No. 9, August 1984

Second Dee~-Sea Biolocrv Svm~osium

Second Announcement

TIME : June 23-29 , 19 85

PLACE : Katholische Akademie, Herrengraben 4 , D-2000 Hamburg 11

SYMPOSIUM For a l l mail: I n s t i t u t £fir Hydrobiologie und Fischereiwissenschaft OFFICE : Universitgt Hamburg

.Zeiseweg 9 , 0-2000 Hamburg 50, FRG

During the Symposium the of f ice w i l l be a t the Katholische Akademie.

SYMPOSIUM FEE: 100,OO Deutsche Mark.

We hope t o succeed i n ra is ing some funds for t h i s symposium t o possibly reduce the symposium fee and the costs for the mid symposium tour.

INTEFU3ST I N Following the f i r s t announcement i n Deep-sea Newsletter 7 and a report THE SYMPOSIUM: i n Deep-Sea Newsletter 8 almost 100 sc i en t i s t s from 16 countries indi-

cated the i r i n t e r e s t i n par t ic ipat ion so f a r , and we expect about 150 par t ic ipants fo r the syniposium. .Until now 41 papers are offered fo r presentation and 13 short communications. Not a l l po ten t ia l par t ic ipants have answered the f i r s t announcement, and fur ther applications are expected.

TOPICS :

PAPERS :

Papers and short communications may address a l l questions of Deep-Sea Biology.

The f i r s t two days w i l l be mainly devoted t o environmental problems introduced i n t o the deep sea from human impact, Within t h i s frame we expect t o receive contributions on - human impact measured i n deep-sea environments, - resu l t s from indus t r ia l t e s t s impacting the deep sea, - discussions on potent ia l human impact from developing act ions , - reports on national pol ic ies t o avoid harmful impacts, - proposals fo r internat ional regulations t o assure impact

minimization and deep-sea protection. ,

For each paper we w i l l allow 20 minutes plus 5 minutes for discussion-: A short communication sha l l take not more than 10 minutes.

A l l papers w i l l be evaluated by a screening process based on the abstracts delivered,

We urge a l l contributors t o prepare hard data abstracts which readily allow t o understand the contents and resu l t s of the paper t o be pre- sented. General philosophy on a potent ia l paper w i l l be rejected. Abstracts should not cover more than one type-written page.

POSTERS : Boards w i l l be available fo r poster presentations. In case too many papers are offered we may have t o ask contributors t o present t he i r resu l t s as a poster.

LANGUAGE : A l l presentations w i l l be i n English. No t ranslat ion service w i l l be available.

PUBLICATION: The publication of a book containing some of the symposium contribu- t ions was emphasized e a r l i e r . I contacted Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, This company might be interested i n pr int ing such a book of 300 pages maximum. We a l l know about the trouble of ed i t ing and waiting for symposia volumes. I f enough contributors wish t o publish i n a common volume, I w i l l take the responsibi l i ty of edit ing. Those of you interested must indicate t h i s i n the application form and must deliver the manuscript during the symposium. On the basis of the respective abstracts I sha l l contact Springer-Verlag and inform a l l in terested authors about the decision. Springer w i l l publish the symposium volume only on the condition t h a t the complete revised manuscripts w i l l be presented three months a f t e r the symposium a t l a t e s t which w i l l guaran- tee publication of the book one year a f t e r the symposium.

TECHNIQUES: The lecture h a l l i s equipped with normal s l i d e projector ( 5 X 5 cm) and overhead projector. I f any other technique i s needed, please indicate t h i s on the application form.

P REPARATORY Applications and abstracts are t o be sen t t o the Symposium Office not TIW SCHEDULE: l a t e r than February 15, 1985. Paper acceptance/rejection w i l l be com-

municated t o the authors not l a t e r than April 1, 1985.

SYMPOSIUM Sunday, June 23: Arrival of par t ic ipants . Pre-symposium gathering i n TIME SCHEDULE: the evening.

Monday, June 24 a'nd Tuesday, June 25: Contributions on the topic "Human impact and deep-sea protection".

Wednesday, June 26 : Presentations on Deep-Sea Biology. Thursday, June 27: Mid-Symposium Excursion (see below), Friday, June 28 and Saturday, June 29 : Presentations on Deep-Sea Biolc+_,. Sunday, June 30: Departure of par t ic ipants .

ACCOMMODATION: 80 par t ic ipants can be accommodated i n the Katholische Akademie, however, /

there are only 6 s ingle rooms and 37 double bedrooms.

We ask you f o r a double choice indicat ing your f i r s t and second pr ior iLy by marking accornmodation~ (l) o r ( 2 ) on the application form.

FINAL We ask you t o send us before February 15, 1985 APPLICATION:

1. the attached application form completed, and 2. the abstract of your contribution. Please address a l l mail t o SYMPOSIUM OFFICE!

MID-SYMPOSIUM A symposium with f ive days of lectures and discussions is too long i n EXCURSION: one run and it c a l l s f o r a break i n the middle. The repl ies t o our

announcement 1 strongly recommend a bus tour t o Hansestadt Liibeck and south-eastern Schleswig-Holstein , the northernmost of the German s t a t e s . Liibeck i s a mediaeval town l i t t l e more than one hour's drive from

- Hamburg, and we s h a l l guide you around to show you buildings from the Hanse time. We s h a l l have a typical local lunch from the Schiffergesell- schaf t (shippers' club) where seamen met i n those ear ly days. The af ter- noon w i l l be devoted t o land and landscape south of Liibeck.

Hj almar Thiel

A Meeting f o r Nordic deep-sea b i o l o g i s t s

The Nordic c o u n t r i e s have g r e a t t r a d i t i o n s i n t h e s t udy of t h e deep s e a , i n the North A t l a n t i c a s w e l l a s e lsewhere.

