Name_____________________________

Teaching set_______________________

Northgate Year 9 Science.

Knowledge Organiser.

This booklet contains questions from key stage three

topics that will be covered during Year 9. It is broken

down into sections to correspond with lessons. You

do not need to remember it all in the first few weeks.

This is to be used throughout the year, alongside any

homework that has been set.

Use it to help learn the definitions of common scientific

terms. You can get family members to test your

knowledge, make quizzes, games or flashcards.

Mini quizzes will be completed during lesson time

based on the information inside this booklet.

The Activate text book and other digital resources are

available online. www.Kerboodle.com. Your username

is your initial and surname e.g. jsmith and the

institution code is po7.

Ecosystem processes

1. Describe a producer and give an example of one

They make their own food by converting materials from their environment, such as algae and plants.

2. Describe a consumer and give an example of one.

They eat other organisms in order to survive. Some plants and animals are consumers.

3. Give the word equation for photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide + Water → glucose + Oxygen

4. Give the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

5. Describe the purpose of photosynthesis It is a chemical reaction that occurs in plants and algae in order for them to produce their own food in the form of glucose.

6. Name the part of the plant where photosynthesis occurs.

It occurs in the chloroplasts of the leaf and stem.

7. Why are chloroplasts green? They contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which uses light from the sun.

8. How does water get into the plant? It diffuses into the root hair cell in the roots, it travels up the xylem tubes to the leaf, where it transpires out of the leaf, drawing more water up from the roots.

9. Name the part of the plant that carries water Xylem

10. Name the part of the plant that carries glucose

Pholem

11. How does gas exchange happen in a plant? Carbon dioxide is taken into and oxygen released from the leaf through tiny holes on the underside of the leaf called stomata.

12. How do stomata change during 24 hours? They are open during the day to allow for gas exchange. They are closed at night because there is no sunlight for photosynthesis to occur, and it reduces water loss.

13. What cells are responsible for opening and closing stomata?

Guard cells.

14. Why is the top of a leaf shiny? It is covered in a waxy layer to reduce the amount of water evaporating out of the leaf. It is on the top as that part has the most sun on it, and heats up the most.

15. Describe the palisade layer It is packed with cells containing chloroplasts and is where most photosynthesis occurs.

16. Describe the spongy layer It has lots of air spaces allowing for gas to diffuse through the leaf.

17. List the minerals needed for a plant and the function of those minerals.

Nitrates - for healthy growth Phosphates - for healthy roots Potassium - for healthy leaves and flowers Magnesium - for making chlorophyll.

18. How do plants get minerals? They get them from the soil, as they are dissolved in the water.

19. What is a mineral deficiency. When plants do not get enough minerals. This may cause yellow leaves and poor growth.

20. How could you improve the mineral uptake and health of a plant.

By using a fertiliser.

21. What is NPK? A common fertiliser containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

22. What is chemosynthesis and give an example of an organism which carries it out?

A species of bacteria which makes glucose from carbon dioxide by using chemicals from their environment as a source of energy. Can be sulfur bacteria or nitrogen bacteria.

23. What is aerobic respiration? It is a chemical reaction that releases energy from reacting glucose with oxygen

23. Give the word equation for aerobic respiration

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

24. State the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

25. Where in the cells does respiration happen? In the mitochondria

26. How is glucose transported around the body? It is dissolved in plasma, which is the liquid part of the blood

27. Name the component of the blood responsible for carrying oxygen

Red blood cells (oxygen binds to haemoglobin in the blood cells)

28. Name the component of the blood responsible for carrying carbon dioxide

Plasma

29. What is anaerobic respiration? The chemical conversion of food to energy without the use of oxygen

30. What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

Glucose → Lactic acid

31. What reason would the body use anaerobic respiration?

When there is a lack of oxygen during exercise.

32. Give the advantages of anaerobic respiration There is still energy available without enough oxygen

33. Give disadvantages of anaerobic respiration There is less energy transferred during anaerobic respiration. There is lactic acid produced which causes cramp in muscles.

34. What is oxygen debt? The amount of oxygen needed in order to break down the lactic acid build up in the muscles.

35. State the word equation for fermentation Glucose → ethanol + Carbon dioxide

36. What consumer products require fermentation

Bread, beer and wine.

37. Describe fermentation It is a process of anaerobic respiration in microorganisms, such as yeast.

38. What is the name of an animal that catches

and eats other animals?

