3

I Tavi. biologiis Seswavlis meTodebi .......................................................... 7

1.1. biologia mecnierebaa ........................................................................................12

1.2. xelsawyoebi da usafrTxoeba .........................................................................17

1.3. mikroskopiT muSaoba laboratoriaSi......................................................21

1.4. kvleva – informaciis damuSaveba da wardgena ....................................24

Tavis Sejameba ...............................................................................................................30

II Tavi. ujredi da mikrobebis samyaro ................................................................31

mogzauroba droSi ......................................................................................................34

2.1. ujredi – forma da funqcia ............................................................................36

2.2. ujredis agebuleba – citoplazma, plazmuri membrana,

ujredis kedeli da birTvi.....................................................................................41

2.3. ujredis agebuleba – vakuoli, plastidebi, mitoqondria ...........43

2.4. ujredi da samefo .................................................................................................50

mogzauroba droSi ......................................................................................................53

2.5. mikrobebi Cven irgvliv .....................................................................................56

2.6. virusebi da mikrobuli sokoebi ...................................................................60

2.7. protistebi ...............................................................................................................63

2.8. laboratoriuli samuSao ..................................................................................68

2.9. sasargeblo da saziano mikrobebi ...............................................................70

Tavis Sejameba ...............................................................................................................75

III Tavi. mcenareebi ...........................................................................................................77

mogzauroba droSi ......................................................................................................80

3.1. mcenareTa samyaro ...............................................................................................82

3.2. xavsebi, gvimrebi da liqenebi ........................................................................85

3.3. SiSvelTeslovnebi ...............................................................................................90

3.4. farulTeslovnebi ................................................................................................93

3.5. fesvi da Rero ..........................................................................................................96

3.6. foToli ......................................................................................................................100

3.7. yvavili ........................................................................................................................103

3.8. Tesli da nayofi ....................................................................................................106

3.9. mcenareTa roli adamianis cxovrebaSi ....................................................109

3.10. mcenareebi da usafrTxoeba ..........................................................................112

Tavis Sejameba ............................................................................................................... 116

Sinaarsi

4

IV Tavi. sokoebis samefo ..............................................................................................117

mogzauroba droSi ......................................................................................................120

gaseirneba galereaSi ................................................................................................122

4.1. sokoebi bunebaSi ...................................................................................................124

4.2. sokoebi: agebuleba da gamravleba ..............................................................126

4.3. obis soko – mteri Tu moyvare? ......................................................................129

4.4. laboratoriuli praqtikumi ..........................................................................133

4.5. puri, yveli da Rvino ...........................................................................................136

4.6. mavne sokoebi – cotaTi saSiSi istoriebi ..............................................140

4.7. sokoebi da adamianebi ........................................................................................143

Tavis Sejameba ...............................................................................................................146

V Tavi. cxovelebis samefo ......................................................................................... 147

mogzauroba droSi ......................................................................................................150

5.1. cxovelebis saerTo niSnebi ............................................................................152

5.2. uxerxemlo cxovelebi .........................................................................................155

5.3. fFexsaxsriani cxovelebi ...................................................................................159

praqtikuli samuSao ...................................................................................................163

5.4. Tevzebi .......................................................................................................................166

5.5. amfibiebi ...................................................................................................................170

5.6. qvewarmavlebi .........................................................................................................173

5.7. frinvelebi ...............................................................................................................178

5.8. ZuZumwovrebi ..........................................................................................................182

5.9. ZuZumwovarTa mravalferovneba ..................................................................185

5.10. sasicocxlo procesebi ....................................................................................189

5.11. adaptacia – cxovelebis saocari niSan-Tviseba ................................192

praqtikuli samuSao ...................................................................................................197

5.12. saqarTvelos fauna wiTEel nusxaSi ...........................................................199

5.13. adamiani da cxovelTa samyaro ....................................................................202

Tavis Sejameba ...............................................................................................................206

gaseirneba galereaSi ................................................................................................208

VI Tavi. sasicocxlo cikli .........................................................................................211

mogzauroba droSi ......................................................................................................214

6.1. sokoebis, baqteriebis da virusebis sasicocxlo cikli ................216

6.2. mcenareebis sasicocxlo cikli ....................................................................219

6.3. cxovelebis sasicocxlo cikli .....................................................................222

6.4. adamianis sasicocxlo cikli .........................................................................226

6.5. jansaRi cxovrebis wesi .....................................................................................229

mini-proeqti ...................................................................................................................232

leqsikoni .........................................................................................................................236

31

II Taviujredi da mikrobebis samyaro

mikrobebis mokle daxasiaTeba sul sami punqtiT aris SesaZlebeli. isini: arian ux­ilavebi; arian yvelgan; ganageben samyaros.

• rogor SeiZleba im faqtis axsna, rom mikrobebi arian absoluturad yvelgan?

• rogor axsni frazas, rom mikrobebi ganageben samyaros?

ujredi – erTdroulad cocxali aguric aris da cocxali biblioTekac.

• rogor asrulebs ujredi organizmisTvis aguris rols?

• ratom SeiZleba vuwodoT ujreds `cocxali biblioTeka~?