I n r ecen t yea r s t h e r e h a s been a r e v i v a l o f former a c t i v i t i e s i n t he deep North A t l a n t i c (French-Swedish NORBI Expedi t ion on "Jean Charcot" 19 75, Danish p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n FRAM I 19 79, t h e Swedish YMER Expedi t ion i n 1980, and Nordic p a r t i c i p a t i o n a t p r e s e n t i n MIZEX.

Three Nordic v e s s e l s a r e w e l l equipped f o r work i n t h e deep s e a ( t h e Norwegian "~&kon Mosby" and ohan an Ruud" and t h e Danish "DANA I V " ) , There i s now an oppor tun i ty f o r o t h e r Nordic marine s c i e n t i s t s t o be i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n Norwegian r e sea rch i n the North A t l a n t i c . Moreover, t h e European Marine B i o l o g i c a l Symposium i n Plymouth i n September t h i s y e a r and the Hamburg Symposium i n June 1985 w i l l provide opportuni- t ies f o r Nordic s c i e n t i s t s t o meet and d i s c u s s w i th many of t h e wor ld ' s l e ad ing deep- s e a b i o l o g i s t s ,

This is t h e background f o r a meeting which on t h e i n i t i a t i v e o f T. B ra t t ega rd (Bergen) and J,-0. Str6mberg ( ~ r i s t i n e b e r g ) , w i l l be h e l d a t t h e Univers i ty of ~ e r g e n i n mid-Decenher 1984 t o d i s c u s s and coo rd ina t e f u t u r e Nordic r e sea rch e f f o r t s , hope- f u l l y i n coopera t ion wi th o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d c o u n t r i e s .

Torben Wolff

The Deep-Sea N e w s l e t t e r Correspondents and D i s t r i b u t o r s

DENMARK : FRANCE :

HOLLAND :

JAPAN :

NORWAY :

SWEDEN :

UNITED KINGDOM:

U.S.A.: /'

U.S.S.R, :

D r . E r i c L. M i l l s , I n s t i t u t e o f Oceanography, Dalhousie Un ive r s i t y , Ha l i f ax , Nova S c o t i a , B3H 451. D r , Torben Wolff. D r . Lucien Laubie r , Centre Na t iona l pour l l E x p l o i t a t i o n des OcGans, 66, Avenue d1L6na, F-75116 P a r i s . D r , Hjalmar T h i e l , Un ive r s i tZ t Hamburg, I n s t i t u t £fir Hydrobiologie und F i s che re iw i s senscha f t , Zeiseweg 9 , D-2000 Hamburg 50, D r . J a ap van d e r Land, S t a t e Museum o f Na tu ra l H i s to ry , Raamsteeg 2, Leiden. D r . M. Horikoshi , Ocean Research I n s t i t u t e , Un ive r s i t y o f Tokyo, Minamiday 1-15-1, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164, D r . T, B ra t t ega rd , B i o l o g i c a l S t a t i o n , Un ive r s i t y o f Bergen, N-5065 Blomsterdalen. P ro f . J.-0. Str6mbergf K r i s t i n e b e r g Marine B io log i ca l S t a t i o n , S-450 34 F i skebzcksk i l . D r , Tony R i c e , I n s t i t u t e o f Oceanographic Sc iences , Wormley , Godalming, Sur rey GU8 SUB. D r . R ,R, Hes s l e r , Sc r ipps I n s t i t u t i o n o f Oceanography, A-002, La J o l l a , C a l i f o r n i a 92093 D r . Nina Vinogradova, I n s t i t u t e o f Oceanology, Academy of Sc iences , 23 Krasikova S t r e e t , Moscow 117218.

First Announcement

THE OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE ROCKALL CHANNEL

A Symposium

organized .by

the Royal Society of Edinburgh

and

the Scottish Marine Biological Association

to be held in the Wolfson Theatre and Rooms of the

Royal Society of Edinburgh, 22 George Street, Edinburgh

on

27 - 29 March 1985

The programme, that will be made up of both invited papers and poster presentations on the Geology, Hydrography and Biology of the Rockall Channel, will be followed by a Multidisciplinary Workshop on 29 March. Attendance at this Workshop will be by invitation only and the total number of participants will be limited to 40. Active workers interested are asked to contact Dr J. D. Gage at the Dunstaffnage Marine

Research Laboratory, Scottish Marine Biological Association, P.O. Box 3, Oban, Argyll PA43 4AD.

Those wishing to present posters a t the Symposium are also invited to contact Dr Gage.

The proceedings of the Symposium will be considered for publication as a volume of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B.

Further details of the Symposium Programme, together with a Registration Form and details of accommodation available to participants, will be circulated in a second announcement in the course of the

summer.

Those wishing to attend the Symposium are asked to fill in the form below.

The Meetings' Secretary, The Royal Society of Edinburgh, 22, 24 George Street, Edinburgh EH2 2PQ

THE OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE ROCKALL CHANNEL

I wish to receive further details of the Symposium and a Registration Form.

Name .................................................................................................................. (BLOCK CAPITALS)

.. .......................................................................................................... Address .?.

Organisation .................................................................................................................................

- 5 -

I N M E M O R I A M

D r . Zinaida A. Filatova 1905-1984

The sad news have reached us t ha t the prominent Russian deep-sea biologis t Zina Filatova died on 11 June 1984 i n Moscow, aged 78.

She was born on 8 October 1905 and worked for most of her l i f e i n the Laboratory of Benthos a t the P.P. Shirshov I n s t i t u t e of Oceanology i n Moscow, being the c losest disciple and ass i s tan t of Professor L.A. Zenkevitch. After h i s death she succeeded him as head of the laboratory u n t i l she r e t i r e d i n 1979, but she continued work there u n t i l the day before she died.