Predator/carnivore

39. Define the Key term -Adaptation Organisms have certain characteristics that allow them

to survive in particular places.

40. Define the key term species Living things of the same type belong to the same

species. For example, humans are one species and dogs

are another species.

41. What to Herbivores eat? Plant material only

42. In a food chain what comes first? A producer

43. What is a food web? A diagram that shows with arrows the flow of food and

energy from one organism to another. This shows

feeding relationships in one habitat

44. What percentage of energy is passed on from

one trophic level to another?

10%

45. Where do producers get their energy? The Sun

46. What is the first consumer in a food

chain/web called?

The primary consumer

47. Define the Key term Population

The number of individuals of one species in one area at

one time

48. What is a Community A collection of animals and plants that share a habitat

49. What is a pyramid of numbers? A quantitative way of representing food chains. The

relative number of organisms in each trophic level

50. What is a pyramid of biomass? A pyramid that represents the amount of organic

matter in each trophic level.

51. Define the key term Extinction The dying out of a species so it no longer exists

52. What is an insecticide? A chemical used by farmers to kill insects

53. What type of material can build

up/accumulate in food chains?

Toxic material eg DDT or Mercury

Metals and acids

1. Do alkalis have a pH higher or lower than 7?

Higher

2. What is the pH of salt water?

7

3. What word describes the reaction between an acid

and an alkali?

Neutralisation

4. What colour does universal indicator turn in a

strong alkali?

Purple

5. What gas is formed when a metal reacts with an

acid?

Hydrogen

6. What is the pH of a strong acid?

1 or 2

7. If acid is added to sodium hydrogen carbonate the

mixture fizzes. What does the fizzing indicate?

That the reaction is producing a gas.

8. What two products are made when an acid and an

alkali react?

A salt and water.

9. What does the word " insoluble" mean?

A substance is insoluble if it will not dissolve.

10. In chemistry, what does the word " corrosive"

mean?

A corrosive substance can burn living tissue e.g.

Skin

11. Do alkalis have a pH higher or lower than 7?

Higher

12. What two products are made when an acid and a metal react?

Salt + hydrogen

13. How do you test for hydrogen gas? Light a splint, hold over a full test tube of the collected gas a listen for a squeaky pop.

14. Do all metals react with dilute acid? No. metals low in reactivity series do not. Such as gold, silver, copper.

15. What is meant by dilute? The acid has been mixed with water, so there are less acid particles in the solution.

16. State the general equation for metals reacting with oxygen

Metal + oxygen → metal oxide

17. What oxide would be produced by burning magnesium in air?

Magnesium oxide.

18. Why does gold stay shiny?

Gold is unreactive, does not react to form an oxide.

19. Place the following metals in order of reactivity starting with the most reactive. Copper, iron, lead, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, gold

Potassium Sodium Magnesium Zinc Iron Copper Gold

20. How would you test which metal is the most reactive?

You could place each metal in some water, observe the reaction, the metal with the most fizzing is the most reactive. If known not potassium or sodium You could place each metal in the flame of a bunsen burner Observe the reaction and check for metal oxides, the most vigorous they react the higher in the reactivity series. You could also react them with dilute acids to observe fizzing

21. What is the general equation for metals reacting with water?

Metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen

22. What is the product of calcium reacting with water? Calcium hydroxide and hydrogen

23. Do all metals react with water? No, unreactive metals such as copper, silver and gold do not. Some only react with steam such as magnesium.

24. Describe a displacement reaction When a more reactive element displaces (pushes out) a less reactive element from its compound.

25. State the word equation for the reaction of magnesium and copper sulphate and explain why it occurs

Magnesium + copper sulphate → copper + magnesium sulphate. The magnesium is higher in the reactivity series so displaces copper (less reactive) from its compound.

26. Where do metals originally come from? The Earth, mixed in with other compound in a rock known as an ore.

27. How do we extract the metal from its oxide compounds?

If it is less reactive than carbon, such as copper and iron, carbon will displace the metal. If it is more reactive than carbon, such as aluminium it is extracted using electrolysis.

28. Are all metals found as ore? No, unreactive metals, such as gold, can be found in the Earth as an element.

29. What is the thermite reaction? The displacement of iron from iron oxide by aluminium. Aluminium + iron oxide → aluminium oxide + iron

30. Give an example of ceramics and their compounds. Pottery and bricks compounds are metal silicate, metal oxides, metal carbides and metal nitrides.

