no slide title cycles ppt...n2 into compounds useful for plants and animals importance of nitrogen....

Slide 1Slide 1

BIOGEOCHEMICAL

CYCLES

(Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Carbon,

Sulfur)

Slide 2Slide 2

The Hydrological Cycle

Precipitation toland

Transpirationfrom plants

RunoffSurface runoff

(rapid)

Evaporation

from land Evaporationfrom ocean Precipitation to

ocean

Ocean storage

Surface

runoff(rapid)

Groundwater movement (slow)

Rain cloudsCondensation

Transpiration

Evaporation

Precipitation

Precipitation

Infiltration andPercolation

Slide 3Slide 3

The Hydrological Cycle

from plants

Surface runoff

(rapid) Precipitation to

ocean

Ocean storage

Surface

runoff(rapid)

Groundwater movement (slow)

Rain cloudsCondensation

Evaporation

Precipitation

Precipitation

Slide 4Slide 4

CARBON CYCLE

Slide 5Slide 5

Diffusion between

atmosphere and ocean

Carbon dioxide

dissolved in

ocean water

Marine food webs

Producers, consumers,

decomposers, detritivores

Marine sediments, including

formations with fossil fuels

Combustion of fossil fuels

incorporation

into sediments

death, sedimentation

uplifting over geologic time

sedimentation

photosynthesis aerobic respiration

THE CARBON CYCLE

Slide 6Slide 6

Diffusion between

atmosphere and ocean

Marine food webs

Producers, consumers,


Marine sediments, including

formations with fossil fuels

incorporation

into sediments

death, sedimentation

uplifting over geologic time

sedimentation

photosynthesis aerobic respiration

THE CARBON CYCLE

Slide 7Slide 7

photosynthesisaerobic

respirationTerrestrial

rocks

Soil water(dissolved

carbon)

Land food websproducers, consumers,


Atmosphere(most carbon is in carbon

dioxide)

Peat,fossil fuels

combustion of wood (for clearing land; or

for fuel

sedimentation

volcanic action

death, burial, compaction over geologic time

leaching runoff

weathering

The Carbon Cycle (continued)

Slide 8Slide 8

photosynthesis aerobic respirationTerrestrial

rocks

Soil water(dissolved

carbon)

Land food websproducers, consumers,


Atmosphere(most carbon is in carbon

dioxide)

Peat,fossil fuels

combustion of wood (for clearing land; or

for fuel

sedimentation

volcanic action

death, burial, compaction over geologic time

leaching runoff

weathering

Figure 4-29b

Page 79

Combustion of fossil

fuels

The Carbon Cycle (continued)

Slide 9Slide 9

Click to view

animation.

Carbon cycle animation.

Animation

animations\carbon_cycle.html

animations/carbon_cycle.html



Slide 10Slide 10

Why Carbon

• Building block for all living organisms

• .037% of atmosphere

• Earths thermostat – we need greenhouse

gases – life wouldn’t exist without!

– Remove cool

– Add heat

– Slight changes in carbon cycle affect climate

Importance of Carbon

Slide 11Slide 11

The Carbon Cycle:

Part of Nature’s Thermostat

Figure 3-27

Slide 12Slide 12

Carbon cycle

• Main Reservoirs

– Marine sediments, terrestrial rocks ( CaCO3 )

– Dissolved in water ( HCO3- ) ( CO3

-2 )

– In atmosphere ( CO2 )

CO2 diffuses between ocean and atmosphere

Slide 13Slide 13

CO2

• In Atmosphere

• Dissolves in sea water

• Reacts with seawater – CO3 and HCO3

• Warmer water more CO2 returns to atmosphere

• Marine organisms take up dissolve CO2,CO3,or HCO3 react with Ca+2

shells and skeletons

• Organisms die shells, and skeleton settle to ocean floor remaining for a long time

Slide 14Slide 14

CO2

Marine food web

• Incorporated into the food web during

photosynthesis

• Released into the water during cellular

respiration

CO2

Slide 15Slide 15

Land – Food

Web

• Terrestrial species remove CO2 from

atmosphere

CO2 (PHOTOSYNTHESIS) C6H12O6

• Species add CO2 to atmosphere

C6H12O6(AEROBIC RESPIRATION) CO2

• Organism death- add C to soil stores as

fossil fuels

Carbon Cycle

Slide 16Slide 16

Effects of Human Activities

on Carbon Cycle

• We alter the carbon cycle by adding excess CO2 to the atmosphere through:– Burning fossil fuels.

– Clearing vegetation faster than it is replaced.

– Excess in ocean H2CO3 (changing pH killing marine organisms

Figure 3-28

Slide 17Slide 17

Excess in ocean H2CO3 (changing pH, killing marine organisms, prevention of coral reef building)

(Called - Ocean Acidification)

Excess in atmosphere enhance natural greenhouse effect that helps warm the lower atmosphere and the earths’ surface

Resulting in global warming

*This is a positive feedback loop – Why?