Zina's i n t e r e s t s as an oceanologist covered a wide f i e ld . Most of her more than 120 s c i e n t i f i c papers are concerned with the taxonomy and dis t r ibut ion of molluscs, including major papers on bivalves and gastropods from the northern seas of the USSR, the s t ructure and phylogeny of abyssal and hadal bivalves, and new findings of Monoplacophora. others deal with the or igin and antiquity of the deep-sea fauna, the quant i ta t ive dis t r ibut ion of animals i n the deep sea - and a taxonomic revision of Tardigrada. She was a g i f ted a r t i s t who i l l u s t r a t e d most of her own papers.

I f i r s t met Zina a t the Zoological Congress i n London i n 1958 and renewed the acquaintance a year l a t e r during the f i r s t Congress of Oceanography i n New York. In those days the community of deep-sea bio1,ogists was qui te small, and those present i n New York had one happy get-together a f t e r the other, enjoying Russian hospi ta l i ty , caviar and champagne. When I have l a t e r v i s i t ed Moscow (e.g. during the next oceano- graphical congress i n 1966) I was always inv i ted t o v i s i t Zina and her husband i n t h e i r appartment. She was extremely f a i t h f u l i n writ ing l e t t e r s and often sent telegrams from remote places when par t ic ipa t ing i n expeditions, mainly on the " V i t jaz".

Zina i s one of the kindest and most considerate persons I have known, and l i ke her many other friends and colleagues I s h a l l m i s s her cordial , even affectionate friendliness.

Torben Wolff

Examples of Zina Filatova's drawing ab i l i t y :

Her the

Spinula (Bathyspinula) oceanica Filatova (2074-6272 m)

impression of the work of bottom-sampler "Ocean-50"

V ' Porcupine N e w s l e t t e r

You may be aware of t h e f a c t t h a t amongst s e v e r a l n e w s l e t t e r s devoted t o marine s c i ence t h e r e e x i s t s one o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t t o t h e r e a d e r s o f t h e p r e s e n t news- l e t t e r . Th i s is t h e PORCUPINE NEWSLETTER, e d i t e d by PORCUPINE - a S o c i e t y t o Promote I n t e r e s t i n t h e Ecology and D i s t r i b u t i o n of Marine Fauna and F l o r a o f t h e NorthEast A t l a n t i c . Its name is de- r i v e d from t h e surveying v e s s e l "Porcupine", engaged i n 1869 and 1870 on s c i e n t i f i c e x p e d i t i o n s i n t h e N.E. A t l a n t i c and t h e Medi- t e r r anean . There a r e now abou t 150 members, mainly B r i t i s h . The SoCiety ho ld s annual meetings and publ i s h e s t h e Newslet ter .

The fo l lowing s e l e c t i o n o f c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e two l a t e s t i s s u e s (vo l . 2 , No. l 0 and vo l . 3, No. l) i n d i c a t e s i t s re levance t o deep-sea b i o l o g i s t s :

G. Bowes, T. S c o f f i n & S. Smith: Co-ordinat ion o f g e o l o g i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l sampling o f t h e Porcupine Bank.

J.D.M. Gordon: Sampling t h e deep-sea demersal f i s h of t h e Rockal l Trough. P. B a r n e t t & J. Watson: Cor ing f o r meiofauna. R. Harvey: Sampling deep-sea i n v e r t e b r a t e s i n t h e Rockal l Trough. P.F. Kingston & N. Lunan: N e w bot tom sampler f o r o f f s h o r e b e n t h i c moni tor ing.

I n a d d i t i o n t h e r e a r e art icles on sha l low w a t e r , s p e c i f i c animal and p l a n t s p e c i e s , marine l a b s i n N.W. Europe, n o t i c e s , l e t t e r s , meet ing r e p o r t s , etc. The Newsle t te r i s f u r t h e r e n l i g h t e n e d wi th charming s k e t c h e s o f t h e Soc i e ty ' S mascot ( S ) .

The Annual Subsc r ip t i on is E3 and may b e o rde red from t h e E d i t o r , Frank Evans, Dove Marine Laboratory, C u l l e r c o a t s , North S h i e l d s NE304PZ, England, o r t h e S e c r e t a r y , Shelagh M. Smith, Royal S c o t t i s h Museum, Chambers S t r e e t , Edinburgh EHllJF, cotl land.

Torben Wolff

Deep-Sea c i r r a t e octopuses observed from a submersible

In the summer of 1982 the R/V "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh" of the P.P. Shirshov Ins t i t u t e of Oceanology made her 4th cruise i n the North Atlantic t o conduct geological and biological investigations on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge southwest of Iceland. Many deep dives were made with the manned submersible "Pisces" on the Reykjanes Ridge a t ca. 58030 '~ .

Two different species of rare deep-sea c i r r a t e octopuses (family ~ i r r o t e u t h i d a e ) -

were observed by D r . A.M. Sagalevich and other crew members and identified on video- tapes and photographs. None of them had previously been observed alive, nor had they been recorded a t such a high la t i tude . They were described i n a paper by K.N. Nesis and A.M. Sagalevich i n Priroda 1983, No.11. ' . The f i r s t specimen was iden t i f ied as Stauroteuthis c f . syr tensis Verr i l l . I t was observed a t a depth of 1300 m on the summit of a marginal mountain i n the r i f t zone covered by a thick sediment layer. Its t o t a l length was ca. 22 cm, a m spread ca. 30 cm. This octopod was swimming quie t ly along the bottom i n a horizontal position, f i n s beating synchronously and the umbrella pulsating l ike a je l ly f i sh bel l . The umbrella is symmetrical, reaching three quarters of the t o t a l length of the arms. The animal was obviously disturbed by the submersible o r i t s searchlight. I t spread the arms and then threw ibs back over the head showing the white suckers; t h i s was probably a threatening posture. A s imilar one was observed by R.R. Hessler from the submersible "Alvin" i n 1967 off Martha's Vineyard a t the same depth of 1300 m, the octopod being probably Chunioteuthis ebersbachii Grimpe (C.F.E. Roper and W.L. Brundage, Smithson. Contr. 2001. No. 1 2 1 , 1972, f ig . 30).

