islami yvelaze axalgazrda msoflio religiaa, romelsac

abraamistuli tradiciis religiebs miakuTvneben. religiaTmcod­

neobaSi ̀ abraamistuli tradiciis religiebs~ uwodeben im sam sarw­

munoebas, romelTa mixedviTac, RvTisa da adamianis urTierTo­

bis tradicias safuZveli bibliuri abraamis, abrahamis (qarTuli

tradiciiT – abramis, yuraniseuli – ibrahimis), epoqidan daedo.

abraamistuli tradiciis religiebi wignismieri religiebia. es

imas niSnavs, rom yvela am religias Tavisi wminda an saRvTo werili

aqvs. iudevelobis mTavari saRvTo werilia Tora, qristianobisa –

saxareba, xolo islamis wminda wigns yurani ewodeba.

religia

yurani

muslimTa saRvTo wigni

giorgi lobJaniZe

30

yurani arabuli sityvaa da qarTulad

`wakiTxvas~, `kiTxvas~ niSnavs. is warmoadgens

islamis winaswarmetyvelis muhamadis (muhame­

dis) (570­632) qadagebaTa krebuls, romlebic

muhamads, TviTon am religiis mimdevarTa, anu

muslimTa (muslimanTa, mahmadianTa) rwmeniT,

RvTiuri zeSTagonebis meSveobiT ganecxada.

islamis winaswarmetyveli muhamadi cxov­

robda arabeTis naxevarkunZulis hijazis mxa­

reSi. is daibada qalaq meqaSi da Tavidan mwyem­

si, xolo mogvianebiT warCinebuli sovdagari

iyo. daaxloebiT ormoci wlisas zeciuri ga­

mocxadebebi daewyo, romelTa safuZvelzec

mogvianebiT Camoyalibda religia `islami~,

rac arabuli sityvaa da qarTulad morCile­

bas, RvTisaTvis Tavis miZRvnas niSnavs.

muslimuri gadmocemis mixedviT, pirveli

zeSTagoneba muhamads maSin ewvia, roca igi

mSobliuri meqis CrdiloeTiT mdebare pa­

tara mTis – hiras gamoqvabulSi loculobda.

am dros mas gamocxadebia zebunebrivi arseba,

muhamadisaTvis miucia farCaze amoqarguli

naweri da arabulad uTqvams `ikra’!~ es sityva

giorgi lobJaniZe

yurani

Zveli miniatura, romelzedac asaxulia muhamadis sas­waulebrivi mogzauroba meqis meCeTidan ierusalimis meCeTamde.

muslimTa umTavresi taZari qaaba meqaSi, arabeTis naxevarkunZulze

qarTulad `waikiTxes!~ niSnavs. muhamads miu­

gia, kiTxva ar vicio, Tumca zebunebriv arse­

bas kidev orjer gaumeorebia Tavisi brZaneba

da muhamadisaTvis naweris wakiTxva dauZalebia.

mkvlevarTa gamoTvliT, es movlena daaxloebiT Cv.

w. 610 wels unda momxdariyo. muslimuri tradici­

iT ki, gamocxadeba islamuri kalendris mecxre

Tvis, ramadanis (an – ramazanis), 27 an 28 ricxvSi

31

daiwyo. amis gamo, mogvianebiT, ramadanis TveSi

dawesda marxva, romlis Senaxvac yvela muslimisa­

Tvis savaldebulod gamocxadda.

muslimTa warmodgeniT, arseba, romelic amis

Semdeg muhamads TiTqmis mTeli sicocxlis gan­

mavlobaSi drogamoSvebiT ecxadeboda da RvTiur

danabarebs gadascemda, raTa winaswarmetyvels es

yvelaferi xalxisaTvis emcno, angelozi jibrii­

religia

qalaq meqis xedi

angelozi jibriili (mTa­varangelozi gabrieli)

ar icis, visac ar uswavlia wina religiaTa saRvTo

werilebi.

