZe, mcxeTis jvris gamoCinebis dResaswaulis Sesaxeb, mcxeTis jvris saswaulebrivi gamoCinebis dResaswauli da msaxureba (sulTmofenobis Semdgomi oTxSabaTi) (Tbi-lisi: sapatriarqos gamomcemloba, 2002).

3 moqcevis TariRTan dakavSirebiT ix. daviT musxeliSvi-li, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi, (Tbilisi: mematiane,

206

qarTlis cxovreba aRniSnavs, rom jvrebis aRmarTvis

Semdeg qarTlis samefoSi kerpebi daecnen. mcxeTis

golgoTaze aRmarTuli jvari, mcxeTis jvari, VII s-

Si amave saxelobis, misTvis agebul jvris formis,

taZarSi moTavsda. ganixilavs ra mcxeTis jvris ta-

Zars, vaxtang beriZe aRniSnavs: `jvris garegnuli sa-

xe naTlad asaxavs sivrcis Siga danawevrebas, magram

aq mxolod pasiuri ganmeoreba ki ar aris imisa, ra-

sac SigniTa konturebi karnaxobda, aramed gare for-

mebis mxatvrulad gaazrebuli Sesabamisoba. es pirve-

li magaliTia Suasaukuneebis qarTul xuroTmoZRvre-

baSi, rom fasadis saxe damoukidebeli, Segnebulad

dasaxuli, mxatvruli amocanis mniSvnelobas iZens.

amieridan es qarTuli arqiteqturis damaxasiaTebeli

niSani iqneba, erTi im mravalTagani, romlebic mkveT-

rad ganasxvavebs mas bizantiurisagan. sakmarisia ga-

vixsenoT sergisa da baqos an wm. irines eklesiebi

konstantinopolSi, wm. sofio – bizantiuri xuroT-

moZRvrebis umaRlesi monapovari, ravenis eklesiebi,

da CvenTvis naTeli gaxdeba, rom bizantiaSi xuroT-

moZRvarTa yuradRebas (xelovnebis ayvavebis period-

Sic) mTlianad ipyrobda didebuli Siga sivrcis Seq-

mnis amocana, fasadebi maT ar ainteresebdaT.~1 amde-

nad, mcxeTis jvari da misi dResaswauli saqarTve-

los qristianuli eklesiis pirveli nacionaluri

2003), 21-26; nino abakelia, mariam CxartiSvili (red.), le-la patariZe, qarTvelTa gaqristianeba `qarTlis cxovre-bis~ mixedviT~, qristianoba saqarTveloSi, istoriul eT-nologiuri gamokvlevebi (Tbilisi: mematiane, 2000), 13.; klarjuli mravalTavi, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada da gamokvleva daurTo Tamila mgalobliSvilma (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1991), 150-151; Ibid, Натроев, 17.

1 vaxtang beriZe, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, (Tbilisi: xe-lovneba, 1974), 31.

207

formebisa da Sinaarsis taZari da dResaswaulia. mas

jvaris saydars/jaWvis saydarsac uwodebdnen.1 cnobi-li gadmocemis mixedviT jvris monastris gumbaTidan

sveticxovlis gumbaTamde rkinis jaWvi iyo gabmuli.

am jaWviT jvris monastridan monazonTa Soris

RvTismosavebi, anu siwmindiT gamorCeulebi, Cadiod-

nen sveticxovelSi msaxurebis win zaris dasarekad

da imave gziT brundebodnen ukan. magram, rac ufro

sustdeboda xalxSi sarwmunoeba, jaWvic sustdeboda

da bolos gawyda da samudamod daikarga, zecaSi avi-

da.2

faqtobrivad, xsenebuli periodi, maradmwvane xis

moWridan misi saswaulebis CaTvliT, romelsac uSua-

lod Tan sdevda 8-15 maisamde RvTismSoblis erTkvi-

riani dResaswauli, ZleviT Semosili jvris anu mcxe-Tis jvris sadResaswaulo ciklia, romlis centra-

lur dResaswaulad, wyaroze dayrdnobiT, albaT za-

tikis zatiki, aRdgomidan mesame kvira unda yofili-

yo. igi qarTvelTa miwaze samebis Teofaniis istoriaa

(moWra-gamoTla-aRmarTva-saswaulebi), ramac Cveni

qristinobis xasiaTi da istoria gansazRvra; ramac

udaod didi wvlili Seitana erovnuli TviTSegnebis

formirebaSi am axal etapze. Tu Teofaniis qarTuli

dResaswaulis, romelic qristianobis miReba-dafuZne-

bis dResaswulicaa, uZrav nawils SevexebiT, igi 25

marts iwyeba da 15 maisamde grZeldeba. faqtobrivad

iwyeba xarebas da mTavrdeba RvTismSoblis vardobas.

moZravi fena ki, moicavs aRdgomidan mesame kviras da

sulTmofenobidan momdevno oTxSabaTs. Tu am orive

nawils gavaerTianebT, gamodis periodi, romelic 25

martidan iwyeba da sulTmofenobis momdevno oTxSa-

1 Ibid, Натроев, 17, 21. 2 Ibid, 21.

208

baTs mTavrdeba. es cikli xalxur dResaswaulebSi

ganvrcobili Cans. igi aRdgomidan me-100 dRis dResas-

wauliT, vardoba-aTengenobiT unda mTavrdebodes. am-

gvarad, jvrebis aRmarTebis Sedegad dacemuli kerpe-

bis nacvlad qarTlis samefoSi Tavdapirvelad jvre-

bi unda aRmarTuliyo, mogvianebiT ki mcxeTis jvris

saxelobis salocavebi daarsebuliyo. amis dasturad

Cvenamde moRweuli xalxuri salocavebi (lomisi, qa-

SueTi, sof. qvemo Walis jvarpatiosani, alaverdi da

sxv.1) da maTTan dakavSirebuli eTnografiuli masa-

lac gamodgeba. Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, maT ricxvs laSa-

ris wminda giorgic miekuTvneba. rogorc zemoT vna-

xeT, aRdgomidan mesame kvira laSarSi yvelaze pompe-

zurad, didi zeimiT, mTeli fSavis saTemo salocave-

bis droSebiT, yvela Temis monawileobiT aRiniSnebo-

da. vinaidan xalxis rwmeniT salocavis droSa RvTae-

bis sabrZanebelia, faqtobrivad am dRes, laSarobas

anu ZleviT Semosili jvris, igive mcxeTis jvris mTavar dResaswaulze, laSarTan, rogorc RvTis kar-

ze, saTemo RvTaebebi ikribebodnen. am konteqstSi, am

axalma sistemam, romelic qristianobam, misma dafuZ-

neba-ganviTarebam moitana saqarTveloSi, axleburi

gaazreba mianiWa xeTa Tayvaniscemis winaqristianul

xedvas. laSaris bermuxac am sistemis, mocemuli

kulturul-religiuri konteqstis erT-erTi mTavari

Semadgeneli da ganuyofeli nawilia. swored bermu-

xaa laSaris salocavis maxasiaTebeli, swored mis

1 ix. nino RambaSiZe, lomisobis dResaswaulis TariRis ra-obisaTvis, saqrTvelos spatriarqo, 1(1998); nino RambaSi-Ze, wm. daviT garejelTan dakavSirebuli dResaswaulebi, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 4-5(2003); erTi xalxuri dResaswa-ulis Sesaxeb qarTlSi, religia, 1(2008); nino RambaSiZe, alaverdoba da masTan dakavSirebuli qarTuli tradici-ebi, ACADEMIA, 1(2010).

209

gamo daerqva salocavs giorgi muxis angelozi, swo-

red is iyo salocavis yvelaze didi siwminde, rome-

lic Seuvals xdida sazogadoebas gareSe mtrisTvis.

laSaris bermuxis miTologiuri xati saocrad hgavs

xis im arqetipul xats, romelmac dasabami misca sa-

qarTveloSi qristianobis gavrceleba-damkvidrebas,

dasabami misca erovnuli, qarTuli qristianuli

msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebas, arqetipul xes, ro-

melic pirvel saukuneSi mociqulis xeliT dairgo,

aRmocenda, kerpTa Semmusvrel, eris momaqcevel jvre-

bad gamoiTala da bolos taZrebSi daivana. ax. w. aR.

I s-dan VII s. CaTvliT igi faqtobrivad qadagebda, av-

rcelebda qristianobas da instituciurad daafuZna

eklesia. riT emsgavseba laSaris bermuxa xis am saer-

ToqarTul qristianul arqetips? mcxeTis saswaul-

moqmed xes gansakuTrebuli foToli hqonda, rogorc

amas saistorio wyaroebi aRniSnaven. iyo maradmwvane

da surnelovani, maSinac ki rodesac garSemo arcer-

Ti xe ar iyo SefoTlili da maSinac, rodesac moWri-

li miyudebuli iyo sveticxovlis kedelze 37 dRis

ganmavlobaSi, sanam misgan sami jvari ar gamoiTala 1

maiss da 7-Si ar aRimarTa sveticxovelSi; sanam xis

siwminde da saswauli jvrebSi ar gansxeulda. jvreb-

Si gansxeulebuli xis pirveli savane, sveticxoveli,

deda eklesia, kaTolike eklesiis qarTuli simbolo

gaxda. pirveli eklesia, romelSidac es jvrebi moeq-

cnen, manam sanam sakuTar eklesiebSi daivanebdnen.

simbolur-xatovnad rom vTqvaT, sveticxovelma akur-

Txa isini da gza dauloca qarTlis samefoSi `misio-

neruli~ moRvaweobisaTvis da qveynis, `yovlisa qar-

Tlis~ dasacavad. laSaris bermuxac gansakuTrebuli

foTlebiT gamoirCeoda. `am muxas foTolic sxvanai-

ri hqonda. zurab erisTavma am muxis foToli Jinval-

210

Si naxa da gaigo, rom amaze oqros Sibi iyo~ – vkiT-

xulobT aleqsi oCiauris masalebSi.1 oqros Sibic,

anu jaWvic akavSirebs bermuxas arqetipul xesTan. am

xidan gamoTlili erT-erTi mTavari jvris, mcxeTis

jvris savane jvris monasteri, igive jaWvis saydaria,

romlis gumbaTidan sveticxovlis gumbaTamde rkinis

jaWvi iyo gabmuli da mxolod wminda berebs SeeZ-

loT masze moZraoba. gadmocemis mixedviT, rodesac

sarwmunoeba Sesustda, jaWvic gawyda da zecaSi samu-

damod daikarga. mcxeTis jvris kavSiri sveticxovlis

deda eklesiasTan jaWvis saxiT, bunebrivi da organu-

lia. igi erTgvari `Wiplaria~, romliTac Svilia de-

dasTan mibmuli.

`cisa da miwis daSoriSorebis Semdeg (igulis-

xmeba kosmogoniuri aqti – n. R.) rCeba maT Soris uxi-

lavi kavSiri, e. w. samyaros didi RerZi, romelsac

msoflio miTologiaSi sxvadasxvanairi xiluli gan-

saxeba aqvs: mTa, xe, kverTxi, taZari, kibe, jaWvi... ne-

bismieri vertikalurad aRmarTuli sagani... ramdena-

dac sakraluria (laSaris jaWvi/Sibi-n.R.), maszea mib-

muli wmida giorgi, amdenad oqrosia. amgvari oqros

uxilavi Sibebi akavSirebs erTmaneTTan fSav-xevsure-

Tis RvTisSvilebs, maTi saSualebiT isini stumroben

erTmaneTs. Semonaxulia vaJa-fSavelas dedis xilva,

romelic mas uxilavs axalgazrdobaSi:

`me da Cem biZaSvils qals sxlovans

(sofelia TianeTSi, z. k.) derefanSi gveZina.

SuaRame iqneboda, dgandgari, brdgniali dadga

iseTi, megona mTa-bari Tu iqcevao. SeSinebuli

wamovje loginSi, gavixede da mTeli ca

ganaTebuli iyo. ori oqrosferi jaWvi iyo

1 Ibid, oCiauri, fSavi, 200.

211

wamosuli, erTi Wiauris goridan, meore

sxlovanis goriTa, gadabmulebi, zed cecxlis

balRebi adiodnen da Camodiodnen da iseT

wminda xmaze galobdnen, ise tkbilad, RmerTo,

imaze kargs ras gaigonebs kacis yurio~ – wers

zurab kiknaZe.1

Tumca, es xilva albaT, mcxeTis jvris saswauls

ufro agonebs mkiTxvels. simboluri azrovnebisTvis

sveticxovlis da mcxeTis jvris kavSiri cisa da mi-

wis kavSiria.

bermuxis foTlis ganskuTrebuloba da misi oq-

ros Sibi fataluri aRmoCnda muxisTvis. erisTavma

fSavis mcavi angelozi uwminduri ritualis gziT

moakveTina. gadmocema gveubneba, rom Sibi wuiliT

avida caSi, xolo moWrili bermuxis wveri gaRma mxa-

res sakviraos daeca anu am adgilze sakviraos salo-

cavi daarsda, sadac aseve loculobdnen fSavlebi.

rogorc aleqsi oCiauri aRniSnavs, laSarSi mTa-

vari dReoba iyo seroba, Semdeg mariamoba, axalkvira

(aRdgomis mesame kvira), giorgoba. saerTo safSavlo

dResaswauli laSarSi iyo seroba. dResac igi umTav-

resi dResaswaulia, Tumca, Cveni azriT, pompezurobi-

dan da xazgasmuli sayovelTaobidan gamomdinare,

garkveuli xnis ganmavlobaSi axalkvira unda yofi-

liyo mTavari dResaswauli.

seroba, romliTac aTengenobebi iwyeba, uSualod

ukavSirdeba petre-pavlobas. rogorc iTqva, seroba

petre-pavlobis momdvno orSabaTs aRiniSneba. anu la-

Sarobis aTvlis wertilia petre-pavloba 29.06/12.07.

sagulisxmoa, rom sveticxoveli, romelic Tavdapir-

1 zurab kiknaZe, qarTuli miTologia (Tbilisi: universite-tis gamomcemloba, 2007), 56-57.

212

velad macxovris saxelobis iyo, vaxtang gorgaslis

mier, V saukuneSi xelaxla agebis Semdeg mociqulebs

daukavSirda da maTi saxelobis taZari gaxda.1 laSa-

robis dResaswaulis konteqstidan gamomdinare, Zle-viT Semosili jvris/mcxeTis jvris dResaswaulis

(aRdgomis mesame kvira/axalkvira) sveticxovelTan

kavSiri saRmrTo istoriaze dafuZnebuli saeklesio

kalendris nawilia, romelic xalxur kalendarSi

garkveuli saxiT damkvidrda. qristianuli qarTlis

mTavari dResaswauli fSavis da mogvianebiT misi re-

ligiuri gavlenebis gavrcobis Sedegad, TuSeTis, er-

wo-TianeTis da nawilobriv xevsureTis salocavi da

dResaswauli gaxda. fSavis laSari, rogorc Cans sa-

xelmwifo interesebidan gamomdinare, mefeTa patrona-

Jis Tu mfarvelobis obieqticaa. rogorc zemoT aR-

vniSneT, vera bardaveliZe werda: `...laSaris jvari

mniSvnelovani sazogadoebriv-sakulto centri iyo

ara marto fSavlebisa da saerTod mTielebisaTvis.

mas mWidro urTierToba hqonda baris saqarTvelos-

Tan, rogorc religiuri xaziT, ise politikuri da

ekonomiuri TvalsazrisiT.~

aTengenoba korneli kekeliZis TqmiT CvenSi ie-

rusalimuri kanonaris ASemosvlisa da somxuri gav-

lenis safuZvelze damkvidrda. mas liturgiul

praqtikaSi Tavisi adgili hqonda miCenili. ioane zo-

simes kalendris mixedviT, suliwmindis mofenobis

meSvide kviras. wmindanis xsenebis sxva TariRebs So-

ris es yvelaze miRebuli yofila CvenSi. amdenad misi

dResaswauli moZravi iyo. giorgi mTawmindeli did

1 Ibid, mgalobliSvili, 43-44, 179-181; daviT xoStaria, adre-uli Sua saukuneebis eklesiebi mcxeTaSi, ACADEMIA, 1(2001), 27.

213

svinaqsarSi 17 ivliss1 uTiTTebs.2 ioane zosime 13 iv-

lissac uTiTebs. aTinogenoba ori periodis, suliw-

mindis gardamosvlis da enkeniis gamyofi iyo.3 marTa-

lia, aTinogenoba, rogorc saeklesio dResaswauli

did dResaswaulad iTvleboda, magram, Cveni kvlevis

farglebidan gamomdinare, wm. aTinogeni saqarTvelo-

Si, somxeTisgan gansxvavebiT, didad popularuli

wmindani ar unda yofiliyo. CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi

cnobebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos arcerT mTavarepis-

koposs da kaTolikoss ar rqmevia aTinage, aTinagine

Tu aTinogeni. CvenTvis ar aris cnobili arcerTi

qarTveli wmindani, romelic wm. aTinogenis saxels

atarebda. Tavad 24 dekembrs moxseniebul yovelTa

qarTvelTa wmindanTa vrcel siaSic ki ver davadas-

tureT am saxelis matarebeli wmindani. am saxelis

matarebeli pirebi verc pirTa anotirebul leqsikon-

Si moviZieT. arc misi saxelobis eklesia-monastrebi

Cans. giorgi brwyinvalis gacemul boZebis sigelSi

mxolod erTganaa naxsenebi sof. kojorTan arsebuli

wm. aTinogenis saxelobis monasteri. samwuxrod, sa-

mecniero literaturSi CvenTvis miukvleveli aRmoC-

nda cnobebi xsenebuli monastris Sesaxeb. vaxtang be-

riZe aRwers kojorTan arsebul mxolod ormocTas,

anu ormoci sebastieli mowamis saxelobis taZars.4

1 wmindanis uZveles qarTul martvilobaSi misi wamebis TariRad 17 ivlisia miTiTebuli. ix. kekeliZe, eortolo-giuri kalendari, 97.

2 giorgi mTawmindeli, didi svinaqsari (Tbilisi: gamomcem-loba araa miTiTebuli, 2017), 295.

3 Ibid, kekeliZe eortologiuri kalendari, 96-98; 4 vatang beriZe, XVI-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba (Tbilisi: kandeli, 1994), 31.

214

aqve yofila XIII s. I naxevris kabenis eklesia.1 ro-

gorc wesi, popularuli wmindanebis saxelebi xal-

xSia xolme gavrcelebuli, magram saqarTveloSi sa-

xeli aTinogeni ar Cans.2 arc is Cans, rom qarTuli

xalxuri dResaswauli aTengenoba wm. aTinogenTan

iyos dakavSirebuli. aTengenoba SesaZloa iyos ka-

lendaruli periodebis gamyofi termini, romlis ukan

raRac dResaswaulia.3

Zveli qarTuli Tve, romelsac `vardobisaÁ~ ima-

ve saxelwodebis dResaswaulis gamo erqva, 21 aprils

iwyeboda da 20 maiss sruldeboda. dResaswauli `var-

dobisaÁ~ warmarTobis xanidan momdinare dResaswau-

lia. warmarTul xanaSi igi bunebis aRorZinebis, vege-

taciis, didi dedisadmi miZRvnili dResaswauli iyo.

aseve ukavSirdeboda momakvdv da aRdgenad RvTaebas

adoniss da afroditas. qarTlis cxovreba gvawvdis

cnobas, rom mefe revma mcxeTis SesasvlelTan afro-

dites kerpi aRmarTa, mefe saurmagma (237-162) ki, ukve

arsebul sam kerps ainina da danana Semata, romlebic

1 saqarTvelos eklesiis narkvevebi, t. 3 (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqrTvelo, 1979), 484.

2 nino RambaSiZe, mRvdelmowame aTinogenis Tayvaniscemis sakiTxisaTvis saqarTveloSi, masalebi saqrTvelos eT-nografiisaTvis, XXVI(2004), 120-121.

3 Tumca, korneli kekeliZe Tvlis rom vardavari `marti-rologiur gvirgvins~ niSnavs, romliTac wm. aTinage Se-amkes, amdenad, Tavdapirvelad vardavari aTinages dResa-wauli iyo. Tavis mxriv kekeliZe aRniSnavs, rom vardoba vardavaris eqvivalenturia. ibid, kekeliZe, eortologiuri kalendari, 98.

215

mcxeTis gzaze aRmarTa.1 natroevis TqmiT es kerpebi

igive venera, diana arian.2

qristianobis Semosvlis Semdeg, vardoba RvTis-

mSoblis dResaswaulsac daukavSirda. rogorc pavle

ingoroyva aRniSnavs vardobas ramdenime saxeli hqon-

da: vardobisaÁ, yuavilobisaÁ, axalTaÁ anu axalTaÁsa,

romelTagan bolo ori mogvinebiTaa Semosuli. igi

aseve aRniSnavs, rom, `dResaswauli `vardobaÁ~, ro-

melmac saxeli misca `vardobis-TTues~ warmarTuli

xanidn momdinareobs, da Tavdapirvelad igi warmoad-

genda vegetaciis dResaswauls da dakavSirebuli iyo

warmarTuli RvTaebis `didi dedis~ kultTan. Semdeg

moxda `vardobis~ nawilobrivi qristianizireba da

igi `RvTismSoblis~ kults daukavSires. kidev ufro

gvian am kultma eortologiuri cvlileba ganicada,

misi vadebic gadaiwia, xolo is Svideuli, roca Zve-

lad sruldeboda `vardobis~ dResawauli (8 maisidan

– 15 maisamde) `satfurebis~ anu `ganaxlebis~ dResas-

waulad aqcies.~ misi gamoTvliT vardobis Tvis da-

sasruli 1 maissze modioda da RvTismSoblis moxse-

nieba, ara marto CvenSi, jvris dReobasTan iyo dakav-

Sirebuli. amis sabuTad mas kirile ierusalimelis

sityvebi mohyavs: `da ravdenni aRasrulebden saxsene-

belsa wmindisa juarisasa, yovelnive Rirs iqmnen mi-

Rebad nawilisa wmidis mariamissa.~ pavle ingoroyva

aseve aRniSnavs, rom sinas mTaze dacul Zvel qar-

Tul sagalobelTa krebulSi 15 maisi moxseniebuli

iyo, rogorc `vardobaÁ RvTis-mSoblisaÁ~ anu dResas-

wauls didxans SerCenia vardobis saxeli, rac misi

1qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier (Tbilisi: sa-xelgami, 1955), 58.

2 Ibid, natroevi, 78.

216

`warmarTuli vegetaciis kultTan~ kavSirs avlens.

igi paralels avlebs siro-finikiur `TTuenTan~, sa-

dac dResaswauls `RvTis-mSoblisaÁ TavTavTa zeda~

hqvia, rac misi azriT warmarTuli puris TavTavTa da

vegetaciis mfarveli didi dedis atributia.1 qristia-

nobis Semosvlis Semdeg, vardoba saqarTveloSi rom

RvTismSoblis dResaswauls daukavSirda, xalxSi da-

culi masalidanac Cans. xevsa da gudamayarSi maria-

mobas `vardis dReobac~ erqva.2 sulTmofenobis wina

dRes, sulTaobis SabaTs, saqarTveloSi `vardis Sa-

baTs~ eZaxdnen, gadiodnen saflavebze da sxva yvavi-

lebTan erTad vardebsac debdnen.3 vardobas korneli

kekeliZe somxuri vardavaris eqvivalentad miiCnevs;

aRniSnavs, rom es ukanaskneli `unda niSnavdes var-

disgan gakeTebuls an SeTxzul samkauls, igulisxme-

ba martirologiaSi `mowamebrivi gvirgvini~, romli-

Tac Semkuli iqna aTenage. amdenad iWvi ar aris, Tav-

dapirvelad somxuri `vardavari~ iyo aTenage mowamis

dResawauli.~ kekeliZe aRniSnavs, rom vardoba SeiZ-

leba yofiliyo maisSic, ivnisSic da ivlisSic.

RvTismSoblis vardobis erT-erTi qarTuli dResaswa-

uli, romelic vardobis saxeliT TiTqmis bolo

dromde zemo imereTis sof. geTsimaniaSi iyo SemorCe-

nili, petre-pavlobis marxvis orSabaTs imarTeboda.

eqvTime aToneli aRniSnavs, rom qarTvelebi petre-pav-

lobis marxvas vardobas uwodeben.4 anu vardobis

dResaswauli ukavSirdeboda petre-pavlobis marxvas

da albaT garkveulwilad, petre-pavlobasac. zoga-

dad mowameebsac, qristianobis gamavrceleblebs, mqa-

1 Ibid, ingoroyva, 441, 442, 445, 446. 2 Ibid, makalaTia, xevi, 217-218. 3 Ibid, Tofuria; ibid, giorgaZe. 4 Ibid, kekeliZe, eortologiuri weliwadi, 99.

217

dageblebs. vardavari, rogoc iTqva, martirologiur

vardis gvirgvins niSnavda. qarTvelebi petre-pavlo-

bis mrxvas rom vardobas uwodebdnen, amis dasturad

vfiqrobT, zemo imereTis sof. geTsimaniis dResaswau-

li vardobac gamodgeba. es dReoba petre-pavlobis

marxvis orSabTs imarTeboda, amdenad xan maisSi mo-

dioda, xan ivnisSi. sami soflis mlocveli im ekle-

siaSi midioda, romelic sof. geTsimaniaSia. mihqon-

daT Sesawiri: fuli (TeTri), puri, sanTeli. mRvdeli

maT dalocavda, ris Semdegac, eklesiis moSorebiT,

mdinaris pirze, xeebiT daCrdilul mindorze iyrid-

nen Tavs da, rogorc patriarqi qristefore wers, `aq

atarebdnen dros~.1 samwuxarod igi ar gvawvdis sxva

informacas. rogorc aRvniSneT, xevsa da gudamayarSi

mariamobas `vardis dReobac~ erqva, xolo saqarTve-

los mTianeTSi Tibvis dawyebis zeims vardobasac

uwodebdnen.2 sulTmofenobis wina dRes, sulTaobis

SabaTs, saqarTveloSi `vardis SabaTs~ eZaxdnen. igi

micvalebulTa mosaxseniebeli dRe iyo. zogan am sa-

Ramos, mzis Casvlis Semdeg, akaciis yvavilis garda,

SeZlebisdagvarad, yvela saxeobis yvavils agroveb-

dnen: iasamans, vards, mindvris, aseve kaklis, fSatis,

vaSlis, TuTis da sxva, raTa micvalebulis saflavze

daefinaT. xalxis TqmiT `micvalebulebs maTi suni

siamovnebT~. zogan Segrovil yvavilebs gareT an To-

neSi awyobdnen da diliT adre gadiodnen saflavze.

Tan mihqondaT yvavilebi, sanTlebi, kokiT wyali. yve-

lafers saflavze alagebdnen da wyals asxamdnen. am

1 mR. qristefore cicqiSvili, dReobani da xatobani xefi-nixevSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli arqivi, fondi 2100, #1, saq. 60.

2 mzia makalaTia, mesaqonleoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1985), 116-118.

218

dRes ojaxSi wandils an korkots akeTebdnen da me-

zoblebs urigebdnen. yvavilebiT ojaxic, ezoc da

gzajvredinebic unda yofiliyo morTuli.1

bunebis aRorZinebisadmi miZRvnili vardobis

dResaswauli uxvad iyo gajerebuli satrfialo mo-

tivebiT. fiqroben, rom vardobis dResaswauls unda

ukavSirdebodes cnobili qarTuli xalxuri satrfia-

lo leqsi: `aqedan da Senamde, vardi masxia yelamde,

rom vinme gamomiSvebdes, sul freniT moval Senam-

de.~2 Zvelad, gazafxulze CamovliTi xasiaTis msvle-

loba imarTeboda. soflis axlgazrdebisagan Semdga-

ri ramdenime jgufi, rog-rigobiT yvela ojaxSi, sa-

dac gasaTxovari gogona iyo, midioda da `mxiaruli

gazafxulis~ saxeliT cnobil simReras umReroda.

gogonebs am dRisTvis, winaswar sxvadasxva saxis niv-

Ti hqondaT damzadebuli: qisa, winda da sxva. gogo-

nas momRerlebis yvela jgufisTvis mis mier damzade-

buli nivTi unda eCuqebina. momReralTa stumroba

garkveul wilad imis niSanic iyo, rom gogona mzad

yofiliyo momavali bednierebisTvis. simReris teqsti

sxvadasxvagvari iyo, Tumca satrfialo xasiaTisa

Warbobda. momRerlebi gasaTxovar gogonas usurveb-

1 dali giorgaZe, kaxeTis eTnografiuli eqspediciis masa-lebi, xelnaweri, piradi arqivi, 1985; nino Tofuria, 1947w. qarTlis eTnografiuli eqspediciis masalebi, xelnaweri, iv. javaxisvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institu-tis arqivi, nino Tofurias piradi fondi, n.T. 39; Ibid, SveliZe, 209-210.

2 elene virsalaZe, qarTuli xalxuri satrfialo lirikis ZiriTadi saxeobani, literaturuli Ziebani, t. 8 (1953), 284.

219

dnen bednierebas, momaval sapatarZlos mouwodebdnen

`vardis sunis~ nobaTi daemzadebina sasiZosTvis.1

rogorc vTqviT, kekeliZe Tvlis, rom somxuri

vardavari, romelic igive aTengenobaa, qarTuli var-

dobaa. vardoba, rogorc aTengenoba, Tavis mxriv da-

kavSirebuli iyo mociqulTa marxvasTan.2 anu, kekeli-

Zis mixedviT, vardoba-aTengenoba petre-pavlobis moZ-

rav TariRTan yofila dakavSirebuli. mzia makalaTia

aRniSnavs, rom xevsuruli masalis mixedviT, jvarT

enaze vardobas aTinagena ewodeba. igives aRniSnavs

aleqsi WinWarauli.3 gamodis rom mTaSi, kerZod xev-

sureTSi, vardobas sxvagvarad aTinagena ewodeboda.

anu aTengenoba aris vardobis dResaswauli. ra aris

vardobis dResaswaulis qristianuli fena? Tu var-

doba vardavaridan gamomdinare `mowameobriv gvir-

gvins~ niSnavs, xom ar aris igi martvilTa/mowameTa,

wmindanTan da mociqulTa dResaswauli erTi mxriv

da meore mxriv RvTismSoblis, romelsac qristinobis

miRebamde win uZRvoda nayofierebis, didi-dedis dRe-

saswauli? wmindanTa (mowameTa, mociqulTa), romle-

bic jvriT avrcelebdnen da qadagebdnen qristiano-

bas da romelTa Soris upirvelesad qristianebSi

RvTismSobeli iTvleba.

1 giorgi svaniZe, qarTuli xalxuri simRerebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli Tqmulebani (Tbilisi: saxelgami, 1957), 21-24.

2 Ibid, kekeliZe, qarTuli era, 98-99; qeTevan xuciSvili, ni-no mindaZe (red.), zurab kiknaZe, aRmosavleT saqarTve-los mTianeTis religiuri sistemis qristianuli sub-strati, http://saunje.ge/index.php?id=1435&lang=ka, 24.03.2018.

3 mzia makalaTia, mesaqonleoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1985), 116-118; aleqsi WinWa-rauli, xevsuruli leqsikoni (Tbilisi: `qarTuli ena~, 2005), 356.

http://saunje.ge/index.php?id=1435&lang=ka

220

vardi simbolurad samoTxis yvavilia, romelic

Tavis miwier gamovlinebaSi eklebiT xarobs. sayovel-

Taodaa cnobili, rom romis imperiaSi sasixarulo

Tu samgloviaro SemTxvevebSi da religiuri daniSnu-

lebiT yvavilebisagan keTdeboda gvirgvini, romelsac

adamianebi da samsxverplo cxovelebi atarebdnen.

aseve cnobilia, rom igi iyo didebis niSani. gvirgvi-

nebs vardisganac wnavdnen.1 iTvleboda, rom wiTeli

vardebi adonisis sisxlidan warmoiSvnen.2 erT-erTi

qristianuli folkloruli gadmocemis mixedviT, evam

samoTxeSi seirnobis dros TeTr vards akoca, is ki

sircxvilisagan gawiTlda. qristianobaSi wiTeli

vardi jvarze daRvrili qristes sisxlis simboloa.3

somxuri gadmocemis mixedviT, feriscvalebamde (var-

davaramde) ieso vardis kokors hgavda. romelic fe-

ricvalebaze gawiTlda da vardis naTebiT ainTo, ro-

melic adams samoTxeSi hqonda da romliTac qristem

RvTis dideba da sidiade gviCvena. samoTxis vards

jvarsac ukavSireben, romelzec macxovari awames.4

`...adreqristianuli xanis xatovan leqsikonSi xSirad

jvari da vardi gaigivebulia erTmaneTTan da gamoi-

yeneba erTnair konteqstSi an erTmaneTis Semcvlela-

1 Реальный Словарь Классических древностей по Любкеру, Роза, Венец

(С-Петербург: Тип. А. С. Суворина, 1885); В. Н. Топоров, Роза, Мифы народов мира, т. 2 (Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1992); А. Н. Великовский, Избранные статьи (Ленинград: ~Художественная литература~, 1939), 386-387, 133; А. Стрижов, Цветы и храм (Мос-ква:1996).

2 pavle ingoroyva, Zvel-qarTuli warmarTuli kalendari me-5-8 saukunis ZeglebSi, saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe, t. 6, 1929-1930, 442-446; Ibid, kekeliZe, ioane qarTvelis kalen-dari, 264; Мифы народов мира, т.1 (Москва: Советская энцикло-педия, 1991).

3 Ibid, Топоров; ibid, Великовский; Ibid, Стрижов . 4 Ibid, Великовский, 136, 137.

221

dac ki~1 da vinaidan vardi adre SuasaukuneebSi si-

cocxlis xed gaiazreboda, vfiqrobT, amdenad igi

jvris erT-erT mcenareul simbolod iqca, romelmac

TavisTavSi wamebis, mkvdreTiT aRdgomisa da maradiu-

li sicocxlis semantika moicva. ufro metic, amgvar

semantikas konkretulad wiTeli vardi unda asaxie-

rebdes. aqve gvsurs aRvniSnoT, rom qristianuli taZ-

rebis did umetesobaze, maT Soris saqarTveloSi,

gvxvdeba e. w. rvafurcla varduli, romelic, ro-

gorc cnobilia, termin rozetis Sesatyvisia. vfiq-

robT, termini vards unda gulisxmobdes da misi sim-

bolikis amsaxveli unda iyos. rozetiT swored vardi

unda iyos taZrebze gamosaxuli, xolo misi mrgvlo-

vani forma, garSemoweriloba da 8 furceli maradiu-

li, netari imqveyniuri sicocxlis simboluri Sina-

arsis gamomxatveli unda iyos. amgvari Sexedulebebi

naTlad aisaxa micvalebulebTan dakaSirebul rwmena-

warmodgenebSi. amdenad, vardi imqveyniuri maradiuli

sicocxlis, mkvdreTiT aRdgomis simbolocaa. romSi

vardebis girlandebiT rTavdnen micvalebulTa saf-

lavebs, ris gamoc am rituals Rosaria an Rosalia ewode-boda.2 mozaikur epitafiebze gamosaxulia vardebi,

mis totebze gvirgvini da mtredi. Zvirfasi TvlebiT

mooWvili, vardebSi aRmarTuli jvari. vardi uxvadaa

katakombebSi gamoxatuli. saqarTveloSi, saflavis

qvebis mcenareul ornamentebSi, vardulebic gvxvde-

ba.3 vfiqrobT, vardis ZiriTadi qristianuli simbo-

1kiti maCabeli, Zveli qristianuli simbolika adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTul reliefebze, literatura da xe-lovneba, 6(1991), 92, 93.

2 Ibid, Великовский, 134. 3 eldar nadiraZe, saqarTvelos memorialuri kultura (Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2001), 473, 234.

222

lika romelic III s. bolos kvipriane karTagenelis

TxzulebaSi mowameTa Sesaxeb Cndeba (Ad Marteyares, mo-wameTaTvis) aris dasisxlianebuli mowame,1 xolo

vardisagan dawnuli gvirgvini, mowamis samkauli,

jildo RvTis sityvis damowmebisa da borotze gamar-

jvebis niSnad. Tavad pirvel mowamis, wm. stefanes sa-

xelic xom gvirgvins niSnavs. mogvianebiT savardi anu

qristianuli skvnili, romelic locvebis dasaTvle-

lad ixmareba, simbolurad swored am gvirgvins dau-

kavSirda.2 amas misi erT-erTi berZnuli saxelwode-

bac, kerZod, ροδινοσ στεφανοζ, anu vardis gvirgvinic

naTlad asaxavs. masve asaxavs rigi locvebi. magali-

Tad: `viTarca vardTagan ekalTasa aRmocendi wmidao

barbare...~. wm. mamais wameba, rodesac cecxlSi myofi

mowame `...velsa zeda mraval yuavilcvarovansa, esred

iqceoda alsa mas Sina~;3 wm. elizbar da wm. Salvas

kondaki: `gixaroden mowameno, romelTa meored mii-

ReT naTlisReba sisxliTa TqveniTa da ganswmindeT

sulni Tquenni, da sunnel iqmn yvavilni Svenierni da

brwyinvalebano morwmuneTao elizbar Salva meoxno

da mcvelno sulTa CvenTano~ da sxv. vardis gvirgvi-

ni zeciuri sixarulis, saTnoebisaTvis miRebuli

jildos simboloa. faqtobrivad, qristianobaSi var-

di jvars, ieso qristes, jvarcmas, maradiul sicoc-

xles da meore mxriv RvTismSobels ukavSirdeba.

1 Dictionnaire D’Archeologie chretienne at de Liturgie, 15 (Paris: Letouzey

et Ané, 1950), 11, 12; Dictionnaire D’Archeologie chretienne at de Liturgie, 13 (Paris: Letouzey et Ané , 1939), 1409-1410.

2 ix. nino RambaSiZe, skvnilis genezisi da ganviTarebis is-toria, religia, 7 _ 8 – 9(2001).

3 saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendari, gamomcemloba ar ari miTiTebuli, 1997.

223

qristianul samyaroSi vardi SroSanTan erTad

RvTismSoblis simbolo gaxda. evropaSi rozari/sa-vardi, skvnili Tavadapirvelad, XIII s. werilobiT

wyaroebSi, wm. mariamis mistikuri vardebis baRis

mniSvnelobiT iyo naxmari.1 rozaris/savardis etimo-logia vards ukavSirdeba. kerZod vardebis girlan-

debs, romlebiTac RvTismSobels rTavdnen. inglisSi

zRvis napirebTan izrdeba maradmwvane yvavilovani

buCqi rozmari, anu zRvis vardi (zogjer mas mriamis

vardsac uwodeben). inglisuri folklori mas RvTis-

mSobels ukavSirebs.2 SroSanTan erTad vardis da

sxva mcenareTa, gansakuTrebiT TeTri feris yvavilTa

kavSiri RvTismSobelTan sayovelTaodaa cnobili.

seqtembris sakiTxavebSi RvTismSobeli Sesxmulia ro-

gorc: baRi, wyaro, vaSli, samoTxe, SroSani, yvavili

da sxva. maT Soris, rogorc vardi: `gixaroden vardo

dauWnobelo, romeli ege hfSv siwmidesa yovlad Seu-

xebelsa, romeli iynosa ufalman da ganisuena, da

romlisgan igi Tavadi aRyuavilna daaWno simravle

codvisa soflisaTa~.3

Suasaukuneebis cnobili gadmocemis mixedviT, ie-

riqonis gamxmari vardebi, romlebic Sobis Rames

ifurCqnebodnen, pirvelad RvTismSoblis ferxTiT ga-

iSalnen, rodesac egviptisaken mimaval gzaze, iesos-

Tan erTad, man vardebis buCqs Cauara. ieriqonis var-

di qviSian stepebSi izrdeba, misi uxeSi foTlebi

mSral mdgomareobaSi ixveva da amgvarad Wkneba. ro-

1 The Encyclopedia Britanica, 14th edition, v. 19 (1929), 554. 2 Ad de Vries, Dictionary of Symbols and Imagery (Amsterdam, London:

North-Holland Publishing Company, 1981), 302; Ibid, Великовский, 137. 3 Zveli metafrasuli krebulebi (seqtembris sakiTxavebi), teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, komentarebi da saZiebeli daurTo n. goguaZem (Tbilisi mecniereba, 1986), 110.

