non-dom low carbon heating & cooling agenda · non-dom low carbon heating & cooling ......
TRANSCRIPT
Ant Wilson
Director/AECOM Fellow
Building Engineering
AECOM
16th May 2014
Non-Domestic Low Carbon
Heating & Cooling
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Non-Dom Low Carbon Heating & Cooling
All Five Reports can be Downloaded from www.targetzero.info
www.targetzero.info
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Non-Dom Low Carbon Heating & Cooling
Building Magazine 19th April 1974 - Interactive Graphics in Building
design
We hope you found this week’s BIM
issue of Building both interesting
and informative, but remember,
there’s nothing new under the sun,
as a glance into the archive looking
back 40 years shows …
The article describes “a unique
application of graphic input and
output to engineering computer
programs” provided by consulting
engineers Oscar Faber & Partners
It goes on to describe how the technology allows the design team (“architect, quantity surveyor,
environmental and structural engineer”– IT trends in construction have always been collaborative, it
seems …) to “quickly assess a preliminary room design in terms of daylight contours for rooms,
heat gains and cooling loads for the 24 hours of any given day”.
The software was run through the firm’s IBM 1130 computer, with input provided through a drawing
board and pen, and a display shown on a “television of the storage tube type with keyboard”
Who says the construction industry isn’t an early adopter of cutting-edge technology?
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Part FF Check was Included in the APACHE Heat Loss Module
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Energy Performance of Buildings - What Does It Mean For You?
The EPBD drives requirements for Building Regulations, Energy
Performance and Display Energy Certificates, Plant inspections. The recent
‘recast’ places additional requirements on both the public and private sector
to be implemented soon.
Recast is 31 Articles over 16 pages
And five annexes over 7 pages
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Non-Dom Low Carbon Heating & Cooling
Consideration of High-efficiency Alterative Systems
CHP or CCHP
District Heating
Heat Pumps
Renewable Energy Sources
February 2014
The Future of Heating:
Meeting the Challenge
Paul Rochester Policy - Low Carbon Heating in Buildings
Ambitious targets to reduce emissions
• Climate Change Act 2008 set ambitious targets:
o 80% reduction in UK’s GGE by 2050
o 34% reduction by 2020
o Our buildings will need to be virtually zero carbon by 2050
• Under EU Renewable Energy Directive 2009 we have a binding commitment to increase renewable energy use to 15% by 2020
o Renewable heat could contribute approx ⅓ of this target
o To make that contribution around 12% of our total heat demand in 2020 would have to come from renewables
HEAT AND ENERGY USE
Targets
18
Five big reasons why heat is important ...
More energy is used for heating than is consumed as electricity
...
....and causes around a third of UK greenhouse gas emissions
Most of our gas is used to provide heat
Heat is economically important and has a big impact on
consumer bills and industrial competitiveness
1.6 million
boilers are
replaced each
year
The move to condensing
boilers saved UK consumers
£800 million in fuel costs in
2009 alone
What industry uses energy for
0%
20%
40%
60%
heat electricity other
Gas use 2011
52%
34%
14%
Important features of Heat Demand:
• Heat demand varies significantly
over the course of the day, and,
with space heating, over the
course of the year
• Particularly pronounced during
winter months, when space
heating demand is greatest and
daily demand can reach 300 GW.
• New modelling takes account of
the way that heat demand is
much ‘peakier’ and unpredictable
than demand for electricity
• This peakiness has big impact on
cost-optimal technologies and
infrastructure
[
And heat demand is very different to electricity demand..
March 2012 March 2013
Last year we put our efforts into turning the Strategic Framework for Heat into a plan of action..
March 2012ch
2012
March 2013ch
2012 The Future of Heating: A strategic framework for low carbon heat in the UK
Contents
Ministerial Foreword
Introduction
Chapter 1: Efficient low carbon heat in industry
Chapter 2: Heat networks
Chapter 3: Heat and cooling for buildings
Chapter 4: Grids and infrastructure
Evidence Annex
“Meeting the Challenge” covers the
whole spectrum of heat questions in UK
New evidence
• External modelling on cost-optimal technologies out to 2050, which
better reflects heat networks, gas-based solutions and the importance
of storage
• Internal Heat Network and CHP modelling
• Qualitative research by BRE into barriers to heat networks
• Customer insight surveys on heating preferences and behaviours
• Quantitative and qualitative research into homeowners’ willingness to
replace their heating systems
• Evaluation of the renewable heat premium payments scheme
• Factsheets on heat-intensive industrial sub-sectors.