610 wlidan, anu gamocxadebis dasawyisidan 632

wlamde – muhamad winaswarmetyvelis gardacvale­

bamde – daaxloebiT ocwliani periodi yuranis

gamocxadebis ZiriTadi wlebia. am xnis ganmavloba­

Si drodadro muhamads eufleboda zebunebrivi

mdgomareoba da am dros igi zepirad qadagebda

li (jabraili, jibraili) iyo. mogvianebiT, zogma

mkvlevarma am angelozis identifikacia iudeuri

da qristianuli tradiciis mTavarangeloz gabri­

elTan moaxdina.

yuranis zemoT moTxrobili pasaJidan, ufro

zustad ki, angelozis brZanebidan wamovida kidev

erTi tradiciuli warmodgena, romlis Tanaxmadac,

muhamadi wera­kiTxvis ucodinari kaci iyo.

am Tvalsazriss kidev ufro amyarebda is gare­

moeba, rom TviTon yuranSi muhamads ramdenjerme

moixsenieben epiTetiT ̀ ami~, rac pirdapir marTlac

`uwignurs~, `wera­kiTxvis ucodinars~ niSnavs.

Tumca bolo dros islamologiaSi gamoiTqva sa­

fuZvliani mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom yuranis

fraza ̀ ikra’!” niSnavs ara ̀ waikiTxe!~­s, aramed ̀ iqa­

dage!~­s, epiTeti `amii~ ki gulisxmobs ara saerTod

wera­kiTxvis ucodinar adamians, aramed kacs, vinc

32

RmerTis sityvas, rasac misi mimdevrebi sxvadasxva

saSualebiT iwerdnen an zepiradve imaxsovrebdnen.

yuranis fragmentebis pirvel Canawerebs umTavre­

sad palmis xis qerqze an brtyel qvebze akeTebdnen, es

Canawerebi ki mis erTgul mimdevrebTan grovdeboda.

muhamadma Tavis sicocxleSi ver moaswro am

Canawe rebis Tavmoyra da sistematizacia. Tumca yu­

yuranis xelnaweri

33

religia

ranSive aris miniSneba imis Taobaze, rom sicocxlis

bolo wlebSi islamis mociquli cdilobda am saqmis

gakeTebas da qadagebebis erT wignad Camoyalibe­

bas, `iudevelTa da qristianTa saRvTo werilebis

msgav sad~. igi am saqmis dasrulebamde gardaicvala,

erTad Tavmoyirili Canawerebi ki mis mdivnebTan da

ramdenime mimdevarTan darCa.

ibn aris arabuli sityva da niSnavs Svils (vaJiSvils) da daerTvis saxels mamis saxe­lis aRniSvnisas.

medinis xedi

muslimuri tradicia asaxelebs im ramdenime

adamians, romlebic yuranis am Tavdapirvel Canawe­

rebs agrovebdnen. eseni iyvnen winaswarmetyvelis

is mimdevrebi, romelTac muhamadis Semdgom isla­

mis bedze gansakuTrebuli gavlena iqonies, maT So­

ris: ali, salimi, abu musa, osman ibn afani, agreTve

xalid ibn saidi da ubaida ibn qayba.

bunebrivia, rom TiTqmis muhamadis gar­

dacvalebisTanave misma ramdenime mimdevarma am

Canawerebis Tavmoyra gadawyvita da mkvlevarTa

gancxadebiT, aseTi versiis, sul mcire, xuTi

varianti Seiqmna.

yuranis avTenturi teqstis Sedgenis ga­

dawyvetileba ki ukavSirdeba islamis is­

toriis im kritikul xanas, roca muhamadis

sikvdilis Semdgom bevri arabuli tomi mo­

ciqulis Semcvlelis e.w. `xalifis~ xeli­

suflebis winaaRmdeg gamovida da mimdi­

nareobda brZola medinuri sazogadoebis

Zalauflebis gasamyareblad arabul Temze.

