248

Notes

1 Introduction

1. This includes canonical Victorian novels by Dickens, the Brontë sisters, George Eliot and Henry James, but also postmodern or postcolonial novels by Toni Morrison, Paul Auster, Jeanette Winterson, Kazuo Ishiguro, Fred d’Aguiar, David Malouf and others.

2. Freud, Sigmund. ‘Totem and Taboo’. 1913. The Freud Reader. Ed. Peter Gay. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989, pp. 481–513.

3. Tatar, Maria, ed. The Classic Fairy Tales. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999, p. 102. 4. Tatar, Maria. Off with Their Heads! Fairy Tales and the Culture of Childhood.

Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992, p. 96. 5. Hunter, J. Paul. Before Novels. The Cultural Contexts of Eighteenth-Century English

Fiction. New York: W. W. Norton, 1990, pp. 142, 143. 6. Hunter, 1990, pp. 154–5. 7. Perry, Ruth. Novel Relations. The Transformation of Kinship in English Literature

and Culture 1748–1818. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 2. I am indebted to this study for insights into kinship shifts relevant to orphans.

8. Laqueur, Thomas. Making Sex. Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992, pp. 149, 156.

9. Moglen, Helene. The Trauma of Gender. A Feminist Theory of the English Novel. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001, p. 2.

10. Moglen, p. 4.11. Moglen, p. 14.12. Barthes, Roland. ‘Myth Today’. A Barthes Reader. 1959. Ed. Susan Sontag. London:

Vintage, 1993, 93–149. See especially pp. 93, 103, 104, 140, 110–13.13. Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious. Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act.

London: Routledge, 2002, p. 69.14. Eagleton, Terry. The English Novel. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005, pp. 53, 3.15. Foucault, Michel. The Will to Knowledge. The History of Sexuality Volume I. 1976.

Trans. Robert Hurley. London: Penguin, 1998, pp. 108–9.16. Doyle, William. Aristocracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 78.17. Perry, p. 86.18. Perry, p. 347.19. Armstrong, Nancy. Desire and Domestic Fiction. A Political History of the Novel.

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 8.20. Grosz, Elizabeth. Jacques Lacan. A Feminist Introduction. London: Routledge, 1990,

p. 148. I am indebted to Grosz’s feminist interpretation of Lacan’s work.21. Jameson, p. 127.22. Richetti, John. Introduction. The Cambridge Companion to the Eighteenth-Century

Novel. Ed. John Richetti. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 1.23. Hunter, J. Paul. ‘The novel and social/cultural history’. The Cambridge Companion

to the Eighteenth-Century Novel. Ed. John Richetti. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 21, 24.

24. Spencer, Jane. The Rise of the Woman Novelist. From Aphra Behn to Jane Austen. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986, p. 142.

Notes 249

25. Spencer, 1986, pp. 23, 75.26. Armstrong, Nancy. How Novels Think. New York: Columbia University Press, 2005,

p. 27.27. Wahrman, Dror. The Making of the Modern Self. Identity and Culture in Eighteenth-

Century England. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.28. Grosz, pp. 33, 34.29. Pollak, Ellen. Incest and the English Novel, 1684–1814. Baltimore, MD: Johns

Hopkins University Press, 2003, p. 144.30. Grosz, p. 34.31. Grosz, pp. 32, 50.32. Skinner, Gillian. ‘Women’s status as legal and civic subjects: “A worse condition

than slavery itself”?’ Women and Literature in Britain, 1700–1800. Ed. Vivien Jones. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 91–110, p. 91.

33. Spacks, Patricia Meyer. Novel Beginnings: Experiments in Eighteenth-Century English Fiction. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006, p. 12.

34. Wahrman, p. 278.35. See Doody, Margaret Anne. Introduction. Evelina. By Frances Burney. London:

Penguin, 2004. vii–xxxix.36. See Fletcher, Lorraine. Introduction. Emmeline, the Orphan of the Castle. By Charlotte

Smith. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2003. 9–35; and Milbank, Alison. Introduction. A Sicilian Romance. By Ann Radcliffe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. ix–xxix.

37. Austen, Jane. Northanger Abbey. 1818. Ed. Marilyn Butler. London: Penguin, 2003, p. 37.

2 Introduction to Part I

1. Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. London: Strahan, 1755. 2. Zunshine, Lisa. Bastards and Foundlings. Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England.

Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2005, p. 6. 3. Zunshine, p. 9. 4. Chambers Dictionary of Etymology. 1988. 5. Zunshine, p. 4. 6. Brown, Homer Obed. ‘Tom Jones: The “Bastard” of History’. boundary, 7 (1979):

201–33, especially pp. 205–11. 7. Grosz, Elizabeth. Jacques Lacan. A Feminist Introduction. London: Routledge, 1990,

p. 33. 8. Belsey, Catherine. Critical Practice. 2nd edition. Abingdon: Routledge, 2002, p. 56. 9. Grosz, p. 59.10. Oliver, Kelly, ed. The Portable Kristeva. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997,

pp. 35–7.11. Grosz, p. 31.12. Warner, William B. Licensing Entertainment. The Elevation of Novel Reading in

Britain, 1684–1750. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998, pp. 42, 150, 151, 278, 287.

13. Lotman, Yuri M. Universe of the Mind. A Semiotic Theory of Culture. London: I. B. Tauris and Co., 1990, pp. 123–8, 141.

14. Warner, p. 181.15. Wahrman, Dror. The Making of the Modern Self. New Haven, CT: Yale University

Press, 2006, pp. xii, 40, 159, 168.

250 Notes

16. For gender distinctions see Spencer, Jane. ‘Fielding and Female Authority’. The Cambridge Companion to Henry Fielding. Ed. Claude Rawson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

3 Moll Flanders and Fluid Identity

1. Wahrman, Dror. The Making of the Modern Self. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006, pp. xiv, xi.

2. Wahrman, p. 40. 3. Defoe, Daniel. The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders. 1722.

Ed. David Blewett. London: Penguin, 1989. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

4. Blewett, David. Introduction. The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders. By Daniel Defoe. London: Penguin, 1989. 1–26, p. 23.

5. Spacks, Patricia Meyer. Novel Beginnings. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006, p. 43.

6. Introduction, p. 18. 7. Day, Gary. Class. London: Routledge, 2001, p. 62. 8. Swaminathan, Srividhya. ‘Defoe’s Alternative Conduct Manual: Survival Strategies

and Female Networks in Moll Flanders’. Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 15 (2003): 185–206, p. 187.

9. Miller, Nancy K. The Heroine’s Text. Readings in the French and English Novel, 1733–1782. New York: Columbia University Press, 1980, p. 161.

10. Miller, p. 5.11. Moll Flanders, p. 438, n. 174.12. Wahrman, pp. 206, 202, 203.13. Introduction, pp. 3–4.14. Wahrman, p. 278.15. Pollak, Ellen. ‘Gender and fiction in Moll Flanders and Roxana’. The Cambridge

Companion to Daniel Defoe. Ed. John Richetti. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 139–57, p. 144.

16. Gevirtz, Karen Bloom. Life after Death. Widows and the English Novel, Defoe to Austen. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2005, pp. 14, 135.

17. Gladfelder, Hal. ‘Defoe and criminal fiction’. The Cambridge Companion to Daniel Defoe. Ed. John Richetti. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 64–83, pp. 69–70.

18. Day, p. 83.19. Wahrman, p. 208.20. Introduction, p. 9.21. Lynch, Deidre Shauna. ‘Money and character in Defoe’s fiction’. The Cambridge

Companion to Daniel Defoe. Ed. John Richetti. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. 84–101, p. 88.

22. Kibbie, Ann Luise. ‘The Birth of Capital in Moll Flanders’. Moll Flanders. By Daniel Defoe. Ed. Albert J. Rivero. New York: Norton, 2004. 484–91, pp. 484–5.

23. Introduction, pp. 9–10.24. Grosz, Elizabeth. Jacques Lacan. A Feminist Introduction. London: Routledge, 1990,

pp. 59–60.25. Ragland-Sullivan, Ellie. ‘The Real’. Wright, Elizabeth, ed. Feminism and

Psychoanalysis. A Critical Dictionary. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993, p. 375.26. Grosz, p. 35.

Notes 251

27. Grosz, p. 35.28. Wright, Elizabeth. Lacan and Postfeminism. Duxford: Icon Books, 2000, p. 28.

4 Tom Jones and Narrative (Il)legitimacy

1. Schmidgen, Wolfram. ‘Illegitimacy and Social Observation: The Bastard in the Eighteenth-Century Novel’. ELH, 69 (2002): 133–66, pp. 139, 142.

2. Fielding, Henry. The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling. 1749. Ed. Thomas Keymer and Alice Wakely. London: Penguin, 2005. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

3. Keymer, Thomas. Introduction. The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling. By Henry Fielding. London: Penguin, 2005. xiii–xxxix, p. xviii.