Human Influences on Carbon

Cycle

Slide 18Slide 18

NITROGEN CYCLE

Slide 19Slide 19

NO3 –

in soil

2. Nitrogen

Fixationby industry for

agriculture

Fertilizers

Food Webs

On Land

NH3, NH4+

in soil

3. Nitrification

bacteria convert NH4+

to nitrate (NO2–)

loss by

leaching

uptake by

autotrophs

6. excretion,

death,

decomposition

5. uptake by

autotrophs

1. Nitrogen Fixationbacteria convert N2 to

ammonia (NH3) ; this

dissolves to form ammonium

(NH4+)

loss by

leaching

7. Ammonificationbacteria, fungi convert the

residues to NH3 , this

dissolves to form NH4+

4. Nitrification

bacteria convert NO2- to

nitrate (NO3-)

8. Denitrificationby bacteria

Nitrogenous Wastes,

Remains In Soil

Gaseous Nitrogen (N2)

in Atmosphere

NO2–

in soil

The Nitrogen Cycle

Slide 20Slide 20

NO3 –

in soil

Fertilizers

Food Webs

On Land

NH3, NH4+

in soil

loss by

leaching

uptake by

autotrophs

excretion,

death,

decomposition

loss by:

________

Nitrogenous Wastes,

Remains In Soil

Gaseous Nitrogen (N2)

in Atmosphere

NO2–

in soil

The Nitrogen Cycle

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

7.

6.

8.

5.

Slide 21Slide 21

Nitrogen

• Makes up 78% of earths atmosphere

• Most abundant gas

• Cannot be absorbed and metabolized

directly by multicellular organisms

– Lightning N2 + O2 2NO

– Bacteria in soil and aquatic systems convert

N2 into compounds useful for plants and

animals

Importance of Nitrogen

Slide 22Slide 22

N2 can enter

food web

Lighting N2 + O2 2NO

NO used by organisms


Slide 23Slide 23

• How Bacteria in soil and aquatic systems

convert N2 into compounds useful for

plants and animals


Slide 24Slide 24

Nitrogen

fixation-

• Bacteria convert gaseous (N2) to ammonia (NH3)

– N2 + H2 2NH3

– Some NH3 NH4+

– Cyanobacteria in soil

– Rhizobium bacteria –in nodules on root systems of a wide variety of plant species

– Ammonia, Ammonium used by plants

The Nitrogen Cycle

Slide 25Slide 25

Nitrification

Ammonia not taken up by plants

Aerobic bacteria converts-

NH3NO2-

or

NH3 NO3-

The Nitrogen Cycle

Slide 26Slide 26

• Ammonia , ammonium ion, nitrate ions in

soil water

• Plants absorb these dissolved substances

by assimilation

• Plants – use of nitrogen to make DNA,

amino acids, and proteins

• Animals- get nitrogen from ingesting plants

or plant eating animals

The Nitrogen Cycle

Slide 27Slide 27

Returning N to

soil

• Plants and animals die

– Denitrification

– Specialized bacteria ( mostly anaerobic

bacteria in waterlogged soil and sediments of

lakes, oceans, swamps and bogs)

– Convert NH3, and NH4 NO2- and NO3-

N2 and N2O released into atmosphere

The Nitrogen Cycle

Slide 28Slide 28

• We alter the nitrogen cycle by:

– Adding gases that contribute to acid rain.

• NO2 + H2O HNO3

– Adding nitrous oxide to the atmosphere through

farming practices

• Anaerobic bacteria converts livestock wastes and

inorganic fertilizers into N2O

• N2O reaches stratosphere and enhances natural

greenhouse effect , also contributes to depletion of

earth’s ozone

How Do Humans Influence The Nitrogen Cycle?

(Anthropogenic Sources of Nitrogen)

Slide 29Slide 29

Cont..

• Harvesting nitrogen rich crops , irrigating crops, burning or clearing grasslands and forests before planting crops– Nitrogen is removed from topsoil

• Destruction of wetlands and forests– Releases large quantities of Nitrogen that has

been stored in the soil and plants

• Agriculture runoff, discharge from municipal sewage – Add nitrogen compounds to aquatic systems

which….

How Do Humans Influence The Nitrogen Cycle?

(Anthropogenic Sources of Nitrogen)

Slide 30Slide 30

Effects of Human Activities

on the Nitrogen Cycle

• Human activities

such as

production of

fertilizers now fix

more nitrogen

than all natural

sources

combined.