The second specimen was iden t i f ied as Grimpoteuthis c f . umbellata ( ~ i s c h e r ) . I t was observed a t a depth of 1600 m on the slope of a volcanic cone a t the r i f t valley covered by a very thin sediment layer. Its t o t a l length was ca. 55-60 cm, arm spread ca. 80-90 cm. I t hovered over the bottom with the f i n s presses t o the body and waving the edge of the umbrella (a method of hovering not reported fo r octopuses previously) . The body looked l i ke a big yellow turnip. The umbrella was asymmetrical, reaching the very ends of arms on the dorsal arm side bu t ending f a r from the ends on the ventral

Hi& Levels of 'PO and 21 OPb in the Infaunal Xen~ohypphore -

We have been investigating 1°po concentrations in the infaunal xenophyophore Occultammina profinda collected in a box core from the Izu-Ogasawara Trench (sample depth 8260 m). We began analysis of OPO, the grand-daughter of 210~b , because a subsurface peak in the vertical distribution of the xenophyophore (Tendal, Swinbanks and Shirayarna, 1982 - Fig. 3) coincided with an unusual subsurface peak in the distri- bution of 210~b. at about 3-cm depth in the core (Yamada et al.; 1983 - Fig. 7), and we thought the xenophyophore might be responsible for the peak in 2 1 0 ~ b distribution.

The xenophyophore was divided into test, granellare (protoplasm), and stercomare (excretion products) and each part analysed separately for 2 1 0 ~ o by the standard technique of acid digestion, spontaneous deposition of 2 1 0 ~ o on a silver disk and counting of the alpha activity of the disk. Since the analysis was performed 4 years after collection of the orgmhm, it cm be fairly safely assvmed that t+.e 210?~, ~ M c h 5 s a half-life of 138 days, is in secular equilibrium with its grandparent 210~b, i.e., the activities of the two radionuclides are the same.

The 2 1 0 ~ o (210~b) activity of the test, which is composed of surrounding sediment, turned out to be about 50 dpmlg dry, which is the same as the immediately surrounding sediment, but the activity of both the granellare and stercomare was an order of magnitude higher at about 500 dpm/g dry. Comparably high levels of 2 1 0 ~ ~ have recently been reported for rnidwater penaeid shrimp (Cherry and Heyraud, 1982), but the highest levels of 210Pb previously reported for any organism are two orders of magnitude lower than our fmdings. In addition to the 2 1 0 ~ o analysis, the gamma ray -

'spectrum of the stercomare gave qualitative evidence of a high level of 2 1 0 ~ b activity. We have two possible explanations for the high 2 1 0 ~ o (210~b) levels in the

granellare and stercomare. One possibility is that the xenophyophore feeds at the sediment-water interface on settling. particdate matter that contains several hundred dpm/g . dry of both radionuclides (Spencer et al.. 1 978). Another quite. different possibility is that the 2 1 0 ~ b and 21 'PO are supported by their parent 2 2 6 ~ a . It is well '

known that the chemistry of radium is very similar 'to that of barium, its cogener in the periodic table, and one characteris tic feature of xenop hy op hores is that they contain unusually high levels of barium in the form of intracellular barite (about-35000 ppm of Ba - Gooday and Nott, 1982). Using a figure of 35000 ppm for the barium content of xenophyophores and assuming that the 226Ra:~a ratio of 4.6 nanomoles 226~a/mole Ba in oceanic seawater (Chan et al., 1976) is maintained in xenophyophores, it can be easily calculated that the 226Ra activity of xeno~hyophores will be about 500 dpm/g (actual estimate 580 dpm/g), and thus the. 'PO and' 1°Pb in Ocnrltamrnina profundo may well be supported by 226Ra. If so, xenophyophores are subjected to unusually high levels of natural radiation of about 250 rem y-l (assuming a wet:dry ratio of 5:l) and the local microdose within xenophyophore granellae will be nearly two orders of magnitude higher (about 17000 rern y-l, assuming no radon loss). To place these radiation doses in perspective, they can be compared with the maximum recommended dose for radiation workers the nuclear industry which is 5 rern y" (ICRP Publication 26 1977).

We are currently proceeding with determination of the 2 2 6 ~ levels in the xenophyophore and will publish our results shortly. If the above calculated radiation

-.. . . doses prove cornct, one must ask whether xenophophores show unusudy high rates of radiation-induced mutation. The possib&ty mat Paleodictyon is a fossilized form of infaunal xenophyophore (Swinbanks, 1982) may open up the way to investigation of speciation of xenophophores over about the past 500 million year; thereby providing insight into the long-term effects of such mutation.

David winb banks - Yoshihisa Shirayama Ocean Research Institute University of Tokyo 1 - 1 5- l Minamidai, Nakano-ku, Tokyo

References Cherry R. D. and M. Heyraud, 1982. Evidence of high natural radiation doses in certain mid-water oceanic organisms. Science, v. 2 1 8, p. 54-56.

. -S .