224

desac maT qari amoglejda, xSirad isini mTel steps

gadaivlidnen da tenian garemoSi xvdebodnen, sadac

iSlebodnen da kvlavindeburad cocxal saxes Rebu-

lobdnen1 aseve cnobili iyo saronis (ierusalimis

dasavleTiT mdebare nayofierebiT ganTqmuli veli)

vardi – `xavaceleT haSaron~,2 romelsac `qebaTa qeba-

Si~ sasZlos Sesamkobad uxvad xmarobs avtori. am mi-

marTebiT niSandoblivia patarZlis mosarTavad var-

dis gamoyenebis ebaruli tradicia. erT-erTi uZvele-

si tradiciis mixedviT, romelzedac Talmudic miu-

TiTebs, ierusalimSi, sadac xeebis dargva ikrZalebo-

da, jer kidev pirveli winaswarmetyvelebis droidan,

vardis plantaciebi arsebobda. fiqroben, rom ierusa-

limSi vardi bibliaSi naxseneb samefo baRebSi iyo

moSenebuli. SesaZloa, xsenebuli faqti garkveulwi-

lad, sxva miTologiur plastebTan erTad, qarTulma

xalxurma sarwmunoebam da folklormac Semogvinaxa.

`batonebis nana~-s teqstSi3 kargad Cans, rom vardi

iasTan erTad qalRvTaebis, nayofiereba-gamravlebis,

sicocxlis mimniWebeli didi deda nanas yvavilia. mi-

si sabrZanebeli, romelic faqtobrivad samoTxis mi-

1 Еврейская Энциклопедия, т. 8, (СПБ: Издательство Брокгауз-Ефрон,

1911), 637; Толковая библия, т. 1, Петербург, 1904-1907 (Стокгольм: Второе издание Института перевода Библии, 1987), 447; Толковая библия, т. 2, Петербург, 1908-1910 (Стокгольм: второе издание Института перевода Библии, 1987), 194; Библейская энциклопедия (Москва Типография А. И. Спетиревой, 1891), 608; 328-329.

2 Еврейская Энциклопедия, т. 8, (СПБ: Издательство Брокгауз-Ефрон, 1911), 637; Толковая библия, т. 1, Петербург, 1904-1907 (Стокгольм: Второе издание Института перевода Библии, 1987), 447; Толковая библия, т. 2, Петербург, 1908-1910 (Стокгольм: второе издание Института перевода Библии, 1987), 194; Библейская энциклопедия (Москва Типография А. И. Спетиревой, 1891), 608; 328-329.

3 rogorc cnobilia, `batonebis nana~-s saxadiT davadebul bavSvebs umeRerodnen .

225

Tologiuri suraTia, ia-vardiTaa mofenili. qarTuli

miTologiuri gadmocemebis, zRaprebis da rigi sawe-

so simRerebis mixedviT, qarTvelTa warmodgenebiT

samoTxis erT-erTi suraTi didi deda nanas sabrZane-

bels ganasaxierebs. legendebis mixedviT mas batone-

bis qveyana hqvia, simRerebSi batonebis baRi, xolo

zRaprebSi – mzis baRi. am baRSi sxva miTologiuri

personaJebic Cndebian: mzisa da mTvaris deda, sami

mzis qali, Weqa-quxilis RmerTi elia, mgeli da oq-

ros verZi/oqros erkemali. am baRSi erTdroulad

zogi xe yvavis, zogs mwife nayofi asxia, zogis fo-

Toli ki cviva.

batonebis qveyana Znelad misasvlel adgilas,

cxramTasa da cxrazRvas iqiT, ekliani tyis miRma

mdebareobs. zogierTi legendis mixedviT, batonebi

TeTri zRvis mxridan movidnen. maTi qveyana an kldo-

van napirze mdebareobs, romelic zRvas gadahyurebs,

anda zRvaSi mdebare kunZulze. am qveyanas didi gala-

vani akravs. mas didi karibWeebi aqvs Sebmuli, romle-

bic iketeba. galavnis miRma, batonebis qveyanaSi bro-

liviT wyaroebi moCuxCuxeben, mdinared moedineba

Tafli da rZe, gadmoCqefen CanCqerebi. mze aq yoveli-

ves cisartyelas ferebiT amkobs. am qveyanaSi koSkebi

da didi batonebis sasaxleebia aRmarTuli. patara

batonebi karvebSi cxovroben. xidTan baRia, sadac

sufrebia gaSlili. aq, am qveyanaSi da baRSi batoneb-

Tan erTad im gardacvlilTa sulebi cxovroben, rom-

lebic batonebis anu infeqciuri daavadebebis Sede-

gad gardaicvalnen. svanuri versiis mixedviT, klde-

ze, sadac batonebis qveyanaa da romelic gadahyurebs

zRvas, yvavilebiT mofenili mindoria. am mindorze

didi mdinarea, sadac didi dedaa, batonebis deda. igi

SiSvelia. aqvs qaTqaTa TeTri sxeuli da Zalian didi

226

mkerdi. simRerebis teqstis mixedviT didi deda nana

batonebTan erTad iis, vardis da TeTrnayofa TuTis

baRSi cxovrobs. am baRSi, vera bardaveliZis azriT

Ria marani iyo, romelTanac alva iyo amosuli. am

alvaze Citebi sxedan da WikWikeben.1 `qarTuli miTo-

logiuri warmodgeniT alvis xe samoTxeSi darguli

sicocxlis xea (`viT edems alva rgulia~ – vkiTxu-

lobT `vefxistyaosanSi~). xalxuri leqsis Tanaxmad

igi wverSi isxams yurZens da romlis Wamis SemTxveva-

Si yovelgvari ubedurebisagan icavs adamians~ _ wers

zurab kiknaZe.2 Cven xelT arsebuli masalis mixedviT

didi deda nanas da batonebis alvis xe Ria maranTa-

naa amosuli, magram mas maRlari vazi ar aqvs Semox-

veuli. rogorc cnobilia, orive saxis marani qeifisa

Tu drostarebis sayvarel adgilad iTvleboda. isic

unda iTqvas, rom orive tipis maranSi Tavsdeboda sa-

zedaSe qvevrebi, sadac salocavisa Tu wmindanisTvis

gankuTvnili saukeTeso Rvino isxmeboda. batonebis

qveynis marani da alvis xe didi deda nanasia, romel-

Sic sxvadasxva saxis: wiTeli, TeTri da vardisferi

Rvino asxia. TiTqosda, am Ria marnis qvevrebSi alvis

xeze gamosxmuli yurZnis Rvinoa Casxmuli. `Cveni ba-

tonis kari~ aSkarad ufali unda iyos, magram didi

deda nanas da misi RvTaebebis qveyanasac xom batone-

bis qveyana ewodeba? Tavis mxriv, `batonis kari~, xom

igive samoTxea? miTologiuri gadmocema aSkarad gve-

ubneba, rom batonebis qveyanaSi sicocxlis xe (alva)

1 Вера Бардавелидзе, Древнейшие религиозные верования и обрядовое

графическое искусство грузинских племен (Тбилиси: Caucasian House, 2007), 76-78.

2 Tamar SarabiZe (red.), zurab kiknaZe, vazi da Rvino xal-xur sityvierebaSi, kr. vazi sicocxlis xe (Tbilisi: aso-ciacia qarTuli Rvino, 2014),78.

227

da aseve sicocxlis xis (vazis) nayofidan Seqmnili

ukvdavebis mimniWebeli sasmeli, Rvino, didi deda na-

nas kuTvnilebaa da mis gamgeblobaSia.

erT-erTi folkloruli gadmocemis mixedviT

ucolo mefe solomoni sanadirod wavida. gzaze var-

di naxa da mowyvita. vardi qalad iqca, romelic me-

fem colad SeirTo, rogorc aRmoCnda, qali-vardi

mzisa da mTvaris qaliSvili da varskvlavebis da yo-

fila.1 rogorc qarTuli masalidanac Cans, vardi mi-

Tologiurad CvenTvisac astraluri warmoSobis qal-

RvTaebis mcenareuli ipostasi iyo. am sakiTxs odnav

qvemoT SevexebiT, vardobis winaqristianuli fenis

gnxilvisas.

jvari da RvTismSobeli, rogorc zemoT iTqva,

erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba. amis mizezi, Cveni azriT,

rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, SesaZloa Semdegi iyos:

rogorc viciT, saxarebaSi qristes Sobis TariRi ar

aris miTiTebuli. Sobisa da aRdgomis dResaswaule-

bis mWidro Teologiuri kavSiris Sesaxeb endriu mak-

govani saintereso mosazrebas gamoTqvams. iziarebs

ra Louis Duchesn-isa da Thomas Talley-s Sexedulebas,

imavdroulad aRniSnavs, rom qristes Sobis TariRis

gamoangariSeba ukavSirdeba qristes paseqis periodSi

gardacvalebas. jer kidev II s-Si tertuliane aRniS-

navda, rom ioanes saxarebis mixedviT, rodesac ieso

qriste jvars ecva, iyo nisanis 14, romauli mzis ka-

lendris mixedviT ki 25 marti. am TariRidan moyole-

buli, zustad cxra Tvis Semdeg dgeba 25 dekemberi.

mogvianebiT 25 marti xarebis dResaswaulad dadgin-

da. `amgvarad, miCneuli iyo, rom ieso weliwadis er-

Ti da imave dRes Caisaxa da ecva jvars~ – wers mak-

1 М. В. Глушаков, Памятники народного творчества Кутайсской

губернии, Имеретинские сказки, СМОМПК, отд. III, 33(1904), 62.

228

govani da netari avgustines sityvebiT agrZelebs:

`ufali Caisaxa 25 marts, imave dRes, rodesac evno.

amgvarad, yovladwminda qalwulis saSo, romelSidac

ar Casaxula arcerTi mokvdavi, aris axali saflavi,

romelSic ieso daeflo. am saflavSi, arc manamde da

arc iesos Semdeg, ar daflula Zexorcieli. magram,

tradiciis mixedviT igi 25 dekembers iSva.~1 amdenad,

deda RvTisa macxovris saSocaa da saflavic, Sobis

da aRdgomis adgilic. SesaZloa, swored amis gamo

iTvleba, rom borot Zalas jvrisa da RvTismSoblis

saxis miReba ar SeuZlia. SesaZloa, swored zemoTxse-

nebulma ganapiroba, rom qarTlis samefoSi jvris

dResaswaulebs uSualod mosdevda da ukavSirdeboda

RvTismSoblis xsenebisadmi miZRvnili sadResaswaulo

cikli. vfiqrobT, qarTlis moqcevis istoriaSi, swo-

red amis gamo igive ram moxda, rac Cveneuli qristia-

nuli msoflmxedvelobis erT-erT qvakuTxedad iqca.

rogorc cnobilia, rodesac mcxeTis golgoTaze sas-

waulmoqmedi xe moiWra, romlidanac Semdgom jvrebi

gamoiTala, daemTxva paraskevs, qristes jvarcmis

dRes da xarebas, 25 marts. daemTxva iseve, rogorc

ieso qristes ierusalimSi, golgoTaze jvarcmisas.

vfiqrobT, qarTuli eklesiis daarsebis xsenebu-

li saRmrTo istoriidan gamomdinare, rodesac jvre-

bis periodSi qarTlis samefos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi

mcxeTis jvris dResaswaulebi arsdeba, swored am

movlenidan gamomdinare Cndeba termini jvar-xati.

anu aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis mniSvnelovani sa-

locavebis dResaswaulebi jvris saxelobis saloca-

1 Ibid, Andrew McGowan.

229

vebis dResaswaulebia, romlebic mcxeTis jvris er-

Tgvari xatebia.1

paleoliTis xanas mohyva is, rasac eliade ada-

miansa da mcenareul samyaros Soris mistiur urTi-

erTobas uwodebs. am mistiur urTierTobaSi qali

mTavari personaJi xdeba; qalia mcenaris momSinaure-

beli, rac mas, rogorc eliade aRniSnavs, `mindvris

gamgebels~ xdis, socialur cxovrebaSi wamyvan pozi-

cias aniWebs. paleoliTis qaluri da dedobrivi sak-

raluroba gacilebiT Zlierdeba neoliTSi. nayofie-

reba qalis nayofierebas ukavSirdeba. `...mosavalze pa-

suxismgeblebi qalebi xdebian, vinaidan ician `saidum-

lo~. Sesaqmis saidumlo, vinaidan igi sicocxlis, kve-

bis da sikvdilis warmoSobas exeba. qali niadags em-

sgavseba. mogvianebiT, rodesac saxniss gamoigoneben,

miwaTmoqmedeba seqsualuri aqtis msgavsi xdeba. Tum-

ca, aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi didi deda parTenoge-

nezis gziT Sobda STamomavlobas~ _ wers eliade. yo-

velive Tqmulma dasabami misca imgvari wesebis gaCe-

nas, rogoricaa magaliTad: miwaze mSobiaroba, axal-

Sobilis miwaze dawvena da sxv. `miwidan Sobili

kvlav brundeba miwaSi dedasTan.~2 religiuri azrov-

neba mcenareTa vegetaciis ritmSi dabadebis, kvdomis

da kvlavdabadebis saidumlos xedavs. eliades TqmiT,

adamiani fsiqologiurad rom gamklaveboda bunebriv

movlenebs, romlebic mosavals safrTxes uqmnidnen,

maTi miTologizireba moaxdina. es miTologiuri Se-

xedulebebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi re- 1 zurab kiknaZe aRniSnavs, rom jvar-xati, rogorc aRmosav-leT saqarTvelos mTianeTis xalxuri salocavis saxel-wodeba, qristianuli warmoSobisaa.

2 albaT, am Sexedulebam gaaCina embrionis pozaSi dak-rZalvis wesi, rodesac adamiani gardacvlili kvlav de-dis saSos ubrundeba.

230

ligiur cxovrebaSi aTaswleulebis manZilze aRmoC-

ndnen wamyvan ritualebad da msoflmxedvelobad. am

miTologiur Sexedulebebsa da ritualebSi erT-erTi

umTavresi momakvdavi da aRdgenadi RmerTis Temaa. da

vinaidan miwaTmoqmedTa kultura ZiriTadad, maradiu-

li ganaxlebis saidumloze fokusirdeba, eliade mi-

waTmoqmedTaA sarwmunoebas kosmiur religias uwo-

debs. adamianis sicocxle da kosmiuri ritmebi, mcena-

reTa sicocxlesTan dakavSirebuli terminebiT ixsne-

ba. `kosmiuri sakralurobis simbolo samyaros xea~ –

wers eliade. samyaro organizmia, romelic yovel-

wliur ganaxlebas saWiroebs. eliades TqmiT, samya-

ros ganaxleba kosmogoniuri aqtis ritualuri ganax-

lebis meSveobiT, udaod winasamiwaTmoqmedo periodis

kuTvnilebaa1.

qaluri sakralurobis, bunebis ganaxleba-aRor-

Zinebis mistiuri saidumlos centrSi `mindvris gamge-

beli~, miwis didi deda idga, romelic Tavdapirve-

lad parTenogenezis gziT aniWebda samyaros sicoc-

xles, xolo mogvianebiT, mamakacur RvTaebasTanAmis-

tiuri, RvTaebrivi qorwinebis gziT.

`subieqturi niSnebdakarguli, Soreuli RmerTis

sapirispirod, es qaluri RvTaeba sruliad konkretu-

lad da daucxromlad zrunavs adamianebisTvis. igi

tyeTa da zRvaTa ganmgebelia, nadirobisas xelis gam-

marTavi da nayofierebis mimniWebeli. am rwmenaSi gan-

xorcielda bunebis mistiurobis gancda, mTeli samya-

ros gasuliereba~ – wers aleqsndr meni. didi deda,

1 Мирче Елиаде, История веры и религиозных идей, т. 1, Женщина и

произрастание. Сакральное пространство и периодическое обно-вление мира https://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/ 86513/15/Eliade_-_Istoriya_very_i_religioznyh_ideii._Tom_1._Ot_kamennogo_veka_do_ elevsinskih_misteriii.html, amoRebulia 29.03.2018.

https://www.e-reading.club/chapter.php/%2086513/15/Eliade_-_Istoriya_very_i_religioznyh_ideii._Tom_1._Ot_kamennogo_veka_do_%20elevsinskih_misteriii.html



231

`is, vinc Sobs miwis nayofs,~ marTavs bunebis proce-

sebs. `aRvivebs marcvals, unergavs siyvaruls adami-

ansa da cxovels, mas ugaloben Citebi sagazafxulo

dawyvilebisas. misi xelis erTi aqneviT iSlebian yva-

vilebi da nayofSi dgeba wyali. misi sixaruli-yove-

li arsebis sixarulia. misi Tvalebi zecis laJvar-

diT gvimzeren, misi xeli Tbilad ealerseba foT-

lebs. igi gazafxulis niavia dedamiwas rom gadauq-

rolebs.~1

saqarTveloSi, adrepaleoliTis, adresamiwaTmoq-

medo kulturaSi arqeologebis mier ukve fiqsirdeba

qalRvTaebis Tayvaniscema. neoliTis epoqa (Zv.w. aR.

VI-V aTaswleuli) mkveTrad gamoxatuli qaluri

RvTaebis, didi dedis, epoqa xdeba. brinjaos xanaSi

(Zv. w. aR. IV-III aTaswleuli) wina planze mamakacuri

RvTaeba modis. mtkvar-araqsis kulturiT cnobili es

xana dawinaurebul miwaTmoqmedTa da mesaqonleTa

kulturaa. am periodSi saojaxo keris kulti Zalzed

gavrcelebuli Cans. arsebobs Sexeduleba, romlis mi-

xedviT kera, Tavisi gavarvarebuli nakverCxlebiT

mzis simboloa, romlis Saravandeds bordiuri war-

moadgens. keris SelesilobaSi Catanebuli da gaTxre-

bisas napovni xorblis marcvlebi, mkvlevrebs afiqre-

binebs, rom kera nayofierebis ideis gamomxatveli

iyo da uzenaes qalRmerT – mzes ganasaxierebda. gaT-

xrebis Sedegad mravlad aRmoCnda kerasTan mjdomi

mamakacis figura xaris rqebiT. zogan maTTan qvis fa-

losicaa napovni. fiqroben, rom yovelive mamakacis

mier ganayofierebuli didi deda unda iyos, romlis

1 Александр Мен, История религии. т. 2, http://www.alexandrmen.ru/

books/tom2/2_gl_01.html, amoRebulia 29.03.2018.

http://www.alexandrmen.ru/%20books/tom2/2_gl_01.html

http://www.alexandrmen.ru/%20books/tom2/2_gl_01.html

232

simbolos kera warmoadgens.1 neoliTsa da eneoliTSi

CvenSi ukve kargadaa ganviTarebuli solaruli kul-

ti da didi dedis Tayvaniscema. mravladaa napovni qa-

lis figurebi, romlebsac aqcentirebuli biusti da

torsi aqvT.2

`qarTveli~ didi dedis miTologiuri figura,

didi deda nanas saxiT, imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom

garkveuli formiT,Yfaqtobrivad dRemdea SemorCeni-

li. vera bardaveliZem zRaprebisa da legendebis

moSveliebiT fundamenturad ganixila nanebis teq-

stis simbolika da mniSvneloba. igi kvlevis Sedegad

mivida daskvnamde, rom mis mier ganxiluli legende-

bi, zRaprebi, rwmena-warmodgenebi, rituali warmogvi-

Cenen did deda nanas, rogorc nayofierebisa da

aRorZinebis qalRvTaebas; rom misi Tanmxlebi batone-

bi didi deda nanas anu RvTaeba mzis Svilebi arian

da igive buneba aqvT.3 Cans did deda nanas, `ia da

vardi, rom fenia~, da mis Tbil, mzrunvel sxivebs,

umadloda qarTveli bunebis aRorZinebas, janmrTe-

lobas, mcenareuli samyaros ayvavebas. vardobac xom

misi dResaswauli unda yofiliyo. Tu uzenaesi Rmer-

Ti mTel kosmoss qmnida weliwadis pirvel dRes, ra-

Ta samyaro mosalodneli qaosisagan gadaerCina, didi

deda gazafxul-zafxulSi mcenareuli samyaros Soba-

aRorZinebiT, miwisgan anu misi simboluri saSodan

1 oTar lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTa-veebTan (Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2002), 64-65, 80-81.

2 iazo kikviZe, miwaTmoqmedeba da samiwaTmoqmedo kulti Zvel saqarTveloSi (arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT) (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1976), 154, 157-158.

3 Вера Бардавелидзе, Древнейшие религиозные верования и обрядовое графическое искусство грузинских племен, изд. ~Caucasian House~, Тб., 2007, cc. 86, 96.

233

nayofis gamoRebiT, nayofierebisa da sicocxlis mim-

niWebeli xdeboda. amdenad, SesaZloa, vardoba, igive

aTengenoba mcenareuli samyaros dabadeba-aRorZinebis

winaqristianuli dResaswauli yofiliyo, rac udaoa,

rom sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani iyo adamianisTvis.

Tanamedrove terminebi rom moviSvelioT, didi deda

ekosistemis mfarveli da masze mzrunveli RvTaebaa.

Sesabamisad, ramdenadac bunebis kvlav dabadeba-aRor-

Zineba umniSvnelovanesia adamianisTvis, imdenad di-

dia am procesis mamoZravebeli RvTaebis dResaswau-

lic.

`Salva aslaniSvili naSromSi _˛`narkvevebi qar-

Tuli xalxuri simRerebis Sesaxeb~·_ gansakuTrebul

adgils uTmobs ˛ìavnanas~ melodias. Mmkvlevari

vrclad ganixilavs am hangis adgilsa da rols qar-

Tul musikalur folklorSi da mas qarTuli musika-

lur-folkloruli fondis ZiriTad nawilad miiC-

nevs. Tamar mamalaZis azriT, `mze Sinas~, ìavnanas~

da bevr Sromis simReras erTi intonaciuri formula

udevs safuZvlad. sayuradReboa, rom ìavnanas~ hangi

gamoyenebulia agrarul kultebTan dakavSirebul

iseT JanrebSi, rogoricaa mag., gonja-lazare, dideba,

daTos ferxuli, zemyrelo, laSaris simRera da sxv.~

_ wers nino kalandaZe-maxaraZe Tavis disertaciaSi.1

nino maisuraZe miiCnevs, rom mravali saweso, Sromis

Tu sayofacxovrebo simRera ìavnanas~ intonaciur

areSi eqceva. `musikaluri teqstebis analizidan Cans,

rom aRmosavleT saqarTvvelos mTielTa akvnis nanebi

genetikurad dakavSirebulia natirlebTan, saferxu-

loebTan da nawilobriv-istoriul-sagmiro simRereb-

1 nino kalandaZe-maxaraZe, qarTuli `nana~: Janris, seman-tikisa da artikulaciis sakiTxebi, disertacia, xelnawe-ri, Tbilisi, 2009, 22-31.

234

Tan, romlebic qarTvelTa musikaluri azrovnebis

ganviTarebis adreuli etapebis,~ saerTo qarTuli mu-

sikaluri fuZe enis amsaxvelia.1 amdenad, Tu Salva

aslaniSvils davesesxebiT, iavnanas musikaluri hangi

zogadqarTuli musikalur-folkloruli fondis Zi-

riTadi nawilia. did deda nanasTan dakavSirebuli

saweso-rituluri hangi, ase vTqvaT, erTgvari `deda

hangia~. Cans didi deda nana imdenad mniSvnelovani

unda yofiliyo qarTvelTaTvis, rom misdami Tayvnis-

cema maT musikalur azrvnebaSic aisaxa. ratom SeiZ-

leba ase momxdariyo? garda imisa rom didi deda na-

na veggetaciis, sicocxlis kvlavganaxleba-aRorZine-

bis RvTaeba iyo, igi gacilebiT Rrma fesvebiT unda

iyos qarTvelTa miTologiur msoflaRqmasTan dakav-

Sirebuli.

gavixsenoT, ras gviamboben batonebis nanebi? ba-

tonebiani avadmyofis ojaxSi, iq, sadac avadmyofi

wevs, nanas Semsrulebeli gviambobs Tu ra moxda.

moxda is, rom ojaxs, kerZod avadmyofs batonebis sa-

xeliT cnobili sapatio stumrebi estumrnen, romle-

bic ojaxma sixaruliT miiRo. maT Soris batonebis

mamidacaa, romelsac ojaxi gansakuTrebuli pativiT

maspinZlobs: xaliCas ufens. amasac ar jerdebian da

orxosac,2 rbil safensac amateben. ritualis erT-er-

Ti mTavari Semsrulebeli, mTxrobeli, musikaluri

formiT gviambobs sakralur miTologiur ambavs. ba-

tonebis dedaze, romelic Sinaarsidan gamomdinare

igive personJia, rac batonebis mamida. Cveni rwmeniT,

1 Ibid, maisuraZe, 64-65, 284. 2 igive orxova – xaoiani safeni, sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I, avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT moamzada, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem (Tbilisi: merani, 1991), 607.

235

es erTi RvTaebrivi personaJis, didi deda nanas, ba-

tonebis dedis erT-erTi epiTetia. batonebis deda-ma-

midas da batonebs win oqros akvani udgaT, romelSic

Zvirfas safenebSi gaxveuli, mTvariTa da varskvlave-

biT gawyobil perangSi, oqrosqoCriani RvTaebrivi

gmiri wevs. mis akvans lalis CanCxura aqvs Sebmuli.

akvans RvTaebrivi stumrebi Tan arweven da Tan saamu-

ri xmiT nanas mRerian. teqsti, romelic am aRwerilo-

bas mosdevs, vfiqrobT, aris im nanas teqsti, romel-

sac RvTaebriv Cvils batonebi umRerian da romelSic

moTxrobilia, Tu rogor moednen sofels Svidi da-

Zma batonebi, rogorc Cans, Svidi Zma wiTel Coxiania,

Svidi da ki Svidi mze, deda barbares-mzis qalRvTae-

bis Svilebi. isini aRweren Tu, rogor ayrian 7 so-

fels 7 TefS margalits anu infeqciur daavadebas da

Semdgom isev krefen anu miaqvT daavadeba margalitis

saxiT. TavianT sakralur nanaSi batonebi imasac aR-

niSnaven, rom 7 sofelSi karavi dasces da moilxines.

ra Tqma unda am gamonaTqvamSi Zneli ar aris davina-

xoT is ritualuri gamaspinZleba, Congurze tkbil-

xmiani damRereba, romelic saxadiani avadmyofisTvis

sruldeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom batonebis nana, did de-

da nanasTan dakavSirebuli miTologiuri gadmoceme-

bi, sarkisebur asaxvas poulobs im ritualSi, rome-

lic saxadian avadmyofTan sruldeba. es is SemTxve-

vaa, rodesac miTi ritualSi sarkiseburadaa asaxuli,

rodesac miTi saaqaoSi iWreba da saxieri xdeba.

`Svidi batoni da-Zmani,

iav, naninao,

Svid sofels movefineTo,

vardo, naninao,

Svidni wiTelCoxianni,

236

iav, naninao,

Svidni danni, Svidni mzeni,

vardo, naninao,

deda barbares Svilebi,

iav, naninao,

Svidi TefSi margaliti,

vardo, naninao,

Svid sofels gadavaSaleT,

iav, naninao,

mere isev wamovkrifeT,

vardo, naninao,

Svidgan davciT karavi,

iav, naninao,

Svidganve movilxineTo,

vardo, naninao~.

amiT sruldeba sakraluri `iavnanas~ teqsti da

mTxrobeli ganagrZobs Txrobas: igi batonebis sab-

rZanebels, maT qveyanas aRwers, iavardiT mofenil

qveyanas, sadac maradiuli naTelia, iagundis marans,

masTan amosul alvis xes, masze Semomjdari bulbu-

liTa da SevardniT. rogorc kargadaa cnobili, zo-

gierT variantSi Zalzed gavrcelebuli sakraluri

teqsticaa alvaze Semoxveuli maRlari vaziT, rom-

lis nayofi ukvdavebis mimniWebelia da is qal-vaJi,

vinc mas ar ixmevs, udrood kvdeba. dRemde SemorCeni-

li, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis xatobaTa ri-

tualebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli, damaxasiTebeli da

mdgradi arqauli teqsti, romelic aseve saerTo qar-

Tuli iavnanas musikaluri hangis, musikalur-fol-

kloruli fondis ZiriTadi nawilis Semcvelia.

iavnanas teqstis bolos, ritualSi monawile

momRerali – mTxrobeli teqsts imiT amTavrebs, rom

237

win uSlis batonebis deda-mamidas da batonebs iisa

da vardis xaliCas, rac ritualuradac srudeba. imis

gamo, rom vera bardaveliZes zRaprebisa da legende-

bis moSveliebiT fundamenturad aqvs ganxiluli na-

nebis teqstis simbolika da mniSvneloba, aRar Sev-

CerdebiT maTze. mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom, rogorc

zemoT iTqva, vera bardaveliZe kvlevis Sedegad mivi-

da daskvnamde, rom mis mier am konteqstiT ganxilu-

li legendebi, zRaprebi, rwmena-warmodgenebi, ritua-

li warmogviCenen did deda nanas, rogorc nayofiere-

bisa da aRorZinebis qalRvTaebas. batonebi didi de-

da nanas anu RvTaeba mzis Svilebi arian da igive bu-

neba aqvT;1 rom, Tu sxva xalxebis deda RvTaebebs

RvTaebrivi Cvili xelSi uWiravT, qarTul arqetipul

xatSi didi deda akvanTanaa da umReris Cvils. is,

rom Cven mier motanil teqstSi didi deda nana barba-

res saxeliTac moixsenieba, igives unda amtkicebdes.

rogorc Zalian kargadaa cnobili, vera bardaveliZem

fundamenturi kvleva miuZRvna barbaresa da mzis kav-

Sirs. isic Zalze naTelia, rom deda nanas nacvlad

barbareTi Canacvleba, mxolod qristianobis Semdgom

gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli. vfiqrobT, rom qalis saxeli

barbare saqarTveloSic wminda qalwulmowame barba-

res ukavSirdeba; rom batonebis nanaSi qalRvTaeba na-

nas nacvlad naxmari barbare wm. barbare unda iyos.

amgvari Canacvleba sruliad konteqstSia, rameTu,

RvTaeba nanas msgavsad, wm. barbare infeqciuri daava-

debebis mkurnaladaa miCneuli. amgvari Canacvleba

warmarTobidan qristianobaze moqcevis erT-erTi

TvalsaCino magaliTia; gamovlinebaa im xalxis reli-

giuri msoflmxedvelobis, romelmac uarhyo erTi

sarwmunoeba da SeiTvisa meore. magaliTia imisa, Tu

1 Ibid, Бардавелидзе, 86, 96.

238

rogor qristiandeba winaqristianuli msoflmxedve-

loba. aseve, vfiqrobT, sityva babar ar unda iyos wm. barbaresTan dakavSirebuli. igi RvTaebis epiTeti un-

da iyos da ara RvTaeba Tavad. igi Sumeruli sityva

unda iyos da niSnavdes manaTobels. qalis saxeli

barbare ki, rac ucxos, barbaross niSnavs, CvenSi

Sumeridan berZnuli samyaros gavliT unda iyos Se-

mosuli. SesaZloa, vera bardaveliZis mier Seswavli-

li solaruli, kerZod, mzis niSnebis mqone qalRvTae-

ba babar/barbal CvenSi arsebuli mzis qalRvTaeba na-

nas epiTetia, romlis kultis kvali, saqarTveloSi,

maT Soris svaneTSi, kargad aqvs naCvenebi xsenebul

mecniers.1

magram, ra aris is saerTo, rac cnobil qarTul

folklorul leqss `mze Sinasa~ da batonebis nanebs

akavSirebs erTmaneTTan?

ra aris imis mizezi, rom isini, rogorc teqstu-

alurad aseve musikalurad imdenad gamZle aRmoC-

ndnen, rom Cvenamde moaRwies? xsovna imis Sesaxeb,

rom religiuri dResaswaulebisadmi miZRvnil ritua-

lebSi isini ferxuliTa da simReriT sruldeboda,2

dRemdea SemorCenili da zogierTi madgani vgoneb

dResac sruldeba. magaliTad qorbeRela. `Zlier gan-

viTarebuli solaruli religiisa da didi deda na-

nas kultis gafurCqvnis xanaSi, ramdenadac SesaZle-

belia amaze msjeloba gadmonaSTebis meSveobiT, ig-

rZnoba swrafva RmerTebis genialogiis Seqmnisken, ma-

1 Nino Ghambshidze, Nana Bakhsoliani, Migration of the Cultural

Phenomenon and its Influence on Different Traditions (Ethno-Historical Research) in Modern Tendencies of Forming the Global Community (Tbilisi:Universal, 2016), 33-34.

2 nino maisuraZe, qarTuli xalxuri musika da misi isto-riul-eTnografiuli aspeqtebi (Tbilisi: mecniereba 1989), 31-32.

239

Ti erTmaneTTan, did dedasTan da sxva umaRles Rmer-

TebTan dakavSirebisa da erTian sistemaSi moqcevisa.

simReris variantebSi vxvdebiT 7 da-Zma batonebs, 7

das da 7 Zmas da sxv. SesaZloa am SvideulSi igulis-

xmebodnen `didi batonebi~, 7 mnaTobi, romlebic kos-

miur procesSi monawileobdnen didi deda nanas meTa-

urobiT `- wers vera bardaveliZe.1

iTvleba, rom qarTul miTologiaSi kosmogoniu-

ri miTosi Tavisi pirvandeli saxiT ar arsebobs.2

magram zurab kiknaZe aRniSnavs, rom qarTul miTosSi

sxvadasxva saxiT gveleSapisa da xaris brZolis siu-

Jeti gvxvdeba, romelic `zRvis stiqiisa (qaosi) da

xmeleTis (kosmosis) dasabamier brZolas ganasaxie-

rebs.~3

`miTSi mocemuli Txroba winare droSi momxdar

movlenebs aRadgens, romlebic Rrma religiuri moT-

xovnilebebis, Zlieri moraluri survilebis dakmayo-

filebis, sakraluri warmodgenebis, mtkicebebis da

Tavad praqtikuli moTxovnilebebis gamoa moTxrobi-

li~ _ werda b. malinovski. `miTebi transcendentuli

istoriebia, romlebSic aRwerili, moTxrobili ambebi

sinamdviled, realobad aRiqmeba. isini paradigmebia,

romelTa meSveobiT adamianebi igeben Tu ra aris is

didi istoriebi, romlebSidacaa maTi cxovreba mo-

Tavsebuli. isini acnoben adamians Tu ra aris namdvi-

li, maradiuli da myari~. pol g. hiberti, daniel So,

tait tiene Tvlian, rom avtoritetis mqone metanara-

tivebis gareSe adamiani ver poulobs azrs, adgils

1 Ibid, 97. 2 qarTuli kosmogoniuri miTis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. Cveni statia: `mze Sina da mze gareTa~ (eTnologiuri Ziebani), analebi, 11(2015)

3 Ibid, kiknaZe, qarTuli folklori, 60.

240

da daniSnulebsa Tu ratom unda iarsebos samyaroSi,

ris gareSec gaucxoebulia erTmaneTisagan da realo-

bisgan. `miTis ena sazogadoebis mexsierebaa~, im sazo-

gadoebis, romelic inarCunebs kavSirebs da dgas er-

Tad, vinaidan igi `rwmenis sazogadoebaa~.1 miTebi

adamianuri arsebobis arqetipebia, romlebic ambebis

saxiTaa moyolili. adamianuri istoriebi icvleba,

magram miTebi cxovroben, arseboben da sicocxles

gvaniWeben. garda imisa, rom miTebi RvTaebrivi, miRma

samyaros, kosmosis istorias warmoadgenen da gvisa-

xaven gzebs amasoflis realobaSi sacxovreblad, mi-

Ti msmenels myisierad ganacdevinebs transcenden-

tuls, maSin, rodesac empiriuli simarTle droiTa

da eniTaa dasazRvruli. miTebi Soben, aCenen, biZgs

aZleven istorias. es aris gza, romliTac RvTaebrivi

realur samyaroSi Semodis, rac aCens, afuZnebs ama

sofels, mas da adamianur istorias aZlevs sazriss,

akavSirebs warsuls, awmyos da momavals. miTi adami-

ans aZlevs saSualebas urTierToba hqondes kosmos-

Tan. miTs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs adamianuri

civilizaciisTvis. isini ar arian ubralo moTxrobe-

bi, aramed aqtiuri, Zliermoqmedi Zalebi. isini ar

arian intelqtualuri ganmartebebi Tu mxatvruli sa-

xeebi, cxovrebiseuli personaJebi da zneobrivi sib-

rZne,2 isini sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone metana-

rativebia.

1 Antoine, Robert. 1975. Rama and the Bards: Epic Memory in the

Ramayana. Calcuta, Tompson, weli da gverdi ar aris miTiTe-buli. pol hibertis, daniel Sos da tait tienes mixed-viT, Paul G. Hiebert, R. Daniel Shaw, Tite Tienou, Understanding Folk Religion, A Christian Response to Popular Beliefs and Practices, (Michigan: Baker Books, 1999), 258.

2 Ibid, Hiebert, Shaw, Tienou, 259-260.

241

nuTu marTlac ar aris qarTulSi kosmogoniuri

miTi? swored aseTi metanarativi, romelic pasuxobs

kiTxvaze Tu rogor gaCnda samyaro da vin aris Cveni

winapari, saidan movdivarT Cven. vfiqrobT, rom amgva-

ri metanarativi aris da igi `mze Sinas~ da mzesTan

dakavSirebul folklorul teqstebSia mocemuli,

rasac erTgvarad ganviTarebuli saxe batonebis nana-

Si unda mieRo. vfiqrobT, amis naTel magaliTs `mze

Sinas~ mesxuri varianti gviCvenebs.

`mze Sina da mze gareTa, mze Sin Semodio.

mze Sina da mze gareTa, mze Sin Semodio.

Cven vaJi Segvmatebia mze Sin Semodio.


Sin ar aris vaJis mama, mze Sin Semodio.

qalaqSia akvnisaTvis, mze Sin Semodio.


mogvivida vaJis mama, mze Sin Semodio.

moitana xaratuli, mze Sin Semodio.


gaSales oqros qsovili, mze Sin Semodio.


daabrZanes vaJis deda, mze Sin Semodio.


mouloces Caxatuli, mze Sin Semodio.

mze Sina da mze gareTa, mze Sin Semodio.~

yvelasaTvis cnobilia, rom drois winaqristia-

nuli gancda wriuli xasiaTisaa. rom buneba ibadeba,

izrdeba, aRwevs zenits da iwyebs kvdomas. samyaros

gadasarCenad ki saWiroa kosmogoniuri aqtis ganxor-

cieleba, raTa im zedrouli aqtis ganaxleba moxdes,

242

romelmac udidesi ZalisxmeviT Seqma samyaro yvela

Tavisi komponentiT.

qarTvelisaTvis SesaZloa samyaro amgvarad Seiq-

mna: mze (ixvi) jdeba budeSi, debs oqros kvercxs, rac

imavdroulad WuWuli (ixvis naSieri) margalitia.

mze CaRma Camavalia,

Cava, Cajdeba budesa;

oqrosi kvercxi daudevs,

WuWuli margalitisa.

egviptur miTologiaSi didi bati Tu ixvi qaosi-

dan amozrdil borcvze debs kvercxs, saidanac mzis

RmerTi – demiurgi iCekeba. aRsanisnavia, rom iq, sa-

dac kvercxia, iqvea qaosuri wylebi da es ori ram

erTad gvxvdeba kosmogoniur miTebSi.1 igive egviptur

kosmogoniur miTze simboloTa leqsikonSi vkiTxu-

lobT, rom mze Tavdapirvelad qaosidan oqros kver-

cxis saxiT gamoCnda, romelic qaosis ixvma dado.2

egvipturi miTis mzgavsad, rogorc Cans CvenTvi-

sac, erT-erTi variantis mixedviT kosmogonia kvercxs

ukavSirdeba. Cven miTSic mze oqros kvercxis saxiT

ibadeba. kvercxis, romlis yviTeli guli ase hgavs

mzes da ramac, savaraudod, amgvar miTo-asociacias

daudo safuZveli. rogorc Cans, Cven teqstSic es

kvercxi qaosis ixvma dado, radganac igi miTo-poe-

turma asociaciam margalitis meSveobiT, yovlad

srul, mSvenier3 ixvis WuWuls Seadara. xdeba ganwva-

1 zurab kiknaZe, Suamdinaruli miTologia (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1979), 62-69.