Chapter 1 deals with heat for industrial processes….
• 70% reduction in emissions from industry by 2050
• 73% of industrial energy demand is heat
• Industrial energy use has gone down substantially over the past 40 years
• Industry uses natural gas, coal/coke, electricity, biomass and other (refinery gas, coke oven gas, etc)
• Some industrial sectors emit carbon from their manufacturing process itself
Steps following publication:
• Sector-specific ‘low carbon roadmaps’ for each key industrial sector, with BIS and industry
• A techno-economic study on industrial CCS to help better understand the necessary technologies and costs
• A techno-economic study on the amount of recoverable heat available from UK heat-intensive industry to inform the 2014 RHI policy review
• Development of bespoke support for new natural gas CHP
Chapter 1: Efficient low carbon heat in
industry
Chapter 2: Heat Networks – the current position…
• ~2000 networks serve ~210,000 dwellings and 1700 commercial and public buildings
• Could allow us to benefit from many sources of heat such as: • CHP • Deep geothermal • Large heat pumps • Waste industrial and commercial heat • Energy from waste
• Thermal storage can be utilised to
optimise operation
Heat Network Delivery Unit
•The Heat Networks Delivery Unit has been set up to run initially until March 2015. It
comprises technical and commercial experts with some administrative support.
•Funding is distributed through funding rounds – open to all LAs in England and Wales
• There is £7m of DECC funding available to March 2015.
• At 1 April 2014 over £4m had been allocated across 50 LAs through two funding
rounds. A third round will be held over the summer, opens 12 May closes 27 June.
Round 4 dates tbc.
• Funding is for early design work including mapping heat sources in the area and
identifying where the heat might be used; and undertaking feasibility studies of potential
networks
•The HNDU experts spend time with the LAs face to face as well as by phone and email.
This support and guidance helps LAs to become more intelligent clients in working with
third parties on their heat network projects
Chapter 2: Heat Networks
• Flexibility of heat source
• Heat storage capacity
• Solution for dense urban areas
• May be cheaper than electrically driven options
The case for Heat Networks
Grids and Infrastructure: Following a pathway to low carbon
heat will, over time, mean significant change for the UK’s
energy infrastructure.
Low carbon heat will have impacts on the existing gas and
electricity networks; there will be new infrastructure like heat
networks and heat storage, and potentially also new
infrastructure to support the use of hydrogen and to take carbon
dioxide away. Decisions on all the different elements of the
UK’s energy infrastructure cannot be taken in isolation.
Proposed new actions therefore include:
Taking forward work to examine the strategic interaction
between lower carbon electricity generation and heat
production
Announcing the successful Phase 2 demonstration projects
for its Advanced Heat Storage competition
Commissioning further research to investigate the role
hydrogen might play across the UK’s energy system
Exploring with the industry how best to address the strategic
questions facing the gas network.
Chapter 3: Heat and cooling for buildings
• Emissions from buildings will need to be near zero by 2050
• ~27 million households in the UK; 1.8 million non-domestic buildings
• Domestic heating accounts for 23% of UK energy demand
• Internal temperatures have risen; 1970 <25% of homes had central heating – 2010 ~90% of homes have central heating
Further modelling confirms the importance of low carbon heat networks in areas of dense heat demand, and on-site renewable heating in rural off grid areas. Some forms of gas heating may still be helpful out to 2050. The role of biomass and biogas remains questionable
The trajectory for low carbon heat for buildings
has been refined since last year….
Chapter 3: Heat and cooling for buildings
• DECC intend to use the RHI review in 2014 to examine the case for
other renewable fuels such as sustainable heating-only bioliquids and
active air solar heating.
• DECC has introduced a range of measures to improve capability and
competency within the low carbon heat sector, including:
• introducing a voucher scheme for installer training to build up the
installer base to support RHI;
• piloting a green Apprenticeship scheme over the coming year, with
the aim of offering 100 places;
• DECC supported development of a new consumer guides produced by
industry and consumer organisations to improve the way low carbon
heating systems are communicated to consumers and to provide advice
for installers and intermediaries.