• rogor daexmareba kacobriobas ujredis, rogorc `biblioTekis~ gamoyeneba?

ujredi da mikrobebis samyaro

II Tavi.

§2.2. ujredis agebuleba – citoplaz-ma, plazmuri membrana, ujredis kedeli da birTvi. yvela ujredi amovsebulia Txeva­di nivTierebiT – citoplazmiT, romelic Se­mosazRvrulia plazmuri membraniT. plazmur membranas ki zogierT ujredSi (mag. mcenare­ulSi) gars akravs ujredis kedeli. citoplaz­ma uzrunvelyofs ujredis organoidebs Soris kavSirebs, plazmuri membrana – garemomcvel aresTan kavSirs, ujredis kedeli ki nivTiere­bebis transportis garda ujredisTvis meqani­kuri zRvaris rols asrulebs.

ujredis umniSvnelovanesi organoidia birTvi. is ujredis marTvis centrs warmoad­gens. birTvi warmarTavs da akontrolebs ujredSi mimdinare yvela sasicocxlo process.

§23. ujredis agebuleba – vakuoli, plastidebi, mitoqondria. ujredis citoplazmaSi araerTi organoidi gvxvdeba. plastidebi mxo lod mcenareul ujredebSi gvxvde­ba. qloroplastebSi pigment qlorofilis saSualebiT mim­dinareobs fotosinTezi. fotosinTzis saSualebiT mwvane mcenare araorganuli nivTierebebisgan warmoqmnis organul nivTierebebs da gamoyofs Jangbads. mitoqondriaSi mimdin­areobs ujreduli sunTqva, xolo vakuolSi xdeba saWiro niv­Tierebebis dagroveba.

§2.4. ujredi da samefo. cocxali or­ganizmebis ujredebi or did jgufad ­ pro­kariotebad da eukariotebad iyofa. pro­kariotebSi erTiandebian baqteriebisa da lurj­mwvane wyalmcenareebis samefoebi, eukariotebSi ki – mcenareebis, cxovelebisa da sokoebis samefoebi. TiToeuli samefos warmomadgenlebs mxolod misTvis damaxasi­aTebeli ujreduli agebuleba aqvT.

§2.1. ujredi – forma da funqcia. yvela cocx­ali organizmi xasiaTdeba ujreduli agebulebiT, romelic organizmis umciresi struqturuli da funqciuri erTeulia. yvela ujredi warmoiqmneba mxolod sxva cocxali ujredebisgan, amasTan, yvela ujredi erTmaneTs hgavs rogorc agebulebiT, aseve maTSi mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebiT. ujredis formas gansazRvravs mis mier Sesasrulebeli fun­qcia. nebismieri ujredi Semosa zRvrulia plazmuri membraniT da amovsebulia citoplazmiT. ujredebis umravlesobas aqvs birTvi. ujredSi gvxvdeba sxva­dasxva organoidebi TiToeul organoids misTvis da­maxasiaTebeli forma da funqcia aqvs.

2.5. mikrobebi Cven irgvliv. mikrobebs miekuTvneba yvela is organizmi, romelTa danaxva mxolod mikroskopiT aris SesaZlebeli. mikrobebi iyofa virusebis, baqteriebis, sokoebis da protistebis samefoebad. maTSi erTiandeba yvela eukario tuli organizmi, romlebic ar Sedian cxo­velebSi, mcenareebSi da sokoebSi. baqteriebi prokariotu­li organizmebia, romlebic yvelgan arian gavrcelebulni. baqteriebis saxeobebis raodenoba 10000­mdea. baqteriebis zogierTi saxeoba daavadebis gamomwvevia, zogierTs ki sa­sargeblo funqcia akisria. baqteriebi formis mixedviT oTx jgufad iyofa. es formebia burTuliseb, Cxirisebri, namglisebri da spiraliseburi.

2.6 virusebi da mikrobuli sokoebi. virusebi is mikro­

organizmebia, romlebsac sicocxlis araujredul formebs

uwodeben. virusebs sasicocxlo niSan­Tvisebebidan mxolod

gamravleba axasiaTebT da Tan mxolod maspinZeli organizmis

daxmarebiT. virusebiT gamowveuli daavadebebi ar ikurneba

antibiotikebiT. maTi umravlesobis saukeTeso prevencia

vaqcinaciaa.

2.9. sasargeblo da saziano mikrobebi. mikrobebi, Tavian­

Ti mcire zomis miuxedavad, umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSoben

adamianisa da garemosaTvis. mikrobebi gvexmareba sxvadasxva

produqti, puri, comeuli, yveli, mawoni, xaWo, Zmari, Rvino,

ludi da a. S. damzadebaSi, janmrTelobis SenarCunebaSi (mag.

nawlavis Cxiri), garemoSi nivTierebaTa wrebrunvaSi da a.S.

mikrobebis mniSvnelovan nawils SeuZlia gamoiwvios orga­

nizmis inficireba, rac mniSvnelovnad azaralebs am organizms.

aseT mikrobebs saziano mikrobebs uwodeben. daavadebuli

organizmi Semdeg Tavad xdeba infeqciis wyaro da vrceldeba

epidemia.