2 Aibid, Ad de Vries, 448. 3 margaliti _ adamiani anda sagani, yovlad sruli, simSvenieriT mosili, natifi, Zvirfasi. Tedo saxokia,

243

leba da Cndeba ca da miwa, naTeli da bneli. jer

kosmiuri ixvi debs mzes oqros kvercxis saxiT, Sem-

dgom mze wveba da mTvares Sobs. mze da mTvare Tavis

mxriv da-Zma arian, kosmiuri ixvis Svilebi, rasac maT

mier momavali gmiris/RmerTis/mefis gaCena mosdevs.

varskvlavebis saxiT gmirsac hyavs da-Zmebi. axalSobi-

li oqrosTmiani Cvilia. batonebis nanas oqrosTmiani

CvilisTvis, swored imitomaa batonebis deda igive

mamidac, rom didi deda nana, mze qali, mTvaris

colicaa da dac.

sityvebi `mze Sina da mze gareTa, mzev Sin Semo-

dio~, rogorc Cans mzis cis TaRze moZraobas ganasa-

xierebs. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi igi mzis dRe-Ramur

moZraobas ki ara, aramed wliurs ganasaxierebs. ro-

gorc cnoblia, eklipsi is astronomiuli movlenaa,

romlis drosac astraluri sxeuli droebiT qreba

an meoris CrdilSi eqceva, anda sxva astralurma sxe-

ulma Caiara masa da dedamiwas, adamians Soris, rome-

lic am sxeuls uyurebs. ekliptika ki aris is xilu-

li gza wlis gnmavlobaSi, romelsac mze caze gaiv-

lis da romelic dedamiwidan Cans. rodesac am gzaze

mzes savse an axali mTvare xvdeba, xdeba eklipsi anu

mzis dabneleba. anu mze an Sin, samzeoSia, sadac si-

cocxlea an gareT, sibneleSi, sadac sikvdilia.

msoflios xalxTa miTologiuri warmodgenebis mi-

xedviT, wlis ganmavlobaSi mze nel-nela ileva da

sikvdilis piras midis, samyaroc iRupeba da rom ka-

tastrofa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli, Sesaqmis dResas-

waulze, axal wels, sruldeba rituali, romlis

drosac kosmogoniuri aqti aqtualizdeba. am dros

ritualis saSualebiT miTiuri, kosmogoniuri aqti

qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani (Tbilisi: merani, 1979), 372.

244

namdvileba. `ganmeoreba gaxsenebac aris da cekva-sim-

ReriT im ZiriTadi miTiuris ritualuri ganamdvile-

ba, romlebic Sesaqmis droidan moxda~ _ wers elia-

de.1 rogorc cnobilia, ferxuliT, ritualuri simRe-

riT, cekviT axldeboda praimordialuri dro, mtkic-

deboda miwisa da cis kavSiri, myardeboda harmoniu-

li mdgomreoba. mkvlevarTa azriT ferxulebi Tavda-

pirvelad wriuli formis unda yofiliyvnen. wrebrun-

va, triali, rac qmedebis saSualebiT xazavs wres, ri-

tualis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens, warmoSobs

magiur Zalas, romelic qmnis wris SigniT damcav Za-

las. anu ritualuri, wriuli ferxuli da simRera

wris SigniT qmnis dacul, sakralur sivrces, rome-

lic Sesaqmis, kreaciis aqtualizacias warmoadgens.2

mkvlevarTa azriT `mze Sinac~ xom Tavdapirvelad sa-

ferxulo rituluri simRera iyo, romlis Cvenamde

moRweul uZveles nimuSs megruli varianti warmoad-

gens. vfiqrobT, Tavdapirvelad `mze Sina~ wlis da-

sawyisis, mzis dabadebis, axali wlis dResaswaulis

ritualis saferxulo simRera unda yofiliyo, rom-

lis, rogorc musikaluri, aseve enobrivi teqstiT

dResaswaulis Sinaarsi gamoixateboda, ritualis mo-

nawileebisTvis, sazogadoebisTvis sacnauri xdeboda

Tu rogor Seiqmna yovelive Tavdapirvelad. sazoga-

doeba amgvarad metanarativs eziareboda. `mze Sina~

bolo dromde samegreloSi Wvenierobis dResaswaul-

ze kirieleisonTan erTad sruldeboda. Tavis mxriv,

Wvenieroba kapunobis dResaswaulTanaa kavSirSi. kapu-

nobis dResaswauli uzenaes warmarTul RvTaebas eZ-

Rvneboda da SabaTs, kviras da orSabaTs anu krono-

1 mirCa eliade, miTis aspeqtebi (Tbilisi: ilias saxelm-wifo universiteti, 2009), 25.

2 Ibid, alaverdaSvili, 130-134, 27, 67.

245

sis, mzisa da mTvaris dReebs emTxveoda. kapunoba

axalwlis dResaswauli unda yofiliyo, romlis

drosac mzes/RvTaebas Sin dabrunebas sTxovdnen. aq 1

wlis bavSvebs swiravdnen kerps, romlebic maSin da-

ibdnen, rodesac wina wlis ritualis gziT mze Sin

Semovida. samsxverplo Cvili Turme Tavad dedas mih-

yavda Sesawirad.1 da uneblied gvaxsendeba: `cxvars

dagiklav makesao, mzev, Sin Semodio~.

amgvarad, qaluri bunebis mzis RvTaeba, qarTve-

lisTvis samyaros, misi da misi saarsebo garemos,

`samzeos~ dambadebelma sicocxle did deda nanaSi

gaagrZela. gaagrZela qalebis iseT qarTul saxeleb-

Si, rogorebicaa: mzia, mzeqala, mzevinari, mzisavari...

CvenTvis nacnob enebSi, mze qalis saxelebSi ar unda

figurirebdes.

da bolos, daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom:

laSaris wm. giorgis dResaswauli, romelic ag-

reTve, fSavis, TuSeTis da erwo-TianeTis mTavari sa-

locavis dResaswaulia, sami istoriuli fenisgan

Sedgeba. ori qristianulis da erTi winaqristianu-

lis.

winqristianul periodSi, SesaZloa igi didi de-

da nanasTan dakavSirebuli mcenareuli samyaros da-

badeba-aRorZinebis gazafxul-zafxulis dResaswauli

yofiliyo, romelsac vardoba erqva da romelsac

qristianobis periodSi, saeklesio kalendris ori pe-

riodis gamyofi dResaswaulis, aTengenobis saxeli

daukavSirda. SesaZloa vardoba-aTengenoba mzis qal-

1 М. Машурко, Предания основание Мартвильского монастыря,

СМОМПК, , от. III, 18(1894), 376, 377; givi eliava, Wyondidi-martvili (istoriuli mimoxilva) (Tbilisi: codna, 1962), 15.

246

RvTaeba didi deda nanasadmi miZRvnili qarTlis sa-

mefos saerTo gazafxul-zafxulis dResaswauli iyo.

qristianobis SemosvlasTan erTad, `jvris peri-odSi~ igi ZleviT Semosili jvaris dResaswauli

xdeba, romelic idResaswauleboda aRdgomidan mesame

kviras. rogorc Cans, mogvianebiT, igi petre-pavlobas-

Tan dakavSirebuli, serobis saxeliT cnobili dReo-

ba xdeba. petre-pavloba saqrTveloSi, ZiriTadad sve-

ticxovelTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli, rgorc moci-

qulTa saxelobis umniSvnelovanes taZarTan. laSaro-

ba, maSin, rodesac petre-pavloba, 29.06/12.07 kviras mo-

dis, meore dRes, orSabaTs, sveticxovlobas, 30.06/13.07

aRiniSneba.

Cveni azriT, aRmosavleT mTianeTis salocavebis

zogadi saxelwodeba – jvar-xatebi-jvris periods da mcxeTis jvars unda ukavSirdebodes, romlis saxelo-

bisaa aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mTavari sa-

locavebis umravlesoba. mTiuleTis mTavari saloca-

vi lomisis wm. giorgi, romlis dResaswaulia sul-

Tmofenobis momdevno oTxSabaTi1 anu mcxeTis jvris

saswaulis dResaswauli; fSavis, TuSeTis2 da erwo-

TianeTis mTavari salocavi laSari, romlis erT-er-

Ti mniSvnelovani dResaswauli iyo axalkvire, aRdgo-mis mesame kvira, ZleviT Semosili jvris anu mcxeTis

jvris aRmarTebis dResaswauli da petre-pavloba-sve-

ticxovelTan dakavSirebuli seroba/saRmurToba. ger-

getis sameba, romelic gadmocemis mixedviT, wm. an-

1 ix. Ibid, RambaSiZe, lomisoba. 2 marTalia, laSaroba mas mere gaxda TuSeTis mTavari sa-locavi, rac wm. giorgis saxels daukavSirda, magram Tu-Sur gadmocemebsa da salocavTa sistemaSi jer kidev Se-iniSneba qristianobis gavrcelebis kvali. vfiqrobT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom kvlevam jvris periodis saloca-vic gamoavlinos.

247

dria pirvelwodebulis da wm. ninos mier jvrebis aR-

marTvis adgilad iyo gamorCeuli; sadac bolo drom-

de jer kidev SeiniSneboda RvTismSoblis vardobis

kvali (sof. sionis samebis mariamobas vardoba erqva)

da aRdgomis mesame kvira, romelic saeklesio kalen-

dris gvian fenaSi menelsacxeble dedebis dRea da

romelic Zalzed popularuli iyo mTel xevSi, da qa-

lebs ukavSirdeboda. Tumca, SesaZloa igi mcxeTis

jvris erT-erTi dResaswauli, ZleviT Semosili

jvris, anu jvrebis aRmarTebis dResaswauli iyo Tav-

dapirvelad, iseve, rogorc laSaroba.

Tavis mxriv, aRdgomis mesame kviras, menelsac-

xeble dedaTa moxseniebiT, eklesia im saxarebiseul

ambavs ixsenebs, rodesac ieso qriste menelsacxeble

dedebs gamoecxada. ixsenebs mkvdreTiT aRmdgari ie-

sos pirvel gamocxadebas, rac misi mkvdreTiT aRdgo-

mis mowmoba iyo.1 anu es aris jvarcmisa da mkvdre-

TiT aRdgomis ideis gamomxatveli, macxovris aRdgo-

mis damowmebis saerTo samarTlmadideblo dResawau-

li. rogor SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes jvarcmisa da

mkvdreTiT aRdgomis ideas ZleviT Semosili jvris

anu mcxeTis jvris dResaswaulebi? rogorc sayovel-

Taodaa cnobili, mraval siwmindes Soris saqarTve-

los saqristianosTvis umniSvnelovanesi siwmindeebi

ukavSirdeba. esenia, ebraelebis mier mcxeTaSi motani-

li elias xaleni da macxovris kvarTi, konstantine

didisa da elene dedoflis mier gamogzavnili uf-

lis cxovelmyofeli jvris nawili, ori xelTa sam-

sWvali, ferxTa ficari da macxovris xati. rogorc

cnobilia, kvarTi, uflis simboluri sxeuli, kvipria-

1 С. В. Булгаков, Настольная книга для священно-церковно-служителей

(Москова: Издательский отдел Московского Патриархата, 1993), 654-655.

248

ne karTagenelis TqmiT, ganuyofeli, erTiani kaToli-

ke eklesiis xati da niSania. faqtobrivad, qristiano-

baze moqceuli saqarTvelos eklesia jvarcmasTan da

Sesabamisad, mkvdreTid aRdgomis simboloebTan da-

kavSirebul wminda nawilebze fuZndeba: kvarTze anu

uflis sxeulze, xelTa or samsWvalze, ferxTa fi-

carze da wm. jvris nawilze. yoveli siwminde Tavis

adgils ikavebs da ikveTeba erTiani, naTeli suraTi

jvarcmisa, romelic aRdgomiT gvirgvindeba da rac,

Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, qarTuli eklesiis arsis gamom-

xatveli da qarTvelTa qristianuli msoflmxedvelo-

bis safuZveli xdeba. axali SinaarsiT avsebs erov-

nul xasiaTs. jvarcma – aRdgoma da maradiuli si-

cocxle yvela qristiani xalxis religiuri azrovne-

bis safuZvelia, magram qarTveli xalxisTvis igi kar-

dinaluri da ganmsazRvreli gaxda. SesaZloa am

msoflmxedvelobamac aTqmevina ilia WavWavaZes Tavi-

si cnobili sityvebi: `qriste-RmerTi jvars ecva

qveynisaTvis da Cvenc jvars vecviT qristesaTvis~.

rogorc viciT, umTavresi siwminde, romelzedac

Cvens qveyanaSi marTlmadidebloba da pirveli taZari

aRmocenda aris kvarTi, macxovris simboluri sxeu-

li, xolo mcxeTis jvris gegma, romelzec es taZari

aigo, simbolurad aris vnebuli qriste misi xuTi

WrilobiT. amdenad, saqarTvelos erovnuli eklesiis

simboluri trapezi (sveticxoveli-jvari) qristes

vnebul sxeulze da xuTjvrian niSanze aigo, xolo

saswaulebis xasiaTma da maTi aRsrulebis TariRma

Cveni eklesia kaTolike eklesiasTan Tanaziari gaxa-

da, erovnuli eklesiis religiur-simboluri arsi ga-

aRrmava da misi momavali gansazRvra. Cveni azriT, is

ZiriTadi siwminde, romelsac ama Tu im qristiani

qveynis pirveli taZari ukavSirdeba, ganmsazRvrelia

249

am xalxis religiuri azrovnebisa da erovnuli xasi-

aTis. es sakiTxi calke msjelobis sagans warmoad-

gens da mas sxva naSromSi ganvixilavT.

is, rom jvarcmis, aRdgomis, simbolikam qarTu-

li xasiaTi Camoayaliba, kargad Cans sxvadasxva faq-

tSi. saaRdgomo Wona, romelic alilos msgavsi ritu-

aluri msvlelobaa, imarTeba saqarTvelos mxolod

im regionebSi, romlebic qarTlis samefoSi Sediod-

nen.1 gamorCeuli stumarTmaspinZloba, da rom stuma-

ri RvTisaa (rac marTalia sxva qristian erebSic

gvxvdeba, magram qarTul sinamdvileSi gansakuTrebiT

xazgasmuli Cans), maradisobasTan akavSirebs qar-

Tvels.2 qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebidan gamomdinare di-

mitri TumaniSvili Zalze sainteresod msjelobs

qarTul RvTismosaobaze da aRniSnavs, rom qarTveli

xuroTmoZRvrebis eniT ar uaryofs ama sofels, ar

usvams xazs mis dacemul bunebas, aramed `mis RvTiv-

qmnilobas~. da rac mTavaria, qarTveli `qarTul ta-

ZarSi Sesvlisas Tvals maSinaTve zesTazecis ganmsa-

xovnebel gumbaT-kamarasa Tu sakurTxevels miapyrobs

da maTgan dacilebas manZilad ki xedavs, araodes ki

– siSored, didi-xnis-savalisa da Zniad gadasalaxavi

gzis saboloo miznad~ – wers igi,3 qarTveli maradi-

1 ix. rusudan wurwumia, ioseb Jordania (red.), nino Ramba-SiZe, Wonas tradicia da misi genezisis zogierTi sakiT-xi, tradiciuli mravalxmianobis meore saerTaSoriso simpoziumis moxsenebebi (Tbilisi: Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoria, 2005).

2 nino RambaSiZe, stumari RvTisaa, masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis XXV(2005). esaa sakiTxis religiuri mxare, romelsac, rasakvirvelia, Tavisi saero, yofiTi mizezebic aqvs.

3 dimitri TumaniSvili, werilebi, narkvevebi (Tbilisi: `wmida nino~, 2001), 213-214.

250

uli merve dRisaTvis cxovrobda da misi amqveyniuri

mzera zeciuri ierusalimisken iyo mipyrobili. SesaZ-

loa, Cveni udardeloba, sulier safuZvelgamoclil

Tvisebad Camoyalibebuli msoflmxedvelobaa, rome-

lic albaT maradiuli merve dRisTvis cxovrebam ga-

napiroba. merve dRes ki golgoTa da aRdgoma us-

wrebs win.

amgvarad, jvarcmisa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomis idea

xorcs sveticxovelsa da aRmarTul jvrebSi isxams.

Sesabamisad, menelsacxeble dedaTaA dResaswaulisa

da ZleviT Semosili jvris anu mcxeTis jvris dRe-

saswaulebi, romlebic aRdgomidan mesame kvira dRes

idResaswaulebian, mkvdreTiT aRdgomis Teologiuri

azriT erTiandebian. SesaZloa, jvris, mcxeTis same-

fos sayovelTao dResaswaulis, da menelsacxeble

dedaTa kviris (saerTo samarTlmadideblo dResaswa-

ulis) saerTo TariRma gaxada es ukanaskneli dRe

Zalzed popularuli xevSi. gaxada popularuli imde-

nad, ramdenadac, SesaZloa, jvris dResaswauli da mi-

si popularoba win uswrebda menelsacxeble dedaTa

kviras.

laSarobis dResaswaulSi mesame periodi wminda giorgisia, rodesac laSari am wmindanis saxelobis

xdeba.

vfiqrobT, periodebis monacvleoba da dResaswa-

ulis garkveul wmindanTan Tu movlenasTan kavSiri,

umTavresad RvTismaxurebis xasiaTze unda iyos damo-

kidebuli.

saqarTveloSi me-X saukunemde ierusalimuri an

qristes saflavis tipikoni ixmareboda da Sesabami-

sad, wliuri liturgia wm. miwis msgavsad aResrule-

boda. rogorc cnobilia, CvenSi ierusalimuri tipi-

koni VII s. berZnuli redaqciiT da VIII s. naTargmni

251

ZegliT aris cnobili, romelsac `ierusalimuri ka-

nonari~ ewodeba da romelic korneli kekeliZem aR-

moaCina da gamoikvlia.1 swored me-X saukunidan unda

gaZlierebuliyo saqarTveloSi wm. giorgis Tayvanis-

cema, rac Cveni azriT mefis saxelSic aisaxa. giorgi

I-s saxeli 1002 wels XI s. dasawyisSi daerqva. amde-

nad, Znelia im mosazrebis gaziareba, rom mTvaris

RvTaebas wm. giorgis Tayvaniscema Caenacvla, im mize-

zis gamo, rom winaqristianul rwmena-warmodgenebsa

da wm. giorgis Tayvaniscemas (wm. giorgis periods) Soris religiis istoriaSi arsebobs `jvris perio-di~, romelic gamotovebuli periodia da arcerT sa-

mecniero literaturaSi ar figurirebs, rogorc re-

ligiis istoriis erT-erTi etapi. faqtobrivad, igi

saqarTveloSi qristianobis damkvidrebidan gaqristi-

anebuli saqarTvelos religiur cxovrebaSi pirveli

periodia.

1 ix. К. Кекелидзе, Иерусалимский канонар (грузинская версия), (Санкт

Петербург: Типография императорской академии наук, 1912).

252

wminda giorgisTan dakavSirebuli salocavebi gudamayarSi,

xevsa da TSeTSi

saqarTveloSi wminda giorgis Tayvaniscemis Se-

saxeb ara erTi naSromia dawerili. wminda giorgis

gansakuTrebul popularobas saqarTveloSi aRniSnav-

dnen rogorc ucxoelebi, ise qarTvelebi, Zveli av-

torebidan, piligrimebidan Tu mogzaurebidan dawye-

buli Tanamedrove mecnierTa naSromebiT damTavrebu-

li. saqarTveloSi wm. giorgis saxelobis uamravi di-

di Tu mcire eklesia da salocavi arsebobs. cnobi-

lia gadmocema, romlis mixedviTac CvenTan 363 wminda

giorgis saxelobis salocavia anu yovel dRe sad-

Rac, misi saxelobis romelime eklesiaSi aRevlineba

locva.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania wminda giorgis

salocavebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi. aq cen-

traluri salocavebi swored wm. giorgis saxels

ukavSirdeba. aseTia magaliTad gudanis da xaxmatis

wminda giorgis salocavebi, laSaris wm. giorgi, lo-

misis wm. giorgi. am mxriv gamonakliss arc xevi, gu-

damayari da TuSeTi warmoadgens.

xevSi, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis sxva regionebSi, TiToeul Tems Tavisi

mfarveli xati hyavs, magram mTavar salocavebad iT-

vleba gergetis wminda sameba da sparsangelozi, ro-

melic swored wminda giorgis saxelobis salocavia.

garda am mTavari salocavisa, arsebobs wminda gior-

gis saxelobis mravalricxovani eklesiebi, salocave-

bi da niSebi. misi saxelobis salocavebi aris TiT-

qmis yvela dasaxlebaSi an maTTan axlos.

253

analogiuri viTarebaa gudamayarSic. aqac salo-

cavTa umravlesoba misi saxelobisaa da upirvelesi

adgili uWiravs mosaxleobis rwmenaSi. gudamayris

yvelaze cnobili da mniSvnelovani, gudamayrelTaT-

vis saerTo salocavebic swored wminda giorgis sa-

xels ukavSirdeba. upirveles yovlisa aq unda aRi-

niSnos pirimze fuZis angelozi CoxSi, zegardis wmin-

da giorgi dumacxoSi da Coxis wminda giorgis xati.

TuSeTis mTavari salocavi laSaris wminda gi-

orgis jvaria (sofel CiRos Crdilo aRmosavleTiT),

garda amisa arsebobs wminda giorgis mravalricxova-

ni didi Tu mcire salocavi mTeli TuSeTis terito-

riaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom TuSeTSi didi mniSvneloba

eniWeboda xevsurul salocavebs. gansakuTrebiT swam-

daT karatisa da xaxmatis jvrebis Zalisa. am xatebs

TuSeTSi TavianTi salocavi niSebi hqondaT. dResas-

waulebis dros karatisa da xaxmatis jvrebis dekano-

zebi xevsureTidan gadmodiodnen TuSeTSi, TavianTi

xatis niSTan dgebodnen da xalxs amwyalobebdnen.

omis SemTxvevaSi ki TuSebi xaxmatis wminda giorgis

xatis dekanozebs iwvevdnen, romlebic laSqars win

miuZRodnen.

didi mniSvneloba hqonda giorgobis dResaswa-

uls, romelsac ufro xSirad weliwadSi orjer aR-

niSnavdnen. salocavebs xSirad Tavisi yana da saTibi

hqondaT, romelsac rig-rigobiT amuSavebdnen.

TiToeul Tems Tavisi mfarveli xati hyavs.

xevSi wminda giorgis saxelobis salocavebia

TiTqmis yvela dasaxlebaSi an maTTan axlos: baxtris

wminda giorgis xati, semRisas wminda giorgis xati

gveleTSi, givargoba anu wminda giorgis xati cdoSi,

sparsangelozi saTargmanoSi, oxareSis wm. giorgis

eklesia gergetTan tyeSi, stefanwmindasTan: sparsan-

254

gelozi, oqros burTusovani, xedeniSis wm. giorgi,

riyis wm. giorgi, quSenis wm. giorgi, fanSetTan kal-

Tis wminda giorgi, snoSi daryis wm. giorgis kom-

pleqsi, wveris sparsangelozi, Ralanguris wm. gior-

gi axalcixeSi, karkuCaSi yananazis wm. giorgis niSi,

nadarbazevis da Ralanguris wm. giorgis niSebi, wmin-

da giorgis xati arSis cixis teritoriaze arSidan

Crd-dasavleTiT, wminda giorgis axali xati, beris

wmnida giorgis eklesia tyarSetSi, garbanis mindvris

wminda giorgis xati, oqros beberi wm. giorgis ekle-

sia, wveris (semRisas) wm. giorgis xati, quSenis wm. gi-

orgis eklesia, sionSi wm. giorgis eklesia, yanobTan

aryovnis wm. giorgis niSi, wm. giorgis xati, giorgiw-

mindis kompleqsi komSi, wm. giorgis eklesia cocol-

TaSi da a.S.

gvinda wminda giorgis saxelobis ramdenime mniS-

vnelovan salocavze SevCerdeT da mokled mimovixi-

loT is masala, romelic maT Sesaxeb arsebobs.

baxtris wminda giorgis xati zRvis donidan 2385 metrze mdebareobs. es erT-erTi pirveli qristianuli

salocavia xevis teritoriaze. igi warmoadgens qva-ki-

riT nageb masiur kedels CrdiloeTis mxridan da

mdebaroebs mdinare Tergis marcxena sanapiroze. adre

es cixe-samlocvelo araswori naxevarwriuli formis

yofila, misi naSTebi kldis formebs miuyveba da

Tergs gadahyurebs. gadaxurva ar SerCenia. cixe qimis-

gan wagrZelebuli yofila. cixis samxreTi, Crdiloe-

Ti da aRmosavleTi kedlebi didi lodebiTa da ki-

riT yofila nagebi. samxreTis kedlebi kldes avsebs;

kldis wversa da kedlis Zirs Sua xvrelia gayvani-

li, romelic nawilobriv Camongreulia, samxreTidan

kldis ferdi aseve Sesworebulia qva-kiriT amoyvani-

li kldiT da aRmosavleTis kedlis gamagrebas war-

255

moadgens – ovaliseburad gars uvlis mas. xatis

CrdiloeTiT mdebareobs `gigiais saTibi~, samxreTis

ferds ki `saTrevi rui~ ewodeba. nageboba daviTis

cixesa da Tamaris cixes gadahyurebs. es yvelaze viw-

ro adgilia darialis xeobaSi da xatic Znelad mi-

sasvlelia.1 darialis xeobaSi aRmarTuli baxtris

cixe (koSki) salocavad iqna gadakeTebuli saxelwo-

debiT baxtris wminda givargi. moxeveebSi dRemde da-

culi rwmeniT, baxtris wm. giorgi kargi jaris mfar-

veli da omSi gamarjvebis medroSe,2 agreTve mgzav-

rTa patroni iyo.

arSis cixis kompleqsSi Sedioda wminda giorgis

salocavi. arSis (sofeli ekuTvnis sionis Temis sak-

rebulos) cixe mdebareobs soflis Crdilo-dasavle-

TiT, mdinare Tergis marcxena napirze, platoze. cixe

agebuli iyo XVI-XVII saukuneebSi. moxeveebi mtris Se-

mosevisas am cixes afarebdnen Tavs. vaxuSti bagrati-

onis sityviT kacTagan Seuvali es cixe didi strate-

giuli mniSvnelobisa iyo da Tergisa da snos xeo-

bebs akontrolebda. arSis cixes xevis cixesac uwo-

debdnen. aragvis saerisTavos gauqmebis Semdeg arSis

cixes kvlav samefo xelisufleba daeufla. didi

mniSvneloba hqonda arSis cixes lekTa Tavdasxmebisa-

gan Tavdasacavad. moTareSeebs cixe arasdros daup-

yriaT. cixe XIX saukunis dasawyisSi jer kidev moqme-

di iyo.

1 vera bardaveliZe, xevis eTnografiuli eqspediciis masa-lebi, xelnaweri (1966), iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxel-mwifo universitetis iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eT-nologiis institutis arqivi, v. bardaveliZis fondi, 231.

2 valerian iToniSvili, moxeveebis yofa-cxovreba (stefan-wminda: istoriis, eTnologiis, religiis Seswavlisa da propagandis samecn. centri, 2015), 211.

256

cixe (300 X 150 m) bunebrivi simagre iyo da gala-

vani ar hqonia, adgilebi, saidanac mters cixeSi SeR-

weva SeeZlo, natexi qviT amoSenebuli sqeli kedle-

biT iyo gamagrebuli da saTofurebi hqonda datane-

buli. cixeSi gayvanili iyo gvirabi da wyalsadeni,

romlis saSualebiTac wyliT momarageba xdeboda.1

arSis cixeSi inaxeboda rkinis klite, romelic

gadmocemis Tanaxmad qarTvelTa laSqris mier ganjis

aRebis Semdeg arSel Rurma bazals wamouRia _ `gan-

jas maRtyliJna kliteni, Cvens arSas mouxdebao~. ar-

Sis cixes mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT rkinis kari hqon-

da. kari 60-ian wlebSi Camogdebuli iyo da iqve egdo.

es iyo muxis kari, romelsac zed dakruli hqonda er-

Tkecad rkina.2

cixis samxreT-dasavleT monakveTSi IX-X sauku-

neebis eklesiaa, romelsac CrdiloeTidan mTel sig-

rZeze gviandeli minaSeni ekvroda (dangreulia). Seno-

ba nagebia Tlili qvebiT, romlebic fasadis mxridan

ukeTesadaa damuSavebuli. eklesia dazianebulia, Ca-

mongreulia saxuravi da kedlebis zeda nawili. Se-

sasvleli CrdiloeTis mxridanaa. eklesia uafsidoa

da aRmosavleTiT swori kedliTaa dasrulebuli.

sworkuTxa sakurTxeveli darbazisagan ar aris gamo-

yofili. darbazis SuaSi SemorCenilia qviSaqvis oT-

xwaxnaga qvasveti 1,3 m. simaRlisa, romelic kuTxeeb-

momrgvalebul mozrdil qvazea dadgmuli. qvasveti

dasrulebulia nalisebri kbilanebiT damuSavebuli

maRali kapiteliT. qvasveti dagvirgvinebuli yofila

qvis jvriT (dakargulia). cixis teritoriaze Semor-

1 T. dvali, k. kaxaZe, a. ramiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 2004), 438.

2 Ibid, bardaveliZe.

257

Cenilia sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebobebis nan-

grevebi.1

cixis teritoriaze agebuli wminda giorgis xa-

ti oTxwaxnaga masiur nagebobas warmoadgens, rome-

lic didi zomis fiqali qvebiT, mSrali wyobiTaa na-

Seni. mTavari fasadi CrdiloeTiTaa. kedelSi didi

oTxkuTxa TaxCaa datanebuli. xati gadaxurulia fiq-

liT. qvebSi Camagrebuli iyo ori patara droSa TeT-

ri sawirebiT. 60-ian wlebSi nagebobas garSemo Semov-

lebuli hqonda sammagad TeTri Zafis xveuli.^ nage-

bobis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, kldis piras wminda gi-

orgis sazarea, romelic sofel arSas gadahyurebs.

kldis napiri amoSenebuli da gamagrebuli iyo. saza-

re warmoadgens qvebis or grovas, romlebzec rkinis

joxia gadebuli, joxze ki didi, gabzaruli zaria

Camokidebuli. wminda giorgis niSis Tavi Semkuli

iyo jixvis rqebiT. Sig niSSi wminda giorgis jvari

esvena. jvari xisa iyo, vercxliT Semosili (54 X 42

sm.). jvris Tavsa da gulze gamosaxuli iyo mxedari,

romelsac xelSi jvari uWiravs, misi cxenis qveS ki

waqceuli mamakacia. jvris Suatanis or mrgval ro-

zetSi mSvildosani mxedari iyo gamosaxuli.2

60-ian wlebSi Cawerili masalis mixedviT adre,

gazafxulze, maisSi giorgobas arSis cixeSi adiod-

nen, bolo xanebSi ki mlocavi iq ver adis da wminda

giorgis niSi Zvel arSaSi dadges. saklavebs cixis

wminda giorgiSi daklavdnen da Semdeg wminda gior-

gis niSTan Camodiodnen.3

1 Ibid, sZa,B438. 2 Ibid, sZa,438; sergi makalaTia, xevi (tfilisi, saxelgami, 1934), 219; Ibid, bardaveliZe.


258

wminda giorgis axali xati mdebareobs sofel

arSidan Crdilo-dasavleTis mxares, soflis Tavze.

igi warmoadgens fiqali qvisagan mSralad nageb niSs,

romelsac mTavari fasadi aqvs dasavleTis mxares. am

mxares datanebuli aqvs Sukuna, sadac ido wiTeli

da TeTri feris naWrebi. Tavze adevs fiqali qva, ro-

melzec devs gvirgvinis msgavsi formis jvari. qvis

jvarTan erTad Tavze adevs patara droSa. droSaze

damagrebulia TeTri feris sawiri, romelic Sukuna-

zea Camofarebuli. niSs, romelic kiriTaa SeTeTrebu-

li, ramodenime wyebad TeTri bawari axvevia.1

arSaSi, romelic erT-erTi uZvelesi sofelia

xevSi, oTxi ubania da oTxi gvari cxovrobs (bazali,

avsajaniSvili, gogbaiZe, suliauri). wminda giorgis

salocavs yanebi calke hqonda da saTibebi calke. sa-

xato miwebs morigeobiT amuSavebdnen. vinc amuSaveb-

da, samxvTos ixdida da mTel sofels umaspinZldebo-

da.2

arSis wminda giorgis saxelze xatis yanebi Se-

wiruli iyo sof. ToTSic. imis gamo, rom xati, rom-

lis saxelzec yanebi iyo Sewiruli, sof. arSas ekuT-

vnoda, arSavlebi ToTlebs xatis yanebiT sargeblo-

bis gamo axdevinebdnen yalans _ komlze erT batkans

da or Tung arays. arSis wminda giorgis xatSi (ar-

Sis cixeSi) 8 komls unda mietana 16 Tungi arayi da

mieyvanaT 8 batkani. dekanozobdnen arSavlebi (bazal-

ni da gogbani). Tavis saklavs arSavlebi ar klavdnen,

es maT ar evalebodaT. sakuTar saklavs mxolod is

arSaveli daklavda, romelsac SeTqmuli hqonda. Sex-

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe.

259

vewili klavda uniSno, mTlad TeTr batkans. xatSi

isini YRamis TeviT gadiodnen.1

arSelebi salocavSi giorgobas, axalwelsa da

aRdgomas aRniSnavdnen.

arSis wminda giorgis cxvars an xbos swiraven

da mfarvelobas SesTxoven. sadResaswaulo saklavis

sayidlad arSelebi ojaxebad, gvarebad erTiandebian

da saRvTos erToblivad ixdian. dakluli saRvTo

saklavis xorcs daWrian da mTlianad, garda Tavisa,

saxlSi miaqvT mosaxarSad.

xorcs did qvabebSi xarSaven, langarze awyoben

da sufrasTan mamakacebi Camoatareben, iseve rogorc

sasmels, msubuq kerZebs ki qalebi. sadResaswaulod

moiyvanen beWze mcnobars, aZleven moxarSul beWis

Zvals, romelsac igi sinaTleze gaxedavs da oriode

saimedo sityvas ityvis. sufrasTan piramde savse sas-

misebs monacvleobiT svamen da moilxenen. umTavresi

adgili sufrasTan gvaris ufross ukavia. is uxuce-

sia da sufris wevrebis gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiT

sargeblobs.

sadRegrZelos jer gvaris uxucesi warmosTqvams

da Semdeg axalgazrdebs gadaulocavs. uyvarT cekva

da simRera, simRerebidan moxeur didebas asruleben,

romelic ufro metad ufros TaobaSia popularuli.2

md. Tergis marcxena napirze mdebareobs sof.

fanSeti, xevis erT-erTi Zveli dasaxleba. soflis

CrdiloeTiT SemorCenilia Zveli nasaxlari, romel-

sac Zvel fanSets uwodeben da aq sasoflo dReobebs

marTaven. fanSets mniSvnelovani roli ekisreboda

Tergis xeobis marcxena sanapiros dacvaSi. fanSet-

1 Ibid, iToniSvili, 193. 2 sofio biwaZe, religiuri dResaswaulebi xevSi, xelnawe-ri, sadoqtoro disertacia (Tbilisi, 2015), 83-84 .

260

gergetis saZovrebis sazRvarze SemorCenilia nasax-

larebi da saqonlis sadgomi bakis naSTebi. gadmoce-

miT aq cxovrobdnen wminda samebis amSenebeli kala-

tozebi, romlebic aqedan gayvanili `saxarmarxile~

gziT ezidebodnen qvas eklesiis asaSeneblad. fanSe-

tis Zveli dasaxleba ConiaSvilebis da samqanaSvile-

bis sagvareulo koSkebis irgvliv iyo gaSenebuli.

sagvareulo koSki hqondaT sofelSi mcxovreb sabau-

rebsac.1

fanSetis CrdiloeTiT, yazbegis gzaze, Sveul

kldeSi gamokveTilia e. w. `codvilT qoxebi~, sadac

beTlemis savanis berebi izamTrebdnen. fanSetis Semo-

garenSi, Cxetis mTaze, fanSetis da mezobeli sofle-

bis mosaxleobis saxizari iyo.2

fanSetis mosaxleobas ConiaSvilebi, samqanaSvi-

lebi da sabaurebi warmoadgendnen. soflis saloca-

vebi iyo kavTis wminda giorgi da yvelawmindis xati.

kavTis wminda giorgis samqanaSvilebi locu-

lobdnen. samqanaSvilebi Zirad calqalamaniZeebi yo-

filan da kavTisxevSi wminda giorgis xats locu-

lobdnen. samqanaSvilebis winapari, gabriel calqa-

lamaniZe yofila. gabriels Zma hyolia avadmyofi,

omianobis dros daWrila da momkvdara. mRvdeli mo-

sula dasalocad, am dros sacecxluri moxvedria

micvalebulis sakaces da saxeze Sehyria. dedakacebi

atirebulan, mRvdelma giorgi moklao. gabrieli

mTvrali yofila, amouRia dambaCa, daurtyams

mRvdlisaTvis da mouklavs. amis Semdeg gamoqceula

sionSi coliTa da SvilebiT. eqvsi suli gadmosulan.

SemTxveviT gzaSi ivane Cqareuls Sexvedrian. ivanes

gamoukiTxavs vin iyo da saidan modioda. gabrielis

1 Ibid, sZa, 478.A 2 Ibid, 478.

261

ambavi rom Seityo, daxmarebas dapirebia, Semdgom ki

damoyvrebulan.

amgvarad, kavTis wminda giorgi samqanaSvilebis

xatia, kavTisxevidan gadmotanili. kavTis wminda gi-

orgis dekanozi samqanaSvilia. gadmocemiT, rodesac

gabrieli kavTisxevidan modioda, xmiadi gamoucxvia

da Sig wminda giorgis vercxlis jvari mouTavsebia.

xmiadi uCvenebia xalxisaTvis – amis meti araferi ara

maqvso.

kavTis wminda giorgis xatis miwebi hqonda, ro-

melsac rigrigobiT amuSavebdnen. moriges mnaTes

eZaxdnen. vinc miwas moxnavda, axalwels samRvTos ga-

daixdida.1

kavTis wminda giorgi soflidan samxreT-dasav-

leTiT, mTazea agebuli. igi naSenebia fiqliTa da ri-

yis qviT, mSrali wyobiT. nagebobis mTavari fasadi

CrdiloeTidanaa. kedelSi patara TaxCaa. erTi TaxCa

samxreT-aRmosavleTiTaa. dasavleTis kedelSi Cadgmu-

lia mrgvalRrmuliani oTxkuTxa qva, romelSic Camag-

rebulia qvis jvari. salocavis Crdilo-dasavleTiT

saufrosoa.2

fanSetSi kavTobas lomisobis meore kviris bo-

los aRniSnavdnen.3

soflis mcxovrebni salocavSi wina dRes san-

Tlebs anTeben da loculoben. meore dRes diasaxli-

sebs erbo-yveliani qada miaqvT da salocavTan Wrian.

qadis daWris dros sasmels svamen. salocavSi sami

sanTeli, erTi boTli arayi an Rvino aucileblad

unda miitanon. Tu SeTqmuli aqvT, dResaswaulze saR-

vTo saklavs klaven. dekanozi pirutyvis dakvlis win

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 2 Ibid, sZa, 479. 3 Ibid, iToniSvili, 196.