31. What are the properties of a ceramic? Brittle, hard, stiff, insulators and solid at room temperature.

32. Why do ceramics have high melting points and why are they so strong?

Because of the strong bonds between the atoms, you need a lot of energy to break the bonds.

33. Describe a polymer. A substance with very long molecules, identical units repeated many times.

34. Name a synthetic polymer. Polythene, polyester, nylon

35. Name a natural polymer DNA, protein, starch, rubber, cotton.

36. What are synthetic polymers made from? Crude oil.

37. Describe a composite. A mixture of materials which benefits from properties of both materials such as reinforced concrete, or carbon fibre.

Energy

1. Name 5 stores of energy. thermal (heat), chemical, elastic, gravitational potential

energy, kinetic

2. What is energy transferred into a device called? Input energy

3.

What is energy transferred out of a device

called?

Output energy

4. What are the energy changes in a candle? Input: chemical & Output: thermal

5. What are the energy changes in a TV? Input: chemical & Output: thermal

6. What is the law of energy conservation? Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it is transferred

from one form into another

The amount of input energy is always the same as output

energy

7. Which forms of energy are often produced as

wasted energy?

thermal

8. The transfer of wasted energy to the

surroundings is called

Dissipation. The energy has dissipated.

9. Describe how to reduce waste energies Use lubricants such as oil or ball bearings

10. Describe an efficient machine It does not waste much energy

11. State the equation for calculating efficiency Efficiency = useful output energy x 100

Total input

12. What are the units for measuring energy? Joules (J)

13. What is the difference between heat and

temperature?

Heat is a form of energy, temperature is a measurement

of how hot or cold something is.

14. The amount of heat energy in an object

depends on three things, state these 3 things

Its mass, its temperature and the material it is made from

15. Name 3 different methods of heat transfer Conduction, convection and radiation

16. Suggest a material that is a good conductor of

thermal energy?

Any metal

17. Explain why metals make a good conductor of

thermal energy

Metals contain free electrons which can pass on thermal

energy as they move inside the metal

18. Describe what happens when one end of a

piece of metal is heated

The particles vibrate more and the vibrations are passed

from particle to particle.

19. Explain why solids are better conductors than

liquids or gases

The particles are closer together in solids and so can pass

on vibrations and thermal energy quicker.

20. Describe infrared radiation. It is the transfer of heat over a distance. Infrared

radiation travels by a wave and does not need particles to

transfer the energy.

21. Name two sources of infrared radiation. The Sun and a fire.

22. Describe how a thermal imaging camera works. It absorbs infrared radiation and produces an image

where hot is shown as red.

23. What happens when infrared radiation hits a

shiny or matt surface?

It is reflected off a shiny surface and absorbed by a matt

surface.

24. What happens when infrared radiation hits

light colours or dark colours

It is reflected off a light surface and absorbed by a dark

surface.

25. Describe a fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are formed by fossilised remains of sea

creatures/trees millions of years ago.

26. Give an example of a fossil fuel. Gas, coal or oil (all examples of hydrocarbons)

27. What is meant by non-renewable? That you cannot easily get more of the fuel when they

run out, they are a finite resource.

28. Briefly describe how a thermal power station

works.

They burn coal and gas to heat water and produce steam,

which turns a turbine to generate a current which can be

used to power electrical devices.

29. Name 7 renewal sources of energy. Wind, Tidal, Waves, Biomass, Solar, Hydroelectric,

Geothermal

30. What is the power rating on electrical devices? The amount of energy transferred per second.

31. How do you calculate power? Power (W) = energy (J)

Time (s)

32. State the unit of energy that electricity

companies use.

Kilowatt hours (kWh)

33. How do you calculate work done? Work done (J) = force (N) x distance (m)

34. What is meant by a simple machine? A simple machine like a lever or a gear makes the force

required to do work less, making life easier. A lever is a

force multiplier.

The Earth

1 Name the 4 layers of the earth Crust, Mantle, outer core and inner core.

2 Name the 3 types of rock in the rock cycle. Sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rock

3 Describe how sedimentary rocks are formed Layers or sediment are laid down over thousands of years,

which are compressed by the sediment above to form

porous rock. Examples are: Chalk, limestone, sandstone and

shale,

4 Describe how igneous rocks are formed Molten (liquid) rock forms when rocks melt. The molten

rock is called magma. When the magma cools and solidifies,

a type of rock called igneous rock forms. Examples are

obsidian, basalt, granite and gabbro.