2.7. protistebi. wyalmcenareebs miakuTvne­ben protistebs, maTi umravlesoba fotosin­TeTikosia. Tumca arseboben sxva formebic. arseboben mravalujrediani da erTujrediani wyalmcenareebi, maTi garkveuli nawili moZ­raobs Soltebis daxmarebiT.

53

mogzauroba droSi

guSin

warsulSi, saukuneebis manZilze, adamianebi ar flobdnen informacias mikroorganizmebis Sesaxeb. maSin mecnierebebi da maT Soris medicina, arcTu maRal safexurze idga. am mizeziT msoflioSi ua-mravi adamiani iRupeboda. letaluri Sedegis mizezi umetesad dReisTvis sakmarisad iolad gadasatani daavadebebic ki iyo. magaliTad, malaria, `batonebi~, yvavili, qolera, tuberkulozi da a. S. im droSi ki es daavadebebi mourCenel senad iTvleboda da maT uamravi adamianis sicocxle ewireboda. Savi Wiri, tifi, qolera, yvavili, malaria da a.S. romlebic si-cocxlisTvis metad saxifaTo iyo.

Zalian mniSvnelovania icode, rom mikrobebi mx-olod uaryofiT zegavlenas ar axdenen. arsebobs sasargeblo mikrobebi, romelTa moqmedebis gareSe arc puri gamocxveba, arc mawoni Sededdeba, arc yvelis amoyvana iqneba SesaZlebeli, arc yurZnis wveni gadaiqceva Rvinod da arc Rvino daZmardeba. Cvenma winaprebma, SesaZloa, mikrobebis moqmedebis meqanizmi ar icodnen, Tumca zemoT xsenebuli pro-duqtebis damzadebis teqnologiebs Zalian maRal do-neze flobdnen. amis dasturad isic gamodgeba, rom qvevris Rvinis dayenebis uZvelesi qarTuli tradi-ciuli meTodi iuneskom 2013 wels aramaterialuri kulturuli memkvidreobis warmomadgenlobiT siaSi Seiyvana. mocemuli faqtiT dadasturda am meTodis unikaluroba, msoflio mniSvneloba da gansakuTre-buli kulturuli da socialuri Rirebuleba.

dRes

rogor ucnaurad an SemaSfoTebladac unda JRerdes, Cvens cxovrebas pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT Tan sdevs mikrobebis auracxeli raodenoba. maT ricx-vSi rogorc sasargeblo, aseve saziano mikrobebicaa. konkretuli kvlevebi adastureben, rom Cvens orga-nizmSi ujredebis saerTo raodenobas Cvens orga-nizmSive arsebuli baqteriebis saerTo raodenoba mniSvnelovnad aRemateba.

Savi Wiris gamomwevevi bacila

tifis gamomwvevvi

qoleris gamomwvevi

yvavilis gamomwvevi virusi

plazmodiumi - malariis gamomwvevi paraziti

54

Cvens TanamedroveobaSi sakmarisad mZime daa-vadebebia gavrcelebuli, romelTa didi nawilis sruli gankurneba jer kidev SeuZlebelia. Tumca, zogierTi maTganis remisiaSi gadayvana SesaZlebe-lia.

warmogidgenT zogierT maTgans:• H1N1 – igive Roris gripi, romelmac ara mxolod Cvens TanamedroveobaSi, aramed jer kidev me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi milionobiT adamiani imsxverpla.

• ebolas virusi afrikaSi gavrcelda. am virusiT daavadebulTa sicocxle 83-90% -Si letalurad sruldeboda. dReisaTvis Seqm-nilia vaqcina, romlis efeqtianoba 70-100%-ia.

• zikas virusi afrikaSi gavrcelda. daa-vadebis mosalodneli garTuleba damblaa. Tu daavadeba sasunTq gzebs daazinebs, Ses-aZloa letaluri Sedegic dadges. yvelaze did safrTxes ki zikas virusi fexmZime qa-lebs uqmnis, radgan zikas virusi ainfi-cirebs Canasaxs.

antibiotikebi da baqteriofagebi

dReisaTvis Zalian bevri baqteriuli daa-vadebis samkurnalod da/an maTi prevenci-isTvis iyeneben iseT wamlebs, romlebsac uwodeben antibiotikebs. antibiotikebi mo-qmedeben orgvarad: 1. xocaven baqteriebs; 2. xels uSlian baqteriebs gamravlebasa da gavrcelebaSi.

virusuli infeqciebis sawinaaRmdegod an-tibiotikebi ar aris efeqturi. antibiotikebs bevri ukuCvenebac aqvT, Sesabamisad, maTi miReba eqimis daniSnulebis gareSe dauSvebelia.