262

locvas kiTxulobs, salocavis niSTan anTebuli san-

TliT marjvena yurs Seutrusavs, marjvena mxarze gu-

laRma wamoaqcevs, ojaxis wevrebs (Semwirvelebs) da-

locavs da daklavs.

pirutyvis Tavs iqve salocavSi toveben. saRvTo

saklavis xorcs sagangebod mxolod misTvis gamoyo-

fil qvabSi xarSaven da sadResaswaulo sufrasTan

langrebiT Camoatareben. xorci mxolod ixarSeba,

misgan sxva kerZi ar mzaddeboda. sufrasTan sanTels

dekanozis an gvaris ufrosis win anTeben. diasaxli-

sebi sxvadasxvagvar kerZebs Aamzadeben. salocavSi qa-

daa mTavari namcxvari, sufrasTan ki xabiZgina _

mxlovani moaqvT, romelic yvela sofelSi sxvadas-

xvanairad mzaddeba. sadResaswaulo sufris mraval-

ferovneba ojaxis, gvaris SesaZleblobazea damokide-

buli. saqeifod SuadRispirs damsxdari fanSetlebi

saRamomde ilxenen, mRerian da cekvaven.1

Tergis marcxena napirze mdebareobs sofeli ya-nobi. saistorio wyaroebSi sofeli XIV saukunidan

moixsenieba. igi sveticxovlis kuTvnileba iyo.

sofelSi Zveli gvarebia: kobiaSvili, WialaSvi-

li, iToniSvili, agreTve tatiSvili, kurkumuli, var-

diSvili, aidariSvili da sxv.

yanobis salocavebi iyo mTavarangelozis (Ta-

rangelozis) xati, aryovnis wminda giorgi, kvire (kvi-

reRvTiSvili).

aRdgomidan ori kviris Semdeg, kvira dRes kvi-

raZloba modioda, aRniSnavdnen rogorc gazafxulis,

ise Semodgomis giorgobas (givargobas), Tarangelo-

zoba ki petre-pavlobidan ori kviris Semdeg _ 26 iv-

liss.2

1 Ibid, biwaZe, 115. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe.

263

aryonis wminda giorgi soflis samxreTiT go-

rakze mdebareobs. salocavi oTxkuTxa svetis msgavsi

masiuri nagebobaa, naSenebia fiqlis da riyis qviT,

mSrali wyobiT. mTavari fasadi aRmosavleTiTaa. am

mxares mowyobilia oTxkuTxa TaxCa. niSs Tavze adgas

qvis jvari, romelsac bazaltis bazisi aqvs. niSica

da qvis jvaric SeTeTrebulia kiriT.

imave saxelwodebis niSi soflis SuaSic dgas.

Senoba oTxkuTxa prizmis formisaa, nagebia fiqali

qviT, mSrali wyobiT. mTavari fasadi CrdiloeTiTaa.

amave kedelSi datanebulia sworkuTxa TaxCa.

TaxCaSi asvenia liTonis xati. masze gamosaxu-

lia mxedari jvriT xelSi. mxedars garSemouyveba

mzis Svidi gamosaxuleba. maT Soris warweraa: `aryo-

nis wminda giorgi~. aqve Zevs bizantiuri formis ori

jvari da rusulwarweriani zari. niSs fiqlis gala-

vani aqvs.

niSis SukunaSi 60-ian wlebSi nanaxi iqna agreTve

xis CarCoze damagrebuli firfitebi wmindanTa gamo-

saxulebiT: 1. wminda giorgi laxvravs gveleSaps (ori

erTnairi gamosaxuleba); 2. rozeti, Sig oTxi rkalis

gamosaxulebiT; 3. gaurkveveli xati. qveda firfitaze

amokawruli iyo ramdenime striqonad warwera:

I str. :`kobis wminda

II str.: giorgi

III str.: yanobelTa

IV str.: da xurTel

V str.: Ti~

Semdeg mzis gamosaxuleba da qvemoT kvlav war-

wera or striqonze:

I str.:~gakeTebuli

II str.: 1889 w.~

264

aqve xis CarCos dakruli hqonda firfita warwe-

riT: `blaRoCin dekanozis giorgi guTov aRuzoni-

sad~ (gutovi yofila blaRoCini, romelsac aRuzi

hyolia Svili).

aqve ido firfita warweriT `1889~.1

amave sofelSi, mTavarangelozTa eklesiis sam-

xreT-aRmosavleTiT dgas kidev erTi sakulto Zegli,

saxelwodebiT wminda giorgis xati, kvirike. (soflis

erT-erTma mcxovrebma mas kvire uwoda). igi nagebia

bazaltisa da fiqlis qviT, aseve mSrali wyobiT. ni-

Si kuburi formis masiuri nagebobaa da dgas fiqli-

Ta da riyis qviT nageb postamentze. niSis mTavari

fasadi Crdilo-dasavleTiTaa. amave kedelSia TaxCa.

niSs Tavze adgas qvis jvari. jvars cali mxare

Camomtvreuli aqvs. jvarTan Camagrebulia droSa

TeTri feris mitklis naWriT.2

gazafxulis giorgobas yanoblebi xurTiseleb-

Tan erTad aRniSnavdnen. sakadrisi maspinZlobisTvis

sofeli yanobi gamoyofda sam-oTx ojaxs, romelTac

evalebodaT kuratis yidva. yanobis salocavidan xats

rom gamoabrZanebdnen, mas jer xurTisSi miabrZaneb-

dnen, Semdeg iqidan isev yanobSi mobrundebodnen. Ta-

vis mxriv qurTiseli mlocvelebic yanobisken gamoe-

marTebodnen, romelTac yanoblebi xvdebodnen yelze

zarSebmuli kuratiT. orive soflis mkvidrni xats

miabrZanebdnen kobSi, sadac maT saxnavi mamulebi

hqondaT. kobSi iqauri osebi umaspinZlebdnen. yanobSi

dabrunebisas kvires xatSi kurats daklavdnen. Ramis-

Teva ewyoboda aidaraSvilebis saxlSi. dReoba sam-

oTx dRemde grZeldeboda.3

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 2 Ibid, sZa, 486. 3 Ibid, iToniSvili, 172.

265

Semodgomis giorgobaze sofeli sam saubno mna-

Ted iyo dayofili. erTi saubno mnaTisaTvis klav-

dnen or fuTamde wonis yoCs. daklebul wonas erbos

daawonidnen. arayic mxolod xarisxiani miiReboda.

yvela sxva xarjic mnaTisa iyo. gvarebis mixedviT xu-

Ti mnaTe iyo. sagvaro mnaTes evaleboda 1 Wedila da

yvela sxva xarji. Tu sasmeli daakldebodaT, kom-

lobriv agrovebdnen. mnaTeoba morigeobiT imarTebo-

da. maspinZlobda is, vinc xatis yanebs xnavda.1

`givargobas yana hqonda. im yanas moxnavdes da

yanis momxnavma samxTos gadaxda icodes. givargobas

yana ho hqonda, magram mainc krefdian maTariT qersa

an rasac vin miscemda... mere imas [maTariT mokrefil

marcvleuls] gayiddes da sasoflo saklavs iyiddes

_ an cxors, an xbos. Txas ara, ar iyiddnen. mere dak-

vlian da samxTos imiTi gaakeTebdes. saklavi sasof-

lo iyo, gastexels ki mlocveli moitanda [xatSi].

givargobis yanas or-ori komli xnavda. [kvireZlobis

mnaTeebi ar moxnavdnen am yanas].

gamoxdidnen arays. givargobas eqvsi Tungi arayi

unda mietanaT xatSi mnaTeebs... givargoba RamisTeviT

iyo. xan erT kviramdec ki gastanda qeifi uwin. erTi

kvira mzadebas maundebodiT uwin~.2

`xatis yana hqonda givargobas erTi dRiuri. im

adgils siTarxnes eZaxoden. im yanas movxnavdiT. or-

ori komli xnavda mag xatis yanasa... xuTSabaT dRes

dadgamda mnaTe araysa. sifrosaTvis dadgamda. samxTo

moxeurad aris sifro. meore mnaTe SabaTs dadgamda

araysa. ori-sami kaci amoirCeoda, romlebic mouvli-

den sifrosa. araysac eseni mouvlides. mnaTeebisas

mividodnen. Tu cecxlze ar daxvdebodaT arayi [ese

1 Ibid, 173. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe.

266

igi Tu arays ar xdida mnaTe daniSnul dRes], im

arays aRar miiRebdnen. saidanac undoda, iqidan unda

mietane mnaTes axali arayi. orive mnaTes mitanili

xorci cal-calke unda awoniliyo. romelsac daak-

ldeboda, erbo unda deewona imas. siTarxnes ferxisa

icodes. mRerodnen `dideba RmerTo~-s.1

sofeli xurTisi (Zveli saxelwodeba _ WeJe) md.

Tergis marcxena napirze. sofeli XV saukunisaTvis

ukve dasaxlebuli iyo. igi moixsenieba gergetel say-

drisSvilTa sabuTSi. soflis saxelwodebisa da da-

saxlebis Sesaxeb arsebobs gadmocema, romlis mixed-

viTac moxeve xurTis sami vaJi hyolia, romlebsac

aukliaT stefanwmindelebi. maT TavianTive deidaSvi-

lebi gasworebian, ris Semdegac xurTis ojaxis qale-

bi mcirewlovani bavSviT Tergs gaRma dasaxlebulan.

bavSvsac xurTi rqmevia da axali soflisTvisac xur-

Ti daurqmeviaT.2

xurTisSi Semdegi gvaris xalxi saxlobs: tuCaS-

vili, Cqareuli, wiklauri, badaSvili, qemaSvili, Co-

CiSvili. sofelSi gansakuTrebiT aRniSnavdnen gior-

gobas, kviresZlobas da petre-pavlobas.

xurTisidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mxares, zRvis

donidan 2115 m-ze, mdebareobs wminda giorgis eklesia.

60-iani wlebisaTvis igi sanaxevrod Caqceuli iyo. ek-

lesia bazilikuri tipisa iyo. nagebia qva-kiriT. Crdi-

loeTis mxares midgmulia kldeze, xolo samxreTisa

da dasavleTis kedlebi zed kldis pirzea amoyvani-

li, rac nagebobas am mxareebidan sruliad miuvals

xdis. mTavari fasadi aRmosavleTis mxaresaa. aq data-

nebuli aqvs oTxkuTxa formis Sesasvleli, romelic

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 2 Ibid, sZa, 488.

267

SigniTa mxarisken farTovdeba. karis Tavze, rogorc

garedan, ise Signidan devs kedlis wyobaSi Catanebu-

li uzarmazari grZeli qvebi. Sesasvlelis marjvena

mxares kedelSi Camagrebulia rkinis anjami karis da-

samagreblad. amave mxaresaa saurdule xvreli. nage-

bobis saxuravi Caqceulia, savaraudod gadaxurva or-

ferda iyo. iataki mofenili iyo CaSlili qvebiTa da

xis naWrebiT. dasavleTis mxris kedeli ufro viwroa,

vidre aRmosavleTisa. orive kedeli centrisken awve-

rilia. viwro kedelSi datanebulia saSualo zomis

sarkmeli, romelic SigniT ufro ganieria, gareTa

mxrisken ki TandaTan viwrovdeba. sarkmlis qvemoTa

nawili safexurebad eSveba dabla. sarkmlis marcxena

mxares, kedlis Selesil nawilze adamianis xelis

mtevania amoRaruli. samxreTis kedelSi datanebuli

aqvs erTi Sukuna, xolo CrdiloeTis mxarisaSi ki

oTxi: sami qvemoT (aqedan ori kedlis Sua nawilSi),

erTi ki zemoT, SesasvlelTan axlos. wminda giorgis

eklesiis gverdiT, CrdiloeTis mxares, dgas maRali,

samxreTis mxares momrgvalebuli formis cixe, ro-

melsac giorgobis cixes, xatis cixes eZaxian.1

xurTisSive mdebareobs Zlevis wminda givargis

xati da qaSeTis anu balRebis xati, romelic aseve

wminda giorgis xats warmoadgens.

qaSeta soflidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, tyeTa-

naSi, borcvze mdebareobs. xati oTxkuTxa prizmis

msgavsi yru nagebobaa, romelsac samxreT-dasavleTis

kuTxe momrgvalebuli aqvs. naSenia riyis didi qviT,

mSrali wyobiT. samxreT kedelSi, miwis piras, mowyo-

bilia oTxkuTxa TaxCa. qaSetobas dResaswauloben ga-

zafxulze, kvira dRes.2

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 2 Ibid, sZa, 489.

268

savaraudod qaSeta qaSveTis damaxinjebuli for-

maa, miT umetes, rom salocavi wminda giorgis ukav-

Sirdeba.1

xurTisisaTvis givargoba gamorCeulad mniSvne-

lovani dResaswauli iyo, gazafxulis giorgobas

xurTisi da yanobi erToblivad aRniSnavdnen. SabaTs

yanobis eklesiidan gamoabrZanebdnen wminda giorgis

xats da miabrZanebdnen xurTisis cixesTan mdebare

patara eklesiaSi. xalxis damwyalobnebis Semdeg di-

debais simReriT yanobisaken gaemarTebodnen. yanoble-

bi soflis mier nayidi kuratiT miegebebodnen. mis

dakvlamde RamisTeva icodnen. meore dilas xats so-

fel kobSi miabrZanebdnen, sadac mTeli Trusos mo-

saxleoba daxvdeboda. es didi Tavyriloba imiT iyo

gamowveuli, rom wminda giorgis did sabrZanisad ko-

bi iTvleboda da amitom dReobac saTemo xasiaTs

atarebda. kuratis dakvlis Semdeg samxTo imarTebo-

da. paralelurad xurTiselebi cixesTan mdgar ekle-

siasTan klavdnen SeTqmul saklavebs da sawuleebs.

kobSi xurTiss wminda giorgis saxelze ori dRiuri

saxnavi miwa hqonda. Semdeg xurTiselebma yana kobe-

lebs gadasces kuluxis gadaxdis pirobiT. amis Sesa-

bamisad rodesac xurTiselebi kobSi RamisTeviT ga-

diodnen, kobelebi maT komlobrivi morigeobiT mas-

pinZlobdnen.2

xurTisis yvelaze didi dReoba petrepavloba

iyo. aRiniSneboda Zv. stiliT mkaTaTvis 29- Si. xurTi-

sis wveris sabrZanisSi aris Zlevis wminda giorgis

xati. adre iq midiodnen, saklavsac iq daklavdnen da

dReobasac iq marTavdnen. dekanozi xalxs amwyalob-

nebda. zogi RamisTeviT midioda, zogi meore dRes.

1 Ibid, biwaZe, 123. 2 Ibid, iToniSvili, 176-177.

269

aqedan xalxi eklesiaSi ikribeboda. Semdeg es ekle-

sia bolSevikebma daangries da misi qvebiT skola aa-

Senes. naeklesiarZe Semdeg Zlevis wminda giorgis ni-

Si dadges. aq saklavi bevri ikvleboda. xurTisidan

da yanobidan wasuli xalxic Camodioda. samxTos wve-

ris sofeli ixdida. ufro didi samxvTo Zlevis wmin-

da giorgis sabrZanisSi imarTeboda. misi mindori

ferxisas da abarbares Sesrulebasac xels uwyobda.1

wminda giorgis saxelze yanebi iyo Sewiruli. im

pirebs, romlebic xatis miwebs xnavdnen, mnaTes mova-

leobis Sesruleba evalebodaT. wminda giorgis sa-

xelze Sewirul yanebs morigeobiT xnavda or-ori

komli. amaTgan erTi komli mnaTeobas ixdida saaxal-

welod, meore ki aRdgomas. mnaTes evaleboda saklavi,

sasmeli da sufrisaTvis saWiro sxva sanovage.

Zvelad soflebs fxelSes, goriscixes da tyar-Sets saerTo salocavi _ mamawmindis xati hqoniaT.

tyarSetlebs da goriscixelebs saerTo niSi aqvT. ma-

Ti dReoba ivnisis bolo ricxvebSia. sabrZanisi go-

riscixeSia. goriscixis xatebia ruxis mamawminda, ci-

xemcavi mamawminda, wveris mamawminda, qalTa saloca-

vi.2

tyarSetSi eklesiis nangrevebia SemorCenili.

aRniSnuli sami soflis saerTo dResaswauli saad-

gilmamulo davis Semdeg moiSala. ZiriTadi saloca-

vebi fxelSesa da goriscixes darCa, tyarSetSi ki ma-

mawmindis salocavi niSi moiwyes boyovinaSi.3

1 Ibid, 177. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 3 Ibid, iToniSvili, 180.

270

fxelSeSi kviraZloba icodnen. qalTa xati iyo,

romelsac dayaWuls eZaxdnen. kviraZloba ZiriTadad

Svilierebas ukavSirdeboda.1

kacebis salocavia wminda giorgis xati, romlis

magivradac Semdeg aaSenes wminda giorgis patara say-

dari. iqve avedrebdnen bavSvebs, patarZlebs, qal-dis-

wuls. aq aRdgomas erToblivad ixdidnen fxelSele-

bi da goriscixelebi. SabaT saRamos gamoabrZanebdnen

wminda giorgis xats. kvira dilas saklavs daklav-

dnen. bavSvebs jer wminda giorgiSi alocebdnen aR-

dgomas, Semdeg ki mamawmindobas alocebdnen.2

fxelSeSi xatis yanebi wminda giorgis saxelze

iyo Sewiruli. xatis yanebi hqondaT eloSvilebs da

Cqareulebs. eloSvilebs yana Sewiruli hqondaT wmin-

da giorgis da lomisis saxelze (rasac imiTi xsnid-

nen, rom eloSvilebi lomisis wildebulad iTvle-

bodnen), Cqareulebs ki wminda giorgis saxelze.3

tyarSetSi SemorCenili iyo eklesiis nangrevebi

– mamawmindis salocavi. garda amisa kvire, sadac kvi-

resZloba imarTeboda da beri wminda givargi, sadac

salocavad yvelierSi midiodnen.

amaRlebas maisuraZeebi da Cabakaurebi karkuCaSi,

yananazis wminda giorgis xatSi midiodnen nadarba-

zevSi. karkuCis napiras jixvisa da irmis rqebiT Sem-

kuli niSia. nadarbazevSi raWidan gadmosaxlebuli

maisuraZeebi cxovrobdnen.4

sioni erT-erTi uZvelesi dasaxlebaa xevSi da

strategiuli TvalsazrisiT didi mniSvneloba hqon-

da. aq TavdacviTi nagebobani adre Sua saukuneebidan-

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 3 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 4 Ibid, iToniSvili, 182, 184

271

ve Sendeboda. aq cxovrobdnen RuduSaurebi, kobaiZee-

bi, wamalaiZeebi, fajiSvilebi, daviTaSvilebi, kvir-

WiSvilebi, sisaurebi, seTuriZeebi, ojiSvilebi, wik-

laurebi. sionis salocavebi RvTismSobeli, sameba,

kvire da wminda giorgi iyo.

soflis maxloblad, riyeze, dgas wminda gior-

gis eklesia, romelic XVIII s-iT TariRdeba. Senoba

gegmiT kvadratulia, nagebia andezitis damuSavebuli

qviT. sworkuTxa Sesasvleli samxreTidanaa. Sesas-

vlelis marjvena mxares, qvaze, amokveTilia bizanti-

uri jvari. aqve kedelSi patara niSia. eklesia uafsi-

doa. aRmosavleT kedelSi gareTken Seviwroebuli Ta-

Rovani sarkmelia gaWrili. sarkmlis qvemoT mTliani

qvis trapezia. eklesias gars akravs yoriT nagebi ga-

lavani.1

giorgobas dResaswaulobdnen aRdgomidan mesame

kviras da ixdidnen wminda giorgis xatSi, romelic

mdebareobs soflis saTaveSi mindorSi. RamisTeva

icodnen xuTSabaTs an kviras, sadac SemorCenili iyo

Zveli eklesiis nangrevebi. RamisTevamde dekanozi sa-

Ramoxans RvTismSoblis eklesiidan gamoabrZanebda

wminda giorgis xats da daabrZanebda da daabrZaneb-

da wminda givargis xatSi. dekanozebi am salocavSi

rCebodnen, xalxi ki sofelSi brundeboda. RamisTe-

visTvis isev xatSi avidodnen. dekanozi xalxs orjer

amwyalobnebda, jer RvTismSoblis eklesiaSi, xolo

meored soflis pirdapir, e.w. SarigorasTan. RamisTe-

vis Semdeg yvela mxvewari miiyvanda saklavs _ ku-

rats an yoCs. Tan mihqondaT gastexeli da sanTeli.

aq alocebdnen im weliwads dabadebul bavSvebs. ma-

vedrebeli ojaxis diasaxlisi am droisaTvis gamoac-

xobda e.w. gasazdlis qadas. am qadas dekanozi daWri-

1 Ibid, sZa,470.

272

da da yvela damswres daurigebda asakis miuxedavad.

rac darCeboda, daurigebdnen im wels arCeul menaxi-

res, mejoges da meveles. sionidan gaTxovili qali

Tu salocavad bavSvs miiyvanda, saklavTan erTad mih-

qonda sanTeli, sasmeli da qada. qals Tan mohyvebod-

nen dedamTili da mamamTili. gasazdlis qadis motana

mas ar evaleboda. giorgoba xatSi daRamebamde

grZeldeboda da erTi dRe-Ramis Tavze dekanozis

damwyalobnebiT mTavrdeboda. sofelSi aRniSnavdnen

agreTve Semodgomis giorgobas.1

sofeli garbani Tergis marjvena napirze, mdina-

re terxenis SesarTavTan mdebareobs. sofeli xevis

erT-erTi uZvelesi dasaxlebaa. masze gamavali gzis

gamo am sofels didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. soflis

zemoT terasebze nasaxlarebi sCans, romelsac Zvel

garbans uwodeben. mewyerisa da zvavis gamo mosaxle-

oba Tergis piras dasaxlebula da am axal dasaxle-

bas qvemo garbani ewoda. garkveuli drois Semdeg da-

saxlebas ufro zeviT auwevia. Sua saukuneebSi sofe-

li CarTuli iyo xevis saTavdacvo sistemaSi.2

garbanis salocavTa Sorisaa mindvris wminda gi-

orgis xati, wveris (semRis) wminda giorgis xati,

wminda giorgis eklesia, cixemcavi angelozi (sadac

giorgobas zeimoben).

wminda giorgis eklesia IX-X saukuneebiT TariR-

deba. 1968-1970 wlebSi Catarda eklesiis saremonto-sa-

restavracio samuSaoebi. ganaxlda eklesiis kamara,

konqi, kedlebisa da galavnis dangreuli nawilebi.

eklesiis aRmosavleTLfasadze SemorCenilia nusxuri

warwera `wdi gvrgis uqru~. savaraudod aqedan momdi-

nareobs eklesiis saxelwodeba `oqros beberi (beri)

1 Ibid, iToniSvili, 188. 2 Ibid, sZa, 442.

273

wminda givargis eklesia~. eklesia dgas soflis gana-

piras, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT. eklesia darbazulia

(14,5 X 7,2 m.), agebulia Tlili qvis horizontaluri

rigebiT. aqvs ori Sesasvleli – samxreTidan da da-

savleTidan. orive kari garedan sworkuTxaa, SigniT

TaRovani. CrdiloeTis kedlis aRmosavleT nawilSi

kari iyo, mogvianebiT amoSenebuli da niSad gadakeTe-

buli. am kariT eklesia Crd. minaSens ukavSirdeboda.

am karis dasavleTis wirTxlze amokawrulia Znelad

wasakiTxi nusxuri warwera. eklesiis afsidi naxevar-

wriulia, aseTive iyo misi konqis TaRi da kamarac.

konqis TaRs mxolod samxreT imposti da masze

dayrdnobili TaRis qusli SemorCa. impostebis done-

ze, afsidis mxrebTan, mcired Sverili TiTo konso-

lia, romlebzec sabjeni TaRi iyo gadayvanili. ekle-

siis iatakis mimarT sami safexuriT SemaRlebuli sa-

kurTxevlis baqani afsidis mimarT ramdenadme winaa

wamoweuli. aRmosavleT, dasavleT da CrdiloeT ked-

lebSi TiTo TaRovani sarkmelia, samxreTisaSi _ ori.

eklesiis fasadebi sxvadasxva feris Tlili swor-

kuTxovani qvebis Tarazuli rigebiTaa nawyobi. dasav-

leTis sarkmlis gadamxurav qvas adgas patara momwva-

no feris kvadratuli qva, romelzec amokveTilia

grexili lilvis wriul CarCoSi Casmuli tolmkla-

vebiani da boloebgafarToebuli jvris gamosaxule-

ba. taZris kedlebze daqaragmebuli asomTavruli da

nusxuri warwerebia. eklesias samxreTidan da Crdi-

loeTidan minaSenebi ekvris. CrdiloeTis minaSens ek-

lesiis CrdiloeTis kedlis daaxloebiT ori mesame-

di uWiravs da gegmiT sworkuTxaa. samxreTis minaSe-

nisagan fragmentebia SemorCenili. igi eklesiis sam-

xreTis kedels mTel sigrZeze ekvroda. Tlili qviT

274

nagebi oTxkuTxa moxazulobis galavnisagan ki frag-

mentebia darCenili.1

cixemcavi angelozi mdinare terxenis xevis mar-

cxena napirze dgas. nageboba gegmiT oTxkuTxa da ze-

moTken Seviwroebuli masiuri nagebobaa, naSenia mowi-

Talo da TeTri qvebiT. garedan SeTeTrebulia kiriT.

nageboba dazianebulia. nawilobriv SemorCenilia

CrdiloeTis da dasavleTis kedlebi. dasavleTis ke-

delSi, kedlis marcxena mxares SeiniSneba mogrZo

formis SeRrmaveba, romelic zemoT TandaTan viwrov-

deba. SeRrmavebis marjvena kuTxeSi, qvebs Soris Ca-

magrebuli iyo patara TeTri mitklis sawiravi. nage-

bobis kedlebis ZirSi, miwispira qvebi nagebobis gare-

Taa gamoweuli da sayrdens warmoadgens. SigniT, nan-

grevebSi, miwidan daaxloebiT metrnaxevris simaRle-

ze miwayrilia, romelzec yria Camoqceuli kedlebis

qvebi. did qvebs Soris WaWis qvebic yria. salocavi

mTeli soflisa iyo da am xatSi giorgobas zeimoben.2

wveris (semRisas) wminda giorgis xati soflis

ganapirasaa da dangreulia. aq aTengenobas midiodnen

salocavad. SemorCenilia fiqlis qviT nagebi kedlis

fragmentebi.

mTeli sofeli midioda samxvewrod. alocvineb-

dnen patarZlebs da bavSvebs.3

wminda giorgis eklesiis dasavleTiT uzarmaza-

ri, nawilobriv naTali moxeurad kanWis qvebiT, mSra-

li wyobiT nagebi da kiriT SeTeTrebuli mindvris

wminda giorgis xatia. mindvris wminda giorgis xatis

nageboba warmoadgens kedels, romlis Tavzec devs

didi zomis fiqali. am ukanasknelze ki, Tavis mxriv,

1 Ibid, sZa, 443. 2 Ibid, sZa, 442; Ibid, bardaveliZe. 3 Ibid, bardaveliZe.

275

aRmarTulia erTiani qvisgan gaTlili qva-jvari, ro-

melic Semdegi nawilebisagan Sedgeba: qveda nawili

warmoadgens oTxkuTxa formis kvarcxlbeks, zeda ki

konusis formisaa. masze gamosaxulia wminda giorgi,

romelic gveleSaps laxvravs. am gamosaxulebis ze-

moT TaRovani ornamentia. ornamentis zemoT qva-jva-

ria, romelic viwrod adis oTxwaxnagovanad da gada-

dis bizantiuri formis jvaris gamosaxulebaSi.

jvarze mimagrebuli iyo TeTri bairaRi.

meore ornamentirebuli qva oTxkuTxa formisaa,

zemodan momrgvalebuli TaviT da Sig Casmuli pata-

ra qva-jvariT. cal mxares zedapirze kvadratuli

formis naTalia da zed mavTulis jvaria damagrebu-

li.

mesame qva gadaWrili oTxkuTxedis msgavsia. am

qvasac, rogorc winas, oTxkuTxedad aqvs CaWrili da

aseve mavTulis jvari aqvs Cadgmuli. zemodan adevs

ubralo qva, qvemoT ki Ffuli awyvia.

meoTxe qva jvaria, erTnairi zomis mxrebiT. Sua-

Si amoburculia, marcxniv ki xinWrikva aqvs. jvars

Tavze adevs mogrZo oTxkuTxa formis qva, romlis

zedapirzec amoqandakebulia jvari. aqve Camagrebulia

droSa. meore droSa moTavsebulia qveda did jvarsa

da zemodan dadebul qvas Sua. aqve dayudebulia ek-

lesiis Tavidan movardnili ornamentirebuli qva.

iseve rogorc xatis kedeli, aq aRwerili yvela qva-

jvaric kiriTaa SeTeTrebuli. kedlis Sua nawilSi,

TavTan ori Tujis jvaria SerWobili, erTi Sedare-

biT didi zomisa, meore ki patara. kedelSi Camagrebu-

lia eqvsi mitklis sakadrisi. xatis kedlis wyobaSi

kari Tu sarkmelia datanebuli.

276

xatis kedels dasavleTiT da samxreTiT saz-

Rvravs meore kedeli, romelic agreTve isevea nagebi

mSralad da SeTeTrebulia kiriT.

am kedlis Sua nawilTan didi zomis rkinis mi-

lia, romelic ovalurad aris gaWrili da qvemoT

amovsebulia. zemodan adevs fiqlis qva. aq dekanozi

akurTxebs da Wris qadebs. misgan dasavleTis mxare-

saa sasaklao qva, Sua nawilSi mrgvali RrmuliT, xo-

lo aRmosavleTiT xatis kedlis gaswvriv saufrosoa

mowyobili, Cveulebrivi fiqalis magidiT da mis

gverdze gayolebuli qvis dasajdomebiT.

mindvris wminda giorgis xatis gverdiT mdebare-

obs dafarebuli sajare. igi nagebia mSralad, aseve

didi zomis, nawilobriv naTali qvisgan. sajare geo-

metriuli kuTxis formisaa: jer samxreTis mxriskenaa

mimarTuli, Semdeg ki kuTxes akeTebs da dasavleTis

mxares gasdevs. dasavleTis mxares nageboba Riaa.

CrdiloeTis mxares ki kedelSi datanebuli aqvs oT-

xkuTxa formis sarkmeli. sajare dafarebulia. Crdi-

lo da samxreTis kedlebis Tavze gadebulia rkinabe-

tonis boZi. mis mopirdapired, kedlis Tavebze dawyo-

bilia xeebi, romlebzec ficrebia dalagebuli. ze-

modan gadaxurulia TunuqiT. sajares SigniT brtye-

li da mogrZo qvisagan gakeTebuli skamebi da magi-

daa. sarkmlis gaswvriv mowyobilia kera. keris ukan

patara Sukunaa kedelSi datanebuli. aqve awyvia ram-

denime Tunuqis jami da kedelze Camokidebulia spi-

lenZis Tungi. Tungis gverdiT, marcxniv, kedelSi

aris Sukuna, sadac awyvia Tasebi da aluminis TefSe-

bi.

mTxrobelTa sityviT, mindvris wminda giorgis

gverdze gadafarebuls darbazs eZaxdnen. daSlila

277

da Semdeg axlad gadauxuravT. aq giorgobas ixdid-

nen.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom garda ukve aRwerili

mindvris wminda giorgis xatis darbazSi mowyobili

saufrososi, saufroso aseve iyo garbnis wminda gi-

orgis eklesiis SigniTac. nagebobis mTel sigrZeze,

trapezis amaRlebul adgilamde gawyobili iyo didi

zomis, daaxloebiT oTxkuTxa formis qvebi. erTi maT-

gani, SuaSi, grZeli da viwro, magidaa, romlis gas-

wvriv, aqeT-iqiT ewyo qvis dasajdomebi.

garbnis wminda giorgis eklesiaSi 60-ian wlebSi

eqspediciis wevrebma naxes xis yuTi, romelSic ido:

spilenZis jvarcma slavuri warweriT, Tunuqis xatis

nawili da bavSvebis mier gakeTebuli ori `xati~, er-

Ti biWisa da meore ki qalis. erT-erTi xati warmoad-

gens joxze Semokrul ferad naWrebs, romelzedac

ukve Semdeg damagrebulia aseve uamravi sxvadasxva

feris naWeri – xaverdi, CiTi, abreSumi, flaneli. aq-

vea brWyviala qvebisgan gakeTebuli samkauli, uamravi

mZivi, Rilebi, Tunuqis jvari, mZivebisa da Rilebis

ramdenime asxma, TiTbris ori JRaruna da spilenZis

ori zari. meore aseTive `xati~ aseve Semkulia uamra-

vi feradi naWriT. aqvea jvari, xmlis vadis Tavis mo-

sevadebuli vercxlis nawili, uamravi zanzalaki, za-

rebi, JRarunebi, Taflis sanTeli, sxvadasxvagvari

mZivebi. yuTSi eyara Rilebi, mZivebi. fulebi, makrat-

lis nawilebi, sanTeli, feradi lentebi da naWrebi,

albaT CaSlili `xatebidan~. yuTSive ido gadatexili

Sandali, spilenZis Tasebi _ patara dazianebuli Ta-

si, meore ufro didi zomisa, mesame tariani Tasi, me-

oTxe fexiani. aqve iyo spilenZis ori dazianebuli

Wiqa. garda amisa vercxlis movarayebuli da yvavilis

ornamentiani Tasi warweriT da vercxlis fexiani

278

sasmisi warweriT. warwerebidan Cans, rom orive Sewi-

ruli iyo wminda givargisaTvis, fexiani sasmisi simon

gegoiZis mier.

wminda giorgis didi tye hqonda da iq xes aravin

moWrida. Tu sofels xis moWra surda, sofeli Seiy-

reboda, waiyvandnen saklavs, jvars gaitandnen, ilo-

cebdnen da ise moWridnen.

mindvris wminda giorgis yanebi hqonda. samxTos

orjer ixdidnen. erTxel did xuTSabaTs, meored gi-

orgobas saklavi, arayi, pur-marili vinc xatis miwas

amuSavebda, imisi iyo.

mindvris wminda giorgis xatis gverdze ido di-

di qva, saklavis sawoni. Tu xorci am qvis wonisa ar

gamovidoda, dekanozs erbo unda daematebina.1

garbanSi aRniSnavdnen rogorc gazafxulis, ise

Semodgomis giorgobas.

gazafxulis giorgobisaTvis ojaxobriv grovde-

boda arayi, yveli da gastexeli. giorgobis wina kvi-

ras icodnen RamisTeva. erTi kviris Tavze xatebs ga-

moabrZanebdnen, Segrovili fuliT nayid xars eklesi-

is galavanSi daklavdnen. iqve daklavdnen mxvewaris

mier moyvanil saklavs, umTavresad am dReobisTvis

winaswar SeTqmul zvarakebs.2

sergi makalaTias mixedviT, garbanis wminda gi-

orgis xatoba aRdgomis mesame kviras icodnen.3

garbanis mTavar dReobad Semodgomis giorgoba

anu Tavi giorgoba iTvleboda. es dReoba saTemo

dResaswauli iyo garbanelTa maspinZlobiT. am dros

xevis sxva soflebidan uamravi mxvewari modioda.

vidre garbanSi eklesias mTidan wamosuli zvavi da-

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 3 Ibid, makalaTia, 218.

279

angrevda, xatebic iq iyo dabrZanebuli. eklesiis dan-

grevis Semdeg xatebi sionis eklesiaSi gadaabrZanes,

magram Semdeg dakargula.

garbanis wminda giorgis xatobaze sionis ekle-

siidan gamoabrZanebdnen garbanis wminda giorgis ver-

cxlis xats, romelzec gamosaxuli iyo jvarcma,

RvTismSobeli yrmiT, wminda giorgi gveleSapis dam-

laxvreli, hqonda berZnuli warwera da qvemoT gri-

fonebiani arSia (xatis zoma 34 X 26 sm.). yovel mexu-

Te wels garbanelebi saerTo xarjiT kurats yidu-

loben da rodesac dekanozebi sionidan garbanis

wminda giorgis xats gamoabrZaneben, sionis tyesTan

am kurats miagebeben, muxls moiyrian da ityvian: wmin-

dao giorgi, es Seni sawiriao. kurats iqve gauSveben

da is, moxeveebis TqmiT, garbanis eklesiaSi Turme ga-

iqceva da iq ezoSi dadgeba an dawvebao. dekanozebi

garbanis eklesiaSi rom mividodnen, xalxs daamwya-

lobnebdnen: `didebulo garbanis wminda givargiv, Sen

gaumarjve amaT xar-guTans, molaSqre-monadires, Sin

mSvidoba mieci, kars gamarjveba, amaT qal qen vaJis

zedao~ da sxv. Semdeg kurats daklavdnen da xatobac

Cveulebrivi wesiT imarTeboda. gaSlidnen sufras da

sasmels svamdnen jixvis yanwebiT.1

eklesiis galavanSi saamisod gakeTebuli iyo

qvis skamebi da magidebi. am dReobaze gamohqondaT

jixvis ori yanwi, e.w. gamaxare da gamagore. stumarTa-

gan, vinc gamaxares gamoclida, karg gunebaze dadge-

boda e.i. gaixarebda. problema iyo meore yanwis _ ga-

magores gamocla. misi damlevi SeiZleba waqceuliyo,

ris gamoc mas gamagore Searqves. vinc gamaxares da-

levis Semdeg gamagoreze uars ityoda, imas garbane-

li zezamdgmurebi joxs daartyamdnen. TviTon garban-

1 Ibid, makalaTia, 218.

280

lebi orive yanwis dalevaze uars ambobdnen, radgan

maT, rogorc maspinZlebs, fxizlad yofna evalebo-

daT.

rogorc wesi, eklesiis galavanSi Sesvlamde ia-

raRs yvela Seixsnida da zezamdgmurebs Caabarebda,

rom simTvraleSi mosalodneli xifaTi Tavidan aeci-

lebinaT. zezamdgmurebi gzad gamvlelebsac epatiJe-

bodnen.1

garbanSi ori mnaTe iyo, erTi gelaZeebis gvari-

sa, meore danarCeni gvarebisa (gujaraiZe, quqiSvili,

xeTaguri, qojuri). orive mnaTes xatis yanebi hqonda

wminda giorgis saxelze. gelaZeebis xatis yanebi

calke iyo, xolo danarCeni gvarebisa erTad. orive

mnaTes oTxi samxvTo unda gadaexada (axali weli, aR-

dgoma, sTvlis givargoba, didi xuTSabaTi). TiToeu-

li mnaTe or dReobas ixdida. did xuTSabaTs da

sTvlis giorgobas klavdnen orfuTian yoCs. aRdgo-

mas da axalwels ki saklavi ar iwoneboda. Cveuleb-

riv klavdnen erT Wedilas an zoras. saklavs klav-

dnen mnaTes saxlSi. TiToeuli maspinZeli erTi dRe-

obisaTvis gamoxdida aT Tung arays.2

gergeti Tergis marcxena Senakadis, mdinare Cxe-ris marjvena napirze mdebareobs. igi xevis erT-erTi

Zveli dasaxlebaa. gaSenebulia darialis gzis mniS-

vnelovani monakveTis gaswvriv. igi CarTuli iyo xe-

vis Tavdacvis sistemaSi da icavda darialis gzas.

gergeti da misi samebis taZari ara marto xevis, ara-

med Crdilo kavkasiel qristianTa kulturul-reli-

giuri centric iyo. aq ara erTi mniSvnelovani Zeg-

lia. gergetis midamoebSia qviSaqviani udabno `nabe-

ralni~. gadmocemiT aq mdgara mcire eklesia, sacxov-

1 Ibid, iToniSvili, 191. 2 Ibid, iToniSvili,191.

281

rebeli qoxebi da qvis jvari. adgilobrivi mosaxleo-

bis rwmeniT, jvari aq andria pirvelwodebuls daud-

gams. gergeti 1966 wels daba yazbegs SeuerTda.1

gergeti upirveles yovlisa cnobilia gergetis

samebis eklesiis kompleqtiT. aqvea myinvarwveris

ferdobze mdebare beTlemis kompleqsi, Suasaukuneob-

rivi akldamebi, kvirikes niSi, ninowmindis niSi, yve-

lawmindis (qalebis)xati, agreTve wminda giorgis ek-

lesia da oxareSis wminda giorgis eklesia.

wminda giorgis eklesia savaraudod TariRdeba

adre Sua saukuneebiT igi soflis dasavleTiT, 1 km-

zea. eklesia darbazulia (4,5 X 2,3 m.). nagebia damuSa-

vebuli qvis didi kvadrebiT. wyoba mSralia.

interierSi Cans Selesilobis kvali. Sesasvle-

li samxreTis kedlis dasavleT nawilSi hqonda (amo-

qolilia), amJamad Sesasvleli dasavleTidanaa. kari

gadaxurulia qviT, romelzec amokveTilia boloebda-

totvili jvari. uafsido sakurTxeveli darbazisagan

erTi safexuriTaa amaRlebuli. aRmosavleT kedels

gasdevs fiqlis Taro (simaRle _ 90 sm., sigane _ 20

sm.). aRmosavleT da samxreT kedlis kuTxeebSi mowyo-

bilia niSi. samxreTis mxridan ekvris qvis mSrali

wyobiT nagebi minaSeni (dangreulia).