Chan L. H., J. M. Edmond, R F. Stallard, W. S. Broecker, Y. C. Chung, R. F. Weiss and T. L Ku, 1976. Radium and Barium at GEOSECS stations in the Atlantic and Pacific. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 32, p. 258-267. Gooday k J. and J. k Nott, 1982. Intracellular barite crystals in two xenophyophores, Aschernonelh rarnuliformis and Galatheammina sp. (Protozoa: Rhizopoda) with comments on the taxonomy of A. ramuliformis. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., V. 62, p. 595605. Spencer D. W., P. G. Brewer,. A. Fleer, S. Honjo, S. Krishnaswami and Y. Nozaki, 1978. Chemical fluxes from a sediment trap experiment in the deep Sargasso Sea. Journal of

a Marine Research, v. 36, p. 493-523. Swinbanks D. D., 1982. Paleodictyon : the traces of infaunal xenophyophores? Science,

'V. 218, p. 47-49. Tendal 0. S., D. D. Swinbanks, Y. Shirayarna, 1982. A new infaunal xenophyophore (Xenophyophorea, Rotozoa) with notes on its ecology and possible trace fossil analogues. Oceanologica Acta, v. 5, p. 325-329. Yarnada M., H. Kitaoka and S. Tsunogai, 1983. A radiochemicd study of sedimentation onto the Japan Trench floor. Deep4ea Research, v. 3 0, p. 1 147-1 1 56.

HYDROTHERMAL VENT REFERENCES

- 11 - H Y D R O T H E W VENT REFERENCES

The unexpected discovery of the hydrothermal vents with the i r dense beds of large mussels, clams and vestirnentiferan worms dates back only seven years. The physical, chemical and microbial processes a t the hydrothermal vents and the i r remarkable animal community has aroused the curiosity of everybody inter- ested in the sea.

Since 1977 a vast number of sc ien t i f i c papers and semi-popular a r t i c les have appeared, and also the Deep-Sea Newsletter has followed and reported on the exploration of the vents. Discussions with colleagues have revealed t o the '

Editor a desire fo r a comprehensive bibliography of the extremely scattered ;

hydrothermal vent l i terature . I therefore approached D r . Robert R. Hessler a t Scripps who generously

gave his valuable assistance. Bob Hessler wishes t o emphasize tha t the biblio- graphy was constructed from that of several people including the French group. Bob's laboratory assis tant , Elaine Corets, has been active i n the compilation and i n trying t o solve discrepancies between t h i s bibliography and previously published lists of references i n sc ien t i f i c papers which I pointed out t o her.

It should be noted tha t the bibliography was prepared by and intended for biologists; the biology section is thus as near as possible to being complete. Lack of expertise i n geology and geochemistry made it extremely d i f f i cu l t t o come even close t o being comprehensive for these f ie lds i n which no extensive searching has been done.

On behalf of the readers of D.-S.N. I wish t o thank a l l those who contri- buted t o the bibliography.

Torben Wolf f

I. BIOLOGY

Adler, J., Begley, S., Copeland, J.: Zuckerman, S., Shapiro, D. (1981) Can t h e s e a purge i t s e l f ? Newsweek, Aug. 31, 1981:68-71.

Anonymous. (1982) Deep s e a hydrothermal ven t biology a t MBL.,Nexus (Marine B i o l o g i c a l Laboratory, Woods Hole), 6(4):4-5.

Arp, A . J . , C h i l d r e s s , J.J. (1981) Blood f u n c t i o n i n the hydrothermal v e n t v e s t i m e n t i f e r a n tube worm. Science, 213:342-344.

Arp, A . J . , C h i l d r e s s , J.J. (1981) Func t iona l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e blood of t h e deep-sea hydrothermal ven t brachyuran c rab . Science, 214:559-561.

Arp, A . J . , C h i l d r e s s , J.J. (1983) S u l f i d e b ind ing by t h e blood of t h e hydrothermal ven t tube worm R i f t i a p a c h y p t i l a . Science, 219:295-297.

- -.- .- . .

B a l l a r d , R.D. (1978) L i f e where t h e e a r t h is renewed. In: Science Year-The World Book Sc ience Annual-1979, World Book-Childcraft I n t e r n a t i o n a l , Inc . , Chicago, pp. 12-27.

B a l l a r d , R.D., G r a s s l e , J.F. (1979) Return t o o a s e s of t h e deep ( s t r a n g e world wi thou t sun) . Nat l . Geogr., 156(5):680-703.

Baross , J . A . , Deming, J.W. (1983) Growth of 'b lack smoker' b a c t e r i a a t t empera tu res of a t l e a s t 250' C. Nature, 303:423-426.

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C o r l i s s , J.B., Baross , J . A . , Hoffman, S.E. (1981) A hypothesis concerning t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between submarine h o t s p r i n g s and t h e o r i g i n of l i f e on.Earth. Oceanol. Acta, no SP, 59-69.

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E a s t P a c i f i c R i s e Study Group: Ba l la rd , R.D., Cra ig , H., Edmond, J., Einaudi , M., Holcomb, R., Holland, H.D., Hopson, C.A., Luyendyk, B.P., MacDonald, K., Morton, J., O r c u t t , J., S leep , N. (1981) C r u s t a l processes of t h e Mid- Ocean Ridge. Science, 213:31-40.

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Edmond, J .M. , von Damm, K. (1983) Hot Spring on t h e ocean f l o o r , Sc i . Amer . , 248(4):78-93.

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E h r l i c h , H. (1982) Manganese o x i d i z i n g b a c t e r i a from a hydrothermal a c t i v e a r e a on t h e Galapagos R i f t . Ecol. Bull. , 35:

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Ludwigson, J. (1980) Ferment i n t h e f l e e t . Mosaic, l l ( 2 ) :2-11.

L u t z , R.A. (1982) D i s s o l u t i o n o f mol luscan s h e l l s a t deep-sea hydrothermal v e n t s . EOS, 63(45): 1014-1015.