pirvelad swored maSin gacxadda muslimu­

ri Temis winaSe gadaudebeli aucilebloba,

romelic mociqulis danatovris, misi qa­

dagebebis Tavmoyras, fiqsaciasa da siste­

matizacias gulisxmobda. swored maSin gaCn­

da e.w. `as­suhuf al­baqriia~, anu `adreuli

gragnilebi~, romelTa Segroveba, islamuri

gadmocemis mixedviT, winaswarmetyvelis

Semcvlelis, xalifa abu baqrisagan muhama­

dis mdivans – zaid ibn sabiTs – daevala.

yuranis teqstze muSaobis meore etapi

ukavSirdeba ukve sxva periodis gansxvave­

bul moTxovnebs, roca Zlevamosili isla­

muri jarebi TiTqmis erTmaneTis miyolebiT

daeuflnen erays, siriasa da egviptes. isla­

mis am uzarmazar teritoriaze gavrcelebam

da veeberTela saxelmwifos provinciaTa

marTvis adgilobrivi religiuri centrebis

Camoyalibebam yuranis erTiani, unificire­

buli teqstis gamocemis aucilebloba mTe­

li simwvaviT daayena.

34

muslimuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, swored

am centrebSi, kerZod, meqaSi, medinaSi, dam­

askoSi, qufasa da basraSi ganviTarda teqs­

tis gadacemis adgilobrivi tradiciebi, ro­

melTac muhamadis im mimdevrebs ukavSireben,

bedma da saqmis viTarebam sxvadasxva dros am

qalaqebSi rom gadatyorcna.

gadmocemiT, himssa da damaskoSi muaz ibn

jabalis variants mihyvebodnen, qufaSi – ibn

mas’udisas, basraSi – abu musa al­aS’arisas,

xolo mTlianad siriaSi ubaia ibn qaybas vari­

antiT xelmZRvanelobdnen.

teqstis aRniSnuli versiebi erTmaneTisa­

gan gansxvavdeboda gamocxadebaTa ricxvisa

da ganlagebis mixedviT, calkeuli sityve­

biTa Tu gamoTqmebiT, rigi orTografiuli

TaviseburebebiT. zogan gamorCenili iyo,

zogan ki, piriqiT, – damatebuli esa Tu is si­

tyva an winadadeba.

wminda werilis gansxvavebuli wakiTxve­

bi ki muslimur sazogadoebas Sida ganxeT­

qilebiT emuqreboda. uzenaes xelisufle­

baze gaCaRebuli kamaTis gamo Temis SigniT

isedac, amis gareSec, ukve mimdinareobda

cxa re brZolebi.

saSiSroebas ki kidev ufro amZafrebda is

garemoeba, rom muslimebi maT mier dakave­

bul vrcel teritoriebze axlo aRmosav­

leTSi gavrcelebuli religiuri sistemis,

doqtrinebisa da Sexedulebebis zRvas See­

jaxnen.

am viTarebaSi mesame xalifam usmanma (os­

manma) medinaSi, sadac, gasagebi mizezebis

gamo, yuranis adreuli Canawerebis Segrove­

bisa da sistematizaciis tradicia yvela

sxva qalaqze ufro mZlavri iyo, saRvTo wer­

ilis erTiani redaqciis SemuSavebis gada­

wy vetileba miiRo. aseTi teqsti, romelsac

`al­imams~ (anu `meTaurs~) uwodeben, medi­

naSi Semonaxuli erT­erTi ZiriTadi versi­

is safuZvelze da yvela im Canaweris gaT­

yuranis erT­erTi uZvelesi xelnaweri, e. w. qufuri. xeliT.

valiswinebiT, romelTa sinamdvilesac ori

saTanado mowme daadasturebda, medinaSive

650­656 wlebSi Seadgina specialurma kole­

giam. kolegias xelmZRvanelobda muhamad

winaswarmety velis mdivani zaid ibn sabiTi.

aRniSnuli teqstis ramdenime xel­

naweri saxalifos umniSvnelovanes poli­

tikur­administraciul centrebSi (meqaSi,

basraSi, qufaSi, damaskoSi, zogi cnobiT ki,

egviptesa da bahreinSic) daigzavna.