1972 wels Jinvalis arqeologiuri eqspediciis

xevis razmma minaSenTan miakvlia Tixis WurWlis

fragmentebs da sam samarxs. fragmentebic da samar-

xic ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebisaa. samarxebi qvi-

saa, koleqtiuri, uinventaro. damxrobilia samxreT-

aRmosavleTidan Crdilo-dasavleTisaken. micvale-

bulTa Zvlebi areulia.

eklesiis dasavleTiT 0,1 km-ze gaTxrilia amave

periodis akldama. igi gegmiT oTxkuTxaa. damxrobi-

1 Ibid, sZa.

282

lia aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken. nagebia qviSaq-

vis didi qvebiT. wyoba mSralia. akldama gadaxuru-

lia fiqlis filebiT. akldamaSi Casasvleli saxura-

vidanaa. gaZarcvulia. aRmoCnda ToTxmeti Tavis qala.1

oxareSis wminda giorgi mdebareobs sofel ger-

getidan dasavleTis mxares, verxvebis tyeSi. igi mog-

rZo oTxkuTxa formis Senobaa, didi qvebiT mSralad

nagebi. SigadaSig kedlebis wyobaSi Catanebulia Ffi-

qali qvac. Senobis saxuravi da kedlebi nawilobriv

CaSlilia. mTavari fasadi nagebobas unda hqonoda

dasavleTis mxares. am mxares unda hqonoda Sesasvle-

li, magram aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom samxreTis ke-

delSic Cans amJamad amoSenebuli kari Tu sarkmeli,

sworkuTxa formis, viwro. sarkmlis sawinaaRmdegod

laparakobs is, rom igi Zalian dablaa datanebuli,

xolo Sesasvlelis sawinaaRmdegod is, rom igi viw-

roa. sarkmlisa Tu karis Tavis qva ornamentirebulia.

gamosaxulia jvari, romelsac frTebi kvlav dajva-

ruli aqvs. jvari Casmulia naxevarsferoSi. Crdiloe-

Tis mxaris kedels aqa-iq kiris xsnaris kvali etyoba,

aRmosavleTis kedeli ki qveda nawilSi mTlianad ki-

riTaa Selesili. kiriT Selesili nawilis zemoT

kedlis mTel sigrZeze wyobodan gamoweulia fiqali

qva, SesaZlebelia sasanTled. es sasanTle dReisaT-

vis dazianebulia. sasanTlis zemoT kedlis mTel

sigrZeze, wyobaSi Catanebulia erTi mTliani basri

qva.

safiqrebelia, rom danarCeni zeda nawili gvian

aris restavrirebuli, daSenebuli. aqve, samxreTisa

da aRmosavleTis mxaris kedlebis kuTxeSi patara

Sukunaa datanebuli, romelic gaSvebulia sanTlebis

alisagan.

1 Ibid, sZa, 449.

283

nagebobis aRmosavleTis mxares iataki aweulia

didi, oTxkuTxa formis qvebis wyobiT, rac badebs

azrs, rom aq unda yofiliyo sakurTxeveli. kankelis

kvali mas ar amCnevia.

es eklesiis msgavsi nageboba meoradi unda iyos,

xalxis mier gvian agebuli. Tavdapirvelad unda yo-

filiyo ufro didi zomis Senoba da ufro kapitalu-

ri. amaze miuTiTebs aRmosavleTis mxris kedlis gag-

rZeleba samxreTis mxrisaken. es gagrZeleba nagebi

unda yofiliyo kargad gaTlili msxvili qvebiT.

kidev ufro gviani droisa Cans aRmosavleTis

mxaris kedlis Tavze dayudebuli patara qva-jvara,

romelsac qvemoTa nawili _ fexi ufro grZeli uCans

da gverdiTi, frTebi ufro patara, Tu isini ar aris

momtvreuli iseve, rogorc jvris Tavis nawili.

oxareSis wminda giorgis xati wiklaurebis (eg-

vieT) salocavi yofila.

sujaSvilebis eklesias gergetSi kuTaras eZax-

dnen. markozianis salocavi karis wminda giorgi iyo

(gadmocemiT markozi mRvdeli yofila, markozs yavda

Svilebi, romelTagan erT-erTs kuTara rqmevia da ku-

Taris eklesiaSi yofila dasaflavebuli).

aqve yofila oxareSis wminda giorgis xatis sa-

Tibebi da saxnavi miwa. am miwas morigeobiT amuSave-

ben. adre dekanozi amuSavebda, romelic Tavis gvars

umaspinZldeboda saklaviT da sasmeliT. ukanasknel

wlebSi am xats saTibebi da miwa aRar aqvs, magram

morigeoba grZeldeba da, rogorc amboben, erTmaneTs

ejibrebian, rom xelT Caigdon es morigeoba. 60-iani

wlebisaTvis ori dekanozi morigeobda da ori sakla-

vi ikvleboda. morigesTan inaxeba xatis ganZi yuTiT.

Zveli dekanozi xatis ganZs gadascems xolme axals,

Tavis mxriv is Tavis Semcvlels da a.S. (aseve yofi-

284

la kvirikes xatSi, romelic CibaSvilebis (CibeT) sa-

locavi iyo, karis yvelawmindaSi, romelic sujaSvi-

lebis (narkozienis) xati iyo, TarangelozSi, rome-

lic kalovnis iqiT mdebareobda da qistaurebis sa-

locavi iyo). sayuradReboa, rom sagvaro salocavebis

garda aq, gergetSi damowmebulia sagvaro sasaflaoe-

bi.

oxareSis wminda giorgis qvemoT, aRmosavleTis

mxares, aris sasaflao, romelic wiklaurebis gvaris

ganStoebis, egvieT, sasaflaoa.

soflis CrdiloeTiT, 2 km-ze, myinvarwveris fer-

dobze, samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken ganStoebul beTle-

mis qedze mdebareobs beTlemis kompleqsi. gamokveTi-

lia andezitis kldeSi. gadmocemiT, romlis Sesaxe-

bac vaxuSti batoniSvili da ioane bagratoniSvilic

saubrobdnen, beTlemis qvabebSi mxolod iqidan gad-

moSvebuli rkinis jaWviT SeiZlebida asvla da iq

inaxeboda uflis akvani, abraamis karavi, usvetod da

usablod mdgomi da sxva saocrebani.

kompleqsis teritoriaze arqeologTa mier na-

povni iqna liTonis isrispirebi, Wraqebi, sasanTle,

sasmisis fragmentebi, vercxlis sakidebi da sxv., rom-

lebic, iseve rogorc kedelze amokveTili warweris

fragmentebi, TariRdeba X-XI saukuneebiT.

beTlemis Sesaxeb arsebul TqmulebaTagan erT-

erTi wminda giorgis saxels ukavSirdeba. myinvarwve-

ris aRmosavleTis ferdobze bunebrivi kldea, rome-

lic Soridan Tavisi moyvanilobiT wawolil grZel-

yura cxovels waagavs da mas gvelaSaps uwodeben.

gadmocemis mixedviT, rodesac gamarjvebebiT gaTavxe-

debulma amiranma qriste RmerTTanac Sejibreba moin-

doma, RmerTma igi amisaTvis myinvarwveris ferdobze

miajaWva. amiT undoda esargebla amiranis dauZinebel

285

mters gveleSaps, myinvaris wveridan gadmococda da

dabmul amirans SeWmas upirebda, magram misi es gan-

zraxva wminda giorgis gaugia da swrafad iq gaCeni-

la da gveleSapisTvis uTqvams: `SeCerdi, amirani

codvebis mosananieblad davabiT da ara Sens gasaZ-

Romado, mandve gaqvavdio.~ am sityvebze gveleSapi iq-

ve gaqvavebula.

moxeveebs beTlemis ori xati swamT da orive

Zlier xatad iTvleba. es aris myinvaris wminda givar-

gi da beTlemis yovladwminda. axlad SeZenil vaJs da

patarZals pirvelad beTlemis yovladwmindis niSTan

alocebdnen.

xedeniSis wminda giorgis xatobas mkaTaTvis 20

ricxvSi dResaswaulobdnen. xedeniSze naTqvamia: `gan-

jas TuSni cxenebs sWeden, iZaxian galobas/ bedniera

Seeswreba xedeniSTa jorobasa~-o.

xalxuri TqmulebiT xedeniSSi RviniT wvimda da

TeTri puriT Tovdao, magram erT ugunur dedakacs

xedeniSobas es adgili bavSvisaTvis waubilwinebia,

amaze xati gajavrebula da miwaSi Casula. xalxs iqa-

uroba gadauTxria, magram xati ver upoviaT. bolos

xats miwidan amouZaxnia: nu iRlebiT, ramden Toxs

dahkravT, imdenad miwis siRrmeSi Cavdivaro. am naT-

xars `gorais tbas uwodeben~ da igi did ormos war-

moadgens.1

semRisas (wm. giorgis) xati dgas s. gveleTis da-

savleTiT, mTis wverze, nagebia mozrdili zomis, uxe-

Sad damuSavebuli fiqliT duRabze. Senoba aRmosav-

leTidan dasavleTisken gafarToebuli oTxkuTxedis

formisaa. dazianebulia, saxuravi da kedlebis mniS-

vnelovani nawili Caqceulia.2

1 Ibid, s. makalaTia, 243. 2 Ibid, sZa, 452.

286

Wirs gadaxurvis formis aRdgena. sxva kedleb-

Tan SedarebiT kargadaa Semonaxuli kedeli Crdilo-

eTis mxares romlis sisqec gaocebas iwvevs. kedeli

nawilobriv duRabzea nagebi da Selesilia, rogorc

garedan aseve Signidanac. aRmosavleTis mxris kede-

li, iq sadac CrdiloeTis mxris kedels ebmis, aseve

Semonaxulia da am kedlis simaRles uTanaswordeba,

iq ki sadac samxreTis mxris kedelTan kuTxes unda

akeTebdes, Caqceulia. am kedelSi datanebuli unda

yofiliyo swori oTxkuTxa formis sakmaod mozrdi-

li sarkmeli. samxreTis mxris kedeli sanaxevrod,

xolo dasavleTisa mTlianad Caqceulia. mTavari fa-

sadi nagebobas unda hqonoda samxreTis mxares. Sesas-

vlelic aqedan unda yofiliyo. aq axlac etyoba er-

Ti mTliani qvisagan or safexurad gakeTebuli kibe.

safexurebi nagebobis SigniTa mxrisken eSveba. aqve,

SesasvlelTan, samxreTis mxris kedlis boloze fiqa-

li qvisgan dadgmuli oTxkuTxi formis sasanTle Su-

kunaa, romelsac fiqalis qvebze kiris xsnariT oTxi

jvari aqvs gamosaxuli. Sukuna axali gakeTebuli

Cans, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis mxris kedlebi odnav

win aris wamoweuli gansazRvruli adgilebidan.

nageboba SigniT mofenilia rogorc fiqali, ase-

ve Tlili qvebiT. Senobis nangrevebs Soris 1966

wlis xevis eTnografiuli eqspediciis wevrTa mier

napovni iyo mopirkeTebuli kedlis nangrevi, romel-

sac freskis kvali etyoboda.

salocavidan odnav qvemoT samxreTis mxares fi-

qali qviT mSralad nagebi ori oTxkuTxa, erTmaneTze

midgmuli nagebobaa, romlebsac erTmaneTTan gasas-

vleli akavSirebs.

mTxrobelTa sityviT semRisa zagaSvilebis sa-

locavi iyo mas sakuTari dReoba ar aqvs, radganac

287

igi niSea, Tumca uwin xalxi aRdgomaze (var.: axalkvi-

ras) adioda.1

zRvis donidan 1900 m. simaRleze mdebareobs sem-

xisais xati yazbegidan Crdilo aRmosavleTis mxares,

yodnis vakeze. es aris kldidan moglejil uzarma-

zar lodze didi fiqali da bazaltis qvisgan Tavda-

pirvelad mSralad nagebi, Semdgom ki karisa da fan-

jris RiobebSi kiriT gamagrebuli bazilika, rome-

lic 60-iani wlebisaTvis TiTqmis sruliad Camoqceu-

li iyo. SemorCenili iyo dasavleTis kedeli, romlis

moyvanilobis mixedviT SeiZleboda gvevarauda, rom

Senoba TaRovani iyo. mTavari fasadi dasavleTis mxa-

resaa, sadac datanebulia oTxkuTxa formis Sesas-

vleli. mis orive mxares kedelSi datanebulia oT-

xkuTxa formis Rrmulebi. dasavleTis kedlis wyoba-

Sivea Catanebuli da kedlidan gamoweulia fiqali

qva romelTagan Sua fiqali gaxvretilia. amave ke-

delSi, Sesasvlelis marjvena mxares datanebulia

oTxkuTxa niSi, romelSic sanTlis narCenebi Cans. Se-

sasvlelis win, mTavari fasadis mxares, im lodis

simaRleze, romelsac nageboba eyrdnoba, didi bazal-

tis qvebiTaa amoSenebuli da nagebobis win patara

moedans qmnis. aqve SeimCneva kibis safexurebis msgav-

si naSali.

SigniTa mxares nageboba mTlad Caqceulia. iata-

ki mofenilia uamravi qviT, romelTagan zogierTi mo-

pirkeTebulia.

aRmosavleTis kedelSi datanebuli iyo viwro

sarkmeli. samxreT dasavleTis mxris kuTxeSi sasan-

Tle niSia, sadac aseve Cans sanTlis namwvavebi.


288

nagebobis samxreTiT, lodis gverdiT, dgas fiqa-

li qvisgan nagebi yore – patara niSi. nagebobas aqvs

galavani. aqve, galavnis SigniT, iyo saZvale.1

semxisa ficxelaurebis da xaikaSvilebis salo-

cavia, magram aq mTeli sofeli iyrida Tavs. gansa-

kuTrebiT loculobdnen saqonlis gamravlebisaTvis.

semRisa an semxisa wminda giorgis salocavia.

rac Seexeba saxelwodebas, aq ramodenime varaudia ga-

moTqmuli – erTis mxriv mas ukavSireben xevsurul

somxos wm. giorgis, meores mxriv, mTxroblebi aRniS-

naven, rom swori forma semRisa ki ara emRisaa, am

SemTxvevaSi igi xevsureTs _ amRis wm. giorgis salo-

cavs ukavSirdeba.

da bolos xevis ori mTavari salocavidan erT-

erTis _ sparsangelozis Sesaxeb.

sparsangelozis xati mTis mwvervalze, daaxloe-

biT zRvis donidan 4000 metrze mdebareobs, Tergisa

da snos xeobaTa Sua. gza stefanwmindidan da snos

xeobidan adis. biliki Znelad asasvlelia, amitom, vi-

sac bolomde asvla ar SeuZlia, qvemoT arsebul

sparsangelozis niSTan loculobs.

wveris sparsangelozis kompleqsi mdebareobs

mdinare snoswylis marjvena napiras, TariRdeba gan-

viTarebuli Sua saukuneebiT. kompleqsi Sedgeba sa-

locavis, Sesawiri niSis da 5 saTavsisagan. nagebia

fiqali qviT. salocavi gegmaSi oTxkuTxaa (7,5 X 4 m),

fiqliT nagebi. kedlebi masiuria (1 m. sisqis) daziane-

bulia, gadaxurva Caqceulia. sworkuTxa Sesasvleli

aRmosavleTidanaa. salocavis CrdiloeT kedelSi

(sisqe 2,5 m.) viwro, maRali SeRrmavebaa, romlis da-

savleT kedelSi niSia mowyobili. CrdiloeT kedel-

Sivea gaWrili mcire zomis sworkuTxa sarkmeli. Se-


289

sawiri niSi (sim. 2,3 m.) salocavis dasavleTiTaa, da-

axloebiT 10 metrze. niSis fuZe oTxkuTxaa (2,3 X 1,6

m). masze aRmarTulia sqeli kedeli. kedelSi erTi me-

oris zemoT ganlagebulia ori patara TaxCa. aRmosav-

leTiT dgas Tanamedrove (Sewiruli) jvari. oriode

metris daSorebiT sadroSe qvaa. saTavsebi TiTqmis

dangreulia.1

sergi makalaTias mier 30-ian wlebSi aRwerili

iyo xatis kompleqsi. igi Semkuli iyo jixvis rqebiT.

xatis niSSi ewyo beWdebi, sayureebi, zanzalakebi, xa-

tis uRlebi da sxv. iqve oTaxebad dayofili iyo xa-

tis grZeli Senoba, sadac winaT daculi yofila, xa-

tis droSebi, WurWeli, salude qvabebi, da xatis sa-

ganZuri. aqve inaxeboda `sparsangelozis yoCi~, rome-

lic Semdeg gadautaniaT stefanwmindis eklesiaSi.

igi unaxavs uvarovas, romlis aRweriTac yoCi xisagan

yofila gakeTebuli da vercxlis firfitebiT Semku-

li.

es yoCi stefanwmindis eklesiaSi aRar aris. Zne-

lia imis gamorkveva, yoCi dakargulia Tu gadamalu-

li. mxolod am yoCis zurgis jvari sparsangelozis

sxva nivTebTan erTad sof. snos eklesiaSi inaxeba.

sparsangelozis jvari vercxlisaa, sigrZiT 20 sm. am

jvars orive mxareze hkidia TeTri liTonis samkuTxa

da dafanjruli sayure. jvari winaT sparsangelozis

yoCze yofila mimagrebuli, magram Semdeg yazbegeleb-

sa da snoelebs am yoCis dauflebaze dava mosvliaT

da is ase gauyviaT: yazbegelebs yoCi rgebiaT, snoe-

lebs ki misi jvari.2

sparsangelozis dReoba aTengenoba iyo. sparsan-

gelozis niSi s. Targmanis salocavia. yazbegidan sam-

1 Ibid, sZa, 474. 2 Ibid, makalaTia, 251-252.

290

xreT aRmosavleTis mxares, maRal mTaze mdebareobs

qobcixe. qobcixis nageboba 60-ian wlebSi ukve sana-

xevrod Caqceuli iyo. cixes gars artyia fiqali qvis-

gan mSralad nagebi uzarmazari simaRlis galavani,

romelic mTis ferdze safexurebad eSveba. SemorCeni-

lia am galavnis samxreTisa da dasavleTis mxris na-

wili. garda cixis nagebobisa, galavnis SigniT kidev

SeimCneva sxva nagebobaTa naSalebi. sparsangelozis

niSi cixidan dasavleTis mxaresaa, aseve galavnis

SigniT. igi warmoadgens maRal kldeze amoyvanil fi-

qali qvis mSral kedels. kedlis zemoT ferdobi da-

farulia xavsiTa da balaxiT.1

qobcixis teritoriaze mdebare meore sparsange-

lozis niSi Camotanilia dabla, vakeze, cixe simagris

CrdiloeTis mxares.

mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT, rodesac mlocvelebi

maRla asvlas ver axerxeben, aq Camotanil niSTan

loculobdnen.

sparsangelozis axali niSi oTxkuTxa formis

fiqali qvisgan mSralad nagebi milionaa. mTavari fa-

sadi davasvleTis mxaresaa, sadac datanebuli aqvs

sasanTle Sukuna, oTxkuTxa formisa. SukunaSi san-

Tlis narCenebi da namwvavebia. Sukunisagan marcxniv

kedelSi Camagrebulia ori patara droSa, TeTri mit-

klis naWrisa.

niSis Tavze 10 brolis qvaa, anu `burbuxWela~,

rogorc mas moxeveebi uwodeben. sparsangelozis es

niSi yoveli mxridan kiris xsnariTaa SeTeTrebuli.2

sparsangelozSi aTengenobas aRniSnavdnen. mTava-

ri salocavi mTis wverzea, niSi ki dabla mdebareobs.

snoSi, Sinos xeobaSi, mdebareobs nadarbasevi. am ad-

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe.

291

gils wveris Zirs uwodebdnen. yvela, vinc ver axer-

xebda SabaTs wveris sparsangelozSi asvlas, aTenge-

nobas aq midioda RamisTeviT. sparsangelozSi salo-

cavad yvela midioda magram gansakuTrebiT yazbegis

da snos salocavi iyo. mudmivi dekanozebi aq ar iy-

vnen. sparsangelozSi gahyavdaT bavSvebic da rZle-

bic, visi gvarisac ar unda yofiliyvnen, yvelas SeeZ-

lo aq saklavis dakvla.1

sparsangelozs Tavisi tye gaaCnda. salocavs na-

nadirevis rqebs wiravdnen. erT-erTi mTxrobelis

sityviT, misma papam `sparsangelozs 100 nadiris rqa

Seswira da rqebis galavani gaakeTa. Semdeg Tofi da-

marxa da aRar gausvria. erTi jabani yofila, romel-

sac igive gaukeTebia, magram mis mier Sewiruli rqebi

ise kargi da didi ar iyo.~2

yazbegel gigaurebs, gomiaSvilebs, efxoSvilebs

da alibegaSvilebs erTi xati aqvT sparsangelozisa,

cdovlebs ki TavianTi sparsangelozis salocavi

aqvT. sparsangelozis niSi soflis ganapirasaa. ro-

gorc ukve iTqva, mTavari dReoba sparsangelozSi

aTengenoba iyo. xatis kuTvnili yana aTengenobisTvis

iyo Sewiruli. mnaTe moxnavda, Rala rCeboda, danar-

Ceni sasmels amzadebda, purmarili da saklavi zemoT

CamoTvlili xuTi gvaris warmomadgenlebs mihqon-

daT.3

sparsangelozis saxelwodebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmu-

li erT-erTi mosazrebiT, igi spas ukavSirdeba da

wveris spasangelozi an spaTangelozi erqva. sabrZo-

lod mimaval spas-laSqars am salocavSi unda mieRo

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe. 3 Ibid, bardaveliZe.

292

kurTxeva, rac brZolaSi gamarjvebis sawinrad iT-

vleboda.

sxva versiiT xati da droSebi saqarTveloSi Se-

moseul sparselebs moutacniaT, moxeveebi didxans

amaod eZebdnen. bolos erT-erTi omis dros qarTvel-

Ta laSqari sparseTSi SeiWra. omSi monawile samma

moxevem miagno im cixes, sadac motacebuli xati da

droSebi inaxeboda da isev xevSi daubrunebiaT. eseni

iyvnen 3 gvaris _ RuduSauris, goderZiSvilis da ka-

zalikaSvilis warmomadgenlebi. maT Temisgan jildo-

ebi daumsaxurebiaT. daxsnili xati da droSebi gauw-

mendiaT da Tavis adgilze daubrunebiaT. maSin mTel

xevs gauRia saklavi da sawiri, xolo dekanozebs

mTeli xevi daumwyalobnebiaT.1

kidev erTi gadmocemiT, sparselebs saqarTvelo-

dan tyveebi wauyvaniaT. maT Soris iyo erTi moxeve

qalic, mzeTunaxavi seenja goderZiSvili. tyveobaSi

mas Svili SesZenia. aTengenobis wina dRes daRonebu-

li mjdara akvanTan wveris angelozobaze ocnebobda

da saSinlad itanjeboda. Rame mas wminda giorgi ga-

mocxadebia da uTqvams vercxlis sayureebi aiRe da

samSobloSi dabrundio. ase gameorebula 3 Ramis gan-

mavlobaSi: `adeq, nutiri, Tarodan gamoiRe Cemi sayu-

re da xevis gzas gaudeqio. dRe me gmalav da Rame Ce-

mi SuqiT gaterebo.~ iqve xaric gaCenila. sparsange-

lozi xaris rqaze damjdara da qals win gasZRolia.

snoSi qali aTengenobas misula, maSinve wveris ange-

lozSi asula, aq mas sayure yoCis jvrisaTvis Seu-

bams, xaric dauklavT da sparsangelozic iq dafreni-

la. gadmocemiT am droidan wveris angelozs `spar-

sangelozi~ ewoda.2

1 Ibid, iToniSvili, 218. 2 Ibid, sZa, 474. Ibid, makalaTia, 252. Ibid, iToniSvili, 218.

293

yoveli gaTxovili moxeve qali Tavisi SviliTa

da SviliSvilebiT, erTxel mainc unda asuliyo sa-

wir-saklaviT sparsangelozSi da eloca. Sexvewilebi

wveris sparsangelozSi fexSiSvela adiodnen, xats

swiravdnen beWdebs, jvrebs, yelis uRlebs da sxv. aq-

ve imarTeboda sxvadasxva gasarTobebi: farxmloba,

cxenis rbeva, asrulebdnen ferxulebs: `abarbare-bar-

bares~, `samaia samTaganas~ da a.S.1

rogoric ar unda iyos am salocavis saxelwode-

bis warmomavloba, ukavSirdeba igi meomarTa da

mgzavrTa mfarvelobas, Tu datyvevebuli qalis sam-

SobloSi dabrunebas, orive SemTxvevaSi igi Tanxmoba-

Sia wm. giorgis funqciebTan, romelic tyveTa ganma-

Tavisuflebeli da laSqris winambrZolia. msgavsi

epizodebi wminda giorgis cxovrebidanac cnobilia.

amgvarad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wminda giorgis

salocavebTan dakavSirebuli viTareba xevSic iseTi-

vea, rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaneTis sxva

regionebSi da zogadad saqarTveloSi. aq arsebobs

wminda giorgis saxelobis mravalricxovani eklesie-

bi, salocavebi da niSebi, xolo xevis ori centralu-

ri salocavidan erT-erTi wminda giorgis saxelobi-

saa.

TuSeTis centraluri salocavi laSaris wminda

giorgis xatia. garda amisa arsebobs wminda giorgis

saxelobis uamravi salocavi TuSeTis TiTqmis yvela

dasaxlebaSi. maTi umravlesoba nagebobaTa mTliani

kompleqsis saxiT ar aris SemorCenili. ufro xSirad

vxvdebiT sakulto koSkebs _ TuSuri terminologiiT

milionas, romlebic agreTve xatis saxeliT moixseni-

eba. es aris gegmaSi oTxkuTxedi, mTliani masis saxiT

1 Ibid, makalaTia, 253.

294

warmodgenili svetis msgavsi, xSirad TaxCiani nagebo-

ba.1

gvinda movitanoT masala wminda giorgis saxe-

lobis salocavebis Sesaxeb TuSeTSi.

TuSeTis mTavari salocavi, laSaris jvaria. mas

aq aRar SevexebiT, vinaidan xsenebul salocavze

zemoT iyo saubari.

piriqiTis xeobis salocavebi sof. darTlos salocavTa Sorisaa xaxmatis jva-

ri, sadac dReoba 19 ivniss (Zv. st.) aRiniSneboda. igi

soflis bolos, eklesiis win davakebul adgilzea da

warmoadgens milionas nangrevs.

TuSeTi, sof. darTlo, iaxsris xati (An. Tush. 22)

1 vera bardaveliZe, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi, II2, TuSeTi, (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1985), 4, 7.

295

mis win, amave davakebaze, alaznis maxloblad

safrindaoa, sadac Tavs iyridnen sadavo saqmeebis ga-

sarCevad mTeli piriqiTi xeobis uxucesebi.1

sof. kvavlos salocavebia: wminda giorgi (dReo-

ba modis laSarobis mesame dRes), sadroSaeTana (dRe-

oba icis laSarobis meoTxe dRes), karationi

(imarTeba laSarobis wina dRes, saRamos), marxvasax-

snelTanai (marxvis gaxsnis dros).

zenubanSi, kldis wverze moTavsebulia jvar-

TSua – wm. giorgis xati. aRmosavleTis mxares `dro-

Sis Sesanaxi darbazia~, mis axlos ki droSis gasata-

ni adgili.

wm. giorgis xatSi dReoba laSarobis mesame dRe-

saa, samSabaTs. aq droSis Sesanaxi darbazia, orfer-

da saxuraviani fiqaliT mSralad nagebi patara Seno-

ba, romelsac aRmosavleTis kedelSi amJamad amoyori-

li dabali Sesasvleli hqonda. mTxrobelTa gadmoce-

miT dReobis dasasruls yoris 5 sips amoiRebdnen da

droSebs Sig aTavsebdnen. garda amisa, moSorebiT

kldeSi mowyobili iyo Tasebis Sesanaxi adgili, sa-

dac Sewirul jixvis da xis Tasebs inaxavdnen. dro-

Sebis Sesanax darbazSi 60-ian wlebSi ori, TeTri sa-

wiriT gawyobili droSa da erTic mesame, gauwyobeli

droSa inaxeboda. naWrebze amoqarguli iyo Semwirve-

lis saxeli, gvari, TariRi, aseve frinveli, qali,

saxli da sxv. droSebze zarebi iyo Sebmuli. darba-

zis erT kuTxeSi RvTismSoblis erTi xati iyo moTav-

sebuli.

darbazis CrdiloeTiT kldeze yoriT nagebi ke-

delia da nageboba, romelsac zemodan adevs momrgva-

lebuli fiqali SuaSi naxvretiT droSis taris dasa-

magreblad. imave kedlis dasavleT nawilSi sakur-


296

Txevelia mowyobili, sadac awyvia Sewiruli qada-kve-

ris nawilebi, cxovelTa Zvlebi, xmiadis nawilebi.1

kvavlos Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mdebareobs

jvarTana, savaraudod igive xaxmationi. kvavlos mTa-

ze, mTis wveri garSemo yoriT iyo gamagrebuli, mis

centrSi aRmarTulia cixe-darbazis msgavsi Senoba.

igi gegmaSi sworkuTxedia, nagleji qvebiT mSralad

nagebi. CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis kedlebis wyobaSi

datanebuli TiTo-TiTo fiWvis sqeli moriT da Se-

sasvleliT aRmosavleTis kedelSi. Senobis samxreTi

kedeli, romelic mTavari fasadis STabeWdilebas to-

vebs, Semkulia jixvis da irmis rqebiT. Senobas Tavi

morRveuli aqvs. mTis wveris garSemovlebul yoreSi

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT datanebulia sasanTle sadro-

SiTurT _ yoridan gamoweuli brtyeli fiqaliT, ro-

melsac centrSi naCvreti aqvs droSis taris dasamag-

reblad.2

sof. danos salocavTa Sorisaa wminda giorgi

wyarogorisa, sadac dReobas aRdgomidan 107-e dRes,

kviras, ixdidnen da xaxmatis jvari, sadac dReoba gi-

orgobisTvis 10-Si (Zv.st.) da 15 ivliss imarTeboda.

wminda giorgi wyarogorisa sof. danodan dasav-

leTiT, sakmaod moSorebiT mdebareobs. xati Sedgeba

sabrZanis (// darbazis), milionasa da maT garSemo Se-

movlebuli yoris galavnisagan. aqvea raRac gaurkve-

veli Senobis nangrevebi. sabrZani oTxkuTxa formis

yoriT nagebi Senobaa, fasadiT samxreTis mxares, sa-

dac marcxena kedelTan, karibWesTan momrgvalebuli

Sesasvleli aqvs. CrdiloeTis kedlis Sua nawilis

gaswvriv datanebulia oTxTvliani TaxCa (Sukuma). am

mxares da mis pirdapir kedlebi Suaze odnav awveri-

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 35. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 36

297

lia da wveris Tavze gadebulia yavri _ xuT-xuTi

yavri orive mxriv _ romelic Tavis mopirdapire bo-

loebiT kedels eyrdnoba. aRmosavleTis kedelSi da-

tanebulia fiqalis Taro, samxreTis kedelSi kidev

erTi TaxCaa. Senoba gadaxurulia sipebiT. kezisa da

yavris gadaxurva orferda saxuravs qmnis.

sabrZanis Crdilo-aRmosavleT mxares milionaa.

es oTxkuTxa, maRali da mkvrivi nagebobaa, zemo na-

wilSi mTavrdeba xuTi sanawvTiT da TavSi centra-

lur adgilas aRmarTuli fiqalis konusis formis

qviT. aqve awyvia jixvis rqebi. Crdilo-dasavleT mxa-

res Sukumaa. qveda sanawvTis qveS marjvena mxares ga-

moSverilia sipi, centrSi naxvretiT, romelSic

Cadgmulia jixvis rqa. amave fasadis marcxena mxares

aseve naxvretiani sipebia datanebuli. qveda sipis nax-

vretSi jixvis rqaa, zeda ki sadroSe taris samagri

unda iyos. msgavsi sipi datanebulia samxreTis ke-

delSi marcxena napiras, Sua adgilas da aqac nax-

vretSi isev jixvis rqaa. milionas mTavari fasadi

Crdilo-aRmosavleTi kedeli unda iyos, romelsac

win fiqalisagan nagebi zRva aqvs, XX saukunis 40-ian

_ 60-ian wlebSi Sesrulebuli. xatis kompleqss Se-

movlebuli aqvs galavani.1

sof. WeSos dasavleTiT, WeSos mTaze, mdebare-

obs wminda giorgis xati. es aris mSralad, fiqali

qvebiT aSenebuli dabali, oTxkuTxa formis nageboba.

win aqvs patara daferdeba, garSemovlebulia fiqa-

lis qvebiT, romelic SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuliyo

dasajdomad.

amave soflis salocavi iyo xaxmatis xati.2

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 39-40. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 42, 43.

298

sof. farsmis salocavebia: wminda giorgi, sagin-

wyaro, wminda Tevdores xati, karatis jvari da wmin-

da ninos xati.

wminda giorgis xatis kompleqsi yoris galavan-

Sia moqceuli. Sesasvleli samxreT-dasavleTidan

aqvs. SemorCenilia misi marjvena kedeli. galavnis

Signidan marjvniv kedelSi datanebuli iyo Sukuma-

saTofuri, garedan ki, galavnis SesasvlelTan orive

mxares galavnis gaswvriv mowyobili iyo sipis Camo-

sajdomebi. wminda giorgis xatis kompleqsi Sedgeba

cixis (Tu koSkis), sasanTle Tu sadroSe koSkis da

gaurkveveli daniSnulebisa da saxelwodebis nagebo-

bisagan. cixe (4,15 X 4,3 m., sim. 6,5 m.) orsarTuliania,

gegmaSi oTxkuTxa. pirvel sarTulze Sesasvleli sam-

xreTidanaa, miwis donidan 1,9 m.-ze. am sarTulze,

dasavleT kedelSi saTofuria, aRmosavleT kedelSi

niSi. meore sarTulze, oTxive kedelSi TiTo saTo-

furia, samxreTis kedelSi ki erTi sarkmeli. sar-

TulSua gadaxurva xisa iyo _ SemorCenilia koWebis

budeebi. saxuravi calferdaa da gadaxurulia fiqa-

lis filebiT. cixeSi inaxeboda ori droSa _ erTi

Zalian didi, meore SedarebiT patara. droSebi gawyo-

bilia uamravi sakadrisiT. cixis erT-erTi Ziris qva-

ze amokawrulia sami Taviani jvari. aRmosavleTis ke-

delSi moTavsebul erT-erT qvaze amoRarulia rgo-

li jvariT SuagulSi. danarCeni kedlebi sadaa. da-

savleTis kedelSi SerWobilia joxi da jixvis rqa.

cixis dasavleTis kedeli maRalia, xolo mowinaaR-

mdege mxarisa dabali. cixes dasavleTis mxridan mi-

Senebuli aqvs yoris dabali kedlebi, romlebic

qmnis sworkuTxa nagebobas samxreTis mxridan ganieri

SesasvleliT. am nagebobas dasavleTis kedelSi Crdi-

loeTis kididan datanebuli aqvs fiqali qvis win ga-

299

moweuli skamebi. samxreT-aRmosavleTis kuTxeSi ked-

lebi gamurulia cecxlisagan. cixis CrdiloeTis ke-

delze miSenebuli iyo samociani wlebisaTvis ukve

TiTqmis dangreuli yoris koSki sasanTle Tu sadro-

Se. galavnis SigniT, cixis aRmosavleTiT, yoriT na-

gebi mcire Senobaa, Signidan momrgvalebuli formi-

sa, gaurkveveli daniSnulebisa da saxelwodebis.1

CaRmis xeobis salocavebi sof. xisos salocavi, xaxas wminda giorgis xa-

ti, mdebareobs soflidan samxreT-aRmosavleTis mxa-

res, e.w. xaxas adgilze, zRvis donidan 1900 m-ze.2

TuSeTi, sof. dano, karates jvari (An. Tush. 18)

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 46-47; T. dvali, k. kaxiZe, a. ramiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRwerilo-ba, II, (Semdgom sZa) (Tbilisi, mecniereba, 2004), 142.

2 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 55.

300

xati sakmaod mozrdili fiqali qviT mSralad

nagebi Senobaa, romelic amave dros sadroSesac war-

moadgens. mTavari fasadi samxreT-dasavleTidan aqvs.

Senoba Crd-aRmosavleTis mxares midgmulia mTis

ferdze da gacilebiT dabalia, vidre samxreT-dasav-

leTiT. nagebobis danarCeni ori mxare cerad miemar-

Teba maRla, Tavze ki datotvili irmis rqa adevs. sa-

xuravi fiqali qvisaa da samxr-aRmosavleTisaken od-

nav daqanebuli. samx. dasavleTis mxares kedelSi Ca-

magrebulia xuTi irmis rqa. erT-erTze Sebmulia

TeTri mitklis naWeri. amave mxares, kedlis wyobaSi

datanebulia didi zomis riyis qva, romelic moz-

rdil Rrmuls faravs, sadac 60-iani wlebis eTnogra-

fiuli eqspediciis dros vera bardaveliZem naxa spi-

lenZis mrgvali qvabi (kardala) saxuravze arabul-

warweriani daRiT, romelSic ewyo TeTri, wiTeli da

Wreli sawiravebi, zogierT maTganSi fuli iyo gamok-

vanZuli. garda amisa, RrmulSi ido xuTi zari, Tor-

meti spilenZis Tasi, zanzalaki. spilenZis patara

Tasze 1962 wels Sesrulebul warweris mixedviT, igi

warmoadgens Sesawiravs xaxmatis wm. giorgisaTvis. aq-

ve iyo sxvadasxva zomis sanTlebi da wm. giorgis xa-

ti rusuli warweriT.

xaxas wminda giorgis xatis gverdiT, misgan aR-

mosavleTiT mdebareobs karatis jvari, xolo imave

xaxas adgilze, wminda giorgisa da karates nageboba-

Ta qvemoT, dasavleTiT, mTis ferdobze mdebareobs

xaxmatis wm. giorgis jvari. igi warmoadgens didi

zomis TeTri brolis qvas, romelic mTis ferdobSi

vertikalurad aris Casmuli. mTxrobelTa monaceme-

biT aq klavdnen uSoblis pirvel xbos. garda amisa,

erT-erTi mTxroblis sityviT, xisoSi xaxas adgilze

301

sami niSi iyo: wminda giorgi, TeTri giorgi da xev-

surT salocavi karate.

sof. StrolTas salocavebi iyo giorgi balaur-

Tisa, giorgi wyarosTavisa, daviT muxrovnisa, saxevsu-ro nafuZara.

giorgi balaurTis xati mdebareobs soflidan

Crdilo-aRmosavleT mxares, borcvze da warmoadgens

fiqali qvisagan mSralad nageb oTxkuTxa niSs, ro-

melsac SigadaSig wyobaSi Catanebuli aqvs xinWrikvis

qvebi.

giorgi wyarosTavisas xati StrolTas samxreT-

dasavleT mxares, jvarTanas mTis davakebazea. esec

fiqali qviT aSenebuli marTkuTxa formis yorea.1

sof. JvelurTas salocavia zejvarTana (igive

daviTis jvari anu wminda giorgis jvari). igi mdeba-

reobs maRal mTaze, zRvis donidan 2320 m-ze, sof Jve-

lurTidan CrdiloeTiT da warmoadgens fiqali qviT

mSralad nageb maRal da ganier niSs. igi samxreTis

mxares ufro maRalia, vidre CrdiloeTis mxares. sam-

xreTis mxares wyobaSi Catanebulia ramdenime xin-

Wrikva. niSi zemodan sworia da brtyeli fiqali qve-

biTaa dafaruli.

aseve soflis CrdiloeTis mxares, xaxas ferdob-

ze, mdebareobs fiqali qvisagan mSralad nagebi oT-

xkuTxa formis miliona. misi mTavari fasadi samxre-

Tis mxaresaa, sadac datanebuli aqvs samkuTxa for-

mis Sukuma. milionas Tavze adevs jixvis didi zomis

rqa, sami xinWrikva da irmis rqebi. es aris e. w. saxev-

suro, xaxmatis wm. giorgis saxelobisa.

sof. nacixarSi SemorCenilia erTi Zveli ekle-

sia da ori salocavi: giorgi nacixris xati, rome-

lic soflis aRmosavleTiT, borcvze, or sipze wa-

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 55, 56, 58.

