notes - karns and mingst - international

7/24/2019 Notes - Karns and Mingst - International

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Notes from selected chapters of:

KARNS & MINGST INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: THEOLITI!S AN" RO!ESSES O# GLO$AL GO%ERNAN!E '(dE")*

Content

K & M Chapter 4: The United Nations Centerpiece o Gloal Go!ernance.................."

K & M Chapter #: $e%ional r%anizations......................................................................#

K & M Chapter ': Non(state )ctors NGs* Net+or,s* and -ocial Mo!ements.........../

K & M Chapter 0: The $ole o -tates in Gloal Go!ernance.........................................#

K & M Chapter 1: The -earch or 2eace and -ec3rit..................................................5

K & M Chapter 5: 2romotin% 63man 7e!elopment......................................................84

K & M Chapter "/: 2rotectin% 63man $i%hts...............................................................4'

K & M Chapter "": 2rotectin% the 9n!ironment...........................................................#/

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K & M !hapter +: The ,(-ted Nat-o(s !e(terp-ece of

Glo.al Go/er(a(cen: Mar%aret 2. Karns and Karen ). Min%st ;9ds.s +orld>s central site or m3ltilateral diplomaco The UN General )sseml is the centre sta%e? The UN -ec3rit Co3ncil is

the core o the %loal sec3rit sstem and the primar le%itimizer o

actions dealin% +ith threats to peace o3ndations

o "54": thetlantic !harter o ugust "#, "$#" $oose!elt A Ch3rchill Commitment to collaoration on economic iss3es and a permanent

sstem o sec3rit

' co3ntries a%reed to replace the =ea%3e o Nations

o3ndationo the UN

"


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UN Conerence in -an rancisco "54# the UN Charter dratedo The UN Charter

nl Bpeace(lo!in% nations D eEcl3din% the )Eis o 9!il Feto or the 2ermanent i!e on sec3rit iss3es -o!erei%n e3alit o the memer states* irrespecti!e o their mi%ht

or size Ke pro!isions

The t+in principles". Co3ntries shall rerain rom the threat or 3se o orce

a%ainst territorial inte%rit or political independence o

an state. 7edication to peace3l means

7omestic so!erei%nto norm o non(inter!ention* 3t pro!ision o eEception

collecti!e enorcement actions in international iss3es n disp3tes co3ntries shall attempt to resol!e consens3all

peace3l means o their choice -ec3rit co3ncil

o determines threatso decided on resol3tion incl. sanctions and e!ent3all

3se o orce memers do not lose ri%ht to sel(deence

sec3rit co3ncil ma dele%ate resol3tions o iss3es to

re%ional instances ss3es:

7omestic so!erei%nt: domesticHinternational is a prolematic

distinctiono -ec3rit dilemmas: ethnic conIicts* h3man ri%hts

reach* h3manitarian crises* ailed states $i%ht to sel(deence: Jho fred the frst 3llet 2re(empti!e

stri,eso ' principal odies

The General )sseml? The -ec3rit co3ncil? CL? 9C-C? The

Tr3steeship co3ncil? The -ecretariat A Man others o3tside o the core> ;J6* )* =* M* J*

UN9-C* O UNCT)7 G00* later split o G00 ased on their economic

di!er%ence $esol3tions recentl ein% reached consens3s

-hitin% a%endas and rele!ance -tead decline o the asseml>s role

-hortcomin%s: lar%e n3mer o resol3tions* man o the

rit3al* too %eneral or non(implementale n need o a reorm

o The sec1r-t0 co1(c-l $esponsiilit: Maintenance o peace and sec3rit in the name o all

memers Chapter F: $an%e o techni3es o in!esti%ation o disp3tes Chapter F: a3thorit to commit all memers to ta,e enorcement

meas3res ;sanctions* militar action< Memers

2#: U-* China* ritain* rance* $3ssia

"/ Non(permanent memers ;9lected the G) or ears

terms ater nomination re%ional %ro3ps< No pre(set a%enda meets in response to crises

No+adas also periodical re!ie+ o iss3es eore the

emer%e as crises 2residenc rotates amon% memers

2resident acilitates consens3s(ma,in%* acilitates disc3ssion*

decides +hen the iss3e is read to e concl3ded ormall

Co3ncil elects the -ecretar(%eneral* participates in electin% CLP3d%es and in introd3cin% ne+ memers