4. Schmidgen, p. 134. 5. Zunshine, Lisa. Bastards and Foundlings. Columbus: Ohio State University Press,

2005, p. 99. 6. History of Tom Jones, p. 885, note 4. 7. Zunshine, p. 2. 8. Schmidgen, p. 140. 9. Perry, Ruth. Novel Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004,

pp. 277–8.10. Zunshine, pp. 18, 19.11. The Blifil brothers are alike: ‘have we a Satisfaction in aggrandizing our Families,

even tho’ we have not the least Love or Respect for them?’ (62).12. Žižek, Slavoj. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London: Verso, 2008, p. 136.13. In fact at this point, unbeknownst to him, Tom’s real mother has just died.14. Žižek, 2008, p. 136.

5 Introduction to Part II

1. Skinner, Gillian. ‘Women’s status as legal and civic subjects: “A worse condition than slavery itself”?’ Women and Literature in Britain, 1700–1800. Ed. Vivien Jones. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 91–110, pp. 91, 92.

2. See Montrose, Louis Adrian. ‘“Shaping Fantasies”: Figurations of Gender and Power in Elizabethan Culture’. New Casebooks. A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Ed. Richard Dutton. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996, 101–38.

3. Wahrman, Dror. The Making of the Modern Self. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006, pp. 3–5.

4. Perry, Ruth. Novel Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 47. 5. Macey, J. David Jr. ‘“Where the World May Ne’er Invade”? Green Retreats and

Garden Theatre in La Princesse de Clèves, The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless, and Cecilia’. Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 12 (1999): 75–100, p. 77.

6. Cunliffe, Barry, Robert Bartlett, John Morrill, Asa Briggs and Joanna Bourke, eds. The Penguin Atlas of British and Irish History. London: Penguin, 2001, p. 180.

7. Skinner, pp. 103, 104. 8. Macey, p. 87. 9. Lennox, Charlotte. The Female Quixote. 1752. Ed. Amanda Gilroy and Wil

Verhoeven. London: Penguin Classics, 2006. 10. Spring, Eileen. Law, Land, and Family. Aristocratic Inheritance in England, 1300 to

1800. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993, p. 12.

252 Notes

11. Spring, p. 17.12. Grosz, Elizabeth. Jacques Lacan. A Feminist Introduction. London: Routledge, 1990,

p. 61.13. Skinner, p. 92.14. Wright, Elizabeth. Lacan and Postfeminism. Duxford: Icon Books, 2000, pp. 24–9.

6 The Coquette’s Lesson: Haywood’s Betsy Thoughtless

1. Spencer, Jane. The Rise of the Woman Novelist. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986, pp. 77, 140–43.

2. McGirr, Elaine M. Eighteenth-Century Characters. A Guide to the Literarure of the Age. Houndsmills: Palgrave, 2007, p. 93.

3. McGirr, p. 94. 4. McGirr, p. 91. 5. McGirr, p. 104. 6. Haywood, Eliza. The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless. 1751. Ed. Christine Blouch.

Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 1998, p. 337. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

7. Gonda, Caroline. Reading Daughters’ Fictions 1709–1834. Novels and Society from Manley to Edgeworth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 13.

8. Freud, Sigmund. ‘On Narcissism: An Introduction’. 1914. The Freud Reader. Ed. Peter Gay. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989. 545–62.

9. Freud, ‘Narcissism’, pp. 553–5.10. Grosz, Elizabeth. Jacques Lacan. A Feminist Introduction. London: Routledge, 1990,

p. 30.11. Laplanche, J. and J.-B. Pontalis. The Language of Psychoanalysis. 1967. Trans.

Donald Nicholson-Smith. London: Karnac Books, [1973], 2006, p. 256.12. Kirkpatrick, Kathryn. ‘Sermons and Strictures: Conduct-Book Propriety and

Property Relations in Late Eighteenth-Century England’. History, Gender and Eighteenth-Century Literature. Ed. Beth Fowkes Tobin. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1994. 198–226.

13. Freud, ‘Narcissism’, p. 560.14. Qtd. in Stuart, Shea. ‘Subversive Didacticism in Eliza Haywood’s Betsy Thoughtless’.

Studies in Eighteenth-Century Literature, 1500–1900, 42 (2002), 559–75, p. 564.15. Kirkpatrick, p. 211.16. Flint, Christopher. Family Fictions. Narrative and Domestic Relations in Britain,

1688–1798. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998, p. 242.17. Freud, ‘Narcissism’, pp. 554–5.