L u t z , R.A., F r i t z , L.W., Rhodes, D.C. ( i n p r e s s ) Molluscan growth a t deep-sea hydro the rma l v e n t s . Bul l . B io l . Soc. Wash.

L u t z , R.A., H e s s l e r , R.R. (1983) L i f e wi thou t s u n l i g h t , b i o l o g i c a l communities o f deep-sea hydrothermal ven t s . S c i e n c e Teacher , 50(3):22-29.

L u t z , R.A., J a b l o n s k i , D., Rhoads, D.C., Turne r , R.D. (1980) L a r v a l d i s p e r s a l of a deep-sea hydrothermal v e n t b i v a l v e from t h e Galapagos R i f t . Mar. Bio l . , 57:127-133.

L u t z , R.A., Rhoads, D.C. (1982) D i s s o l u t i o n o f mol luscan s h e l l s a t deep-sea hydrothermal ven t s . EOS, 63(45):1014-1015.

Macdonald, K.C., Luyendyk, B.P. (1981) The c r e s t of t h e E a s t P a c i f i c Rise . S c i . A m e r . , 244(5):102-116.

Maciolek, N.J.. (1981) Sp ion idae (Annelida: Po lychae ta ) from t h e Galapagos R i f t geo the rma l v e n t s . Proc. B io l . Soc. Wash., 94(3):826-837.

McLean, J.H. (1981) The Galapagos R i f t l i m p e t Neomphalus: ReJevance t o unde r s t and ing t h e e v o l u t i o n o f a major Paleozoic-Mesozoic r a d i a t i o n . Malaco log ia , 21(1-2):291-336.

McLean, J.H. ( i n p r e s s ) The Galapagos r i f t l impe t ; e l e v a n c e t o unde r s t and ing t h e e v o l u t i o n of a s i g n i f i c a n t Paleozoic-Mesozoic r a d i a t i o n . H a l i o t i s , lO(12).

Mickel , T.J., C h i l d r e s s , J.J. (1982) E f f e c t s o f t empera tu re , p r e s s u r e and oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n on t h e oxygen consumption r a t e o f t h e hydrothermal v e n t c r a b BathyoRraea thermydron (Brachyura). Phys io l . Zool. , 55(2):199-207.

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Waldrop, M.M. (1980) Hot s p r i n g s and marine chemistry. Mosaic, 11(4) : 8-14.

Weiss, R.F., Lonsdale, P., Lupton, J.E., Bainbridge, A.E., Craig, H. (1977) Hydrothermal plumes i n t h e Galapagos R i f t . Mature, 267: 600-603.

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Welhan, J.A. , Craig, R. (1983) Methane, hydrogen and helium i n hydrothermal f l u i d s a t 21' M on t h e Eas t P a c i f i c Rise. 3 P.A. Rona, K. Bostrom, L. Laubier and K.L. Smith, Jr. (eds. ) , 'Hydrothermal p rocesses a t s e a f l o o r sp read ing c e n t e r s , ' NATO Conf e rence S e r i e s , S e r i e s I V : Marine Sciences, Plenum P r e s s , New York, p. 391-409.

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IV. OTHER VENT REFERENCES

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r e t u r n t o t h e Costa Rica R i f t . Nature , 292:193-194.

Anderson, R.N., Hobart, M.A., Langseth, M.G. (1979) Geothermal convect ion through oceanic c r u s t and sediments i n t h e I n d i a n Ocean. Science, 204:828- 832.

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Br igh t , T.J., LaRock, P.A., Lauer, R.D., Brooks, J .M. (1980) A b r i n e seep a t t h e Eaet Flower Garden Bank, Northwestern Gulf of Mexico. I n t . Revue ges. Hydrobiol. , 65(4):535-549.

Converse, D.R., H.D. Holland, and J.M. Edmond (1982) Hydrothermal flow r a t e s a t 21' N. Em, 63(18):472.

Delaney, J.R., Cosens, B.A. (1982) Boiling and metal d e p o s i t i o n i n submarine '

h y d r o t h e r m 1 systems. Mar. Tech. Soc. J., 16(3):62-65.

Green, K.E., von Herzen R.P. (1981) The Galapagos spread ing c e n t e r a t 86' W: A d e t a i l e d geothermal f i e l d study. J. Geophys. Res., 86(B2):979-986.

L a w e r , L.A., Williams, D.L. (1979) Heat f low i n t h e c e n t r a l Gulf of Ca l i fo rn ia . Jour . Geophys. Res., 86:3465-3478.

Lonsdale, P. (1979) A deep-sea hydrothermal s i t e on a s t r i k e - s l i p f a u l t . Nature, 281:531-534.

Macdonald, K.C., ~ e c k e r , K., S p i e s s , F.N., Bal la rd , R.D. (1980) Hydrothermal h e a t f l u x of t h e 'b lack smoker' ven t s on t h e East P a c i f i c Rise. Ear th P l a n e t , Sci . Le t t . , 48:l-7.

Reid, J.L. (1982) Evidence of a n e f f e c t of h e a t f l u x from t h e Eas t P a c i f i c Rise upon t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h s mid-depth waters. Geophys. Res. L t r s . , 9:381-384.

Torrance, K.E., Chan, V.W.C., T u r c o t t e , D.L. (1980) A model of hydrothermal convect ion i n an a q u i f e r . J. Geophys. Res., 85(B5):2554-2558.

~ i l l i a m s , D.L., von Herzen, R.P., S c l a t e r ; J.G., Anderson, R.N. (1974) The Galapagos spreading c e n t e r : l i t h o s p h e r i c cool ing and hydrothermal c i r c u l a t i o n . Royal Astron. Soc. Geophys. Jour . , 38:587-608.