Figure 3-30

Slide 31Slide 31

Figure 4-32

Page 811920 1940 1960 1980 2000

Glo

bal n

itro

gen

(N

) fi

xati

on

(tri

llio

n g

ram

s)

0

50

100

150

200

Year

Nitrogen fixation by natural processes

Slide 32Slide 32

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

Slide 33Slide 33

GUANO

FERTILIZER

ROCKS

LAND

FOOD

WEBS

DISSOLVED

IN OCEAN

WATER

MARINE

FOOD

WEBS

MARINE SEDIMENTS

weathering

agriculture

uptake by

autotrophs

death,

decomposition

sedimentation settling out weathering

leaching, runoff DISSOLVED IN

SOIL WATER,

LAKES, RIVERS

uptake by

autotrophs

death,

decomposition

miningmining

excretionexcretion

uplifting over

geologic time

The Phosphorus Cycle

Slide 34Slide 34

weathering

agriculture

uptake by

autotrophs

death,

decomposition

sedimentation settling out weathering

leaching, runoff

uptake by

autotrophs

death,

decomposition

miningmining

excretionexcretion

uplifting over

geologic time


Slide 35Slide 35Fig. 3-31, p. 77

Dissolvedin Ocean

Water

Marine Sediments Rocks

uplifting over

geologic time

settling out weatheringsedimentation

LandFoodWebs

Dissolvedin Soil Water,Lakes, Rivers

death,

decomposition

uptake by

autotrophs

agriculture

leaching, runoff

uptake by

autotrophs

excretion

death,

decomposition

mining Fertilizer

weathering

Guano

MarineFoodWebs

Slide 36Slide 36

Phosphorous

• Phosphorous circulates through water, living organisms, earth’s crust

• Very little phosphorous circulates in atmosphere because earth’s normal temperature and pressure P and its compounds are not gases

• May be found in atmosphere as small particles of dust

• P cycle is slow

• Human time scale – most P flows from land to ocean


Slide 37Slide 37

Reservoir

• Ocean bottom

• Terrestrial rock

Slide 38Slide 38

• Phosphates settle out of ocean water and

accumulate as marine sediments

• Over millions of years movement of crustal

plates uplifts seafloor and the phosphates

become exposed as terrestrial rock

• Weathering of rocks releases PO4 -3


Slide 39Slide 39

PO4-3

• Land plants take up dissolved phosphates

from water and soil

• Herbivores get PO4-3 from plants

• Carnivores get PO4-3 from herbivores

• Decomposers get PO4-3 from eating

herbivores, carnivores and omnivores

– Decomposers release PO4-3 to soil where

available to plants once again


Slide 40Slide 40

Ocean cycle

• PO4-3 taken up by plankton which form the base of

the ocean food webs

• Death and decomposition of marine organisms release some phosphates to the water

• Phosphorous rich shells or other hard parts fall to ocean floor and become part of marine sediments

• Excretions from some oceanic birds is another P rich resource

– Guano droppings through weathering returns PO4-3

to sea


Slide 41Slide 41

• We remove large amounts of phosphate from

the earth to make fertilizer.

• We reduce phosphorous in tropical soils by

clearing forests.

• We add excess phosphates to aquatic

systems from runoff of animal wastes and

fertilizers.

How Do Humans Influence The Phosphorus Cycle?

(Anthropogenic Sources of Phosphorus)

Slide 42Slide 42

SULFUR CYCLE

Slide 43Slide 43

Figure 4-34

Page 83

Sulfur

Hydrogen sulfide

Sulfate salts

Plants

Acidic fog and precipitation

Ammonium sulfate

Animals

Decaying matterMetallic

sulfide deposits

Ocean

Dimethyl sulfide

Sulfur dioxide Hydrogen sulfide

Sulfur trioxide Sulfuric acidWater

Ammonia

Oxygen

Volcano

Industries

The Sulfur Cycle

Slide 44Slide 44

Figure 4-34

Page 83

Sulfur

Hydrogen sulfide

Sulfate salts

Plants

Acidic fog and precipitation

Animals

Decaying matterMetallic

sulfide deposits

Ocean

Water

Ammonia

Oxygen

Volcano

Industries

The Sulfur Cycle

Slide 45Slide 45

Sulfur

• Dimethyl Sulfide (CH3CH3S)release into

atmosphere by

• Marine algae

• H2S is released into atmosphere by

– volcanoes ,

– hot springs and

– anaerobic decay by bacteria ( swamps, bogs,

tidal flats)

The Sulfur Cycle

Slide 46Slide 46

• CH3CH3S or H2S

– Reacts with O2

– Forms SO2

The Sulfur Cycle

Slide 47Slide 47

• SO2 + H2O H2SO4

• H2SO4 + NH3 NH4SO4

– Rains

– NH4SO4 becomes part of soil

– Plants get SO4-2 from soil

The Sulfur Cycle

Slide 48Slide 48

• S plus living things proteins

• Plants and animals decompose

– Aerobic bacteria

– S H2S or SO2

– H2S and SO2 return to atmosphere

– Anaerobic bacteria

– Break down H2S S + H2

The Sulfur Cycle

Slide 49Slide 49

Human activities

• Burning of sulfur containing coal and oil to

produce electric power

• Refining of sulfur containing petroleum to

make gasoline, heating oil, and other

products

• Smelting to convert sulfur compounds of

metallic minerals into free metals such as

copper, lead, and zinc

• All of these release SO2 into atmosphere

How Do Humans Influence The Sulfur Cycle?

(Anthropogenic Sources of Sulfur)

no slide title cycles ppt...n2 into compounds useful for plants and animals importance of nitrogen....

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