302

momdgar ori didi zomis brolis qvas warmoadgens

da gadmocemiT xevsurebis salocavi iyo. meore salo-

cavi xaxas saxelobis iyo da eklesiis zeviT ferdob-

ze iyo ganTavsebuli. aq idga dabali, sipiT mSralad

nagebi koSki. mis aRmosavleT mxareze ori sipi qvaa

afarebuli, sadac sanTlebs anTebdnen. aq dReoba la-

Sarobis wina paraskevs imarTeboda.

sof. CigilaurTis salocavTa Soris iyo xev-

surT salocavi-xaxmatis jvari. es aris ubralo yo-

re, rolmis maxloblad uzarmazari xinWrikvaa. xaxma-

tis salocavs ekuTvnis meore, ufro didi zomis, ke-

deliviT wagrZelebul yore xaxmatis jvaris qvemoT.

mis maxloblad amoyrili kedelia, romlis win dava-

kebaa, sadac savaraudod xevsurT sadgomi SeiZlebo-

da yofiliyo1.

sofel boWornis SuagulSi mdebareobs wminda

giorgis xatis nageboba. iseve rogorc mTeli sofe-

li, xatis Senobac nagebia mTis ferdze, fiqali qvis-

gan, mSralad. mTis ferdis daqanebis gamo Crdilo-

dasavleTidan samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken, nagebobis

calferda saxuravsac aseTi mimarTulebiT miuRia

daqaneba. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom nagebobebis sam-

xreT-aRmosavleTis kedlis wyoba ufro maRalia, vid-

re Crdilo-dasavleTis kedlisa.

xatis nagebobas Sesasvleli datanebuli aqvs

dasavleTis mxares. SesasvlelTan devs didi zomis

xinWrikva. nageboba SigniT grZeli oTxkuTxa formi-

saa.

nagebobis SigniT, samxreT-dasavleTis mxris ked-

lis win, ZirSi mTeli kedlis sirgZeze gakeTebulia

ganieri da grZeli merxi, CrdiloeTis mxris kedlis

dasavleTi kuTxe da dasavleTis mxris kedeli mTli-


303

anad momrgvalebulia. Crdilo-dasavleTis kedelSi

datanebulia Sukuna, romelSiac ewyo doqi, zarebi

da dazianebuli, eklesiidan gamotanili, minanqriani

oTxkuTxa formis Tunuqis saeklesio nivTi, romlis

Tavis cal kuTxeSi Tunuqisave wmindani iyo gamosaxu-

li. nivTis oTxive mxare arSiebiT iyo Semkuli. arSi-

ebSi Casmuli yofila mominanqrebuli wmindanis gamo-

saxuleba. imJamad SemorCenili iyo ori gamosaxuleba,

ori ki amoRebuli iyo. aqve ido saeklesio Tunuqis

jvarcmis gamosaxuleba. SukunaSi Sedgmuli iyo moWi-

quli, mwvane feris, tuCiani, mSvenieri qarTuli for-

mis doqi. aqve iyo SedarebiT mozrdili meore doqic,

wiTeli ferisa. nagebobaSi aRmoCnda eklesiidan gamo-

tanili Zveli WaRis nawili, didi rusuli zari, ru-

suli xelobis ori didi zomis xati: erTi qristes

gamosaxulebiT, meore ki RvTismSoblisa. aqve iyo ek-

lesiidan gamotanili farCis, oqromkediT Sesrulebu-

li trapezis gadasafarebeli naWeri. miwaze eyara Ti-

xisa da Tunuqis zarisa da WurWlis navmtvrevebi.

amas garda xatis nagebobaSi iyo ori sadroSe tari

da sami gawyobili droSa. sami droSidan gansakuTre-

biT gamoirCeoda erTi didi droSa uamravi sakadri-

sebiT, ori didi brinjaos Zveleburi qarTuli zariT

Semkuli da Tavze Subis wveriT dasrulebuli. meore

droSa Semkuli iyo uamravi sakadrisiT da masac Su-

bis wveri hqonda Tavze. mesame droSac agreTve Semku-

li iyo sakadrisebiT. droSebTan, iqve, iyo ludis

qvabis damtvreuli nawilebi. samxreT-aRmosavleTis

kedlidan, iq, sadac patara sarkmelia datanebuli,

idga xis sawde, romelSiac ewyo rvalis tarkoSa da

jixvis rqebi (sami). sawdesTan idga Tunuqis WurWeli,

romelSiac eyara salude qvabis nawilebi.

304

wminda giorgis xatis nagebobis gverdiT, dasav-

leTis mxares mdebareobda s. boWornis saqvabe. saqva-

be nagebia didi zomis fiqali qvebisgan mSralad da

oTxkuTxi formisaa. igi agebulia imave mTis ferdze,

romelzedac nagebia wminda giorgis xatis Senoba da

daqanebulia Crdilo-dasavleTidan samxreT-aRmosav-

leTisaken. mTavari fasadi aqvs samxreT-aRmosavleTis

mxares, sadac datanebuli aqvs saqvabeSi Sesasvleli.

saqvabis kari motkepnili swori adgilia. Sesasvle-

lis gverdiT, aRmosavleTis mxris kedlis pirad

mTel sirgZeze dawyobilia fiqalis qvisgan gakeTebu-

li dasajdomebi.

dasavleTis mxris kedeli nagebia dakibulad

xuTsafexurad. yovel safexurze ido Zelis naWrebi,

romlebic eyrdnobian aRmosavleTis mxris kedlis

aseTsave safexurebs. aRmosavleTis mxris kedelze es

safexurebi nawilobriv SeimCneoda, nawili ki morRve-

uli iyo. nagebobis Crdilo-dasavleTis kedeli amo-

Senebulia kldeSi. dasavleTis mxris kedlis kuTxe-

Si, Sesasvlelis pirdapir, fiqali qvisgan mSralad

nagebia sacecxluri da Sig Camagrebulia konusis

formis spilenZis qvabi. meore qvabi, odnav didi zo-

misa, ido samxreT-aRmosavleTis kedlis kuTxeSi. qva-

bis win miwaze ido didi, xisgan gaTlili navi, rome-

lic adre albaT samxreT-aRmosavleTis kedlis kuT-

xeSi unda mdgariyo; amaze miuTiTebda am mxares ked-

lis Tavebze gadebuli didi Zeli, romelzec albaT

aludis gasawur pakebs hkidebdnen.

kedlis safexurebze ido xis morebi, romlebic

amagrebdnen gverdiT xeebs. gverdiT xeTa raodenoba

xuTi iyo da eyrdnoboda saqvabis Sua adgilas sam-

xreT-aRmosavleTisa da Crdilo-dasavleTis mxris

kedlis Tavebze dadebul did Tavxes. gverdiT xeebze

305

dawyobili iyo yavri, romelic dafarebuli iyo didi

fiqali qvebiT.

dasavleTis kedelSi Camagrebuli iyo 3 xis jo-

xi, romlebic kedlidan win iyo wamoweuli. saqvabe

Senoba mitovebuli iyo da SigniT naxiris skoriT

iyo mosvrili.

xinWrikva boWornis Tavisa (xaxas salocavi)

zRvis donidan 2560 metrzea. es aris sipi qviT mSra-

lad nagebi oTxkuTxedi kvrivi. mTavari fasadi moqce-

ulia samxreTis mxares, soflisken. dasavleTis kede-

li Sua adgilidan kedlis Tavamde nagebobis siRrme-

Si SeWrilia grZeli oTxkuTxedis saxiT, romlis Zi-

ri warmoadgens brtyelsa da grZel sips. aRniSnuli

SeRrmavebis marjvena, fasadis kedelze, Signidan Sei-

niSneba patara, oTxkuTxedi zomis Sukuma.

nagebobis saxuravi ar aris SemorCenili (Seno-

bis win yria sipi qvebi). nagebobis zemoT, marjvena

mxares, vertikalurad dayenebulia daaxloebiT oT-

xkuTxi, didi zomis xinWrikva, garda amisa, iqve miwa-

ze yria xuTi sxvadasxva zomis xinWrikva. Senobis

CrdiloeT kedelze aqa-iq SeiniSneboda sanTlis nam-

wvavebi.1

sof. omalos oTxi salocavidan ori wminda gi-

orgis saxelobisa iyo, gadmocemiT isini xevsurebis

salocavebad iTvleboda da dekanozebad aq xevsurebi

modiodnen

sof. Senaqos rva salocavidan aseve ori xati

wminda giorgis saxelobisa iyo – laSaris wminda gi-

orgis niSi da xaxmatis wminda giorgis xati.

xaxmatis jvari Senaqos boslebis samxreT-dasav-

leTiT, diklo-Senaqos gzis qvemoT mdebareobs. aq sa-

mi qva ido-ori didi da erTi patara. rac Seexeba la-

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 66-67; Ibid, sZa, 71.

306

Saris jvris niSs, igi sofel Senaqodan dasavleTis

mxares, soflidan moSorebiT mTaze mdebareobs da

warmoadgens fiqali qvisagan mSralad nageb milio-

nas. samxreTis mxridan mas sasanTle Sukuna aqvs. Tav-

ze awyvia jixvis rqebi da didi droSa, TeTri sawire-

biT Semkuli. niSi fiWvisa da naZvis tyeSi dgas.1

sof. diklos salocavebia: karatis jvari, saneba,

biWexi, Tursiexi da maT Soris wm. giorgis ori sa-

locavi – xaxmati da didkalTos wminda giorgi.

didkalTos wminda giorgis xati mdebareobs

sof. diklos samxreT-aRmosavleTis mxares, adgil

didkalToSi, xaxas tyeSi. tye aryisaa da xatis sa-

kuTrebas warmoadgens. xatis nageboba kvrivad nagebi

oTxkuTxa formis koSkia, romelic erTdroulad sa-

sanTlesa da sadroSe koSkis daniSnulebas asru-

lebs. koSki beberi xis garSemo iyo aRmarTuli. vera

bardaveliZis TuSeTSi yofnis dros es xe mTlianad

gadatexili iyo da Suagul koSkSi mxolod misi jir-

kiRa SemorCa, romelic mogvianebiT sanTlis dasakrav

adgils warmoadgenda. koSki galavniT yofila Semo-

sazRvruli. galavani mrgvalia, mSralad nagebi. aq

weliwadSi erTi dReobaa didkalToba anu aTengeoba,

romelic erTdRiania da aRdgomis mease dRes modis.

didkalTos xatSi sasoflo saklavi ar ikleboda, ik-

vleboda mxolod kerZo. magaliTad, sxvagan gaTxovi-

li qali modioda mamis salocavSi da mohyavda sak-

lavi. saklavi ikvleboda koSkis ZirSi mzis Casvlam-

de dReobis wina dRes. „dReoba dRes Sulta moitans

arays, tiks ludiT, amis garda mas moaqvs saxato

droSa; es ukanaskneli mxarze aqvs gadebuli. droSa

aq aris tarze mandiliTa da zariT, biWexSi ki tarze


307

viwro lentiseburi naWrebi ician da amas bairaRebi

qvia.~1

xaxmatis jvari diklos samxreTiT, borcvze fi-

qali qvisgan mSralad nagebi milionaa. CrdiloeTis

mxares sasanTle Sukuma aqvs. misi qveda nawili war-

moagdgens fiqal qvas, romelic mrgvaladaa gaxvreti-

li. samxreTis mxares qvebi gamoRebulia da ormose-

buri samalavi Cans. Tavze adevs sipebi, irgvliv yria

xinWrikvebi da qvebi, romlebic SesaZlebelia dasaj-

domad gamoiyeneboda.2

sof. qumelaurTis sami salocavidan ori wminda

giorgis saxelobisaa. esaa xaxmatis jvari da wminda

giorgi xaxas jvari. xaxmatisa da SafurTis jvris

dReoba erT dRes imarTeboda, xaxas wminda giorgisa

ki mis sworze, pirvel orSabaTs. xaxas jvari daSli-

li milionas naSTs warmoadgens, romelic soflis

bolos wyarosTan patara tyeSi mdebareobs.

xaxmatis jvarSi xevsurebi modiodnen. igi sof-

lis TavSi patara gorakze mdebareobs. aq adre didi

fiWvis xe mdgara, romelic gamxmara da misi kvalic

ar darCenila. gorakze erTmaneTis gverdze ori yo-

riT mSralad nagebi miliona dgas. erTs zemodan ir-

misa da jixvis rqebi awyvia mravlad, zogierTs TeT-

ri sawirebi aqvs Sebmuli, meore milionas centrSi

damagrebuli xis boZis garSemo irmisa da jixvis

rqebi iyo Semowyobili.

boZi patara rkinis jvriT mTavrdeboda, jvars

qvemoT ki boZs guli hqonda gamoRebuli da Sig

uwarwero zari iyo Camokidebuli. mis qvemoT boZze

warwera iyo, romelic vera bardaveliZis TuSeTSi

yofnisas aRar ikiTxeboda. xaxmatis jvris am orive

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 79. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 78, 79.

308

milionas ZirSi samsxverplo iyo, romlis niSani ax-

la aRar Cans. dReobaze saklavis dakvlis Semdeg

qorbeRalas daabamdnen da simReriT („dResam dReoba

visia, wmindisa giorgisia’’) Cavidodnen sakodoSi. mi-

lionebis qvemoT, goris ZirSi, yoriT nagebi saqvabe

iyo. saqvabes Sesasvleli kari CrdiloeTis mxares

aqvs. kari aRar iyo SemorCenili da mis magivrad mo-

rebi iyo miwyobili. sakodo, igive sajare, soflis

centrSi sacxovrebel nagebobaTa Soris saqvabesTan

axlos patara moedans warmoadgenda.

kedlebis Tavze gadebuli iyo xidebi. sul xuTi

xidi iyo. maTze ewyo yavari da Semdeg sipebiT iyo ga-

daxuruli. saxuravi calferda, samxreTidan Crdilo-

eTisaken daferdebuli iyo. saqvabis gverdiTi da uka-

na kedlebi miwaSi iyo Camjdari. aRmosavleTis ked-

lis gayolebaze Werze xidi iyo gadebuli, romelzec

jarjebi ekida. saqvabe samive xats emsaxureboda. sam-

xreTi kedlis gayolebaze dasavleTis kuTxesTan spi-

lenZis didi qvabi iyo pirdamxobili. qvabi cokalTo-

dan iyo motanili, sadac imdroisTvis ukve aRaravin

cxovrobda. dasavleTis kedelTan ido salude qvabi,

romelic garSemo miwiT iyo Semotkepnili da ir-

gvliv amaRlebul adgils qmnida. es amaRleba mTeli

nagebobis umetes nawils moicavda, garda saqvabis

Crdilo-aRmosavleTi kuTxis.1

gomewris xeobis salocavebi. sof. jvarboslis salocavebi iyo: xiTanas wm.

giorgi _ mTeli gomewris Temis salocavi („aTi sof-

lisaTvis iyo eg salocavi~), Tevdore jvarboslis

Tavisa _ sasoflo salocavia, orcixe (adre aq sofe-

li yofila aseTive saxelwodebiT, 60 komls ucxov-

ria. ori gvaris xalxi cxovrobda: WareRovani da Ra-

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 80, 81.

309

niSiani), berbaaduri, mariamwminda (deda mariam RvTis-

mSobeli), xaxmatis jvari (xaxas aris, soflis zemoT.

gadmocemiT xaxas salocavi kardliZeebis gvaris sa-

locavi yofila. kardliZeebi xevsurebi yofilan Zi-

rad).

wm. giorgis dReoba xiTanoba iyo. „xiTanobas ga-

moTvlian aRdgomidan. aRdgoma ra ricxvSic gamova,

mesame dRes xiTanobaa. xiTanoba orSabaTs ar scdeba.

kviras Tevdore jvarboslis dReobaa, orSabaTs _ xi-

Tanoba. mesame dRes xaxmatSi avalT. jer avalT xaxa-

Si, avanTebT sanTels CamovalT TevdoreSi, iqac avan-

TebT (sanTels). kvira saRamos xiTanas vaTenebT da

orSabaTs ukve iqa varT.~

„xats jvaris miwa hqonda; xiTanas, Tevdores (mi-

wa hqonda), jvaris yanebs eZaxian. naTe moxnavda da

aluds gamoxdida. xiTanas calke hqonda (miwa). mTeli

gomewari moxnavda; vinc naTe iqneboda (aRebul mosa-

vals) dabertyavda, waiRebda da moxarSavda aluds,

gaumaspinZldeboda xalxs, mlocavs unda daxvedri-

yo~. TuSeTSi „xats miwa cota hqonda. mosulebs xa-

tis miwidan ki ar miscemdnen!~

sadroSe cixe mdebareobs zRvis donidan 2000m

simaRleze. sof. jvarboslidan samxreT-aRmosavleTis

mxares, maRali mTis davakebaze mdebareobs ori cixe,

romelTaganac erTi sadroSe cixea. sadroSe cixeSi

inaxeba xiTanis jvaris droSa, xolo Zvelad inaxebo-

da saganZuric.

sadroSe cixe nagebia fiqali qvisgan mSralad.

kedlebis wyobaSi aqa-iq Catanebuli hqonda TeTri

brolis qvebi. saxuravi CaSlili iyo, cixe ki Tavmor-

Rveuli.

Mmas mTavari fasadi dasavleTis mxares aqvs, sa-

dac datanebulia Seisruli formis Sesasvleli. Se-

310

sasvleli SigniTa mxrisken ufro ganieria da oT-

xkuTxa formisaa. karis Tavze kedelze datanebuli

iyo gaTlili Tavxe, romelsac napirebSi karis koWis

Casasmelad TiTo-TiTo naCvreti hqonda. zRurblad

ori keci iyo nagebi, romlebic kedlis wyobaSi iyo

Catanebuli. Sesasvlelis orive mxares kedelze data-

nebuli iyo TiTo-TiTo Rrmuli urdulisaTvis.

sadroSe cixis Crdilo-dasavleTis mxares iyo.

kuTxeSi miyudebuli iyo Zvirfasi sakadrisebiT mor-

Tuli droSa. droSis tari 1,8 m. sigrZis iyo da

wveri da qveda nawili waTlili hqonda. dawyebuli

wveridan, vidre taris Sua nawilamde, gadakruli

hqonda TeTri, saxiani abreSumis sakadrisi. sakadriss

boloze sami abreSumisave lenti hqonda damagrebu-

li, napirze yviTeli feris, xolo SuaSi bajaRlo

oqrosferi. yviTeli feris lentebis sigrZe TiTosi

47 sm. iyo, xolo bajaRlosferisa – 46 sm. droSis

wverTan meore abereSumis sakadrisi iyo damagrebu-

li. es sakadrisic oTxkuTxiani iyo da ori kuTxiT

droSaze iyo damagrebuli. iseve, rogorc pirvel sa-

kadriss, sami lenti hqonda: napirebze TeTri feris,

xolo SuaSi wiTeli. samive lentis sirZe 94 sm. iyo.

garda am didi sakadrisebisa, droSis tarze damagre-

buli iyo Wreli CiTis naWeri, romlis erT kuTxeSi

gamokruli iyo vercxlis fuli da erTic ufro pata-

ra CiTis naWeri. im kuTxeSi, sadac droSa iyo dabrZa-

nebuli, ori xinWrikva egdo, xolo samxreTis kedel-

ze eqspedicias sanTlis namwvis kvali daxvda.

xiTanas wminda giorgis jvaris kompleqsi moi-

cavs 3 nagebobas, ori mkvrivad nagebi konusis formis

Senobas da mesame qristianuli eklesiis nangrevs. na-

gebobaTa es kompleqsi mdebareobs sof. jvarboslis

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, xiTanis mTis Ziras. mas sam-

311

xreT-aRmosavleTiT esazRvreba orcixe, dasavleTiT

ubisTavis gora, aRmosavleTiT mwyera riya da mdina-

re alazani.

xiTanis wmina giorgis mTavari nageboba warmoad-

gens konusis formis mkvrivad nageb Senobas, qveda na-

wili ganieri kvarcxlbekia, romlis zemoT Senoba

odnav viwrovdeba Tavisken. mTavari fasadi dasavle-

TiTaa, aq kvarcxlbekis pirad SuaSi sasanTle Suku-

maa. Eeqspediciis adgilze yofnis dros Sukumas san-

Tlis namwvavebis kvali emCneoda. mTavari fasadis

mxares Senobis qvebi nawil-nawil iyo mongreuli, zo-

gi maTgani wyobidan iyo gamosuli. Tavze ori didi

xinWrikva edo, romelSic damagrebuli iyo droSa.

ubralo xis totis wverTan cali yuriT dakruli

iyo fabrikuli wesiT damzadebuli (TeTr fonze wi-

Teli yvavilebiT) oTkuTxa formis TavSali (sawira-

vi). aqve, mTavari fasadis mxares, didi jixvis rqebi

SubliT da agreTve ori Zveli, gamofituli rqa iyo.

orive rqas mitklis naWrebi hqonda Semoxveuli. cali

rqa SerWobili iyo kedlis zemo nawilSi (samxreTis

kedelSi). CrdiloeTis mxares kvarcxlbekze miyudebu-

li iyo fiqalis brtyeli qva, romelic mTxroblis

ganmartebiT niSis misafarebeli iyo. amave mxares mi-

waze didi fiqalis qvebi ewyo. aRmosavleTis mxares,

kvarcxlbekis win, fiqalis qvebiT amaRlebuli

farTi iyo, romlis marcxena kuTxeSi Zveli, gamofi-

tuli jixvis wyvili rqa egdo.

am mTavari nagebobis CrdiloeTiT misi msgavsi,

agreTve konusis formis nageboba iyo, lamiTa da fi-

qaliT mkvrivad nagebi. Ziridan erT mesamedze es nage-

boba ufro ganieri iyo zeda nawilTan SedarebiT, da

mTavari fasadis (dasavleTi) mxares win wamoweul,

Suaze am wyobidan gamosul nawilTan hqonda niSi,

312

romlis Tavze kedelSi datanebuli SedarebiT grZe-

li da sqeli fiqalis qva iyo. niSSi Cagdebuli iyo

xis gaTlili CarCo, romelic siZvelisgan Suaze iyo

gapobili da nawilobriv damwvari. samxreTisa da aR-

mosavleTis kedlebSi datanebuli iyo TiTo-TiTo

wvrili xe, Tavze brtyeli fiqalis qvebiT. am ori na-

gebobis maxloblad maTgan CrdiloeTis mimarTule-

biT moTavsebuli iyo qristianuli eklesiis nangrevi.

misgan kedlebis nawiliRa iyo SerCenili. kedlebi na-

gebi iyo mSralad, fiqali qvisagan. dasavleTis kede-

li nagebi iyo miwis pirad, kedlebi sam mxares mom-

rgvalebuli hqonda, xolo dasavleTis kedlis Sua

nawili, odnav win wamoweuli. miwis pirad datanebu-

li hqonda sasanTle niSi. ufro mcire niSi, imave

formisa, moTavsebuli iyo samxreTis kedelSi. aRmo-

savleTisa da Crdilo-aRmosavleTis mxares kedlebi

im droisTvis ukve daqceuli iyo. nagebobas kari hqo-

nia CrdiloeTis mxares, saxuravi Caqceuli iyo.

aRniSnul nagebobaTa dasavleTiT, mTis davakeba-

ze mowyobili iyo Ria sajare (sufra). fiqali qvebis-

gan gawyobili grZeli dasajdomebi sam mxares, max-

loblad mowyobili cecxlis dasanTebi keriT.

kidev erTi salocavi, ber-baaduri, 2180 m. simaR-

leze mdebareobs, orcixisa da mariamwmindis samxreT-

dasavleTiT. igi warmoadgens sipiT mSralad nageb pa-

tara oTxkuTxa yores. xatis win idga naxevrad gam-

xmari fiWvi, romlis fesvebi xatze gadmodioda. zed

ramdenime TeTri mitklis sakadrisi iyo. xati saSua-

lo zomis sipebiTa iyo gadaxuruli.1

sof. koklaTis salocavi xaxmatis jvari javaxes

mdebareobs, soflidan 200-300 metris moSorebiT. ja-

vaxes sami sofeli – koklaTa, veZisxevi da alisgori


313

loculobs. javaxe adgilis saxelwodebaa da sofli-

dan samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebareobs. javaxes saloca-

vebSi xevsurebi gadmodiodnen. xaxmatis jvari 2320 m.

simaRleze mdebareobs. igi fiqali qvisagan mSralad

nagebi dabali milionaa. Crdilo-dasavleT mxares sa-

sanTle Sukuma aqvs, sadac damagrebuli iyo sanTle-

bi da sami sawiravi. Tavze edo didi TeTri brolis

qva.1

sof. verxovanSi ori salocavia: karationi da

giorgi xaxmatisa. xaxmatis wminda giorgis xati sof-

lis dasavleTiT yoriT gamagrebul SemaRlebaze mde-

bareobs, zRvis donidan 2118 m-ze. igi warmoadgens fi-

qaliT mSralad nageb niSs, mTavari fasadiT samxr.-

aRmosavleTisaken. am mxares datanebuli aqvs TaRise-

buri formis sasanTle Sukuma. mis win wyobidan gamo-

suli sami sipi daxvda eqspedicias. ors TiTo sadro-

Se naxvreti hqonda gakeTebuli. am sipebis win mTel

sigrZeze sqeli, cal mxares TeTri qva ido. mTavari

fasadis da CrdiloeTis kedlis wyobaSi Catanebuli

iyo Zveli jixvis rqebi.2

sof. gudanTas salocavi, xaxmatis wminda gior-

gi, warmoadgens milionas. aq xevsurebi modiodnen sa-

locavad. sof. gudanTis salocavebi iyo: saneba –

soflis ganapiras ferdobze. saneba gudanTis Tavisa

iyo gadaxuruli qoxi Sig ,,dabrZanebuli~ sami dro-

SiT. gverdiT cixisTavi edga, romelSic zari ekida.

aqve idga ori miliona; saxeo – mTaSi iyo.3 sof. biqi-

urTis salocavi iyo isrielis xati. gadmocemiT `wi-

na dros erTi moisari yofila, xati Tu kaci. yoCaRi

ki yofila eg angelozi Tu kaci. mters ebrZodao, na-

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 92, 94. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 96, 97. 3 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 98.

314

dirs xocavdao. magis mSvildi rom daawydeboda Tur-

me, rogorc Tofs, iseTi xma gahqonda. es kaci Tu an-

gelozi im dros yofila, Cvens mama-papebs rom uomi-

aT. isrielis xati sxva xatebsac ebrZodao: qajebi

rom yofilan kideva, eSmakebi da imaTac ebrZodao. na-

diric rom uxocia da moisaric rom yofila, isrieli

uwodebiaT.

im adgils, sadac isrielis droSa inaxeboda,

darbazi ewodeboda. iq kidobanic idga, sadac xatis

ganZi inaxeboda.~ xats sofelSi yana hqonda, romlis

mosavali dResaswaulebs xmardeboda. naTes giorgo-

bas irCevdnen. gazafxulze axalarCeuli naTe jvaris

yanas moxnavda, mosavals aiRebda da galewavda. es

mosavali mxolod aTengenobas da giorgobas xmarde-

boda.1

isrielis xatic wm. giorgis salocavi unda iyos

– es iyo mebrZoli xati, moisari, rac wm. giorgis

gavrcelebuli epiTetia, qajebTan mebrZoli (ix. xax-

matis wm. giorgisTan dakavSirebuli gadmocemebi). na-

Tes aq giorgobas irCevdnen, xatis mosavali ki gior-

gobas da aTengenobas xmardeboda. isrielis xats

sof. vakisZiric loculobda, biqiurTasTan erTad.

sof. doWus salocavTa Soris iyo kopala anu

wm. giorgi Savgvremani, xaxmati, xaxa, saxeo wm. gior-

gi. sofelSi jvaris yanebi iyo. Sulta da naTe xnav-

denen. mosavali dReobebs xmardeboda. doWuSi mTava-

ri dReobebi laSarobidan iwyeboda. oTxSabaTobiT

droSaT sadgomidan (saqvabesa da kopalas xats Sua,

mTis aRmosavleTis kideze, mSralad nagebi patara ni-

Si) gamodioda droSa, xuTSabaTs midioda mariamwmin-

daSi, paraskevs xaxaSi, SabaTs wminda giorgiSi, Sem-


315

deg droSaT sadgomSi Camodiodnen, Rames aTevdnen da

kviras daiSlebodnen.

sadroSe saqvabesa da kopalas xats Sua, mTis

aRmosavleTis kideze, mSralad nagebi patara niSia.

aRmosavleTiT aqvs sasanTle Sukuma. dasavleTiT,

Sua welze, kedlidan Txeli fiqali qva wyvili

mrgvali naCvretiT – droSis taris dasamagreblad.

niSs Tavze edo xinWrikva.

kopalas xatSi ori droSa iyo dabrZanebuli.

ToToeul maTgans tarze cali wveriT mobmuli

hqonda sawirebi (sakadrisebi), romelTa didi nawili

TeTri mitkali, sada wiTeli ,,lenti~ da zogic oT-

xkuTxa moyvanilobis sakadrisi iyo, romelsac TeTri

foni da Wreli ganieri arSia hqonda. amas garda

droSaze ramdenime ZvelisZveli sakadrisi iyo. orive

droSis Tavze wamocmuli iyo Subiswveri da mis max-

loblad tarze damagrebuli iyo patara zarebi.

sasanTle-sadroSesa da kopalas xats Sua CaR-

rmavebuli adgilia, romelsac darbazi ewodeboda.

wminda giorgi Savgvremani anu kopala, mdebare-

obs soflis Tavze, saqvabidan samxreTiT. igi warmo-

adgens mTis ferdze mSrali wyobiT naSeneb oTxkuT-

xa nagebobas, amitom qvemo nawili aRmosavleTis ked-

lisa ufro ganieria da samxreTisaken miwis pirs us-

wordeba. nagebobis kedlis Tavze, samxreT-aRmosavle-

Tis kuTxeSi mravali Zveli irmis rqa daxvdaT

eqspediciis wevrebs. CrdiloeTis kedelze miyudebu-

li iyo xe, romelzec odesRac Camokidebuli iyo za-

rebi. im dros, rodesac vera bardaveliZem naxa

salocavi, mis Tavze oTxi sxvadasxva zomis zari iyo

dawyobilia. nagebobaSi moTavsebuli iyo ori mdid-

rulad gawyobili droSa. Zvelad xats samxreTis ke-

delSi hqonda Sesasvleli kari. es kari daingra da

316

Sesasvleli amoaSenes. amis Sedegad Senobas kari aRa-

ra aqvs da droSebi SenobaSi Sesanaxad saxuravidan

CahqondaT da amohqondaT saxuravze dafarebuli didi

fiqali qvebis moxsnis gziT.

xaxmatis wminda giorgis niSi Sua sofelSi, pa-

tara SemaRlebazea. es konusiseburi Senobaa, mTavari

fasadiT dasavleTis mxares. mTavari fasadis kedel-

Si, dabla, datanebulia sakmaod Rrma sasanTle Suku-

ma, romlis Tavze da ZirSi wyobidan gamosuli viwro

sadroSe sipia erTi naxvretiT. Sukumis Tavze fasa-

dis kedeli konusiseburadaa SeRrmavebuli. fasadis

kedlis marjvena mxares, zemoT, odnav Caqceul wyoba-

Si TeTri patara xinWrikva iyo. saxuravi brtyeli si-

pebiT iyo gadaxuruli da zed erTi didi zomis xin-

Wrikva da uamravi Zveli, gamofituli jixvis rqa edo.

samxreTis da aRmosavleTis mxridan, nagebobis ked-

lebis Sua nawilSi patara SeRrmavebani (Sukumebi?)

hqonda dayolebuli.

xaxa, romelic soflis Tavze aRmarTul mTis

wverze mdebareobs, Zvel dros cixeze mdgara. am ci-

xeSi maSin xatis Zvirfaseuls, vercxleuls, Tas-

ganZs inaxavdnen. gvian xanSi cixe daingra. cixis

nawili bardaveliZis eqspediciis dosac SeimCneoda.

saxeo wm. giorgi maRla, mTis wverzea. iq dgas

misi salocavi niSi, romelic karates msgavsia. Zve-

lad es niSi Semkuli iyo jixvis rqebiT.

saqvabe mdebareobs zRvis donidan 2260 m. simaR-

leze. saqvabe Senoba nagebia fiqali qvisagan, mSra-

lad. saqvabes mTavari fasadi aqvs samxreTis mxares,

sadac datanebuli aqvs farTo, oTkuTxa formis Se-

sasvleli. Sesasvlelis marcxena da marjvena mxares

kedlebs datanebuli aqvs Rrmulebi, TiTo mxares

317

sam-sami, romlebSiac gayrili iyo ori xirxali. Seno-

ba gadaxuruli iyo calferdad.

saqvabe SigniTa mxridan mogrZo oTxkuTxa for-

misaa. aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis kedlebi safexu-

rebad maRldeba CrdiloeTis mxrisken. CrdiloeTis

mxares nagebobas kedeli ara aqvs amoyvanili. saqvabe-

ebis saxuravi sam boZs. aqve, kldeze amoyvanilia fi-

qali qvis kedeli, romelsac oTxkuTxedad gamoyvani-

li didi zomis Sukuma aqvs. Sukumis Tavze, kedlis

wyobaSi, datanebulia grZeli Zeli. mTxrobelis gad-

mocemiT SukumaSi Tasebs inaxavdnen. dasavleTis

mxris kedlebis safexurze dawyobili iyo Svidi xi-

di. xidebi eyrdnobodnen erT, didi zomis xids, rome-

lic Tavis mxriv eyrdnoboda erTi mxridan samxreTis

mxris kedlis Tavs, xolo meore mxridan CrdiloeTis

mxris SuaTana boZs. xidebze dawyobili iyo yavri,

yavri ki dafarebuli iyo brtyeli fiqali qviT.

saqvabe Senoba SigniT dedaboZs eyrdnoboda. Se-

nobis CrdiloeTis mxares gakeTebuli iyo ori sacec-

xluri, romlebSiac TiToSi TiTo qvabi iyo Casmuli.

sacecxluridan erTi – marcxniv, gauqmebuli oyo, me-

ores ki xmarobdnen. im qvabs, romelic xmarebaSi oyo,

sami ficari efara, zemodan gardigardmo ido ori

joxi da dafarebuli iyo brtyeli fiqali qviT. qva-

bebis tevadoba aseTi iyo: erTi SedarebiT mcire mo-

culobis qvabi 50 Tungis tevadobis, meore – 60 Tun-

gis iyo. aRmosavleTis kedelTan axlos ido Zveli

laxtba, anu navi. aqve ido ori xis kodi, romelic

aRweris momentSi savse iyo aludiT. kodebs efara

tomrebi. aqve, erT kodze aRmoCnda 1951 wels gakeTe-

buli warweriani Tasi. xis TasTan erTad iyo jixvis

Tasic. aRmosavleTis mxris kedels datanebuli

hqonda marTkuTxa formis Sukuma, sadac spilenZis

318

Tungi, spilenZis avgardeni (xmaroben ludis gadasa-

Rebad, formiT waagavs tafas) ido. dasavleTis mxris

kedelTan ido axali xis navi. Eqspediciam aqve naxa

ori samWira, amave mxris kedelSi datanebuli hqonda

ori erTnairi zomis Sukuma, erTi ufro maRla, meore

ufro qvemoT.1

sof. gorgulTas xatebi iyo: zedxaxa, qvedxaxa,

karati, cixeTana, xaxmati.

aTengobas dReoba daiwyeboda orSabaTs karate-

Si. samSabaTs sanTels daanTebdnen cixeTanas, oTxSa-

baTs – zedxaxas, mere xaxmatSi, xuTSabaTs – qvedxa-

xas da paraskevs isev karatSi.

xats jvaris yana hqonda. soflis bolos iyo ya-

nebi, romlebsac jvaris yanebs eZaxdnen.

sofelSi iyo xatis tye, romelsac „xaxas tyes~

eZaxdnen. am tyidan SeSis gamotana ar SeiZleboda,

xes ar moWridnen. rac yria, mxolod imis aReba SeiZ-

leba. SeSas am tyidan dReobaSi iyenebdnen aludis

mosaxarSad.

zedxaxa mdebareobs zRvis donidan 2415 m. simaR-

leze, s. gorgulTidan dasavleTis mxares, e. w. xaxas

tyeSi, maRali mTis davakebaze; igi warmoadgens fiqa-

li qvisgan mSralad nageb oTxkuTxa formis nagebo-

bas, romelic, ukve im droisTvis, TiTqmis mTlad Caq-

ceuli iyo. mTavari fasadi, savaraudod dasavleTis

mxares iyo.

SedarebiT kargad iyo SemorCenili nagebobis

CrdiloeTis mxris kedeli, romelsac mTavari fasa-

dis mxares miSenebuli hqonda patara saTavsos msgav-

si Senoba, mTlianad Caqceuli. CrdiloeTis mxris ke-

delSi nagebobas unda hqonoda ori sarkmeli. Senobis

SigniTa da gareTa mxare mofenili iyo fiqalis qve-

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 99 – 101.