Next steps
Chapter 3: Heat and cooling for buildings Renewable Heat Incentive
RHI is world’s first long-term financial support programme for renewable heat
• RHI for non-domestic properties provides financial incentives to
install renewable heating in place of fossil fuels (launched Nov
2011)
• RHPP scheme provides grants to help install renewable heat
technologies in domestic properties (launched August 2011)
• Domestic RHI scheme opened in April 2014
• Schemes can be used in conjunction with Green Deal energy
efficiency scheme (launched January 2013)
Energy Performance
of Buildings Directive
Article 9 requires that “Member States shall ensure
that by 31 December 2020 all new buildings are
nearly zero-energy buildings; and after 31 December
2018, new buildings occupied and owned by public
authorities are nearly zero-energy buildings”.
A nearly zero-energy building is defined as “a
building that has a very high energy performance.
The nearly zero or very low amount of energy
required should be covered to a very significant
extent by energy from renewable sources, including
energy from renewable sources produced on-site or
nearby”.
• Heat is a rising priority in DECC
• Number of research activities and
workstreams in place now to address
issues raised in strategy documents
• Increasing number of new technologies
and new approaches stimulated by Green
Deal and RHI in built environment
Conclusions
• Journey: early stage in the adoption of low
carbon heating and cooling
• Wide area, presentations & workshop today to
check on the BSRIA work:
– Findings on uptake and barriers to low carbon
heating & cooling
– Recommendations
– DECC wants your views on next steps &
priority areas
DECC’s objectives today
Practical Experiences of
Renewable Heating &
Cooling
16 May 2014
Peter Tse
BSRIA Principal Design Consultant
Technology Strategy Board BPE
Assessor
38 The built environment experts 38
Projects
52 Domestic projects
• Single builds to 787 home
development
• Flats to detached home
48 Non-domestic projects
• New builds
• Major refurbishments – 3 projects
matched criteria
• 6 project had multiple buildings –
total of 55 study buildings
40 The built environment experts 40
Exemplary Portfolio
BREEAM design stage certificates
Issued in 2010
BPE Portfolio
42 Making buildings better
Solar Thermal
• Driver – 10% renewable energy
requirement
• Mounting/orientation changed in
construction
43 Making buildings better
Solar Thermal • Complex system - 3 Inputs for hot water:
• Solar thermal
• Dedicated heat pump
• Immersion heaters in 2 hot water cylinders
• Initial status:
• Commissioning report – location of immersion
element & temp sensor, no call for heat
• Solar thermal not operational
44 Making buildings better
Solar Thermal
• Little monitoring capability:
• No BMS link for solar thermal, or heat meter
• No BMS link for heat pump, little useful
information
Analogue gauges &
solar thermal pump
Solar controller, only
has temperature
Heat pump
controller
45 Making buildings better
Operational Uncertainty
• Suspicion immersion heater providing majority if not all of the
heat load
• Various changes in operation to see what is happening:
• Turned off immersion heaters, ensure solar thermal leading
• Found heat pump contribution was nominal
• Needed contribution from immersion heaters
46 Making buildings better
Common Challenges for Solar Thermal
• Matching demand with supply
– Dumping heat as it was oversized, especially in summer
• Energy for circulation of hot water can be excessive, especially if
demand is low
• Poor commissioning – many found not working
• Poor control and monitoring – difficult to gauge contribution, and
how to optimise system
47 Making buildings better
Heat Pumps • Winter 2011- constant failure to start,
as units became iced
Knock on effects:
– UF system on 22hrs per day next
winter
– FM manually controls system,
weather optimisation not allowed ‘to
learn’, thus no optimised start/stop
Technical issues:
– Optimiser set for cooling mode
– Control strategy not visible on BMS
system
– Optimisation overriding weekend
timeclock
4 heat pumps - to underfloor heating/cooling
Indoor units and distribution pumps
48 Making buildings better
Common Challenges for Heat Pumps
• Poor understanding of strategy, especially interfacing with other
sources of heat
• Poor commissioning – little evidence heating/cooling system
commissioned as a whole
• Poor metering / monitoring
• Due to reliability issues, equipment run for extended periods of
time
49 Making buildings better
Biomass Boilers
• Oil fired boiler allows biomass to
be turned off in summer months
Biomass boiler
Oil boiler
51 Making buildings better
Common Challenges for Biomass
Boilers • Lack of understanding of maintenance requirements
– Projects with no service agreements
– Cost of fuel and maintenance high
• Fuel issues
– Specified pellets too big, poor quality
– Fuel delivery system breakdowns
– Ingress of water into wood store
• Matching loads with requirements
• H&S issues
– Flue gases recirculating into spaces
– Cables placed over access point
52 Making buildings better
Why did this work?