M teqnologia

soflis meurneobaSi bolo dros aqtiurad iyeneben e. w. `efeqtian mikroorganizmebs~ (mikroorganizmebis rTul kompleqss), romelic Ta-

H1N1 - is virusi

ebolas gamomwvevi virusi

zikas virusi

remisia – avadmyofobis simptomebis Sesusteba an gaqroba, avadmyofobis droe-biTi gaumjobeseba

55

namedrove msoflioSi M teqnologiiT aris cnobili. soflis meurneobaSi M te-qnologiebis gamoyeneba uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis maRali xarisxis, ekologi-urad usafrTxo kvebis produqtebiT mo-maragebas. rac mosaxleobis janmrTelo-bis gaumjobesebas uwyobs xels.

xval

`gayinuli~ mikrobebi

Sen ukve ici, rom msoflios winaSe dgas erT-erTi umniSvnelovane-si problema – globaluri daTboba, rac iwvevs yinulis fenis aqtiur dnobas. am dros marili erwymis uZveles virusebs da iwvevs maT `gamoR-viZebas~. es ki niSnavs, rom yinulis dnoba SesaZloa iyos daavadebebiT savse pandoras yuTi. magaliTad, 2005 wels nasas mecnierebma gamoikvlies baqteria – karnobaqteria – romelsac SeuZlia adamianis paralizeba. es baqteria alaskaze 32000 wlis win cxovrobda, is mamontebis mkvdari sx-eulidan warmoiqmna da uamravi problema Seqmna `gamoRviZebis~ Semdeg.

araerTi msgavsi magaliTis moyvanaa SesaZlebeli, roca yinulis dnobis Semdeg gaiRviZa aTaseulobiT wlis win miZinebulma baqteriebma. mecnier-ebi aqtiurad ikvleven maT da mniSvnelovan safrTxeebsac xedaven yinu-lis fenis lRobis SedegebSi. isini varaudoben, rom SesaZlebelia Tavi iCinos iseTma virusma, an baqteriam, romelTa winaaRmdeg brZola sakmaod gaurTuldeba kacobriobas. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom yvela mikroorga-nizmi galRobis Semdeg ar `cocxldeba~.

M M teqnologiiT miRebuli biohumusi.

93

3.4

farulTeslovnebi

ici Tu ara, rom

• ramdenime saukunis win, holandiuri titebi ufro Zviri Rirda vidre oqro;

• brokoli realurad yvavilia;• zogierTi yvavilovani mcenare ar saWiroebs niadags zrdisaTvis,

magaliTad, orqidea, haeridan iRebs yvela saWiro nivTierebas;• mzesumzira gamoimuSavebs toqsiur nivTierebas, romelic sxva mcenareebs

klavs da ar aZlevs gamravlebis saSualebas;• mtacebeli mcenareebi yvavilovani mcenareebia, romlebic yvaviliT an

neqtriT izidaven mwerebs, patara cxovelebs da `Wamen~;• yvela yvavili surnelovani araa, arsebobs giganturi niuka e.w. mkvdris

yvavili, romelic xrwnadi leSis suniT gamoirCeva;• samoTxis Citi – esaa saocrad lamazi mcenare, romelis yvavilic Tavisi

agebulebiT da SeferilobiT mogvagonebs tropikul Cits.

umaRles mcenareebs SiSvelTeslovnebTan erTad miekuTvnebian farulTeslovnebi. iTvleba, rom dRes arsebuli farulTeslovnebis wina-prebi 245-202 milioni wlis win gamoeyvnen SiSvelTeslovnebs. arsebuli yvavilovani mcenareebis aTasobiT sxvadasxva saxeoba warmoiSva sami Zir-iTadi saxeobidan. bazisuri farulTeslovnebis ukanaskneli warmomad-geneli, romelic dResac gvxvdebian da warmoadgens axali kaledoniis (kun-Zulebis jgufi samxreT wynar okeaneSi) endemur saxeobas, aris Aamborela. misi genomis Seswavlam mniSvnelovnad Secvala warmodgenebi yvavilovani mcenareebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. misma gavrcelebis zonam zustad gansaz-Rvra didi gamyinvarebis dros ori `TavSesafris~ arseboba, romelTa ga-reSec mcenareebi dRes gavrcelebuli ar iqnebodnen.

• da mainc ram gamoiwvia farulTeslovnebis ase farTod gavrcele-ba dedamiwaze?

yvavilovan mcenareebs, danarCeni mcenareebisgan gansxvavebiT, iseTi mniSvnelovnad axali funqciebi aqvT, rogoricaa: Teslis warmoqmna, sakve-bi nivTiere bis maragis saxiT Senaxva. am funqciebma ganapiroba yvavilovani mcenareebis farTod gavceleba da maTi mravali axali saxeobis warmoqmna (daaxloebiT 300 000 saxeoba).

amborela bazaluri farulTeslovnebi

94

farulTeslovnebisaTvis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba yvavi-loba da nayofis warmoqmnaa. farulTeslovnebi gavcelebulia sxva-dasxva klimatur pirobebSi da sxvadasxva saxiT: xeebi, buCqebi, balaxi. farulTeslovnebs, maTi Teslis mixedviT, vyofT erTlebnian da orleb-nian mcenareebad. farulTeslovnebs gaaCniaT kargad ganviTarebuli fesv-Ta sistema, Rero da yvavili. maT aseve kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli gamtari konebi. erTlebnianebSi gamtari konebi moTavsebulia ReroSi jvaredinad, xolo orlebnianebSi gamtari konebi organizebulia rgolebis saxiT. maT gaaCniaT fesvze mcire gamonazardebi, romlebic xels uwyoben mineralu-ri nivTierebebis da wylis ukeTesad Sewovas. kargad aqvT ganviTarebuli foTlebi, romlebic awarmoeben fotosinTezs da Sesabamisad, mcenareebis momaragebas sakvebi nivTierebebiT.