319

biTa da TeTri xinWrikvebiT. zedxaxas nagebobas Tav-

ze dahyurebdnen uzarmazari fiWvis xeebi. erT maTgan-

ze TeTri sakadrisi iyo Camokidebuli.

qvedxaxa mdebareobs zRvis donidan 20142 m. si-

maRleze. qvedxaxa mdebareobs s. gogrulTidan dasav-

leTis mxares. igi warmoadgens fiqali qvis dabal,

oTxkuTxa formis yores. yoris dasavleTis mxares ma-

Ral fiWvis xeze rkinis jaWviT uzarmazari spilen-

Zis zari ekida, xolo aRmosavleTiT, aseve xeze da-

magrebuli iyo ori TeTri sakadrisi.

xaxas saqvabe mdebareobs soflis gareT, misgan

samxreT – dasavleTiT, xaxmatis jvaridan erTi-ori

nabijis daSorebiT. Senoba nagebia mSralad, fiqali

qviT. kari samxreT-aRmosavleTis kedlis centralur

nawilSi hqonda. amaze miuTiTebs am kedlis gadarCe-

nili nawili. samxreT-dasavleTi kedlis qveda nawi-

li kldezea naSeni, aseve kldeze uswormasworo yo-

ris kedeli iyo nagebi Crdilo-dasavleTis mxares,

xolo Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT mxolod amaRlebuli

klde iyo, romelzec kedlis wyoba aRara Canda. saq-

vabes gadaxurva ara hqonda, magram ori SerCenili xi-

dis mixedviT da gadmocemiT, mas hqonia calferda ga-

daxurva. saqvabeSi gawyobili iyo yoris yverfi, ro-

melSic spilenZis furclebisgan Sekerili aludis

qvabi iyo. samxreT – aRmosavleTisa da samxreT – da-

savleTis kedlebis kuTxeSi am kedlebis gasamagrebe-

li sami sipi iyo. qveda sipze spilenZis erTi patara

Tasi ido – garedan sada, xolo Signidan lamazad mi-

CuqurTmebuli. iyo brinjaos mSvenieri zari, romel-

sac garedan arSiad hqonda gamoyvanili saxovani geo-

metriuli ornamenti, romlis qvemoT garedan amobur-

culi Rari iyo. Tungis cal gverdze, geometriuli

ornamentis zemoT da qvemoT rgolebSi amotvifruli

320

iyo aRmosavluri warwera. erTi maTgani waSlili

iyo, meorec Znelad ikiTxeboda. aqve kedelze miyude-

buli iyo xis dasarevi, grZel joxze mavTuliT da-

magrebuli didi raodenobis wvrili CxirebiT. karis

maxloblad, samxreT – aRmosavleTis kedeli Sukumis

mgavsad iyo odnav CamorRveuli da Sig Sedgmuli iyo

ubralo zaraki.

xaxmatis jvari saqvabidan samxreT-dasavleTiT,

kldeze mdebareobs. igi warmoadgens oTxkuTxa for-

mis milionas. klde, romelzedac es miliona dgas,

SemaRlebulia da Semagrebulia yoriT. xaxmatis

jvars mTavari fasadi samxreT-aRmosavleTis mxares

aqvs.1

sof. saCiRolos salocavebia wminda giorgis xa-

ti da xaxmati.

giorgi wmindas xati soflidan Crd.-aRmosavle-

TiT, zRvis donidan 2390 m.-zea da warmoadgens siper-

debian nagebobas. mis ganier kvarcxlbekze sasanTle

Sukumaa wyobis SigniT Seweuli. niSis zemo nawili

naSenebia sipiT, wyoba gamagrebulia silanarevi Ti-

xiT. saxuravi brtyeli sipebiTa iyo gadaxuruli. ni-

Sis aRm osavleTis nawili miwas ebjineboda. niSis

CrdiloeTiT didi aryis xe idga, romlis totebi Sem-

kuli iyo TeTri mitklis sakadrisebiT. xatis Crdi-

loeTiT saqaleboa, gamagrebuli sipebiT aRmosavle-

Tidan da dasavleTidan. cota maRla kacebis sajarea,

sadac sipebi or-sam pirad ewyo.

xaxmatis wm. giorgi soflidan Crdilo-

aRmosavleT mxares, mTis ferdobze fiqali qvisgan

mSralad nagebi patara miliona iyo. Tavze ewyo 4


321

brolis qva da uamravi irmis rqa. erT-erT rqaze Seb-

muli iyo TeTri sakadrisi.1

sof. iliurTa gomewris centri iyo. aq mTeli

gomewaris da ivanaurTa iyridnen Tavs.

1960-ian wlebSi iliurTis centrSi wm. giorgis

saxelobis, 1870 wels agebuli eklesia daxvda

eqspedicias. eklesia centralurgumbaTovani nagebo-

baa, naSenebi fiqaliT da TixiT, Selesili da SeTeT-

rebuli garedanac da SigniTac. Senobis gegmis gare-

gan kvadratSi (6,9 X 6,9 m.) Cawerilia jvari. misi

aRmosavleTi mklavi, romelic danarCen mklavebTan

SedarebiT orjer ufro Rrmaa, naxevarwriuli Sveri-

li afsidiTaa dasrulebuli. danarCeni mklavebi

sworkuTxaa. garedan afsidis gamonaSveri Svidwaxna-

govania. dasavleTis mklavis RerZze ganieri da maRa-

li TaRovani Sesasvlelia. afsidSi, samxreTis da

CrdiloeTis mklavebSi TiTo TaRovani sarkmelia.

Crdilo da samxreTi sarkmlebi aRmosaveT sarkmel-

Tan SedarebiT orjer ganieria. sakurTxevelSi fiq-

liT nawyobi da Selesili trapezi dgas. afsidis win

wyvili pilastri da maTze dayrdnobili sabjeni

TaRia. SigniT wriuli da garedan rvawaxnaga gumbaTi

eyrdnoba mklavebis gadakveTaze kedlis Sverilebs.

gumbaTis yelSi rva sarkmelia. eklesias dasavleTiT,

CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT karibWeebi ekvris.2

iliurTis salocavTa Sorisaa jvariskris xati,

romelic aseve wminda giorgis saxelobisaa. igi sof.

iliurTis da sof. buxurTis saerTo salocavia. aqvea

jvariskaris tye.

jvariskris xati soflis dasavleTiT, mwvaqis

goris zemoT mdebareobs. es aris fiqliT mSralad

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 105. 2 Ibid, sZa, II, 95.

322

naSenebi oTxkuTxa nageboba. mTavari fasadi

samxreTis mxaresaa. amave mxares, kedlis Sua nawilSi,

mTel siRrmeze datanebulia sasanTle Sukuma, ro-

melSic ewyo Zveli jixvis rqebi. rqebze TeTri mit-

klis sawiravebi iyo Sebmuli. jvariskaris xats sipi

qviT mSralad nagebi saqvabe hqonda.1

jvariskris xati wvaqis goris zemoT, soflis

dasavleTiT mdebareobs. igi warmoadgens fiqaliT

mSralad naSeneb oTxkuTxa nagebobas. misi samxreTi

nawili miwas ebjineba. mTavari fasadi samxreTis mxa-

resaa. amave mxares, kedlis Sua nawilSi mTel siR-

rmeze datanilia sasanTle Sukuma, romelSic imJamad

Zveli gamofituli jixvis rqebi ewyo. rqebze TeTri

mitklis sawiravebi iyo.

jvariskris xatis saqvabe safuaris CrdiloeTiT

mdebareobs. mSralad nagebia sipi qvisagan, saxuravi

Caqceuli iyo, magram kedlebis moyvanilobidan Canda,

rom orferda iqneboda. misi Sesavali kari samxreTis

mxarezea, Sesavlis pirdapir, CrdiloeTis kedelze

aRmarTuli iyo kula, xolo mis gverdiT kedelSi pa-

tara zomis niSi iyo datanebuli. kulis ZirSi sipi

qvisagan gamarTuli iyo TviT saqvabe sacecxluriT,

romelSiac Cagdebuli iyo patara zomis spilenZis

furclebisgan Sekerili salude qvabi, qvabze sipebi

iyo dalagebuli saxuravis nacvlad. samxreTis ked-

lis ZirSi ori patara axlad gamarTuli sacecxluri

iyo. aRmosavleTis kedelSi didi carieli sivrce iyo

sarkmeliviT datanebuli. aqedan ludis duRebisas

wyals awvdidnen TungiT qalebi. Sesaval karTan ke-

delSi Catanebul qvaze gakeTebuli warweris mixed-

viT Zveli saqvabe sruliad dangreuli yofila da

mis nacvlad 1941 wels es saqvabe auSenebiaT. saqvabis


323

win miwa mosworebuli iyo da zed sipebis wyoba iyo

gamarTuli. Sua sipebisaganve amaRlebaa warmoqmnili.

sof. buxurTaSi erTi _ xaxmatis wminda giorgis

salocavi iyo (buxurTis da iliurTis saerTo salo-

cavis _ karatis jvaris garda).

sof. vestmos salocavebi iyo xaxmationi, jvar-

Tana da xaxas wminda giorgi. wminda giorgi (xaxa)

erT fiWvis xes warmoadgenda.

garda amisa, soflis ganapiras, mis dasavleT

mxares mdebare fiqali qvisagan mSralad nagebi oT-

xkuTxa saqvabec gadmocemiT wminda giorgis saxelo-

bisa iyo da xatad iTvleboda. saqvabe nagebi iyo fi-

qali qvisagan mSralad da gegmaSi oTxkuTxa formis

iyo. saxuravi Caqceuli hqonda. savaraudod gadaxurva

calferda eqneboda.

amas vera bardaveliZes afiqrebinebda is, rom

CrdiloeTis mxris kedeli, romelic kldeSi iyo amo-

Senebuli da sxva kedlebTan SedarebiT ufro kargad

iyo SemorCenili, ufro maRali iyo, vidre samxreTis

mxris kedeli.

saqvabis yoveli kedelis wyobaSi rogorc gare-

Ta, ise SigniTa mxridan, datanebuli iyo uamravi

TeTri brolis qva. gareTa mxridan samxreTis kedel-

Tan fiqali qvebis nayari albaT sajdomad ixmareb-

oda.

saqvabe nagebobas mTavari fasadi samxreTis mxa-

res hqonda, sadac datanebuli iyo karga mozrdili

Saesasvleli. Sesasvlelis orive mxares, marcxniv da

marjvniv, kedelSi sam – sami Rrmuli iyo, romlebSic

albaT xirxalebs uyridnen. dabla, Sesasvlelis

zRurblad dagebuli iyo brtyeli da didi fiqalis

qva, romelic samxreTis kedlis wyobaSia datanebuli.

Sesasvlelis marcxniv kedelSi garWobili iyo joxi.

324

CrdiloeTisa da aRmosavleTis mxris kedlis

kuTxeSi gamarTuli iyo sacecxluri, romelic fiqa-

li qviT iyo nagebi mSralad. sacecxlurSi Cadgmuli

iyo salude qvabi, romelsac zemodan dafarebuli

hqonda brtyeli fiqali qva. sacecxlurTan axlos,

aRmosavleTis mxris kedelTan gamarTuli kera iyo

fiqali qvebisgan. sacecxluris Tavze, CrdiloeTis

mxris kedelSi garWobili iyo gaTlili joxi zed

TeTri sakadrisiT. droSis qvemoT kedlis wyobaSi

datanili iyo sami TeTri brolis qva: ori didi, er-

Ti ki patara. TeTri brolis qva ido agreTve sacec-

xlurzedac, salude qvabis marcxniv. aRmosavleTis

mxris kedelSi, daaxloebiT Sua nawilSi, datanebuli

iyo sarkmeli, xolo dasavleTis mxris kedelSi ori

oTxkuTxa formis Sukumaa. erT maTganSi ido xis

litriani da samWira. amave mxares kedlis mTel sig-

rZeze, mis gaswvriv, gadadebuli iyo xidi, romelic

erTi boloTi samxreTis mxris kedels eyrdnoba, meo-

re boloTi ki CrdiloeTis kedlis wyobaSi iyo Casu-

li. xidze ori jaWvi iyo Camokidebuli (Semoxveuli).

maTze aludis gasawur tomrebs hkidebdnen. saqvabe

SenobaSi ar iyo navi (laxtba), magram ivaraudeba, rom

igi swored am xidis qveS unda mdgariyo.

mTxrobelTa gadmocemiT saqvabe wminda giorgis

saxelobis iyo da nageboba xatad iTvleboda.

jvarTanas (deda mariamwmindis) da wminda gior-

gis (xaxas) dReoba erTad iyo. mkaTaTvis cametSi

aTengenoba iyo. midiodnen jer jvarTanas, Semdeg xa-

xaSi. meore dRes ki saxaxmatoSi.

xaxmatis wminda giorgis niSi vestmos Crdilo-

dasavleTi mTis ferdze, zRvis donidan 2335 m-is si-

maRleze mdebareobs da fiqali qviTaa mSralad nage-

bi. mTavari fasadi samxreT-aRmosavleTiTaa. amave mxa-

325

res niSs datanebuli aqvs patara oTxkuTxedi sasan-

Tle Sukuma. mis Tavze wyobaSi or fenad Catanebuli

iyo xinWrikvebi. niSis Tavze ido didi, brtyeli sipi,

romelic amagrebda joxs TeTri sawiravebiT. niSs

Crdilo-dasavleTis mxares agreTve Sukuma aqvs data-

nebuli. niSis dasavleTiT davakebaze sipebiT mofeni-

li sajare iyo.1

wovaTas soflebis mozarTas da indurTas salo-

cavia wminda giorgis xati, romelic mdebareobs sane-

bis mTis wverze da warmoadgens fiqali qvisagan

mSralad nageb mrgvali formis milionas, romelic

zeviTken viwrovdeba. wyobaSi SigadaSig Catanebuli

hqonda xinWrikvebi. Tavze didi brtyeli fiqali qva

edo, romelsac Tavis mxriv saSualo zomis xinWrikva

edo.2

rogorc vxedavT, wminda giorgis salocavebTan

dakavSirebuli viTareba TuSeTSic aRmosavleT saqar-

Tvelos mTianeTis sxva regionebis analogiuria. aqac

centraluri salocavi wminda giorgis saxelobisaa,

garda amisa arsebobs misi saxelobis ara erTi salo-

cavi, niSi da eklesia. aqve gansakuTrebiT unda aRi-

niSnos is faqti, rom TuSeTSi didi mniSvneloba eni-

WebaT xevsurul xatebs. xevsurTa xatebi TuSebs Zli-

er swamdaT da maT dekanozebsac gavlena hqondaT.

gansakuTrebiT swamdaT karatisa da xaxmatis jvari.

am xatebs TuSeTSi TavianTi salocavi niSebi hqon-

daT. aTengenobas TuSeTSi karationi da xaxmationi

dekanozebi gadmodiodnen, TavianTi xatis niSTan dge-

bodnen da xalxs amwyalobebdnen. xaxmatis jvaris

jvarioni `giorgi naRvar mSvenieris~ borayis winam-

ZRolobiT TuSeTSi miemgzavreboda da iq xaxmatis

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 112-114. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 119.

326

saxelobis niS-salocavebs moilocavda imave wesiT,

rogoriTac karatis jvaris jvarioni.

vinaidan karatisa da xaxmatis jvrebis niSebi

TuSeTSi mravlad iyo, am jvrebis procesia TiTqmis

mTel TuSeTs moivlida xolme.1 xevsurebi da TuSebi

erTmaneTs biZaSvilebad Tvlidnen da Sexvedrisas er-

TmaneTs `gamarjoba biZaSvilo~-Ti esalmebodnen. omi-

sa da laSqrobis dros ki TuSebi xaxmatis wminda gi-

orgis xatis dekanozebs iwvevdnen, romlebic laS-

qars win miuZRodnen.2

amjerad, gvinda gudamayris wminda giorgis sa-

locavebs SevexoT da sanimuSod ramdenime maTgani mi-

movixiloT.

Tavis naSromSi, sadac mTiuleT-gudamayris sa-

kulto Zeglebia aRwerili, sergi makalaTia aRniSnav-

da, rom aq yvelaze gavrcelebuli wminda giorgis

Tayvaniscemaa, xatebis umravlesoba am wmindanis sa-

xels atarebs da mas upirvelesi adgili ukavia mo-

saxleobis rwmenaSi.3

gudamayris salocavTa Soris, upirveles yovli-

sa, unda aRiniSnos pirimze PfuZis angelozi sof.

CoxSi, zegardis wm. giorgi sof. dumacxoSi da Coxis

wm. giorgi.

pirimze fuZis angelozi mTeli gudamayris saer-

To salocavia. igi mdebareobs sof. CoxSi, ferdobze,

iq, sadac boslisa da bursaWiris wylebi erTdebian.

Ees aris qviTkiris patara eklesia, sipi qviT gadaxu-

ruli, romelsac zed qvis jvari aqvs. mas akravs tye.

1 vera bardaveliZe, barbal dolaSi, `enimkis~ moambe, V-VI(1940), 561.

2 Ibid, makalaTia, 218-219. 3 Ibid, makalaTia, mTiuleTi.

327

TviT pirimzis xati vercxliT moWedili jvaria da

zed wminda giorgia gamosaxuli mxedruli warweriT:

1. q:. es:. beqaur:.wiklaurebis:.wmindis:.giorgis:.pi-

ri:.mzis:.

2.bovrayais:.Tavi:.me:.iason:.erisTvis:.Svilma:.sax-

lTxucesam:.

3.Teimurazm:.gavakeTe:.samwyaloblaT:.CvenTaTvis qk s

tJv. (1707 w.); warweraSi moxseniebuli Teimurazi Semdgom

aragvis erisTavad iyo (1724-1735 ww.). es xati Coxis

wminda giorgis eklesiaSi inaxeboda.

Sergi makalaTias TqmiT, eklesiis galavani da

mesrebze gadebuli Woloki savse iyo zarebiT, zanza-

lakebiT, xatis uRlebiT da sxva SarnebiT. Aaqve iyo

SarnebiT Semkuli irmis rqebi. xatis maxloblad sa-

lude iyo, sadac moTavsebuli iyo ori didi spilen-

Zis salude qvabi. gverdiT ki sabero, sadac dekanoze-

bi wmindobdnen. Aaqve iyo mexateebisaTvis Ramis saTe-

vi bina.

adgilobrivTa sityviT, `winaT dev-kerpoba yofi-

la. fuZis angelozi cecxliTa da xmliT exmareboda

xalxsa. xmalSabmuli ver SevalT fuZis angelozSi,

imitom rom is Tavad xmliania.’’ xati iwyenda imasac,

Tu mgzavri cxeniT mis maxloblad gaivlida. yvela-

ferze Svelis, sneulze, avadmyofobas.1

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT pirimze fuZis angelozis

xatze arsebul warweras, sadac moixsenieba `wmindis

giorgis pirimzis bovrayi~, agreTve dekanozis damwya-

lobnebisas mis mier moxseniebuli `xelmwife wm. gi-

orgi pirimze axalcixisa~ (an `pirimze axalcixiT

mobrZanebuli~), SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom gudamayris

1 vera bardaveliZe, iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTno-logiis institutis arqivi, vera bardaveliZis piradi fondi, 1945 wlis saeqspedicio masalebi.

328

es saerTo salocavi wm. giorgis saxelobisaa. amave

dros, isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am xatis mTava-

ri dReoba mariamobisTvis bolos modis. SesaZlebe-

lia aq iseTive movlenasTan gvqondes saqme, rogorc,

magaliTad, laSaris wm. giorgisa da Tamar aqim de-

dufalis, an xaxmatis wm. giorgisa da samZimaris Tay-

vaniscemis SemTxvevaSi.

Coxis wm. giorgis xati gudamayaris erT-erTi

yvelaze cnobili salocavia. esaa qvakiriT nagebi da

TunuqiT gadaxuruli patara bazilika, dasavleTis

kedelTan xis xaraCoebisagan Seqmnili samrekloTi

da ori zariT. rogorc 1967 wels xatis dekanozi am-

bobda, am saydris safuZvlebi Zvelia, misi pataraobi-

sas saydris kedlebi SeakeTes da gadaxures. saydarSi

saeklesio davTrebi inaxeboda. saydridan ramdenime

nabijze CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT miwaSi Casmulia

Woloki, romlis kapebze Camokidebulia uamravi pata-

ra zari. Tumca am WolokTan `sakuratea~, magram de-

kanozi saklavebs saberos gverdiT klavda, romelic

Wolokidan 5-6 nabijis daSorebiTaa. sakuratedan

CrdiloeTiT da saberodan aRmosavleTiT (maT Soris)

patara borcvia, romelSic Casmulia `samnebi~. borcvs

zemoT CrdiloeTisken kvlav Wolokia, pirvelze ga-

cilebiT didi da orkapa. esaa mozrdili orad gayo-

fili xe, maRla sworad azrdili da kapebiani. Mmis

wverze damagrebulia irmis rqa da kapebze Camokide-

bulia uamravi zari, sxvadasxva zomisa da moyvanilo-

bis. Qqvemo kapebze ori didi zaria, danarCeni zarebi-

dan gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda mwvane patiniT dafa-

ruli brinjaos sada, magram metad sayuradRebo moy-

vanilobis zari. Aam WolokTan dekanozebi da wminda

kacebic ki ver midian axlos, imdenad sakrZalav ad-

gilad aris miCneuli.QWolokis gverdiT yoriT nagebi

329

mogrZo oTxkuTxa formis bekia, romelzec aRmarTu-

lia qvis jvari. Bborcvidan ramdenime nabijze aRmo-

savleTis mimarTulebiT mdebareobs e.w. `iasaulTi~-

ori patara lodi, romelTagan erTze, rogorc miuTi-

Teben, devis xelis anabeWdia: oTxi TiTisa – momrgva-

lo CaRrmavebani da erTic TiTqos xelis nebis moyva-

nilobisa. gadmocemiT, Coxis wm. giorgis sami devi

hyavs iasaulebad. Ees devebi mas qajaveTidan mous-

xams. sxva variantiT, wm. giorgi adre dev-kerpebs eb-

rZoda. im xanaSi erTma devma wm. giorgis karis win es

ori lodi dadga da Coxis wm. giorgis valad daado

devebisTvis Tikani Seewira xolme. Mmas Semdeg mlocve-

lebi modian da `devis qvebTan~ am devebis anu Coxis

wm. giorgis iasaulTa saxelze Tiknebs klaven (1945

wels vera bardaveliZem naxa bavSvebi, romlebsac moy-

vanili hyavdaT Sesawirad batkani da Tikani: batkani wm.

giorgis saxelze, Tikani ki misi iasaulebisaTvis da-

saklavad aRniSnul lodebTan). borcvidan ramdenime

nabijis moSorebiT aRmosavleTisaken agebulia erTma-

neTis gverdiT sabero da saqvabe – yoriT nagebi daba-

li baniani Senobebi.1

Coxis wminda giorgi Coxelebis salocavia. Coxe-

lebis TqmiT, isini Coxis wm. giorgis `mesame ymebi~

arian. Ppirveli ymebi TaTrebi iyvnen, meoreni `gana-

yariaTi~, romelnic aznaurebi iyvnen da romelTa na-

saxlaric Coxis wm. giorgis xatSi Cans, mesameni ki

Coxelebi arian. gadmocemiT wm. giorgi xorcieli

iyo, TaTari. pirveli misi ymebic TaTrebi iyvnen. wm.

giorgi ki, Turme, maSin TaTrebs uqadagebda da aswav-

lida rogor unda ecxovraT. amisaTvis igi daiWires,

urmis Tvals miabes da maRali mTidan daagores. wm.

giorgi maSin 363 nawilad daiSala da sadac misi na-


330

wili daeca, iq wm. giorgis xati gaCnda. Coxis wm. gi-

orgic misi erT-erTi nawilTagania, iseve rogorc gu-

damayris sxva xatebi. Coxis wm. giorgis xatSi misi

enaa, amitom `Coxis wm. giorgi enas misdevs. Tu das-

wyevla vinme, is aRar ixeirebs. Coxelma rom vinmes

qali sTxovos da ar miscen, is qali veRar gaixarebs

– dacdili aqvs xalxs. daswyevlian Coxelebi da

morCa.~1

maCagnis jvaric wm. giorgis nawilad iTvleba. aq

misi gulia – `maCagnis xatma Tu guli gaifuWa, arc

qadagTan midis. Oojaxs mTlianad amowyvitavs.~2

maCagnis jvars kitoxSi da maqarTaSi loculo-

ben.

maqarTaSi maCagnis wm. giorgis eklesia zRvis

donidan 1500 metris simaRleze mdebareobs, maqarTi-

dan Crdilo-dasavleTis Mmxares, maRali mTis davake-

baze.Eesaa qviTkiriT nagebi, gegmaSi marTkuTxedis

formis patara Senoba. mTavari fasadiT mimarTulia

samxreTisaken, saiTac datanebuli aqvs oTxkuTxi

formis dabali Sesasvleli xis kariT. Sesasvlelis

Tavze, kedlis wyobaSi Catanebulia didi qva, qvemoT,

zRurblad ki fiqali qva aqvs dadebuli. aRmosavle-

Tisa da dasavleTis kedlebi centrisken awverilia.

Senobis saxuravi orferdaa. saxuravis ferdebi daqa-

nebulia: erTi samxreTisaken, meore ki CrdiloeTis

mxrisken. SigniT, aRmosavleTis mxaris kedelSi, nage-

bobas datanebuli aqvs patara viwro sarkmeli, sam-

kuTxa formis. gareTa mxrisken sarkmeli viwrovdeba,

SigniT ki farTovdeba da xuT safexurad eSveba. ase-

Tive sarkmeli nagebobas aqvs dasavleTis mxaresac,

mxolod ufro viwro. sarkmelis qvemoT grZeli qvis

1 Ibid. 2 Ibid.

331

dasajdomia gakeTebuli. sarkmlis qvemoT kedelTan

miSenebulia xis sakurTxeveli, romelsac garSemo ce-

mentis sqeli fena hqonia wasmuli. es fena sanaxevrod

Camongreulia. sakurTxevlidan marcxniv, qvisa da ce-

mentisagan oTxkuTxa formis sakurTxevlis msgavsi

nagebobaa. orferda Weri, romelic galesili yofila

cementiTa Tu gajiT, Camongreulia da Tavxisa da

masze perpendikularulad damagrebuli ficrebis na-

wili moCans.

Eeklesiidan CrdiloeTis mxares miwaSi vertika-

lurad Camagrebulia grZeli, daaxloebiT 1,5 m. simaR-

lis, boloSi Subis wveris msgavsi moyvanilobis qva.

masze Camocmulia Zeli, romelzec hkidia ori didi,

sami saSualo da samic patara zari. zarebze warwe-

rebia amokawruli. did zarze warweraa: `SevswireT

ojaxobis sadRegrZeloT maCagnis wm. giorgis mere-

baSvilebma 1911 w. 1.2.1/2.~ meore zarze ki Semdegi war-

weraa: `Sev.wmi.giorgis. isakam da basilam wiklaureb-

ma 1909 w.~ mesame zarze warweraa: `q:. Sevwire maqar-

Tels wminda giorgis me andria wiklaurma biasla-

miSvilma Cveni ojaxis samwyalobloT welsa 1879.~1

gadmocemiT maCagani winaT devebis xelSi iyo.

roca maCagnis jvari CamobrZanda, maSin mas devebTan

brZola dauwyia. am dros aris cxraTaviani devi dab-

muli. Ees devi man Tavis iasaulad gaixada.2

sof. dumacxos salocavTa Sorisaa dumacxos

wminda giorgi (afciaurebis salocavi). igi mdebare-

obs maRla, soflis ukan. Aaq aris darbazi, saqvabe,

sazare da sajare – mindori.

1 ver bardaveliZe, iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnolo-giis institutis arqivi, vera bardaveliZis piradi fondi, 1967 wlis saeqspedicio masalebi.

2 Ibid, 1945.

332

masTan axlos mdebareobs zegardis wm. giorgis

eklesia, romelsac win sajare aqvs, sadac xalxi ikri-

beba.

dumacxos wm. giorgis saxnavi mamuli hqonda, ro-

melsac dasturebi xnavdnen. xarebs sofeli gamoiyvan-

da, dasturebi moxnavdnen, daTesavdnen, sofeli momki-

da. wm. giorgis saTibi hqonda, agreTve tye. tyidan

xmels gamoiyenebdnen xatobaze, sxva SemTxvevaSi ar

SeiZleboda. Tu sazare an sxva ram xatisa Camoiqceo-

da, mxolod maSin mosWridnen.

ZiriTadi dReobebi, romlebsac sofelSi aRniS-

navdnen, iyo zegardoba, giorgoba, samxTomaRloba,

wveroba, amaRleba.

mTxroblis sityviT, `dumacxos xatebi am wmin-

da giorgis ganayrebia.. magaT dedaboZi es wminda gi-

orgia.~

zegardis wm. giorgi dumacxos salocavia. amave

soflis salocavia dumacxos saRmrTo, romelic maR-

la mTis wverzea. adgilobrivTa sityviT `exla du-

macxos saRmrTo zegardis wm. giorgiSia, eg orive er-

Tia.~ am orive salocavSi aTnoxelebic loculoben,

radgan am orive sofelSi ori Zmis STamomavlebi

cxovroben da salocavic erTi hqondaT.1

dumacxos wminda giorgis niSi mdebareobs sof-

lidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT, 1,5 km-ze. igi Sua saukune-

ebis Zeglia. Nnagebia sxvadasxva zomis natexi qvis

iregularuli wyobiT. Zlier dazianebulia, CamoSli-

lia gadaxurva. kedlebi SemorCenilia 1,3-1,6 m. simaR-

leze. Sesasvleli samxreTidanaa. Nnageboba uafsidoa,

aRmosavleT kedelSi viwro sworkuTxa sarkmelia

gaWrili.2

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 1967. 2 Ibid, sZa, II, 246.

333

dumacxos zegardis wm. giorgis niSis saqvabe

aSenebulia Sua saukuneebis nasoflaris teritoria-

ze, soflidan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT 600 m-ze. nagebo-

baTa naSTebi ganlagebulia terasebad. kedlebi nage-

bia lodebiT, mSralad. SemorCenilia erTi mozrdili

darbazisa da zurgiani koSkis naSTi.1

dumacxos zegardis wm. giorgis xati erT-erTi

umTavresi salocavia gudamayarSi, CoxSi pirimze fu-

Zis angelozTan erTad. zegardobas gansakuTrebiT

afciaurebi dResaswauloben, radgan es maTi sagvare-

ulo xatia. zegardobas (5-10 agvisto) dekanozebi sa-

Temo xatsa da droSas dumacxos wm. giorgis eklesii-

dan gamoasveneben da `samRvTo maRalis~ wverze av-

len. win mezareebi miuZRviT, romlebic orfuTian za-

rebs mxrebiT ezidebian. mezare biWebi amas nebayof-

lobiT asruleben im rwmeniT, rom xati maTi mwyalo-

beli iqneba im weliwads. Mmezareebma mxrebis Seuc-

vlelad da zarebis ganuwyveteli rekiT es zarebi ma-

Ral wverze unda aitanon. samRvTo maRalze dekano-

zebi ori dRe-Rame rCebian, loculoben da Semdeg za-

rebis rekiT da simRera-ferxuliT isev dumacxos ek-

lesiaSi Camovlen. axla imave wesiT zegardis meore

`aTnoxis wverze~ avlen, sadac zegardis xatis ni-

Sia.Aaq Rames aTeneben da ukanve brundebian. Aamis Sem-

deg xatebs droSebiT da zarebiT dumacxos eklesii-

dan ukanasknelad gamoasveneben, romlis win mRvdeli

parakliss gadaixdis da isev zegardis samRvTo maRa-

lis wverze avlen. mlocavic Tavs aq iyris. Ddekano-

zi saklavebs xocavs da mlocavebs amwyalobebs. ze-

gardobas Cxubi da ayalmayali yvelas ekrZaleboda –

xati iwyenso. vinc amas daarRvevs da aq Cxubs gamar-

Tavs, mas `jurumSi~ qamar-xanjals an quds arTmeven

1 Ibid.

334

da sanam jarimas ar gadaixdis, ukan ar ubruneben.

jarima xatis `sakadrisis~ ganaxlebas xmardeba (dro-

Sis ganaxleba, qvabebis mokalva da sxv.). zegardis

wverze xatis niSis maxloblad erTi didi lodia. xa-

tis wamobrZanebis win paraskevs am lods gadaabrune-

ben da mis qveS datanebul fulebs xatis sasargeb-

lod dekanozi akrefs. Semdeg dekanozi am adgils

droSis wveriT jvarulad Raravs da vinc uSviloa,

an visac vaJi ar ebadeba, is droSis am kvalSi TeTr

fuls Cayris, romelsac dekanozi ase daamwyalobnebs:

`zegardis wm. giorgi, gaanawiliane (ityvis mlocavis

saxels), mieci mas Svili, Tu uvaJoa, vaJiT gaanawili-

ane~ da sxv. dasturebi zarebs reken da xalxic amins

Seeweva. dasasrul, lods isev iq dadeben. zegardobas

yvela saklavi erT qvabSi ixarSeba da afciaurebi

mzareuloben.1

RacxevSi (dumacxos adgili), romelic sof. di-

debanis saZovrebs warmoadgenda, mdebareobs retis

wminda giorgis niSi. cxvari Tu garetianda, mecxvare-

ebi waiReben sanTels da retis wm. giorgis evedrebi-

an. aq modian mxolod is mecxvareebi, romelTa cxva-

ri Racxevis saZovrebiT sargeblobs, e.i. dumacxos da

didebanis mecxvareebi. rodesac maT cxvari saZovreb-

ze mihyavT da rodesac ukan brundebian, gza retis wm.

giorgis niSTan udevT. avlisas da Camovlisas mecxva-

reebi retis wm. giorgis niSTan sanTels daanTeben

da Seevedrebian: Cems cxvars reti aacileo.2

sof. didebanis salocavia saburTvelos wm. gi-

orgi//adgilis deda – niSi da saqvabe da ukve naxsene-

bi retis wm. giorgis niSi (RacxevSi). saburTvelos

mindori saTemo adgilia, sadac idga niSi da saqvabe

1 Ibid, makalaTia. 2 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 1945.

335

wminda giorgisa, romelic Tavis Tems – gudamayre-

lebs sneulebisagan icavda.1

sof. aTnoxSi ramdenime salocavia, maT Soris

wm. giorgis xati, sadac giorgobas aRniSnaven.Ees xa-

ti soflis Tavs mdebareobs, sof. aTnoxidan dasav-

leTis mxares, maRali mTis daferdebaze, wiflisa da

nekerCxlis tyeSi. xats patara moedani aqvs. 1967 wli-

saTvis es iyo fiqali qvis naxevrad dangreuli yore.2

bakurxevis ori salocavidan erT-erTi wm. gior-

gis xatia. igi mdebareobs zRvis donidan 1935 m-ze,

sof. gorulidan Crdilo-dasavleTis mxares. Aaq aris

fiqali da ubralo qvisagan mSralad nagebi, gegmaSi

oTxkuTxi formis sakmaod mozrdili saqvabe Senoba.

sami kedeli saqvabisa, garda samxreT-dasavleTis mxa-

ris kedlisa, mTlianad miwaSia amoyvanili da maTi

Tavi miwis zedapirs uswordeba. saqvabis saxuravi sa-

naxevrod Caqceulia, magram SemorCenili nawilidanac

aSkaraa, rom nageboba calferdad yofila gadaxuru-

li. saxuravi daqanebuli yofila samxreT-aRmosavle-

Tidan Crdilo-dasavleTisaken. Senobis Sua nawili-

dan am mimarTulebiT 1967 wels gadebuli iyo xeebi

da zed fiqali qvebi ewyo. mTavari fasadiT nageboba

mimarTulia samxreT-aRmosavleT mxares, saiTac data-

nebuli aqvs Zalian maRali Sesasvleli da mis mar-

cxniv sarkmeli. Sesasvlelisa da sarkmlis zemoTa

(Tavebi) Riaa, araa amoyvanili da samxreT-aRmosaleTi

mxaris kedlis mTel sigrZeze gadebuli xe hketavs.

sarkmelSi devs 7 spilenZis fexiani Tasi, 2 aluminis

da erTi spilenZis saxeluriani Tasi. Sesasvlelis

win gakeTebulia qvis kera. saqvabis SigniT, sarkmlis

qvemoT gakeTebulia sacecxluri, aseve fiqali qvisa-

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 1967. 2 Ibid.

336

gan. sacecxlurTan devs uzarmazari, spilenZis fur-

clebisagan Sekerili qvabi. sacecxluris zemoT qva-

bis Camosakidebeli mavTulia damagrebuli boZze, ro-

melic erTi boloTi samxreT-aRmosavleTi mxaris

kedlis wyobaSia Sesuli, meore boloTi ki Crdilo-

dasavleTis mxaris kedlis Tavs eyrdnoba. sacecxlu-

ris Tavze, kedelSi uformo Sukumia gamoWrili, ro-

melSic sami spilenZis Tasi devs. Crdilo-dasav-

leTis Mmxaris kedelze Camokidebulia rqis yanwi,

romelsac Tevzis kudis formis liTonis bolo aqvs.

amave kedlis Tavze devs erTmaneTSi Cawyobili ori

spilenZis Tasi. saqvabis iataki saxuravidan CamoSli-

li fiqali qviTaa mofenili. saqvabisagan Crdilo-

dasavleTis Mmxares sami erTad amosuli mityupebuli

xea, romelTa ZirSi, dabla totze Camobmulia didi

zomis spilenZis zari zed TeTri mitklis naWrebiT.1

sof. Torelanidan bakurxevisken mimaval gzaze,

Torelanidan daaxloebiT 2,5 km-ze, mdebareobs fuZis

angelozis niSi, misgan marjvniv, ramodenime nabijis

daSorebiT ki xaxmatis mgzavri wm. giorgis niSia, gu-

damayrelTa saerTo salocavi. igi dabali, oTxkuTxi

formis, fiqalisa da riyis qvisagan mSralad nagebi

koSkia, romelsac Tavze qvis jvari aqvs damagrebuli.

mTavari fasadiT xeobis mxaresaa, sadac datanebuli

aqvs Sukumi, romelSic sanTlis namwvis kvalia. koS-

kis gverdiT dgas gamxmari, totebiani nacrisferi xe.2

xaxmatis jvari gudamayarSi saqonlis mfarve-

lad iTvleba. visac saqonlis zarali mosdis, is

mkiTxavis rCeviT salocavad xaxmatis am jvarSi mi-

dis da mas mfarvelobas SesTxovs.3

1 Ibid, bardaveliZe, 1967. 2 Ibid. 3 Ibid, makalaTia.

337

sof. ToTiaurnis salocavebia: adgilis deda,

wminda saneba da kanCxis wminda giorgis niSi maRla

mTaze. kanCxis wm. giorgis sajare hqonda. adgilis

dedasa da kanCxis wminda giorgis salocavebSi erTi

da igive dReobebi imarTeboda (mariamoba, giorgoba,

amaRleba, axali weli). Aam or salocavs saerTo ma-

muli aqvs.

sof. dixCos salocavTa Sorisaa maRawlis wm. gi-

orgis xati. maRawali mTaa dixCosTan, sadac asvenia ka-

xeTidan mobrZanebuli wm. giorgis xati, romelic fSa-

ravelis moZmed iTvleba. dekanozis damwyalobebaSi igi

moxseniebulia Semdegnairad: `gaumarjos maRawal wve-

ris angelozs, Cvenis fSaravlis moZme momxresa did

ialbuzze brZanebuls ZmaTa da ymaT moimedesa.~

gadmocemiT orive am xats devebi ebrZodnen da

sdevnidnen. oriveni Zmad gaficulan da am wverebze

gamagrebulan. brZolaSic erTmaneTisTvis mxari miu-

ciaT da devebs maTTvis veraferi daukliaT.1

maRawlis eklesia mdebareobs soflidan aRmo-

savleTiT, maRawlis qedze. TariRdeba ganviTarebuli

Sua saukuneebiT.Eeklesia darbazulia (4 X 3 m.), nage-

bia natexi qviTa da duRabiT.Ddangreulia. SemorCeni-

lia 1 m. simaRlis kedlebi. Sesasvleli dasavleTida-

naa. aRmosavleTiT naxevarwriuli afsidi aqvs. ekle-

siis samxreTiT 10 m-ze, kldovan terasaze mcire zo-

mis saTavsTa naSTebia.2

wm. giorgis niSi mdebareobs soflidan aRmosav-

leTiT, qedze. niSi gegmiT oTxkuTxaa (0,8 X 0,7) nate-

xi qvis mSrali wyobiT naSeni masiuri nagebobaa (sim.