Lonsdale, P. ( i n p ress ) Hydrothermal plumes a t a spreading-center i n t h e Mariana Trough back-arc basin. Nature.

News from France: Recent expedition t o the hydrothermal vents a t 130North

During March 1984, the French b io logis t s involved in the study of the hydrothermal vent communities came back for a two leg cruise t o the s i t e s discovered exactly two years ago on the East Pacif ic Rise by 130North (exactly 12O48' t o 12q50'). The cruise was called BIOCYARISE and carr ied out onboard the "N.O. Nadir" using the DSRV "Cyana". The cruise s t a r t ed , made i ts intermediate c a l l and finished i n Manzanillo, Mexico, a medium s ize harbour used by merchant navy and local f ishing vessels.

S'ome f i f teen dives were performed with -generally good weather conditions (one dive per day on the spo t ) . The submersible was well prepared due t o a preceding 70 days cruise on geology, geophysics and geochemistry of the hydrothermal processes along the East Pacif ic Rise, Several s c i e n t i s t s from abroad par t ic ipated i n our cruise: Verena Tunniclif f e (University !.of Victozia, Br i t i sh Columbia) , Robert R. Hessler (Scripps In- s t i t u t i o n of Oceanography) and Jody Deming (Johns Hopkins univers i ty) . The French team was headed by Daniel Desbruykres, chief s c i e n t i s t f o r the two legs, who a l so led the f i r s t cruise BIOCYATHERM (BIOlogy CYAna hydroTHERMal) conducted i n March 1982 i n the same area a t 130N, The other French s c i e n t i s t s came from CNEXO (Anne Marie Alayse, Alexis Khripounoff, Lucien Lathier, Michel Segonzac and technicians Philippe Crassous and And& Echaxdburl ,. National:.Museum of Natural History (Nicole Boury-Esnault and Patrick Geistdoerfer) and several laborator ies from CNRS and/or several French univer- s i t i e s (Anne Hilly, Aline Fiala-Medioni, F r a n ~ o i s e Gai l l , Armand Bianchi, Daniel P r i : and Michel Rio) .

The three s i t e s discovered and described in . 1982, i . e . Pogonord, Actinoir and Pogosud (see ~ e s b r u ~ g r e s & d. , C.R.Acad.Sc.Paris, 295, sBr.111, pp -489-494) were surveyed during the f i r s t leg, and several new act ive s i t e s were discovered immediately south of Pogosud. Intensive sampling of animals and hydrothermal f lu ids were perforn , - using titanium samplers developed by geochemis ts . A newly developed autonomous shut t le - carr ied the sampling boxes, t raps and other tools t o the bottom, and took the bio- logical samples back t o the surface.

An in te res t ing ecological r e s u l t came from the re-examination of the s i t e called Pogonord. In 1982, it appeared as a cen t ra l white smoker ar is ing from a base of some 15 m2' heavily covered with thickets of the worm R i f t i a pachyptila. The mytilid Bathy- modiolus thermophilis was reported scarce. A zoarcid f i sh belonging t o the genus Pachycara amounted t o some 350 individuals. The serpulid b e l t surrounding the hydro- thermal vent was i n " f u l l health", and almost a l l white tubes displayed whitish blue branchial crowns.

Several major changes have occurred since the discovery of the s i t e two years a The white smoker i s ex t inc t , and there are now only several sources of shimmering di- luted hydrothermal f l u id with temperatures not exceeding 400C i n the Alvinella pom- pejana tube mass. Most of the R i f t i a pachyptila thickets have disappeared from the horizontal surface; the majority of the or ig ina l tubes were found empty, lying on the bottom of a small f a u l t ea s t of the ventandsome 8 m below it. Within the remaining tube worms, a smaller species of vestimentiferan, the so-called Jericho worn (possibly a new genus o r species of the family Lamellibrachiidae, M.L. Jones corn..) i s well rep- resented. This species was considered as uncommon i n 1982. On the basa l t i c basement, a large population of adult ~athymodiolus thermophilis previously hidden between the bushes of Ri f t ia , were c lear ly seen with a density of a dozen individuals per m2. The zoarcid f ish population was completely absent from the t o t a l area. Surrounding the vents, the serpulid b e l t exhibited brown empty tubes coloured by i ron manganese de- posi ts ; no branchial crcrwns were v i s ib le i n the outer p a r t of the b e l t and only very few i n the inner one.

A l l these events c lear ly re la ted t o a decrease of the hydrothermal ac t iv i ty (re- duction of 'flow and higher d i lu t ion of the f l u i d ) , which we are a t present t o t a l l y unable t o evaluate ' with any precision. . .

The comparison a l so shows the r e l a t i ve strength of the l ink betwen hydrothermal species and the vent act ivi ty: R i f t i a seems much more dependent 'khan Bathymodiolus o r the Jericho worm. Alvinella pompejana and i t s large predator, a new genus and species of bythograeid crabs ( the description i s now i n prcss i n the C.R.Acad.Sc.Paris and w i l l appear t h i s autumn) are l iv ing very close t o the central opening of the vent system; they are s.til1 fueled by hydrothermal products and to le ra te adequate thermic conditions. Generally speaking, from an ecological point of view, the hydrothermal

ecosystem appears unique i n the sense t h a t the period of l i f e of the non-living p a r t (the physico-chemistry of the microbiotope) i s similar t o the period of l i f e of a given .generatior. of the l iving p a r t of the ecosystem, i .e . the hydrothermal species.

Large samples of hydrothermal species have been collected for biological and morpholoyical (both his tological and cytological) studies. Specimens of the new large hydrothermal bythograeid crab from white smokers and chimneys have been caught by . the telemanipulator on the "Cyana" . Smaller predators ( f ishes , the crab Bathyograea thermydron) were caught i n t raps deployed by the "Cyana". One individual of the small white octopus a lso l iv ing i n the serpulid zone and sometimes found within the R i f t i a thickets, entered one t rap, and was s t i l l inside when the "Cyana" put the t rap i n the rack of the shut t le ; sad t o say, he was not there when the shut t le arrived on the deck of the "Nadir.".