yvavili- samoTxis Citiyvavilebis sxvadasxva tipi

yvavilovani mcenareebis mravalferovnebis srulad aRweras Cven ver SevZlebT. magram SegviZlia ramdenime gansakuTrebuli yvavilovani mcenare gagacnoT.

litopsi, igive `cocxali qva~, udabnoSi xarobs. is mwyurvali cxovelebisTvis sasurveli siTxis wyaroa. magram `cocxali qva~ patara qvis natexebs hgavs. misi mi-wiszeda nawili orad gayofili xorcovani `foTolia~, romlis Seferiloba niadagis ferzea damokidebuli. zogjer “foTolze” sxvadasxva feris laqebi, xazebi da winwklebia gamosaxuli. amitom misi gamorCeva udabnoSi gafantuli qvebisgan sakma-od rTulia. litopsis gamorCeva qvebisgan mxolod yvavilobis drosaa martivi.

baobabi Cveni planetis erT-erTi yvelaze ucnauri da uZvelesi xea. legendis Ta-naxmad, RmerTma torma mis baRSi amosuli baobabi SeiZula, amoT xara da gadaagdo. xe Tavdayira daeca da miuxedavad amisa, zrdas ganagrZobda. baobabi 5-dan 30 metramde izrdeba da misi tanis diametris zoma 7-11 metria.

plumeria gavrcelebulia samxreT amerikis CrdiloeT nawilSi. ZiriTadad buC-qovania, Tumca gvxvdeba xeebic. is gansakuTrebuli Tavisi yvavilebis gamoa. mas aqvs

litopsi

codnis skivri

baobabi plumeria nepentesi

95

kidev erTxel gaiazre: • sakvanZo cnebebi – farulTeslovnebi, Tesli, nayofi, yvavili.

• sakvanZo fraza – farulTeslovnebis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba yvavilobaa.

10 sm-mde zomis sxvadasxva feris surnelovani yvavilebi. yvaviloba mTeli zafxuli grZeldeba.

nepentesi tropikuli Sxamiani mcenarea, romelsac mwerebis dasaWerad doqismag-vari yvavilebi aqvs. mas meorenairad `maimunis fialasac~ uwodeben, radgan xSirad unaxavT, Tu rogor svamen maimunebi am `doqidan~ wyals. mwerebis satyuara yvavili Seicavs siTxes, romelsac aqvs webovani struqtura. swored masSi ixrCobian mwerebi. nepentesis zogierTi saxeobis yvavili imxela izrdeba, rom SeuZlia Tagvis, virTxis an bayayis daWerac ki.

es yvavili Sokoladis kosmosia. am yvavilis samSobloa meqsika. misi yvavili muqi yavisferia da diametric daaxloebiT 3-4 sm. yvavilobis dros es mcenare vanilisa da kakaos surnels afrqvevs.

es patara zomis yvavili – tilWiri – ase mimzidvelad rom gamoiyureba, saocrad Sxamiania. mis Sxams 40-toniani veSapis mokvla SeuZlia. am mcenaris furclebs qonSi ureven veSapze monadireebi da nazavs sanadiro Subebs usvamen. aseTi wesiT momza-debuli Sxami daWril cxovels aucileblad klavs da ramdenime dRis Semdeg misi gvamis napirze gamoriyva xdeba.

Sokoladis kosmosi tilWiri

1. azriT ratom asaxavs mcenare aAmborelas endemuri zonebi gamyinvarebis dros `TavSesafris~ zonebs?

2. moiZie informacia sakuras yvavilobis Sesaxeb da mokle prezentaciiT warudgine klass.

3. gamoiyene mocemuli kodi

an ewvie saits.

https://learningapps.org/display?v=pwzxgbgq219Seavse krosvordi da miRebuli SedegebiT Seafase Seni codna.

davaleba

159

5.3

fFexsaxsriani cxovelebi

zogierTs hgonia, rom peplebi mxo lod sam dRes cocxloben. eEs mTlad ase ar aris. gaicani, es pepela monarqia. igi nNamdvili mog­zauria, or TveSi 5000 kilometramde manZils faravs. ZiriTadad mifrinavs CrdiloeT ameri­kidan gamosazamTreblad samxreT amerikaSi. Mmi­si sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 7 Tvea.

fexsaxsriani cxovelebi milionze met saxeobas aerTianebs. damaxasiaTe­beli niSnebia: erTmaneTTan moZravad dakavSirebuli fexebi, igive saxsre­bi, gareTa myari safarveli – qitini, gansxvavebuli piris aparati, Tavze wyvili Tvali, ulvaSebi, segmentirebuli sxeuli. fexsaxsrianebSi gaer­Tianebulia mwerebi, obobasnairebi da kibosnairebi.

