non-nutritive aspects of manure utilization...non-nutritive aspects of manure utilization winter...
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Non-nutritive Aspects of Manure Utilization
Winter Webinar #2 - February 13, 2013Trish Steinhilber
Agricultural Nutrient Management Program
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Today’s Topics
• organic carbon– biological, physical and chemical properties
• greenhouse gas production • disease-prevention or treatment
compounds• residuals from crop protection chemicals
used in production of animal feed
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Manure: A Heterogeneous Material• a mixture of metabolic waste & solid waste
from the digestive system– metabolic waste is soluble
• urea (mammals), uric acid (birds), soluble materials
– feces is a mixed bag• undigested feed• microbes, including human pathogens• cell wall debris from animal gut
– feces or urine can contain growth promoting substances, hormones, chemicals from feed
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Organic Carbon (OC)
• organic carbon additions with manure use – 2 tons poultry litter provides 3/4 ton OC– 20 ton dairy manure provides 3.2 tons OC
• compared to 1.3 tons of OC for corn stover from a 170 bu/C grain crop
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Impacts of Organic Carbon Additions
• cascading series of benefits from organic inputs– stimulates biological activity
• feeds the semi-starving microbes
– crop roots and microbes exude binding agents• plant and microbial mucilages
– increase in large aggregates/improve soil structure– decrease in bulk density/increase in pore space– increase in infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity– improve soil tilth or soil quality
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Microbial Biomass
• Alabama, 10 years of poultry litter (PL)
• Decatur silt loam
• commercial fertilizer and PL at comparable rates of N, phosphate and potash
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Microbial Biomass N (Particulate Organic N or PON)
Microbial Biomass N (MBN)
(pounds per acre)
PON(T/acre)
commercial fertilizer
176 2.4
poultry litter 231 2.8
PON is a measure of coarse undecomposed organic N and is believed to be a labile pool (0.53mm screen)
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Genetic Look at Organisms
• Liu at al. NCSU (2007, SBB)– several organic amendments– Orangeburg sandy loam
• soils treated with litter and other organic sources had more diversity and richness among microbes
• ability to use a wider array of substrates as energy/food source
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Soil Respiration (CO2 Evolution)
N source CO2 evolved(mg CO2 /kg soil)
ammonium nitrate 26
poultry litter 36
green manure (V&R) 29
Equivalent amounts of PAN in commercial fertilizer and organicamendment treatments, NC State, Lui et al., SBB, 2007; average of year 5 & 6 of experiment; amendments in mid-May; tomatoes planted in late May; measurements taken in August
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Adapted from Haynes & Naidu, 1998, NCA-E
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Aggregate Stability
• ability of aggregates to withstand disruption– attempt to disrupt aggregates– measure quantity of aggregates that are
intact • dairy manure and commercial fertilizer
on alfalfa – CMREC Clarksvillehigh manure rate>low manure rate>fertilizer> control
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Manure and Greenhouse Gases
• CO2 , CH4 (methane) , N2 O (nitrous oxide)– CH4
• 20 times as potent per molecule as CO2
– N2 O • is 300 time as potent per molecule as CO2
• “laughing gas”
• N2 O is a product of denitrification– occurs under anaerobic conditions– heterotrophic organisms convert NO3
- to and to N2 O and/or N
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Nitrogen Sources and N2 O
• field experiment in Kentucky• Crider silt loam• all N sources applied at 150 pound per acre rate
– urea, ammonium nitrate– EEFs & additives – poultry litter
• static chambers • 2-3 times a week extracted
gas from chambers
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
N2 O per unit Grain YieldN Source g N2 O-N per bu
Super U 7.0UAN 6.0UAN Agrotain Plus 6.9ESN 12.6urea 6.2NH4 NO3 8.0poultry litter 41.1*poultry litter Agrotain Plus 37.4*control 5.1
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
No surprises here!
• litter supplied labile C, not just N• soils went anaerobic during the season• heterotrophs used the larger labile C
supply to denitrify more nitrate• replicated in many locations over last 15
years • CH4 was not impacted by N sources
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Veterinary Pharmaceuticals
• antibiotics and ionophores– antibiotics – usually anti-bacterials
• some used for both human and veterinary populations
– ionophores – used only for animals• pass through the animal unmetabolized• impact soil organisms• uptake by plants
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in Animal and Plant Products
• Average Daily Intake (ADI)• Maximum residue levels
– established for animal products by JECFA• less than the amount that would trigger
allergic reaction in sensitive folks• amount that could be ingested daily with
no lifetime health risks
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
MN, Kumar and Dolliver, greenhouse, swine manure, sulfamethazine
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Sulfamethazine Uptake by Vegetables
• maximum residue level in animal products of 0.1 mg/kg fresh weight
• average of 3 vegetables was 0.05 mg/kg • ADIsulfamethazine = 5mg/kg of body weight
per day• even with a vegetable-based diet, daily
intake would not exceed ADI
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Herbicide Carryover
• manure may contain active ingredients from herbicides used for weed control in crops subsequently fed to animals– pyridine carboxylic acid family– clopyalid, picloram, fluoroxypyr, triclopyr
• Stinger, Reclaim, Forefront, Milestone– broadleaf weed control in pastures, hay fields
and golf courses– not metabolized by herbivores– excreted in manure– not readily altered by composting
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Pyridine Carboxylic Acid Family
• clippings from treated urban lawn caused severe plant damage to users of yard waste compost in several major cities
• manure from animals fed hay or grazing pastures
• auxin-like chemicals• severe deformation, stunting or death of
plants
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Ohio State Extension
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Department of Environmental Science and Technology
Questions or Comments?