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, sruli erTianobis

uzrunvelsayofad, xalifa osmanis brZanebiT

dawves da gaanadgures yuranis yvela sxva ver­

sia, romelic am ZiriTad teqstTan SedarebiT

raRac gansxvavebas Seicavda. Tumca, imis mi­

uxedavad, rom Tavidan muslimuri sazoga­

doeba osmanis wamowyebas gagebiT moekida da

zaid ibn sabiTis teqstsac sixaruloT Sexv­

da, mainc yvela ar aRmoCnda mzad, dasawvavad

da gasanadgureblad gaemetebina misTvis Ri­

rebuli da unikaluri xelnawerebi.

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, magaliTad, ibn

masyuds am brZanebis Sesrulebaze uari uTq­

vams da ganucxadebia: `me yurans jer kidev ma­

yurani

35

Sin vagrovebdi, roca zaid ibn sabiTi warmar­

Ti dedis mucelSi ijdao~.

garda amisa, imxanad jer kidev mravlad iyo

xalxi, visac zepirad axsovda usmanis wesisa­

gan gansxvavebuli yuranis ama Tu im fragmen­

tis wakiTxvebi.

miuxedavad amisa, osmaniseuli redaqcia

TandaTan ikavebda Seucvlel adgils da sabo­

lood is upirobod damkvidrda mTel mus­

limur aRmosavleTSi, roca yuranis teqstis

wakiTxvis problemebi daaregulira arabul

muslimuri filologiis orma dargma: ilm

al­kira’am (anu yuranis swori wakiTxvisa) da

ilm al­Tajvidma (teqstis swori recitaciis

mecnierebam).

yuranis kanonikur teqstSi gamocxade­

bebis fragmentebi, qronologiurad, ze­

gardmovlenis drois mixedviT ar aris dala­

gebuli. is agebulia am fragmentTa sididis

mixedviT, udidesidan umciresisaken. gamo­

nakliss warmoadgens pirveli fragmenti

(`sura al­faTiha~ – gamxsneli, gamRebi sura)

romelsac saritualo islamisaTvis udide­

si mniSvneloba aqvs da is ikiTxeba, rogorc

locva nebismieri mniSvnelovani religiuri

ritualisa Tu saqmis dawyebis win.

yurani dayofilia 114 araTanabar Tavad,

romelsac ewodeba `sura~. am sityvis bevrnai­

ri etimologia arsebobs, erT­erTi versiiT,

sura unda momdinareobdes ebrauli `Surasa­

gan~, rac niSnavs aguris mwkrivs Senobis

kedelSi. TiToeuli sura, Tavis mxriv, iyofa

ritmulad mowesrigebul muxlebad, romel­

sac arabulad `aia~ (saswauli, RvTiuri ni­

religia

muhamadi da metafizikuri arseba buraki.

Sani) ewodeba. aiaTa ricxvi sxvadasxva suraSi

sxvadasxvaa. garda amisa, teqsti, ukve rit­

ualuri mizniT, dayofila 30 Tanabar nawi­

lad, e.w. juz’ad da Tavidan juz’ebis raode­

noba gaTvlili iyo wliur ciklze, imaze, Tu

morw munes ama Tu im periodSi saRvTo wignis

ramdeni nawili unda waekiTxa.

yuranis mxatvrul stils arabulad saj’i

ewodeba. saj’i riTmanarevi ritmuli prozaa

da tradiciul arabul poetikaSi mas saleq­

so formad ar miiCnevdnen. rogorc liter­

aturuli Zegli, is marTlac gamorCeuli

nimuSia da saucxoo emociur zemoqmedebas

axdens msmenelsa Tu mkiTxvelze.

muhamad mociqulis moRvaweobis ori Ziri­

Tadi periodisa da samoRvaweo qalaqebis

mixedviT yuranis surebic or ZiriTad jgu­

fad – mequr da medinur surebad – iyofa.

kanonikuri teqsti – umaRlesi religiuri organoebis mier aRiarebuli da nebadarTuli, miRebuli teqsti

etimologia –ama Tu im sityvis warmoSoba­is­toria, aseve misi pirvandeli mniSvneloba.