Hydrothermal f l u id was sampled f o r biochemical and microbiological analyses. Several experiments, from dissolution r a t e measurements t o incubation of radioisotope t racers t o study the process of C02 f ixa t ion and i t s pathway within the bacter ia and t h e i r invertebrate associates were conducted i n s i t u using "Cyana" capabi l i t ies . Some experiments were performed i n pressure chambers onboard the ship.

We are now i n the process of laboratory work w i t h a l l these samples, and I hope we sha l l be able t o give some more news i n a future issue of D.-S.N.

Last bu t not l e a s t , we were very lucky with the sea conditions on 130N, and also with e r r a t i c sharks. . . . Most of the s c i e n t i s t s a lso seemed t o appreciate the i n i t i a - t ion ceremony organized by the "Cyana" divers group a t the end of t h e i r f i r s t dive on- board the "Cyana"; raw eggs, f lour and engine grease make a strange kind of shampoo.. . A s a whole, l i f e a t sea during tha t cruise was an easy one, and the continuous dis- play of video tapes and s l ides makes it possible fo r us t o get a good deal out of each dive. We hope we can go back there i n 1986, and see what has happened during another two years ' period.

Lucien Laubier

Ins t i tu t ion changes i n France

Apart from the laboratories a t the National Museum of Natural History, the National Center fo r Sc ien t i f ic Research (CNRS) and the univers i t ies , most of our re- cent work i n deep-sea biology and ecology has been developed a t the Centre Oceanolo- gique de Bretagne, Brest. 1t belongs t o a national research and developmental organi- sa t ion created i n the l a t e 60 ' i e s , the National Center for Exploitation of the Oceans (CNEXO). I s t a r t ed my own experience with deep-sea biology i n 1969 from COB, Brest, on board our large research vessel "Jean Charcot", during a three-months cruise i n the North Atlantic.

The French. government recently decided t o merge CNEXO with the older national f i sher ies i n s t i t u t e , called Sc i en t i f i c and ~echni 'cal In s t i t u t e for Marine Fisheries (ISTPM) . The merging i s effect ive from July 6th, 1984, and our new organization has been called ~ n s ' t i t u t F r a n ~ a i s de Recherche pour 1 'Exploitation de l a Mer, which makes IFREMER. We a l so change our sign, and IFREMER w i l l be associated with the d i g i t a l drawing of a dolphin jumping on the waves. I t i s intended t o deal with l iving resources, protection of the sea and i t s marine l i f e , and present technology. We have t o forget CNEXO and COB, which simply becomes the Centre de Brest of IFREMER. But I am convinced t h a t IFREMER w i l l pursue what CNEXO did i n the study of deep-sea l i f e , fo r i t s e l f , fo r i t s protection against harmful human a c t i v i t i e s , and for the technological improvements it requires. CNEXO i s gone, long l i f e t o IFREMER!

Lucien Laubier

A Sulfur-Based Seep Community in the Gulf of Mexico

Preliminary Results of an Accidental Find

D u r i n ~ March 1984, geologists and b io logis t s (from various i n s t i t u t e s ) using DSRV ALVIN discovered a "vent-typen community a t 3270 m on the passive margin of f the West coast of Florida. The i n i t i a l focus of the NSF sponsored cruise was t o study the ero- sion of the West Florida Escarpment. Following the discovery, two dives were diverted t o ob ta inb io logica l , geological and chemical samples, and temperature measurements a t these communities. Ammonia-rich hypersaline water seeping out a t the abyssal plain-es- carpment juncture resu l t s i n fan-shaped deposits of iron-sulfide rich sediment. Large mussels, clams and vestimentiferans were associated with t h i s dark sediment and f i s sures a t the base of the escarpment. No temperature anomaly was recorded. The fauna1 composi- t ion of t h i s community i s s t r ik ing ly s imi la r t o t h a t found a t various Pacif ic hydro- thermal vent s i t e s . The following taxa were sampled:

- a mussel -d i f fe ren t from the one found - a limpet - the same genus as the "trans- i n the Pac i f i c , . parent" limpet from the Pacif ic ,

- a polynoid commensal on the mussels - - a coiled archeogastvopod and a high- same genus as found a t the Galapagos spired neogas tropod, and 130N, - a holothurian Chiridota SD. , L .

- a new species of Calyptogena, - a stoloniferous soft-coral encrusting - an undescribed vestimentiferan - s imilar the vestimenti £era tubes,

t o one recovered from a s l i p f a u l t s i t e - several species of anemone. off San Diego,

Additionally, numerous galatheid crabs, zoarcid f i sh and bac te r ia l mats were ob- served, but not sampled.

This community occupies a 20-30 m wide band a t the base of the escarpment t h a t extends for a t l e a s t one mile (the distance surveyed). The dis t r ibut ion of the orga- nisms is determined by the iron-sulfide r ich sediment, Bacterial mats are found on the darkest sediment, while the other organisms appear on the grayer peripheral sediment.

A cruise i s being planned, using DSRV ALVIN, fo r l a t e 1986 t o further explore t h i s area, and conduct a detai led biological sampling and experimentation program.

Barbara Hecker Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Palisades, N.Y. 10964, USA

THE DEADLINE FOR THE NEXT ISSUE O F D.-S,N. I S 15 APRIL 1985

Editor: Torben ~ o l f f , Zoological Museum of the University Universitetsparken 15, DK-2 100 Copenhagen 8, Denmark !

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