mwerebis sxeuli sam ZiriTad nawilad iyofa: Tavi, mkerdi da muceli.

mwerebis Tvali mozaikuri agebulebisaa, Sedgeba uamravi umciresi patara Tvalakisagan, romliTac sivrcis mxolod nawils aRiqvams. Nnemsiylapias aseTi 3000 Tvalaki aqvs, oTaxis buzs ki – 4000. Tvalis aseTi agebuleba

fexsaxsrianebi

mwerebi obobasnairebi kobosnairebi

Coqelam axlaxan daiWira Tavisi nadavli pPepela ewafeba xorTumiT neqtars

albaT mogismenia koRos, buzis, bzikis mom­abezrebeli bzuili. maT ukana wyvili frTa sa­bzualo organod aqvT gadaqceuli. WriWinebis mier gamocemuli xmebi ki maTi frTebis zeda nawilebis xaxuniTaa gamowveuli.zogi mweri muclis nawevrebiT vibrirebs da Tavisebur xmebs gamoscems. xmovani signalebis SeswavliT zoologiis erT­erTi dargi – bioakustikaa dainteresebuli.

Ppeplebi frinvelebis, Coqelebis, obobebis ZiriTadi sakvebia. frTosani lamazmanebi sakmaod ugemurebi ar­ian, radgan maTi muxluxebi kvebisas mcenareebidan bevr Sxams SeiTviseben. Ees nivTierebebi ki Semdeg zrdasrul mwerebSi gadadis da TavdacvaSi ex­mareba.

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mwerebs frenis dros swraf orientaciaSi exmareba. Tavze mwerebs ulvaSe­bi aqvT, xandaxan maT antenebsac vuwodebT. swored maTi daxmarebiT mwers SeuZlia SeigrZnos bgera, temperatura, tenianoba, sinaTle, suni. mMwere­bis piris aparati damokidebulia sakvebze. ganarCeven mRrRnel, mwuwnav, mlokav da mCxvlet piris aparatebs. Fmwerebis fexis agebulebac mraval­gvaria da damokidebulia cxovrebis nirze. Farsebobs sarbeni, Semgrove-beli, sacurao, saxtunao da mTxreli fexi. M yvela mwers aqvs sami wyvili fexi da frTebis erTi an ori wyvili.

ras fiqrob, rogori piris aparati eqneba pepelas? Coqelas? koRos?

dedamiwaze 60000­ze meti saxeobis oboba binadrobs. mwerebis msgavsad, isinic dayofilia jgufebad, morielebi, mTibavebi, tkipebi. oObobasnairebs vxvdebiT qvebis qveS, xavsebSi, tyeebsa da buCqnarebSi, sacxovrebel sax­lebsa da wyalSi. maTi nawili mkveTradaa Seferili. sxeuli or nawiladaa gayofili: muclad da Tavmkerdad. Enawilebi erTmaneTs moZravi ReroTi uerTdeba. Tavmkerdze obobasnairebs Sesaxsruli aqvT 4 wyvili sasiaru­lo fexi, win ufro mokle, sxeulis ukan ki SedarebiT grZeli fexebi. Mmokle fexebs qelicerebs vuwodebT, grZelebs – fexsacecebs. qelicerebSi ixs­neba Sxamiani sadinari, fexsacecebi ki obobas SegrZnebis organoa. obobas 8 martivi Tvalaki aqvs, romelic Tavis wina mxares or rigadaa ganlagebuli. obobas mucelze saablabude meWeWebi aqvs. aq gamomuSavdeba specialuri nivTiereba, romelic haerze Sreba da obobas Zafs warmoqmnis.

Mmorielebi obobasnairebis naTesauri jgufia. morielebis muceli sxva obobasnairebisagan gansxvavebiT, danawevrebulia da elastiuri. Tavdasx­misas morieli ukan xris mas da Sxamian nestars asobs msxverpls. Tavmkerdi

oboba mgeli obobas qseli mzadaa msxverplis dasaWerad

codnis skivri

sainteresoa, rogor qsovs oboba Tavis qsels. igi jer erT wertilSi amagrebs Zafs, Sem­deg elodeba, haeris nakadi rogor aitacebs sifrifana Zafs da miamagrebs raime sayrdens. Semdeg oboba gadadis Zafis Sua wertilamde da qveviT eSveba. aAxla aq amagrebs Zafs. Semdeg ki akeTebs radialur Zafebs centridan sxvadasxva sayrdenis mimarTulebiT. mMxolod amis Semdeg iwyebs moZraobas spiralurad da qmnis wriul formebs. Bbolo nabiji webovani badis Seqmnaa, romelic namdvili maxea msxverplisaTvis. Oobobebis erT­erT warmomadgenels uc­nauri saxeli oboba­mgeli hqvia. igi qselis moqsoviT Tavs ar iwuxebs. cxovrobs niadagis, kldis, xis napralebSi. Casafrebulia da msxverpls Tavs esxmis. xasiaTdeba swrafi moZ­raobebiT.