36

specialistebis aRiarebiT, mequri surebis

stili, sazogadod, ufro eqspresiulia, fera­

dovani da poeturi, xolo medinuri surebi

garkveuli simZimiT, yofiTi realie bis siux­

viTa da sakanonmdeblo aiebis siWarbiT ga­

moirCeva. ramdenadme gansxvavebulia mequri

da medinuri surebis Tematikac. moRvaweobis

pirvel periodSi muhamadis gamocxadebebi

adamianuri yofierebis metafizikur prob­

lemebs moicavs, medinuri periodis surebSi

ki ZiriTadi aqcenti, morwmune sazogadoebi­

sa da, saerTod, Teokratiuli saxelm wifos

mowyobis principebze gadadis.

wigni dafuZnebulia mkacri monoTeizmis,

erTRmerTianobis, ideaze. yuranis mixedviT,

samyaros Semoqmedi da upirobo meufea erTa­

derTi RmerTi, romlis saxelic dafarulia

da mis Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas gviqm­

nis e.w. `al­sama’ al husna~ – `umSvenieresi

saxelebi~ – 99 epiTeti, romlebSic RmerTis

esa Tu is Tvisebaa kondensirebuli. arsebi­

Tad, erT­erTi epiTetia `al­lah~, romel­

sac SecdomiT `mahmadianTa RmerTis saxe­

lad~ miiCneven. sinamdvileSi es aris sityva

`ilahun” (RvTaeba, RmerTi), romelic al ar­

tikliT gansazRvrisas gvaZlevs formas `al­

lahu~ da erTaderT RmerTs aRniSnavs.

RmerTisa da adamianis urTierTobis tra­

dicias safuZveli adamis Seqmnidan eyre­

ba da amitomac muslimur tradiciaSi adami

aris pirveli winaswarmetyveli an mociqu­

li. drois ganzomilebaSi Semosvlis Semdeg

ki samyaros Semoqmedi periodulad adamian­

Ta sazogoebebTan agzavnida kacs, romelsac

am sazogadoebebidanve irCevda da romel­

sac xalxisaTvis Tavisi mcnebebis gadacemas

avalebda. Y

yurani

37

yurani am mociqulTa ricxvs ar asaxelebs,

mogviano muslimuri tradiciis Tanaxmad ki,

mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi sul 24 an 25

aTasi mociquli iyo, romelTagan zogi gan­

sakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa, kerZod, is mo­

ciqulebi, romlebic muslimTa saRvTi wignSi

saxelebiT arian moxseniebuli. magaliTad,

musa (mose), ibrahimi (abraami), ia’yubi (iako­

bi), salihi, hudi, isa (ieso) da sxva. yuranis

mixedviT, samociqulo tradicias asrulebs

muhamadi, romlis Semdgomac aRar iqneba ara­

nairi mociquli. swored amitom, yuransa da

muslimur tradiciaSi muhamadis gavrcele­

buli epiTetia `xaTim al­anbia~, anu `winas­

warmetyvelTa beWedi~.

rogorc yvela religia, islamic saiqio,

imqveyniuri cxovrebis, anu `al­Raibis~ (da­

farulis, TvaliT uxilavis) rwmenas efuZne­

ba. Sesaqme or nawilad aris dayofili:

religia

ad­duniad (arab. `uaxloesi~), anu `wuTiso­

flad~, da al­axirad (arab. `ukanaskneli”) –

zesTasoflad. es wuTisofeli mxolod `gar­

Toba da TamaSia~, gamocdaa, mosamzadebeli

etapia zesTasoflisaTvis, sadac adamiani

ganvlili cxovrebis sikeTis sazRaurad anda

borotebis samuqafod samoTxeSi an jojo­

xeTSi midis. Tumca samoTxisa da jojoxeTis

garda, yurani icnobs imqveyniuri yofierebis

kidev erT Sres – al­barzaxs, romelic raRac

Sualeduria samoTxesa da jojoxeTs Soris

da erTgvar gansawmendels warmoadgens. sa­

moTxeca da jojoxeTic yuranSi eqspresi­

ulad, maRalmxatvrulad aris aRwerili.