Feto

ten a3sed the U--$ d3rin% the Cold Jar

-ince the "50/s re3entl emploed the U- ;mostl

related to srael< China oten disa%reed on meas3res 3t astained rom

loc,in% action $ise in presti%e and operailit in the "51/s

2eace(ma,in%

rea,thro3%h in se!eral re%ional conIicts

8


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Jar crimes tri3nals ;$+anda* ormer Q3%osla!ia* -ierra

=eone< Meas3res a%ainst terrorism A monitorin% odies

)3thorit and le%itimac o the co3ncil

The co3ncil holds a+esome po+er

Qet practice o its a3thorit depends on ac,no+led%ement oits le%itimac memer states smolic po+er

o E!OSO! 2rimar UN or3m or addressin% economic and social iss3es ts acti!ities encompass 0/R o h3man and fnancial reso3rces o

the UN 3nctions:

Coordinates acti!ities o specialized a%encies and semi(

a3tonomo3s odies Ma,es research and %athers inormation* ma,es

recommendations acilitates con!entions* conerences

Memers:

"5 0 #4

9lected the G) re%ional loc,s* those +ho contri3te

the most 3s3all selected 4 permanent memers ;rom 2#* eEcl3din% Chinas resol3tions and recommendations are non(indin%. 6a!e

to e appro!ed the G) 9!ents

9ach ear there is a month(lon% conerence either in Gene!a

or NQ )nn3al Ministerial re!ie+ )ssessment o implementation o

%oals a%reed on at UN conerences and s3mmits and

assessment o approEimation to the Millenni3m 7e!elopment

Goals 7e!elopment Cooperation or3m ;iennial< rin%s to%ether

rele!ant actors in de!elopment cooperation 7ele%ates tas,s amon%:

-3sidiar odies ;s3ch as eEpert %ro3pst correspond to the +orld realities and principles o

%loal %o!ernance 7istinction et+een permanent and non(p Feto po+er

) satisactor reorm seems almost impossile to reacho 6o+ lon% +ill e the co3ncil ale to retain le%itimac i

no chan%eo Needs or reorm in coordination and mana%ement

Gloalization chan%ed the nat3re and le!el o interconnectedness oiss3es

9C-C partic3larl pla%3edo The -ecretariat administrati!e inecienc* political ias* the 2

scandalo inancin%

Core 3d%et: U-7 ".' illion in //1* incl. specialized a%encies etc.

U-7 0 illion Contri3tions orm3la ased on the ailit A !ol3ntar

contri3tions Ta,es into acco3nt G72* G72 2C* other actors? ran%es rom

#R or the U- to /.///"R to the +ea,est memers? "5

memers contri3te W "R -tates oten ail to pa* +hich res3lts in periodical crises

o "51/s U- +ithheld paments* res3ltin% in a lar%e

defcit

K & M !hapter 3: Re4-o(al Or4a(-5at-o(sn: Mar%aret 2. Karns and Karen ). Min%st ;9ds.


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Notes:

$e%ions important loci o the ne+ %loal landscape

"4'o 6istoricall re%ional cooperation has lon% rootso n the modern era* +hile man s are intended to e %loal in reach*

sec3rit arran%ements tend to e re%ionalo 9C-C re%ional economic commissionso $e%ional de!elopment an,s

$e%ional orders !ar to a si%nifcant eEtend ;93rope stron% instit3tions* co3rts

+ith enorcement po+ers? )sia loose arran%ements ased on consens3ss importance increased rom a +ea, s3per!isor od to the main or%an

o the 9U ass3rin% democratic le%itimaco 6as the po+er to appro!e and to threaten to dissol!e

the Commission n "555 close to doin% so

The 93ropean Co3rt o L3stice ;9CLs role in %loal conIicts

o C-2 and 9-72 are inter%o!ernmental areas o

common polic: co3ntries retain their a%enc in these

iss3es 3t there are press3res to 3ni the polic

ma,in% processes to e ale to assert 93ropean

interests a%ainst the lead o the U- L3stice and home aVairs

o "51# the -chen%en )%reement: ree mo!ement o

personso or the lar%e part inter%o!ernmental

3t3re directions o the 93ropean inte%ration:

Candidate co3ntries: Croatia* Macedonia* T3r,e* celand

Ne%otiations +ith: -eria* osnia(6erze%o!ina

The contro!ers o T3r,eo The Common+ealth o ndependent -tates and the Collecti!e -ec3rit

Treat r%anization The C- ;"55"< 3nites the post(-o!iet rep3lics:

$3ssia* )rmenia* )zeraiPan* elar3s* Kaza,hstan* Kr%zstan*

Moldo!a* TaPi,istan* Uze,istan ;A T3r,menistan* U,raine< =ac,ed and lac,s a clear !ision Considerale amo3nt o riction amon% the memer states?

concerns* that $3ssia +ill dominate =ater con!erted into Collecti!e -ec3rit Treat r%anization.

Moti!ated the N)T operations in the area Collecti!e -ec3rit Treat r%anization

) common rapid deploment orce

Modernized to address contemporar sec3rit iss3es:

en!ironmental sec3rit* dr3% trade* trac,in%* or%anized

crime

$e%ional or%anizations in the )mericaso The character o )merican re%ionalism

"#


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There has een acti!it in the feld since the "5thcent3r: nternational Conerences o )merican -tates

creation o the nternational Union o )merican $ep3lics

;2an )merican Union since "5"/< creation o the r%anization o )merican -tates ;)-?

"541< The $io Treat ConIictin% !isions: 6emispheric re%ionalism or s3(re%ional ;=atin

)merican< re%ionalism nter%o!ernmental character rather than 9U stle s3pranationalism

Man tal, shops* lac, o eVecti!e inte%ration Fario3s rationales:

Unit o the continent

alancin% a%ainst the U-

3nctional relations 7namics o )merican re%ionalism al+as aVected the po+er

and de!elopment disparit o the re%iono 6emispheric $e%ionalism

ten Io+in% rom the U- to+ards the )mericas 2eriods o interest ta,in% t3rns +ith periods o ne%lect U- and its anti(comm3nist a%enda

nter!entions in C3a* the 7ominican $ep3lic* G3atemala

U- he%emon stron%est in the "5#/s and "5'/s 6. $e%ionalism re!i!ed +ith the shit o most o =) co3ntries to

democrac Ne+ hemispheric initiati!es in the "55/s

=ost moment3m ater the G3antanamo and )3 Ghraicontro!ersies

o The r%anization o )merican -tates ;)-? "541< More acti!e since the Cold Jar>s end eat3res 7eclaration o the $i%hts and 73ties o Man

) h3man ri%hts doc3ment nter()merican Treat o $eciprocal )ssistance ;the $io Treat? "540 ad!ancin% re%ional cooperation +hile not

ostracizin% o3tsiders -tr3ct3re

Ministerial meetin%s

)nn3al s3mmits

-pecialized meetin%s* committees and +or,in% %ro3ps

) small secretariat ;ased in -in%apore< Goals: ami%3o3s

=ieralization o trade and in!estment

acilitation o trade

9conomic and technical cooperation

=ac,s ecienc* ailed to prod3ce tan%ile res3lts

9n!isioned as an economic or3m* 3t the a%enda dominated sec3rit iss3es ;mirrorin% )$s oli%opol? %rassroots !oices lac,in%

N-) and state so!erei%nto =ierals: so!erei%nt is ein% compromised and challen%ed the %loal

ci!il societo Constr3cti!ists: important in norms settin%* er%o critical actors? ma help

to shape state interests and thereore enter international politics rom+ithin

o $ealists: not impressed.

!hapter =: The Role of States -( Glo.al Go/er(a(cen: Mar%aret 2. Karns and Karen ). Min%st ;9ds.


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o )mi%3o3s approach to m3ltilateralism )ss3med a d3io3s stance to+ards the UN* especiall ater the

ail3re o the missions in -omalia* $+anda and osnia? ca3sed its

fnancial crisis +ithdra+in% 3ndin% $ePection o the CC ;"551


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-C9* G1* partnership +ith N)T

) distinct re%ional po+er oVerin% alternati!e economic and

militar arran%. passin% Gs* 3nderminin% o m3ltilateral re%imes ;e.%.