5 Describe how metamorphic rocks are formed Rocks become deeply buried/squeezed, so are heated and

put under great pressure. They do not melt, but the

minerals they contain are changed chemically, to form

metamorphic rocks. Examples: marble and slate

6 Name the three types of weathering Chemical, physical and biological weathering.

7 What % of the atmosphere is nitrogen? 78%

8 What % of the atmosphere is Oxygen 21%

9 Which greenhouse gas is responsible for

recent climate change

Carbon Dioxide

10 Name two other greenhouse gasses Methane. Water vapour

13 Which gas is responsible for Acid Rain? Sulphur Dioxide

14 Why does acid rain occur? Sulphur dioxide is dissolved in rain water. Which forms

sulphuric acid. Which makes rain water more acidic.

15 Which indicator is used to test the pH of Soil? Universal indicator

16 Name six carbon stores Atmosphere, oceans, sedimentary rocks, fossil fuels, plants and animals, soil

17 What two processes increase the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide?

Respiration from animals and plants, Combustion of fuels

18 What is deforestation and how does this impact the atmosphere.

The cutting down or burning of forests to make room for agriculture. Decreases amount of photosynthesis, increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide.

19 What is the greenhouse effect? Infrared radiation is absorbed by carbon dioxide and trapped in the atmosphere, Earth is warmer as a result.

20 What is global warming? The increase of average global temperatures.

21 What is climate change? The change in long term weather patterns, making weather more extreme for longer periods.

Motion and pressure

1. State Newton’s third law of motion If object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an equal but opposite force on object A

2. What is the motion of the car if all forces are balanced?

Constant speed/stationary

3. Describe what will happen to the car if the largest force is thrust?

It will accelerate

4. State the formula for speed Speed = distance / time

5. Suggest how you can decrease friction Using a lubricant such as oil, Vaseline or ball bearings

6. A car travelled 20km in 1 hour, calculate it’s speed in km/h.

Equation: speed = distance/ time Substitute: speed = 20 / 1 Calculate: 20 / 1 = 20 Units: 20km/h

7. What is the standard unit for speed? Metres per second, m/s

8. If force A is 10N and force C is 10N, what is the resultant force acting on this object:

0N

9 Q14 At which points A, B or C, does the object have the greatest speed?

A- where the graph has the steepest gradient

10 If an object has a resultant force of 0N, describe its motion

It is either stationary or moving at a constant speed

11 State Newton’s second law of motion If the forces on an object are unbalanced, two things about the object can change, the speed of the object and the direction of motion

12 State an example of when friction is not useful

Any example of friction not being useful (e.g. in an engine, axles, motor, machinery)

13 Q18 Describe the motion of the object at C

The object is travelling at constant speed

14 What two things do the arrows on a force diagram demonstrate?

Size of force Direction of force

15 What is terminal velocity? Terminal velocity acts on a falling object when all forces are balanced and the object is falling at a constant speed

16 Describe the motion of the object at B

The object is stationary

17 Calculate the time taken for an object to travel 16m at a speed of 4m/s

Equation: speed = distance/ time Rearrange: Time = Distance / speed Substitute: Time = Distance / speed Calculate: 16 / 4 = 4 Units: 4s

18 Describe the object motion at A

The object is accelerating fast

19 State what happens to the speed of gas molecules when the temperature goes down.

The molecules move more slowly.

20 State Newton’s first law of motion If the forces on an object are balanced, the object will continue to do what it is already doing

21 Calculate the distance travelled by an object whose speed is 5m/s over a time period of 10 minutes

Convert: 10 minutes into seconds: 10 x 60 = 600 Equation: speed = distance/ time Rearrange: Distance = speed x time Substitute: Distance = 5 x 600 Calculate: 5 x 600 = 3000 Units: 3000m

22 What happens to a gas if you make the container smaller (compression), or increase the number of gas particles in a container.

The pressure increases as more collisions happen with the walls of the container.

23 What is atmospheric pressure? The air around you exerting a pressure on your body.

24 What is incompressible? A substance you cannot compress (squash) such as a solid or liquid.

25 Why do objects float? More particles of water are touching the bottom of the object than air particles touching the top, forming upthrust.

26 How do you calculate pressure? Pressure (N/m2) = force (N) Area (m2)

27 What is the law of moments? When an object is at equilibrium the sum of the anticlockwise moments is equal to the clockwise moments.

28 What is a moment? A turning effect of a force acting at a distance from a pivot.

28 How do you calculate a moment? Moment (Nm) = force (N) x distance (m)