• Client has vested interest
• A solution that the client is familiar with
• Robust renewable solution
53 Making buildings better
Non-Domestic Low Carbon
Heating & Cooling –
Evidence Review
Workshop
15 May 2014
54 Making buildings better
Background
Many initiatives / players /
programmes:
• DECC (Department for
Energy and Climate Change)
• TSB (Technology Strategy
Board)
• Research Councils
• Energy Technology Institute
• European and other
overseas programmes
• Etc
55 Making buildings better
What constitutes Low Carbon Heating &
Cooling
Definitions: Technology or
outcome
Includes:
• Heat pump part of using ground
as a thermal store: heating (in
winter) & cooling (in summer)?
• Conventional chiller with heat
recovery?
• Passive solar design, building
waste heat recovery?
56 Making buildings better
Why?
Business Case?
Rep
uta
tion
Cost
Reg
ula
tio
n
Stakeholder, regulatory and cost pressures - risks and opportunities
Brand value:
Investor,
customer, &
employee
pressure /
awareness.
BREEAM, CSR etc
Increasing
environmental & social
legislation &
regulations & planning
eg Energy price variability
Opportunity for cost savings and
competitive advantage
Opportunity
New products, services
57 Making buildings better
Simple Payback Periods (refurb)
• Typical commercial
typically 1-3 years
(uncertainty, landlord –
tenant)
• Long term client – up to
10+ years
– eg Some universities
60 Making buildings better
Low Carbon Heating Performance Gap?
Many instances gap between
potential and realised
performance. Causes include:
• Integrated design failure
• Lack of skills in property or
supply chain
• Insufficient operational resources
• “Best practice”?
61 Making buildings better
Smart clients = better buildings
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Specific Technology Issues
• Most technology areas (heat pumps, community
heating) – significant programmes in place
• Specific areas identified with limited resources (views
please):
– For individual and groups of buildings on a site,
those circumstances where biomass can be a
viable source of renewable heating and cooling.
– Renewable cooling generally, including
evaporative cooling
65 Making buildings better
Workshop Questions
Part 1. Check Study Findings: • The major drivers of low carbon heating and cooling are: Planning; BREEAM;
Client (often public sector) specification.
• When retrofitting, short payback periods (1-3 years) required by many private
companies limits uptake. Some private and public sector clients (eg
Universities) have a longer term perspective, which makes them more likely
early adopters.
• Low carbon heating and cooling exemplars are usually associated with informed
clients.
• The absence of exemplars is likely to act as a drag on the adoption of renewable
heating and cooling technologies because of perceived risk.
66 Making buildings better
Workshop Questions
Part 1. Check Study Findings (continued): • In practice there is a significant gap between potential and realised
performance. There are many reasons for this including:
– Failure to adopt an integrated design – bolt on approach perhaps
encouraged by BREEAM / Planning
– Lack of past experience / relevant skills (across property and supply chain)
– Limited resources available to maintain / operate systems
• There are a plethora of initiatives / guidance but few recognised sources of “best
practice”.
• Skills (& knowledge) shortages across property and supply chain: construction
companies - awareness of legislation requirements & practical implementation;
Design: building physics & integrated design; BIM; post occupancy evaluation /
performance assessment; informed clients / FM.
67 Making buildings better
Workshop Questions
Part 2. Check Study Recommendations: • A clearer understanding of the business case for the use of low carbon heating
and cooling, and hence associated opportunities and barriers, across sectors /
clients could be developed.
• The way in which the Green Deal might be used to support the business case,
particularly for certain groups of non-domestic buildings (eg owner-occupier
SMEs) should be further explored
• Given typical payback periods for low carbon heating and cooling technologies a
reasonable inference might be that informed clients with long term property
strategies may be well suited to developing exemplars.
• It is suggested that for individual and groups of buildings on a site, that those
circumstances where biomass can be a viable source of low carbon heating and
cooling should be further detailed.
68 Making buildings better
Workshop Questions
Part 2. Check Study Recommendations (Continued): • Across the research councils, DECC, ETI, Technology Strategy Board, and
others, there is a substantial body of work underway. Gaps: evaporative cooling
– where recent innovations should result in wider benefits; others?
• Greater emphasis on the identification and promotion of “Best Practice” –
minimise risk, accelerate learning.
• Whereas there is a Heat Map of the UK, there is no currently available
comparable “cooling” equivalent on which to base an assessment of low carbon
cooling capacity, or which can be combined with the Heat Map for tri-generation
assessment.