Geor%ia //1

o nternational acco3ntailit>o 3t also a preteEt or sel(ser!in% militar inter!ention*

deploed selecti!el and achie!in% ami%3o3s ends.o Undermined the ail3re o missions in $+anda and

Koso!oo C-- ;//"< criteria or militar inter!ention: ri%ht

a3thorit* P3st ca3se* ri%ht intention* last resort*

proportional means* reasonale prospectso $2 iss3es

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Jho ma a3thorize inter!ention L3st the UN

-C 63manitarian inter!ention rePected the G00

and the Non(ali%ned Mo!ement Gender no+ as part o h3man ri%hts 3t idea

o ri%hts o %enders not shared o!er the oard Mechanism or the peace3l settlement o disp3tes

o 6a%3e Conerences "155 and "5/1 !onventions or the &acifc

'ettlement o Int(l Disputes: o3ndations o the mechanisms still in 3se

toda )c,no+led%ement o dead(end streets> need or mediation nternational comm3nit>s sta,e in pre!entin% +ar

o 2re!enti!e diplomac ntended to chan%e the calc3l3s o the in!ol!ed parties and steer

the sit3ation to+ards peace3l settlement -t3dies s3%%est that it is possile to pre!ent conIicts rom spinnin%

o3t o control Thereore need or timel alert sstem ;the UN A cooperatin%

odies< The risin% pre!alence o Bc3lt3re o pre!ention

o Mediation Ma +or, onl in sit3ation o ripeness> D all parties see their cost in

case o a conIict hi%h eno3%h to see, or alternati!es Mediators: -tates* Gs* NGs* indi!id3als A m3ltipart mediations $oles: or%anizer* ed3cator* ris,(ta,er* catalst or chan%e*

conciliator* policma,er* discipliner ;mediator +ith m3scles enlar%ement o memership* ,e instit3tional

chan%es -in%le mar,et comin% to eEistence +ith the 'ingle )uropean ct

)n amendment to the *reaty o +ome

ree mo!ement o %oods* capital and persons ;altho3%h some

restrictions initiall placed on 9astern 93rope< 7ic3lt process: remo!in% arriers and harmonizin% trade

$emainin% eVecti!e arriers to trade:o health standards and re%3lationso domestic companies %i!en preerence in %o!ernment

contractso lon%standin% monopolies

)%ric3lt3re as a prolem !ommon gricultural &olicy;C)2< eEtremel complicated

Most o the 3d%et %oes to handlin% s3rpl3ses

n //0 the 9U paid 9U$ 48n to s3sidize "8m armers

45 )%ric3lt3re does not 3nction on the ree trade asis

o 2rod3ction is s3sidised* prices artifciall held on a

hi%h le!el* s3rpl3ses are 3ns3itale or eEport*

s3rpl3ses o3%ht o3t or set prices C)2 as it is no+ is 3ns3stainale* reorm planned

Mo!in% to monetar inte%ration "505 "55 ( +ea, monetar instit3tions

4#


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o The 93ropean Monetar -stem a str3ct3re or

fnancial polic coordinationo The 93ropean C3rrenc Unit a means o settlin%

acco3ntso The 9Echan%e $ate Mechanism pro!idin% fEed ands

o c3rrenc eEchan%e The Maastricht Treat ;"55s a%ric3lt3ral sector s3Vered the U- imports

Ca3ses concentration o certain prod3ction in the most

ad!anta%eo3s re%ion* the art is lost in other areas c3lt3ral

impo!erishmento The )-9)N ree Trade )rea ;)T)s speech on det 2rotests a%ainst int>l fnancial instit3tions and G0H1

o )pproach to MNCs 2rolem: ins3cient re%3lation o NMCs -ee,in% to pro!ide de!elopin% co3ntries +ith an international code

o cond3ct thro3%ho3t the "50/s and "51/s ail3re The 9C7

MNC enco3ra%ed to operate* 3t restricted local r3les

7isp3te settlement mainl thro3%h J>s nternational Centre

or -ettlement o n!estment 7isp3tes Comatin% rier

The Gloal Compact on Corporate $esponsiilit

Championed Kof )nnan ) net+or, o ao3t #/// entities desi%ned to share intel. on

ho+ to tac,le the challen%es o corporate responsiilit 5 principles ;aolishment o child lao3r* discrimination*

respect or int>l la+* etc.< Criticism

o No compliance mechanismo Companies can cherr(pic, and oast +ith compliance

+ith some non(prolematic principles +hile re3sin%

others Case st3d: the %loal fnancial crisis and the need or economic reorm

o 2eriodic crises occ3r a characteristic o the lieral capitalist sstemo The //1 crisis

ri%inatin% in the U-: imalance o e3it* hi%hl le!era%ed ne+

fnancial instr3ments ;deri!ati!es


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7e!elopin% co3ntries aced +ith the prospect o re!ersal o