imqveyniuri cxovrebis rwmena bolo Jamis

rwmenasac gulisxmobs. bolo Jamis, anu sam­

yaros aRsasrulis zusti dro (as­sa’a) aravin

uwyis, Tvinier alahisa, magram is aucileb­

lad dadgeba, `axlosa aris~ da misi mauwyebe­

li iqneba is, roca `Caberaven sayvirSi~. bolo

Jamis macne angelosis saxeli TviTon yuran­

Si ar ixsenieba. mogviano xanis musli muri

tradicia mas israfils arqmevs. roca isra­

fili, alahis nebarTviT, sayvirSi Cabe ravs,

maSin, yuranis Tanaxmad, `Camovardeba mze

da mTvare gadaipoba~, xolo zeca `Cirqiani

kaniviT ekideba~. am dros mkvdreTiT aRdge­

bian gardacvlilni. RmerTi gansjis maT da

codvilT jojoxeTSi, xolo marTalT sa­

moTxeSi ganawesebs.

yurani arabuli enis im hijazur dialeqt­

zea zegardmovlenili, romelic Semdgom

saliteraturo arabulis (al­fushas) sa­

fuZvlad iqca. TviTon yuranis teqstSi ram­

denjermea aRniSnuli, rom es gamocxadeba

mocemulia `mkafio, arabuli eniT~. aman Semd­

gomSi saTave daudo mTel muslimur samyaro­

Si arabulis wminda enad gamocxadebas da Tvi­

Ton yuranis uTargmnelobis ideasac. Tumca

SemdgomSi mTel muslimur samyaroSi, ZiriT­

adad, teqstis ukeT gagebisa da ganmartebis

mizniT, yuranis sxva muslimur enebze gad­

moReba mainc mimdinareobda. is Sua saukunee­

38

bidanve intensiurad iTargmneboda evropul

enebzec.

am viTarebaSi sakvirvelia, rom qarTulad

yuranis sruli Targmani me­20 saukunis da­

sawyisamde ar gvqonia. Tumca gamoTqmulia

varaudi, rom Zvelad arsebobda am wignis ram­

denime Targmani, romelic droTa viTarebaSi,

politikuri Tu sarwmunoebrivi mosazre­

bebis gamo, ar Semonaxula. Aam varauds amyarebs

is garemoeba, rom ramdenime originalur qar­

Tul ZeglSi dadasturebulia yuranis ram­

denime fraza, romelic originalis TiTqmis

zedmiwevniT Targmans warmoadgens.

asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom yuranis pirveli

qarTuli Targmani 1906 wels gamoica da is

frangulidan Seasrula Tavis droisaTvis

cnobilma mTargmnelma da sazogado moRvawem

petre mirianaSvilma. erT­erTi gadmocemis

mixedviT, mirianaSvils yuranis teqsti ilia

WavWavaZis davalebiTa da uSualo monawile­

obiT uTargmnia.

yuranis pirveli qarTuli Targmani ki,

romelic arabuli dednidan iTargmna da Tan

ganmartebebis vrceli korpusi axlavs, gior­

gi lobJaniZes ekuTvnis. es Targmani, rome­

lic evropuli fondis `horizontis~ dafi­

nansebiT, mirianaSvilis Targmanidan zustad

asi wlis Semdeg, anu 2006 wels gamosca `kavka­

siurma saxlma~ rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve

qveynis gareT (kerZod, iranSi) umniSvnelova­

nesi literaturuli premiebiT aRiniSna.

yurani

39