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ki moriels ufro didi aqvs. yvelaze patara morieli 1 santimetrze cota didia, morieli `imperatori~ ki 18 santimetrs aRwevs da yvelaze didia. sa­ocaria maTi gamravleba. mMorielebi dedis sxeulSive iCekebian da „ibadebi­an“.

• saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli morielebis Sxami admianis sicocx-lisaTvis saxifaTo ar aris.

kibosnairebi 20 000 saxeobas moiTvlis. kiborCxalebi, krevetebi, omare­bi, ciklopebi kibosnairebs miekuTvneba. eEs cxovelebi gansxvavdebian zomiT, qceviT, agebulebiT.

Mmiuxedavad mravalgvarobisa, kibosnairebs aerTianebT msgavsi ni­San­Tvisebebi: ori wyvili ulvaSi, sami nawilisagan Semdgari sxeuli. Mmdi­naris kibos aqvs didi marwuxebi, kiriT gaJRenTili javSani, 5 wyvili sa­curao, 5 wyvili sasiarulo fexi da kudis farfli. Tvalebi rTulia, damagrebulia moZrav Rerakebze. ikvebeba wyalsatevis fskerze arsebuli likokinebiT, WiebiT, lifsitebiT, mcenareebiT. kKibo sasiarulod iyenebs 4 wyvil fexs, wina wyvili marwuxebs warmoadgens da tacebis funqcia aqvs. ucnauria, rom curvisas kibo ukusvliT moZraobs.

megruli morieli morieli imperatori

kidev erTxel gaiazre:

• sakvanZo cnebebi – fexsaxsrianebi, mwerebi, obobebi, kibosnairebi.• sakvanZo fraza – fexsaxsrianebSi gaerTianebuli klasebis – mwer­

ebis, obobosnairebis da kibosnairebis erTmaneTisagan garCeva Seu­Zlebelia, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT sxeulis nawilebsa da fexebis ra­odenobas.

codnis skivri

kiborCxala meviolines marwuxi ufro didi aqvs, roca sakvebis aRebas cdilobs. marwuxebis moZraoba violinoze xemis gasmas waagavs.

162

davaleba

1. mwerebis klasSi sxvadasxva jgufia gaerTianebuli: xeSeSfrTianebi, qer­clfrTianebi, sifrifanafrTianebi, orfrTianebi da sxva. romel organos mieniWa dajgufebisas upiratesoba?

2. riTi gansxvavdeba obobasa da buzis Tvalebi?

3. suraTze gamosaxulia futkari, kela da krazana. ra ganmasxvavebeli niSani aqvT maT?

4. gaiTvaliswine fexsaxsrianTa jgufebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.

Seavse cxrili:

jgufebi fexebis raodenoba

frTebi ulvaSebi sxeulis nawilebi

piris aparati

mwerebi

obobebi

kibos-nairebi

5. pirvel suraTze gamosaxulia koRo, romelic wvrili xorTumiT xvrets

kans. meore suraTze ki Cxvletas axorcielebs futkari. ra mizani aqvT mwerebs?

6. gaiTvaliswine wina savarjiSoSi Sevsebuli cxrili da Seqmeni fexsaxsri­anebis azrobrivi ruka.

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rogor gavzardoT wyalmcenareebi?

laboratoriuli samuSao

*qvemoT mocemuli laboratoriuli samuSaos instruqcia mowodebulia nabijebad, rac gagiadvilebs samuSaos mimdin-areobis etapebis dacvas.

nabiji #1. wyliT (sasurvelia distilirebuliT) Seavse nebismieri gam-Wvirvale konteineri. es SeiZleba iyos plastmasis boTli, didi, gamWvir-vale plastmasis Wiqa, minis didi qila an minis akvariumi. Cayare masSi co-taodeni qviSa. daamate wyals sakvebi nivTierebebi. sasurvelia, SeiZino mza sakvebi nivTierebebi (akvariumisaTvis) da Seurio Sens konteinerSi arse-bul wyals. SegiZlia, cvalo sakvebi nivTierebebis rogorc Semadgenloba, aseve koncentracia da daakvirde maT zegavlenas wyalmcenareebis zrdaze.

nabiji #2. wyalmcenaris damatebamde SearCie kargad ganaTebuli da dac-uli adgili, sadac ganaTavseb Sens konteiners. aucileblad unda gaiTval-iswino, Tu romeli saxeobis wyalmcenaris zrdas unda daakvirde, radgan maT sxvadasxva saxeobas normaluri zrda-ganviTarebisTvis gansxvavebuli pirobebi sWirdeba. aucileblad gaiTvaliswine garemos temperatura: 35 gardusze maRali temperaturis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia, wyalmcenaree-

bi daiRupos.

nabiji #3. SearCie SenTvis sasurveli wyalmcenare, magaliTad elodea, an axlo-maxlo bunebaSi (tbaSi, mdinareSi...) arsebuli nebismieri wyalmcenare. moaTavse konteiner-Si Zalian frTxilad, ise, rom qviSa ar airios da wyalmcenare ar daziandes. dReSi erTxel akvariumSi Cayavi sawrupi Cxiri da Cabere. es haeris cirkulaciisTvisaa saWiro.

rekomendacia: Tu apireb daakvirde mikrozomis wyalmcenareebs, gaiTvaliswine, rom SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT SesaZlebelia isini SeumCneveli iyos erTi

an ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi. mikroskopuli wyalmcenareebi Zalian mcire zo-misaa da adamianis TvalisTvis SesamCnevi rom gaxdes, unda gamravldes da warmoqm-nas didi masa. Tu Sen akvirdebi ufro makrozomis wyalmcenares, maSin maT gasazr-delad 10 dRe sakmarisia.