%loalization(dri!en %ro+th -tim3l3s pac,a%es adopted %o!ernments* short(term li3idit

acilities createdo nternational fnancial instit3tions ailin%

9arl +arnin%s missed nailit to impose re%3lation on fnancial mar,ets ;creatin%

3lest 3ali themsel!es 9stalishment o the norm that territories ma not e anneEed

ollo+in% +ars* mo!e to+ards emancipation o nations -t3d o sla!er Int(l !onvention on the bolition o 'lavery and

the 'lave *rade;"5'< %ro3nd(rea,in%* 3t +ea, in terms o

enorcement Declaration on the +ights o the !hild;"5'< = ri%hts o +or,ers* = later pro!ided %ro3nds or 6$ disc3ssion

+ithin the UNo The UN

The preamle rearms the Baith in 3ndamental h3man ri%hts* in

the di%nit and +orth o the h3man person* in the e3al ri%hts o

men and +omen and o nations lar%e and small

4#0 2ro!isions do not defne h3man ri%hts> tho3%h open to

interpretation

nternational oli%ation to+ards h3man ri%hts !s. the principle onon(intererence

#/


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*he niversal Declaration o 0uman +ights;passed the UN G) in

"541< 9C-C

The commission on the -tat3s o Jomen

The -3(commission on the 2rotection and 2romotion o

63man $i%hts The Commission on 63man $i%hts ;3ntil //'t set standards itsel< Concerns o oth MNCs and NGs are ta,en into acco3nt

o conIicts settled the J nternational Centre or

n!estment 7isp3tes 3nclear enorcement

miEed acco3nt in pre!ention o en!ironmental dama%eo has s3cient instit3tional str3ct3re* 3t ails in certain

instances e.%. eEport o hazardo3s +aste to MeEico

)-9)N ncorporated the en!ironmental iss3e in its a%enda*

cooperates eEtensi!el +ith NGs* et ails to act

m3ltilaterall in the case o crises The re%ion is eEtremel en!ironmentall ra%ile

o 6aze ca3sed ndonesian orest freso 2oor armin% practices in!ol!in% lots o chemicalso Uran poll3tiono =ittle en!ironmental conscio3snesso 9conomic competiti!eness has m3ch i%%er +ei%ht

than protection o the en!ironment $e%ional net+or,s de!eloped in cooperation +ith Jestern

%o!ernments and NGs in "55/s

#1


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=ittle s3ccess in tac,lin% crises co3ntries not interested or

incapale to respondo 3t crises moilized the ci!il societ sector more

press3reo //8 )-9)N )%reement on Transo3ndar 6aze

2oll3tiono $e%ional en!ironmental a%reements

n man cases en!ironmental iss3es are settled on the re%ional

le!el 9.%. ri!ers crossin% o3ndaries o states

$e%imes and instit3tions on the %loal* re%ional and local le!els all contri3te to

en!ironmental %o!ernanceo 2ro!ide principles and r3les that ecome emedded in or%anizations? the

help to de!elop capacities* are 3sed to create comprehensi!e policies The challen%es o implementation* compliance and eVecti!eness

o

ConIictin% claims:). There is a need to restr3ct3re en!ironmental %o!ernance* more

centralization* ne+ architect3re. nstead o 3ildin% ne+ str3ct3res +e sho3ld oc3s on defnin%

3nderlin% notions o care ao3t the en!ironment* s3ch as

sustainable development.o 2olitical str3%%le ra%es o!er the desi%n o en!ironmental protection

ottom 3p Top do+n -tren%thenin% instit3tions 9nalin% %o!ernments 9mpo+erin%

non(state actors nno!ati!e sol3tions needed

notes - karns and mingst - international

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