1,5 m), iqve axlos sazarea (0,8X0,8X m., sim. 1,9 m.). masze

1 Ibid, makalaTia. 2 Ibid, sZa, II, 246.

338

ramdenime zari kidia. zogierTze Semomwirvelis saxe-

lia amokveTili.1

sof. luTxubSi fSaravlis maRali mTis wverze

wm. giorgis xatia, romelic bazaleTidan mobrZanebu-

lad iTvleba. dekanozi mas moixseniebs, rogorc

`fSaravels mTas laRsa wveris yaraulsa Tavis ZmaTa

da ymaTa zedamxedvelsa, Cvenis baton-patronis Samna-

xavsa.~2

sof. winamxris salocavia wm. giorgi, romelsac

qoCorT wminda giorgis eZaxian (adgilis mixedviT).

igi maRla, mTis wverze mdebareobs, soflidan Crdi-

loeTiT. Aaq imarTeba `qoCorTobis~ saxeliT cnobi-

li dResaswauli.

qoCorT wm. giorgis eklesia Sua saukuneebis

epoqas miekuTvneba. Eeklesia darbazulia (5,2 X 3,3 m.),

nagebia natexi qvis iregularuli wyobiT. Sesasvle-

li samxreTidan aqvs, aRmosavleTiT mcire siRrmis

afsidia, romlis RerZze sworkuTxa, gareTken odnav

Seviwroebuli sarkmelia.Aafsidis gverdebSi TiTo

mcire zomis niSia. Eeklesiis aRmosavleTiT, aTiode

metris manZilze, SemorCenilia nagebobis naSTi.3

wminda giorgis zemoT CamoTvlil salocavTa

garda SeiZleba dasaxeldes broliskalos wm. gior-

gis xati (sof. boseli), bzianis wm. giorgis xati

(sof. saCalisWala), ganZis wm. giorgis koSki (sof.

gamsi), fitavis wm. giorgis eklesia (sof. faxviji),

kanCxis wm. giorgi (sof. faxviji), saburTvelos wm.

giorgis niSi (sof. gamsi), zandukis wm. giorgi (sof.

zandukiani//kotoriani//lagaziani) da a.S.

1 Ibid. 2 Ibid, makalaTia. 3 Ibid, sZa, II, 349.

339

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wm. giorgis sa-

locavebis mniSvnelobisa da simravlis Tvalsazri-

siT, arc gudamayari warmoadgens gamonakliss aRmo-

savleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis sxva regionebTan Se-

darebisas. TiTqmis yvela sofelSi arsebobs wminda

giorgis salocavi, romelic mniSvnelovan rols Ta-

maSobda mTielTa cxovrebaSi.Ggudamayris yvelaze

cnobili da mniSvnelovani, gudamayrelTaTvis saer-

To salocavebic swored wm. giorgis saxels ukavSir-

deba.

340

daskvna

SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis

finansuri mxardaWeriT SesaZlebeli gaxda iv. java-

xiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis ar-

qivSi daculi mdidari masalis erTi nawilis, ker-

Zod, grafikuli anazomebis ukeT damuSaveba, Seswav-

la, digitalizacia da warmarTuli kvlevis Sedegad

monografiis Seqmna. vrceli masalidan, romelic ar-

qivSi grafikuli anazomebis saxiTaa warmodgenili,

xsenebuli proeqtis farglebSi damuSavda sami regi-

oni: gudamayari, xevi, TuSeTi. monografiac am sami

regionis salocavebs da maT dResaswaulebs, maTTan

dakavSirebul rwmena-warmodgenebs exeba.

Cvens xelT arsebuli masalis safuZvelze war-

marTulma kvlevam aCvena, rom gudamayris mTavari sa-

locavi, pirimze fuZis angelozi, gamorCeulad sin-

kretuli xasiaTis salocavi unda iyos. aq Zalian bev-

ri fena erTmaneTTan isea Serwymuli, rom sakmaod

Wirs maTi gamijvna. erTi mxriv, rogorc vera barda-

veliZe aRniSnavda, pirimze qaluri bunebis RvTaebaa

da qarTul panTeonSi cnobili triadis mesame piria.

gudmayarSi misi dResaswauli RvTismSoblobas em-

Txveva. mas qalad aRiqvamdnen, Tumca zogjer fuZis

angelozs misgan gamoyofdnen da igi karg ymad, mam-

robiT, mebrZol, kopalasa da iaxsris Zmobil RvTae-

bad warmoedginaT. arada, salocavis sruli saxelwo-

deba pirimze fuZis angelozia. vfiqrobT, pirimze fu-

Zis angelozis raobis sakiTxi momavali kvlevis saq-

mea.

xalxuri da saistorio gadmocemebis Sejerebis

Sedegad xevis mTavar salocav, gergetis wm. samebasa

da sof. gergetTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi suraTi ikve-

Teba:

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wm. andria mociqulis saqarTveloSi samisionero

moRvaweobis marSrutSi xevicaa. igi midis gergetis

mTaze da iqac, msgavsad saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebisa

da Tavad mcxeTis mopirdapire borcvisa, aRmarTavs

jvars. xalxuri gadmocema sof. gergetSic miuTiTebs

andrias mier aRmarTul jvarze. wm. nino, mas mere,

rac, vaxuSti batoniSvilis TqmiT, mirian mefem mis

samefoSi anu qarTlSi yvela kerpi Semusra da maT

adgilas jvrebi aRmarTa, wm. nino qarTlis samefos

mTianeTis gaqristianebas Seudga. man xevSic miaRwia

da gaaqristiana es mxare. jvari gergetis wverze wm.

ninomac aRmarTa. orive wmindani – wm. andria da wm.

nino – gadmocemis mixedviT, jvrebis aRmarTvis Tu

davanebis adgilebad mcxeTis golgoTas da myinvaris

ZirSi mdebare maRal mTas irCevs.

vaxtang gorgasali aarsebs mcxeTis jvris dRe-

saswauls, romelic qarTlis samefos erovnuli qris-

tianuli dResaswaulia. amagrebs samefos sazRvrebs,

gansakuTrebiT CrdiloeTisas, Tergisa da aragvis

(darialis) kars. xevSi daculi xalxuri gadmocema

wm. samebis agebas mas ukavSirebs.

VIII s. stefanoz II-s vaJi, arCili, qarTlis same-

fos centris, mcxeTis erT-erT SesasvlelTan, mcxe-

Tis aragvis karTan, aSenebs wm. stefane pirvelmowa-

mis eklesias, romelic safortifikacio nagebobebTan

siaxloveSi mdgara. qveynis CrdiloeT sazRvarTan, sa-

dac asevea aragvis kari, am kuTxis mTavari dasaxle-

buli punqti stefanwmindis saxels atarebs. saisto-

rio wyaroebis mixedviT, XVIII s. gergetis mTaze, sa-

mebasTan wm. stefanes monasteri yofila. Cveni azriT,

garkveul periodSi, wm. stefane sazRvris, karis Tu

karibWis mfarvel wmindanad unda yofiliyo miCneuli

qarTlis samefoSi. Cveni kvleva aCvenebs, rom SesaZ-

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loa ara marto mcxeTa da Tbilisi iyo ierusalimis

modeliT mowyobili, aramed mTeli qarTlis samefo.

viziarebT ra asmaT oqropiriZis Sexedulebas,

vfiqrobT, rom gergetis wm. sameba feriscvalebis sa-

xelze unda agebuliyo. SesaZloa, feriscvalebis

dResaswaulSi, wm. samebis Zlieri figurirebis gamo,

taZrisTvis sameba ewodebinaT.

gergetis samebasTan dakavSirebuli dResaswau-

lebis Seswavlis Sedegad gaCnda Tvalsazrisi, rom

SesaZloa masSi Semdegi fenebi gamoiyos: jvris aR-

marTva da misi Tayvaniscema, RvTismSobelTan dakav-

Sirebuli dResaswauli, SesaZloa vardoba, aRdgomis

mesame dRe, feriscvaleba da mariamoba.

qalTa salocavebisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli

dResaswaulebis Seswavlam gvafiqrebina, rom aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos mTianeTis regionebs Soris SesaZ-

loa, xevSi qalebs religiur cxovrebaSi, meti ufle-

bebi hqondaT, vidre sxva kuTxeebSi.

laSaris wm. giorgis dResaswauli, romelic

fSavis, TuSeTis da erwo-TianeTis mTavari salocavis

dResaswaulia, sami istoriuli fenisgan Sedgeba. ori

qristianulis da erTi winaqristianulis.

winqristianul periodSi, SesaZloa igi didi de-

da nanasTan dakavSirebuli mcenareuli samyaros da-

badeba-aRorZinebis gazafxul-zafxulis dResaswauli

yofiliyo, romelsac vardoba erqva da romelsac

qristianobis periodSi, saeklesio kalendris ori pe-

riodis gamyofi dResaswaulis, aTengenobis saxeli

daukavSirda.

qristianobis SemosvlasTan erTad, `jvris peri-odSi~ igi ZleviT Semosili juaris dResaswauli

xdeba, romelic idResaswauleboda aRdgomidan mesame

kviras. rogorc Cans, mogvianebiT, igi petre-pavlobas-

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Tan dakavSirebuli, seroba/saRmurTobis saxeliT

cnobili dReoba xdeba. petre-pavloba saqrTveloSi,

ZiriTadad sveticxovelTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli,

rogorc mociqulTa saxelobis umniSvnelovanes ta-

ZarTan.

Cveni azriT, aRmosavleT mTianeTis salocavebis

zogadi saxelwodeba –jvar-xatebi-jvris periods da mcxeTis jvars unda ukavSirdebodes, romlis saxelo-

bisaa aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mTavari sa-

locavebis umravlesoba. mTiuleTis mTavari saloca-

vi lomisis wm. giorgi, romlis dResaswaulia sul-

Tmofenobis momdevno oTxSabaTi anu mcxeTis jvris

saswaulis dResaswauli; fSavis, TuSeTis da erwo-Ti-

aneTis mTavari salocavi laSari, romlis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani dResaswauli iyo axalkvire, aRdgomis mesame kvira, ZleviT Semosili jvris anu mcxeTis jvris aRmarTebis dResaswauli da petre-pavloba-sve-

ticxovelTan dakavSirebuli seroba/saRmurToba. sve-ticxovelTan, sadac aRimarTa jvrebi. gergetis same-

ba, romelic gadmocemis mixedviT, wm. andria pirvel-

wodebulis da wm. ninos mier jvrebis aRmarTvis ad-

gilad iyo gamorCeuli; sadac bolo dromde jer ki-

dev SeiniSneboda RvTismSoblis vardobis kvali

(sof. sionis samebis mariamobas vardoba erqva).

am konteqstSi aRsaniSnavia, rom faqtobrivad,

qristianobaze moqceuli saqarTvelos eklesia jvar-

cmasTan da Sesabamisad, mkvdreTiT aRdgomis simbo-

loebTan dakavSirebul wminda nawilebze fuZndeba:

kvarTze anu uflis sxeulze, xelTa or samsWvalze,

ferxTa ficarze da wm. jvris nawilze. yoveli siw-

minde Tavis adgils ikavebs da ikveTeba erTiani, na-

Teli suraTi jvarcmisa, romelic aRdgomiT gvir-

gvindeba da rac, Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, qarTuli ekle-

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siis arsis gamomxatveli da qarTvelTa qristianuli

msoflmxedvelobis safuZveli xdeba. axali Sinaar-

siT avsebs erovnul xasiaTs. jvarcma – aRdgoma da

maradiuli sicocxle yvela qristiani xalxis reli-

giuri azrovnebis safuZvelia, magram qarTveli xal-

xisTvis igi erovnuli xsiaTis ganmsazRvreli da gan-

sxvavebuli aqcentebis mqone gaxda.

mesame periodia wminda giorgis periodi, rode-sac laSari am wmindanis saxelobis gaxda.

vfiqrobT, periodebis monacvleoba da dResaswa-

ulis garkveul wmindanTan Tu movlenasTan kavSiri,

umTavresad RvTismaxurebis xasiaTze unda iyos damo-

kidebuli.

vinaidan, wm. giorgi saqarTveloSi gansakuTre-

biT popularuli wmindania, winamdebare wignSi mis

salocavebs gudmayarSi, xevSi da TuSeTSi calke Ta-

vi eTmoba.

saqarTveloSi wminda giorgis Tayvaniscemis Se-

saxeb ara erTi naSromia dawerili.

wminda giorgis gansakuTrebul popularobas sa-

qarTveloSi aRniSnavdnen rogorc ucxoelebi, ise

qarTvelebi, Zveli avtorebidan, piligrimebidan Tu

mogzaurebidan dawyebuli Tanamedrove mecnierTa naS-

romebiT damTavrebuli. saqarTveloSi wm. giorgis sa-

xelobis uamravi didi Tu mcire eklesia da saloca-

vi arsebobs. cnobilia gadmocema, romlis mixedviTac

CvenTan 363 wminda giorgis saxelobis salocavia anu

yoveli dRe sadRac, misi saxelobis romelime ekle-

siaSi aRevlineba locva.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania wminda giorgis

salocavebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi. aq cen-

traluri salocavebi swored wm. giorgis saxels

ukavSirdeba. aseTia magaliTad, gudanis da xaxmatis

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wminda giorgis salocavebi, laSaris wm. giorgi, lo-

misis wm. giorgi. am mxriv gamonakliss arc xevi, gu-

damayari da TuSeTi warmoadgens.

xevSi, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis sxva regionebSi, TiToeul Tems Tavisi

mfarveli xati hyavs, magram mTavar salocavebad iT-

vleba gergetis wminda sameba da sparsangelozi, ro-

melic swored wminda giorgis saxelobis salocavia.

garda am mTavari salocavisa, arsebobs wminda gior-

gis saxelobis mravalricxovani eklesiebi, salocave-

bi da niSebi. misi saxelobis salocavebi aris TiT-

qmis yvela dasaxlebaSi an maTTan axlos.

analogiuri viTarebaa gudamayarSic. aqac salo-

cavTa umravlesoba misi saxelobisaa da upirvelesi

adgili uWiravs mosaxleobis rwmenaSi. gudamayris

yvelaze cnobili da mniSvnelovani, gudamayrelTaT-

vis saerTo salocavebic, swored wminda giorgis sa-

xels ukavSirdeba. upirveles yovlisa aq unda aRi-

niSnos pirimze fuZis angelozi CoxSi, zegardis wmin-

da giorgi dumacxoSi da Coxis wminda giorgis xati.

TuSeTis mTavari salocavi laSaris wminda gi-

orgis jvaria (sofel CiRos Crdilo aRmosavleTiT).

garda amisa arsebobs wminda giorgis mravalricxova-

ni didi Tu mcire salocavi mTeli TuSeTis terito-

riaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom TuSeTSi didi mniSvneloba

eniWeboda xevsurul salocavebs. gansakuTrebiT swam-

daT karatisa da xaxmatis jvrebis Zalisa. am xatebs

TuSeTSi TavianTi salocavi niSebi hqondaT. dResas-

waulebis dros karatisa da xaxmatis jvrebis dekano-

zebi xevsureTidan gadmodiodnen TuSeTSi, TavianTi

xatis niSTan dgebodnen da xalxs amwyalobebdnen.

omis SemTxvevaSi ki TuSebi xaxmatis wminda giorgis

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xatis dekanozebs iwvevdnen, romlebic laSqars win

miuZRodnen.

didi mniSvneloba hqonda giorgobis dResaswa-

uls, romelsac ufro xSirad weliwadSi orjer aR-

niSnavdnen. salocavebs xSirad Tavisi yana da saTibi

gaaCndaT, romelsac rig-rigobiT amuSavebdnen.

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TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF THE EAST GEORGIAN HIGHLAND (SHRINES OF GUDAMAKARI,

KHEVI, TUSHETI)

ABSTRACT

The Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology since the 1930es was permanently arranging the scientific expeditions in different regions of Georgia and the North Caucasus. In the result of these expeditions precious textual and graphical historical and ethnographic materials were accumulated in the institute. Because of its variety and antiquity these archive materials have unique importance for the study and preserving of Georgian and the Caucasus cultural heritage. One part of the textual archive materials of the institute (Alexsi Ochiauri, Natela Baliauri, etc.) fortunately is published and is available for the readers. There are numerous researches about the different spheres of the East Georgia highlanders’ traditional culture. The contribution of Georgian ethnologists and foreign anthropologists in the investigation of the East Georgia highlanders’ religious and social life, mythology and social aspects of the religion are worth of the special mention. The significant scientific works were dedicated to folk medicine, musical culture, economy, social and material culture. Scientific-popular works that are based on unique ethnographic materials about the different spheres of the East Georgia highlanders’ life are also written.

Though the serious activity was carried out at the institute, still because of different kinds of reasons we had not got neither complete description of the archive materials preserved in the institute, nor the entire catalog. That is why the part of the unique historical and ethnographic archive material preserved in the institute was inaccessible for wide circles of society who are interested in the cultural heritage of Georgia and the Caucasus until now. The significant amount of these preserved historic-ethnographic archive materials are a great number of graphic materials (plan drawings,

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sketches, etc.). This graphic material mainly consists of the monuments of the cultural heritage of Georgia and the Caucasus. These are: shrines and fortification buildings, houses, ancillary facilities, mean of transportation, items connected with every-day life. The graphic archive materials we possess are unique as they are made in the 30es-80es of the twentieth century. They are made by well-known architects and painters (Ucha Japaridze, Nino Brailashvili, Giorgi Zamtaradze, Marta/Matiko Kakabadze, Tengiz Alaverdashvili, Nana Teneishvili, Giorgi davitashvil-Bagrationi....).

The given book is based on aforementioned archive materials, old and new ethnographic data and modern scientific achievements.

Within the frames of the given project we have chosen three regions connected with the East Georgia highland (Gudamakari, Khevi and Tusheti). The chosen materials are worked out and studied in two directions: 1. the graphic archive materials are processed, transferred to digital media, cataloged and computerized. 2. The graphic materials, preserved at the archive of the institute giving us the valuable information, have been worked out with the help of the suitable ethnographic materials and scientific literature that gave us possibility to reveal the entire picture, function and essence of the shrines of the aforementioned regions and rituals connected with them. It also gave us possibility to study ethnic peculiarities of the religious outlook of Georgians and in particular, the East Georgia highlanders.

Description and cataloging (gathering information about each plan drawing according to numerous parameters), transferring of the graphic materials to digital media, cataloging and computerization (formation of data base) was carried out.

As it was mentioned, this book is written on the basis of scientifically studied, reconstructed and worked out unknown for wide circles of society graphic materials preserved at the archive of the Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology in the light of modern scientific achievements, on the basis of old and new ethnographic data. In the process of writing the book today’s burning scientific

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issues concerning the East Georgia highland were studied in the light of the given archive materials. We, authors of the book contributed with different chapters, but tried to give an entire picture of the religious believes and rituals connected with the shrines of the aforementioned regions.

Gudamakari, one of the mountain regions of eastern Georgia, in comparison with other regions of Georgia, ethnologically is less studied. In the given book we tried to gather all possible ethnographic materials collected during the field and all researched materials we possess concerning the issue. It must be mentioned that the field materials collected by Eliso Chubinishvili and Nino Ghambashidze in 1989 are for the first time published that, in our opinion, will be helpful and promote further study of the region.

The festival of the main shrine of Gudamakari, Pirimze Pudzis Angelozi, is in August 28, when the Orthodox Church celebrates Dormition of the Mother of God. Field works conducted in 1989 recorded the same date of the holiday. But Sergi Makalatia, who witnessed this festival no later than 1930, writes that the festival was held in August 30-31.

It must be mentioned that the full name of the festival is Pirimze Pudzis Angelozi – Akhooba. The name of the holiday, its cycle and the ritual attached to this cycle obviously show the migration story of the people who venerates this shrine. The families of the Tsiklauries and the Bekauries who lived in Khevsureti village of Ukanakho took a part of their shrine Pudzis Angelozi and brought it in village Chokhi when they migrated in Gudamakari. After these families settled, in the meantime one part of the local Gudamakarian families left Gudamakari and moved to the plain regions of the country. One part of the local families joined the Tsiklauries and the Bekauries. In our opinion it might be the reason why Pirimze Pudzis Angelozi became the main shrine of Gudamakari. As we know, before the main shrine was St. George of Saburtveli. The ritual of the Pirimze Pudzis Angelozi festival had preserved the history of its origin and migration story of its congregation. Once in every year, at a certain date this

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story is performed in a ritual. Congregation passes the same way which was passed by their ancestors, but now they go back to the village of their previous settlement, from Gudamakari to Khevsureti. But this “pass” has deeply ritual character. In this ritual, like in a myth, history of the society, history of its establishment is preserved and reactivated. This real geographical rout through ritual journey is filled with mythical, sacred geography.

In people’s imagination Pirimze is a deity of a feminine nature and Pudzis Angelozi of masculine. As if the masculine nature of this deity, which it has in Khevsureti (Pudzis Angelozi), transformed in Gudamakari into feminine one (Pirimze Pudzis Angelozi). The date of the festival is also connected with the Holy Virgin. People imagined Pirimze Pudzis Angelozi as a bull as well.

On the basis of the ethnographic material we possess, it is peculiar that animals, which are chosen for sacrifice, offer themselves by their own will for slaughtering. According to the mentioned materials both sheep and bull should be offered to Pirimze Pudzis Angelozi. Such a custom is met at the shrines of other regions as well, but here it is more emphasized.

Pirimze is one of the main personages of the well-known mythological story which is preserved in the highland of East Georgia; mainly a story of deities’ struggle against evil creatures Devis. In this case Pirimze is a strong warrior of masculine nature. This story was still preserved in 1989 but obviously was mixed with Iakhsari and Abudelauri lake passage, the mythological story about deities‘ struggle against Devis.

On the basis of the materials we possess Pirimze Pudzis Angelozi seems to be deity of quite syncretic character. There are unified so many layers of religious mentality of different periods that it is quite difficult to separate them from one another. From the one side, as Vera Bardavelidze mentioned, Pirimze is a deity of feminine nature and is the third member of the triad of the Georgian pantheon. Its festival in Gudamakari is on Dormition of the Mother of God.

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Pirimze Pudzis Angelozi was imagined as woman as well as man. This issue still waits for investigation.

It also must be mentioned that the shrine of Pirimze and its festival was a stumbling block to agreement between people and church as well as government in the Soviet and Tsar’s Russia periods. At the end of the nineteenth century people manage to protect it with a certain support of clergy. It peacefully co-existed with the official church traditions within the realm of the Orthodox Christianity. In the Soviet period, as a result of the atheistic policy, its holy relic, cross, was officially damaged, but people could manage to protect and save the shrine and its festival.

Among the graphical sketches which are preserved in the archive of the Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology there are four on which three sanctuaries of the village Gergeti (Khevi, one of the reions of the East Georgia highland) are depicted. These are: Okhareshi St. George, Ninotsminda and Kvelatsminda/Women’s Shrine.

We studied the above mentioned shrines with the help of the sketches and in the context of the historical and ethnographic data. Village Gergeti and its shrines are forming one holy space together with the famous Gergeti Trinity church, which determined history, ethnography and spiritual meaning of the whole sacred site. According to folk and historical traditions St. Andrew the disciple erected cross and planted a tree on the mouth Golgotha, in front of Mtskheta, where now is Jvari (the Holy Cross of Mtskheta) Monastery. When this tree grew, it became miracle working. After preaching in Kakheti and the North Caucasus the disciple went to the mount Gergeti and there as well, where now is a famous Trinity church, erected a cross. The folk tradition says that St. Andrew erected cross in the village Gergeti as well.

If we fallow historical and folk traditions, later on in the fourth century St. Nino converts Georgians into Christianity. Georgians cut miracle working tree planted by St. Andrew and maid crosses out of it. One of them and most distinguished cross was erected on that very

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place where now is Jvari (the Holy Cross) Monastery in Mtskheta, where St. Andrew planted the tree and erected a cross. After erecting of the Mtskheta cross, all idols in the Kingdom of Kartli fell down. King Mirian, who was converted by St. Nino destroyed all idols in his Kartli Kingdom and erected crosses instead. St. Nino continued her missionary activity in the mountain regions of Kartli. Historical chronicles tell us that she erected a cross on mount Gergeti, where now is the Trinity church. Thus, according to the chronicles and folk traditions both apostles _ St. Andrew and St. Nino – erected crosses and thus sanctified Golgotha and Gergeti mountains. Both geographical points have the similar location. They are divided from the main residential place, spiritually devoted to the mountain, by river (Mtkvari/Kura and Tergi). Mtskheta is the centre of the Kingdom of Kartli and Stephantsminda, in fact, of the northern frontiers of this kingdom. We believe that these erected crosses and later on constructed churches were spiritual fortresses against enemies. They also show us spiritual boundaries of the kingdom of Kartli.

King Vakhtang Gorgasali (the fifth century) is a founder of the feast of Jvari (the Holy Cross) of Mtskheta. He strengthened the northern border (Dariali, entrance of R. Tergi and R. Aragvi) of the kingdom. According to one of the folk traditions of Khevi, king Vakhtang had built St. Trinity Church.

In the seventh century Stephanoz II presiding prince of Kartli finally brings to an end building of the Jvari Monastery, enriches Georgian liturgical practice with three church festivals and together with other saints glorifies St. Stephan Protomartyer.

In the eighth century son of Stephanoz II, Archil, at one of the entrances of Mtskheta, at the R. Aragvi entrance, at the fortress, constructed a church of St. Stephan Protomartyer.

One of the main residential places in the northern boundaries of the kingdom was named after St. Stephan Protomartyer (Stephantsminda). Besides, in the eighteenth century, according to the chronicles, on the mount Gergeti, where the church of the Holy Trinity is, was St. Stephan Protomartyer’ monastery. We believe that

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at a certain period in the kingdom of Kartli St. Stephan should have been a patron saint of the entrances. As it is well known, he was stoned out of the gait of Jerusalem nearby an entrance of the town. As it is known this entrance is called Lion’s or St. Stephan’s gate. We also believe that after spreading Christianity not only Mtskheta, spiritual and cultural centre of the Kingdom of Kartli and later Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, was designed after Jerusalem but the whole kingdom.

What was happening from the fifth –eighth centuries until the fourteenth century, when the Gergeti Holy Trinity church was built, historical sources and tradition say nothing. We only can mention that folk tradition besides king Vakhtang attributes construction of the church to Queen Tamar. But it can be mentioned that for some period Khevi and the holy site of Gergeti was within the frames of the entire religious outlook of the country and besides served the security and defense problems of the country.

We share the opinion of Asmat Okropiridze and think that the Holy Trinity church initially was dedicated to the feast of Transfiguration. Supposedly, we may think that because the Holy Trinity strongly participates in the feast of Transfiguration, later the church might be renamed in the name of the Holy Trinity. We also think that this holy place before might be connected with the Holy Virgin. The Holy Cross and the Virgin are definitely linked as it has sound grounding in theology. This link is obvious in Georgian tradition as well. The feasts of the holy cross in Kartli were followed by weekly festival of the Holy Marry that was called Wardoba (the feast of rose of the Holy Virgin Marry). It is worth of mentioning that there is a shrine of the Gergeti Trinity church in Sioni (Zion), village in Khevi, the feast of which is the same day as of Gergeti Trinity (August, 28, Dormition) but is called Wardoba (feast of rose). The Tuesday after Easter, one more feast day of Gergeti Trinity, which was dedicated to the Holy Trinity, by church calendar is a day of Holy Virgin and myrrhbearers. Maybe, later feast of the Holy Trinity of

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Gergeti moved to the Holy Virgin’s another feast day and became the feast of the Dormition of the Mother of God.

Women’s shrines are in all mountainous regions of West Georgia but their presence is so obvious in Khevi that the issue became the focus of the investigation. In the archive of the Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology among different kinds of materials graphical sketches are preserved as well. There are five sketches from Khevi (one of the West Georgian highland regions) on which four shrines dedicated to women are depicted. Elia’s /Women’s shrine from village Akhaltsikhe (An. X. 5), Okhareshi Kvelatsminda/Women’s shrine from village Gergeti (An. X. 15), Women’s shrine from village Tkarsheti (An. X. 38) and Women’s shrine from village Pkhelshe (An. X. 47, An. X. 48).

We tried to answer questions that even never have been put before. In the book we tried to show how these shrines are depictied on the skeches, what kind of shrines they are and which festivals were celebrated in these shrines, if obvious presence of women’s shrines is linked with gender issue.

Women’s shrines were and are either small orthodox churches or traditional West Georgian shrines.

In connection with women the research mainly outlined two groups of festivals: those connected with Antipascha and the Myrrhbearers Sunday. It must be mentioned that there are women’s shrines connected with some other Saints as well. Antipascha and Myrrhbearers’ Sunday often were considered as one day, one festival. The day was famous by a ritual of bringing newly married young ladies to a village spring. The ritual performed only by women.

The study of the shrines dedicated to women and their festivals brought us to a conclusion that among the regions of the East Georgia highland women in Khevi had more rights in religious life of the region and in conducting rituals at shrains than in other regions of western Georgia highland. In our opinion it might be because of the strong presence of St. Nino in this region.

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The study also showed that Lasharoba festival which is the main shrine of the three East Georgia regions: Pshavi, Tusheti, Ertso-Tianeti reflects three periods of the history of Georgians’ religion; One pre-Christian and two of Christian era.

In pre-Christian period it might be connected with sun godess, the Great Mother Nana, the festival of the goddess of plants, flowers, especially roses and violets, earth, rebirth and fertility of Spring-Summer, which was called Wardoba (festival of rose). According to Georgian mythological narrates, fairy tales and ritual songs, in the Georgians’ beliefs one of the pictures of Eden looked like great mother Nana’s place of residence. In legends this is called the land of batonebi (masters); in songs – the garden of masters and in fairy tales – the garden of the Sun. In this garden also appear other mythological characters: mother of the Sun and Moon, three daughters of Sun, Elia – the Deity of Thunderstorm, wolf and Golden ram. In this garden simultaneously some tress bloom, some have ripe fruits and leaves are falling from some tress.

The land of masters is hard to get to, beyond nine mountains and nine seas, beyond thorny forest. According to some legends the masters came from the White Sea. Their country is located on rocky coast, overlooking the sea or on the island in the sea. The country is surrounded by high fortress with big doors, locked beyond the fortress walls. In the land of masters there are springs with crystal pure water, rivers of honey and milk, a lot of waterfalls. The Sun sheds rainbow colors on everything. Here there are masters’ towers and big houses. In this country and garden together with masters live the souls of the deceased who passed away due to infectious diseases. According to Svan version on the rock where the master’s country is located, overlooking the sea there is meadow covered with flowers. There is a large river on the meadow, where there is great mother, masters’ mother. She is naked with white body and big breast. According song verses great mother Nana lives together with masters in the garden of violets, roses and white mulberry. Open marani was the one near which grew a poplar tree. Birds sit and chirp in this tree. In folk verse

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grapes grow on the top of the tree, he who eats these grapes will be protected from all harm. The marani of the masters’ land and the poplar tree belong to great mother Nana, with different kinds of wine kept there: red, white and pink.

In the Christian period Wardoba might have become connected with the festival of St. Athenogenes the Holy Martyr of Heracleopolis, which devides two periods of the Orthodox Church calendar and also, because it coincided with Wardoba period. In the Christian period both festivals might have in fact become identical because they shared theological meaning of martyrdom and of spreading Christianity.

Together with spreading Christianity, in the “period of the cross” it becomes the festival of the Victorious Cross with the feast day in the third Sunday after Easter. As it seams, later it was connected with the festival named Seroba/Saghmurtoba. In its tern this festival, up to now, is connected with the day of St. Peter and St. Paul (29.06/12.07). It also seams that St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s day should be connected with Svetitskoveli cathedral as the church dedicated to the disciples, which has the special meaning for Georgians. It must be mentioned that if the feast day of St. Peter and St. Poul is on Sunday, Lasharoba festival (Seroba/Saghmurtoba), which is always held next Monday after disciples feast day, will be next day, in 30.06/13.07, the feast day of Svetitskhovely.

In our opinion, general name of the East Georgia highlend shrines-Jvari (cross)/Khati (icon)-is strately connected with the period of Cross and the Holy Cross church of Mtskheta. Most of the main shrines of the East Georgia regions shuch as: Mtiuleti, Khevi, Pshavi, etc. are dadicated to the feast days of the Holy Cross of Mtskheta. For instance: the feast day of the main shrine of Mtiuleti Lomisa St. George is the next Wedensday after Pentecost which is the day of the Mtskheta Holy Cross (Jvari church) miracle. One of the feast days, among four of the Pshavi main shrine-Lashari St. George-which used to be celebrate supposedely, untill the II half of the twenteeth century, was Akhalkvira. Its feast day was the third Sunday after Easter, the day of the Victorious Cross, the day of the Holy Cross of Mtskheta.

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This was the day among other four days, distinguished with its special festivity and rituals, in which all twelve communities of Pshavi, with their own flags, participated. The processions walked to Lashari, the main meeting place. It was like a litany with icons and crosses. One more festival, which co-exsisted with the mentioned one is Seroba/Saghmurtoba linked to St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s day and Stvetitskhoveli. The date of the festival is the next Monday after disciples feast day which is the main feast of Pashavi, Tusheti and Ertso-Tianeti untill now. In Tusheti Lasharoba is feasted on the 100th day after Easter and in Ertso-Tianeti on June, 12, St. Peter’s and St. Paul’s day.

In the context of the Holy Jvary festival we want to come back to its date, the third Sunday after Easter in Khevi. As it was mentioned, this day, Myrrhbearers’ Sunday, used to be very popular all over Khevi and was connected with women. But, hypothetically from the begining it might have been one of the festivals of the Holy Cross of Mtskheta, of the Victorious Cross, the feast of the erection of crosses in Svetitskhoveli, Mtskheta as was Lasharoba from the begining.

In this context it also should be notist that one of the cardinal relics of the Christian Church which were brought to the newly established Church of Georgia according tradition: Christ's Holy Tunic, two nails, a part of the Holy Cross and Christ's feet rest upon a ledge became the foundation of our church. Thus, the entire spiritua picture, where each relic gets its own palce, is shaped and the image of the crusified and thus resurected Christ comes forward. This image in many following centuries will determine religious outlook, mentality and national character of Georgians. The festivals of the Holy Cross of Mtskheta and Myrrhbearers’ which are held on the third Sunday after Easter are also linked by one cardinal theological meaning: crusifiction and resurection. The same date of celebration, the theological meaning and a speicial importance for Georgians of the Victorious Cross/ the Holy Cross of Mtskheta feastival might have promoted significnt popullarity of Myrrhbearers’ Sunday in Khevi.

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In Georgian historiography, while speaking about pre-Christian and Christian periods, there was an eknowlaged viewpoint that veneration of pagan moon deity transformed into the veneration of St. George. The study showed that in this context the first period of Georgians’ religion after Christianisation found itself beyond the scientific interest of historians. In the given book a speciall chapter (the author Nino Ghambashidze) is dedicated to this omitted period which is named the “period of cross” by the author. According to the same study, this period was followed by the “period of St. George”. Thus, the veneration of the pagan moon deity could not be transformed into St. George’s veneration.

In the same chapter the opinion, that common name of the East Georgian highland shrines-Jvari/Khati (cross/icon) originated from the “period of cross” and was detrmined by this period, is put forward.

The third layer of the Lasharoba feast is connected with the St. George’s period, when the shrine was named after this saint.

In our oponion the alternation of the periods and the link of the festival with sertain saint, might be determained by the alternation of liturge.

St. George is one of the most popular saints in Georgia. He is so popular that, according to one of the opinions, after him our country is called Georgia. That is why we decided to dedicate one special chapter (the author Ketevan Alaverdashvili) to him in this book. St. George is one of the most distinguished and beloved saints for the Georgians. It is believed that the churches dedicated to him appeared in the middle of the ninth century. However, the tenth century chronicle of the conversion of Kartli, writes that King Mirian constructed St. George church on the Mount Tkhoti in the fourth century. In Georgia St. George bas-reliefs and earliest frescos date back to sixth-seventh centuries. The Georgian editions of St. George's life were created in the middle of the sixth century. They tell us that St. George was tortured during Diocletian's rule. Basing on this, ethnologist Irakli Surguladze believes that St. George’s cult was introduced in Georgian church from this period, as well as his images

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as a warrior and a rider. From the beginning of the ninth century, St. George became so important that Georgian kings since the eleventh century (Giorgi I, born in 1002) were named after him.

It is known that the Orthodox world celebrates St. George’s Day on 23 April/6 May. We, Georgians, also celebrate the day of the breaking on the wheel of the Holy Great Martyr George on 10/23 November, which in Georgia is much more popular than 23 April/6 May.This day is not celebrated in other Christian countries. According to the legend, the day of the breaking on the wheel of St. George was introduced by St. Nino _ the enlightener of Georgia.

The popularity of St. George in Georgia has been stated many times by both Georgian and foreign authors: starting from old travelers to modern scholars. In Georgia, many researches were dedicated to St. George. For a long time, special popularity of St. George has been attracting the attention of many researchers. Our special interest is focused on eastern mountainous regions of Georgia, where almost everywhere the central shrines are dedicated exactly to St. George. Considering the importance and great number of St. George’s shrines, Gudamakary is not an exception in this respect. Here the shrines of St. George are attested almost in every village that played important role in the life of the mountaineers. The most important and well-known shrines are associated with the name of St. George. Among these shrines, at first must be mentioned Pirimze Pudzis Angelozi in the village, called Chokhi, St. George of Zegardni in the village of Dumackho (where as the saying goes St. George’s tongue is kept after suffered martyrdom on the wheel), St. George of Machagani (here is St. George’s heart). Besides this, in every village there were big or small shrines dedicated to St. George.

In Khevi, as in other regions of the eastern Georgia highland each community has its own guardian shrines but the main shrines are Gergeti Holy Trinity and Sparsangelozi, later named after St. George. Besides them, there are a lot of churches, shrines and “nishes” in this region. St. George’s shrines are nearly in each settlement or near them.

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The central shrine of Tusheti is St. George of Lashari. Besides, one can find big or small shrines dedicated to St. George in almost every settlement of Tusheti. Most of them are survived as entire complexes. In most cases they represent cultic towers, called milliona.

In this chapter the special attention is paid to the fact that the shrines of Khevsurs are of great importance in Tusheti. The Tushetians had a special reverence of Khevsurs’ shrines and often were under the influences of their servants of sanctuaries called dekanozi. In that respect, special reference is made to the shrines of Karati and Khakhmati. During the feast of Atengenoba, the servants of Karati and Khakhmati visited Tusheti’s “nishes“(shrines) and blessed people. As the “nishes “were scattered all over Tusheti the procession headed by these servants of shrines traversed Tusheti. Khevsurs and Tushetians considered themselves close relatives and when meeting each other, they greeted with the following words: “hello, brother “. During war time and military expeditions Tushetians invited the dekanozi of khevsurs to lead their horde.

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sarCevi CONTENT

winaTqma............................................................................................................................... 5 FORWARD............................................................................................................................ 5 qeTevan alaverdaSvili gudamayris, xevis, TuSeTis istoriul-eTnografiuli mimoxilva............................................... 8 Ketevan Alaverdashvili HISTORICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC REVIEW OF GUDAMAKARI, KHEVI, TUSHETI......................................................................8 nino RambaSiZe grafikuli anazomebi......................................................................................... 28 Nino Ghambashidze GRAPHICAL SCKETCHES...................................................................................... 28 nino RambaSiZe gudamayari pirimze fuZis angelozi _ gudamayris mTavari salocavi................................................................................................. 34 Nino Ghambashidze GUDAMAKARI PIRIMZE PUDZIS ANGELOZI-MAIN SHRINE OF GUDAMAKARI.......................................................................................................34 nino RambaSiZe xevi sofel gergetis sami salocavi............................................................. 62 Nino Ghambashidze KHEVI THREE SHRINES OF VILLAGE GERGETI.............................................. 62 nino RambaSiZe qalebis salocavebi xevSi........................................................................... 100 Nino Ghambashidze WOMEN’S SHRINES IN KHEVI....,.................................................................... 100

378

nino RambaSiZe TuSeTi laSaroba da qarTvelTa sarwmunoebis istoriis erTi gamotovebuli periodi..................................... 118 Nino Ghambashidze TUSHETI LASHAROBA AND ONE OMITTED PERIOD OF THE HISTORY OF GEORGIAN’S RELIGION..................................................... 118 qeTevan alaverdaSvili wminda giorgisTan dakavSirebuli salocavebi gudamayarSi, xevsa da TuSeTSi............................................................. 252 Ketevan Alaverdashvili SHRINES CONNECTED WITH ST. GEORGE IN GUDAMAKARI, KHEVI, TUSHETI........................................................... 252 daskvna............................................................................................................................... 340 CONCLUSION................................................................................................................. 340 TRADITIONAL CULTURE OF THE EAST GEORGIAN HIGHLAND (SHRINES OF GUDAMAKARI, KHEVI, TUSHETI)........................................................................................................ 347 gamoyenebuli literatura......................................................................... 361 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................. 361

nino rambasize qetevan alaverdasvili · aragvis saeristavo gauqmebul iqna da samefo saxlis...

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