2.8

69

nabiji #4 . yuradRebiT aRricxe yvela cvlile-ba, romelic Sens konteinerSi mimdinareobs. es Sei-Zleba iyos wyalmcenareebis zomis da feris cvli-lebebi, wylis ferisa da konsistenciis cvlileba, sakvebi aris cvlileba...

rekomendacia: xangrZlivi dakvirvebisTvis ar dagavi-wydes konteinerSi garkveuli sixSi riT Seitano sakvebi are.

gadaixaze cxrili rveulSi da Seavse is:

sakvebi aris

koncentracia

wyalmcenareebis

zrda

wyalmcenaris

feri

wylis feri

dRe 1

dRe 2

dRe 3

dRe 4

dRe 5

dRe 6

nabiji #5. Seiswavle Sen mier gazrdili wyalmcenareebi mikroskopiT. es ufro met informacias SesZens Sens kvlevas vidre mxolod SeuiaraRebe-li TvaliT danaxuli zrdis progresi. SesaZlebelia ixilo umartivesebic, romlebic wyalmcenareebTan erTad gamravldnen Sens saeqsperimento kon-teinerSi.

gafrTxileba! ar dagaviwydes usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva!

gadaixaze laboratoriuli samuSaos angariSis forma, Seavse is samuSao procesis warmarTvis paralelurad da dasrulebis Semdgom Caabare maswavlebels:

saxeli, gvari da klasi

samuSaos Tema

laboratoriuli samuSaos mizani

sakvlevi kiTxva

hipoTeza (varaudi)

damokidebuli da damoukidebeli cvladebi

laboratoriuli samuSaos mimdinareoba (etapebi)

miRebuli monacemebi da Sedegebi

daskvna

refleqsia (TviTSefaseba)

122

gaseirneba galereaSi

iSviaTi cisferi soko entomola manaTobeli soko micena

xis soko wverosanisoko indauris kudi

soko sisxliani kbili soko miwis varskvlavi

123

klavaria rotodusi

marjnis sokotremela

kukeina triqolomaanemoni

soko Citis bude soko elfebis Tasi

75

2. gamoiyene mocemuli kodi

an ewvie saits

https://learningapps.org/watch?v=ptj8bhmsn19mocemuli TamaSiT Seafase Seni codna.

TamaSis instruqcia

dafiqrdi, sworad upasuxe kiTxvebs da gaimarjve.

Tavis Sejameba

3. am TavSi mikrobebis Sesaxeb miRebul codnaze dayrdnobiT Seavse codnis kompasi. SegaxsenebT kompasis isrebze miniSnebuli asoebis mniS-vnelobas: Nature – buneba; Economy – ekonomika; Society – sazogadoeba; Welbeing – keTildReoba.

gadaixaze sqema rveulSi da Seavse is qvemoT mocemuli sakiTxebis mixedviT.

1. upasuxe qvemoT mocemul kiTxvebs da Seafase Seni codna.

• ra aris ujredi?

• CamoTvale ujredis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi da mokled daaxasiaTe Ti-Toeuli maTgani;

• ra roli akisriaT ujredis SenTvis kargad nacnob organoidebs?

• rogor aregulirebs ujredi masSi mimdinare sasicocxlo procesebs?

• rogor warimarTeba movlenebi ujreduli biologiis kidev ufro de-taluri Seswavlis Semdeg?

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N N– daaxasiaTe mikrobebis roli bunebaSi;

S - ra nabijebi unda gadaidgas sazogadoebis mxridan mavne mikrobebTan brZolis procesSi?

E - ra pozitiuri rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia mikrobiologiisa qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis?

W - ra mniSvneloba eniWeba mikrobiologiis ganviTare-bas kacobriobis keTildReobisaTvis?

axla daubrundi Tavis dasawyisSi dasmul kiTxvas da scade kidev erTxel gasce pasuxi.

ujredi – erTdroulad cocxali aguric aris da cocxali bib-lioTekac.

• rogor asrulebs ujredi organizmisTvis aguris rols?• ratom SeiZleba vuwodoT ujreds cocxali biblioTeka?• rogor dagvexmareba kacobriobas ujredis, rogorc `bib-

lioTekis~ gamoyeneba?mikrobebis mokle daxasiaTeba sul sami punqtiT aris SesaZlebeli.

isini: arian uxilavebi; arian yvelgan; ganageben samyaros. • rogor SeiZleba im faqtis axsna, rom mikrobebi arian absolu-

turad yvelgan?• rogor axsni frazas, rom mikrobebi ganageben samyaros?Seadare Seni axali pasuxi Tavis Seswavlamde gacemul pasuxs da ga-

moitane daskvna.