7 The Tragic Coquette in Inchbald’s A Simple Story

1. Inchbald, Elizabeth. A Simple Story. 1791. Ed. J. M. S. Tompkins. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

2. Spencer, Jane. Introduction. A Simple Story. By Elizabeth Inchbald. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. vii–xx, p. xii.

3. Craft-Fairchild, Catherine. Masquerade and Gender. Disguise and Female Identity in Eighteenth-Century Fictions by Women. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993, p. 94.

4. Equivalent to ‘would have been cured’ (the Germanic conditional form).

Notes 253

5. Ward, Candace. ‘Inordinate Desire: Schooling the Senses in Elizabeth Inchbald’s A Simple Story’. Studies in the Novel, 31 (1999): 1–18, p. 1.

6. Ward, p. 2. 7. Craft-Fairchild, p. 76. 8. Armstrong, Nancy. Desire and Domestic Fiction. Oxford: Oxford University Press,

1987. 9. Armstrong, 1987, p. 60.10. Armstrong, 1987, p. 20.11. Armstrong, 1987, p. 20.

8 Becoming a Benefactress: Burney’s Cecilia

1. Cope, Virginia H. Property, Education, and Identity in Late Eighteenth-Century Fiction. The Heroine of Disinterest. Houndmills: Palgrave, 2009, p. 18.

2. Burney, Frances. Cecilia, or Memoirs of an Heiress. 1782. Ed. Peter Sabor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

3. Castle, Terry. Masquerade and Civilization. The Carnivalesque in Eighteenth-Century English Culture and Fiction. London: Methuen, 1986, p. 267.

4. Castle, 1986, p. 275. 5. Keohane, Catherine. ‘“Too neat for a beggar”: Charity and debt in Burney’s

Cecilia’. Studies in the Novel, 33 (2001), 379–401, p. 390. 6. Klekar, Cynthia. ‘“Her Gift Was Compelled”: Gender and the Failure of the “Gift”

in Cecilia’. Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 18 (2005): 107–26, p. 110. 7. Ragland-Sullivan, Ellie. ‘Narcissism’. Wright, Elizabeth, ed. Feminism and

Psychoanalysis. A Critical Dictionary. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993, p. 272. 8. Castle, 1986, p. 257. 9. Freud, Sigmund. ‘On Narcissism: An Introduction’. 1914. The Freud Reader. Ed.

Peter Gay. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989. 545–62, p. 560.10. Fink, Bruce. The Lacanian Subject. Between Language and Jouissance. Princeton, NJ:

Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 116.11. Fink, p. 116.12. Doody, Margaret Anne. Introduction. Cecilia, or Memoirs of an Heiress. By Frances

Burney. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. xi–xxxix, p. xvi.13. See note to Cecilia, p. 477. 14. Gallagher, Catherine. Nobody’s Story. The Vanishing Acts of Women Writers in the

Marketplace, 1670–1820. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994, p, 247.15. Cope, 2009, pp. 61–2.

9 The Imaginist: Lennox’s The Female Quixote

1. Fink, Bruce. The Lacanian Subject. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 102.

2. Fink, p. 102.3. Grosz, Elizabeth. Jacques Lacan. A Feminist Introduction. London: Routledge, 1990,

p. 32.4. Warner, William B. Licensing Entertainment. Berkley: University of California Press,

1998, pp. 12, 32.5. Motooka, Wendy. ‘Coming to a Bad End: Sentimentalism, Hermeneutics, and The

Female Quixote’. Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 8 (1996): 251–70, pp. 262, 263.

254 Notes

6. Lennox, Charlotte. The Female Quixote. 1752. Ed. Amanda Gilroy and Wil Verhoeven. London: Penguin Classics, 2006. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

7. Palo, Sharon Smith. ‘The Good Effects of a Whimsical Study: Romance and Women’s Learning in Charlotte Lennox’s The Female Quixote’. Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 18 (2006): 203–28, p. 227.

8. Gilroy, Amanda. Introduction. The Female Quixote. By Charlotte Lennox. London: Penguin Classics, 2006. xi–xlix, p. xxii.

9. Gonda, Caroline. Reading Daughters’ Fictions 1709–1834. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 12.

10. This prefigures Austen’s Marianne in Sense and Sensibility, who undergoes her fever-induced transformation after a disappointment in love to emerge as a new woman ready to give up her dangerous sensibility.

11. Gonda, p. 25.12. Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic. The Woman

Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000, p. 49.

13. Gilbert and Gubar, pp. 50, 48.14. Perry, Ruth. Novel Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 347.15. Grosz, p. 104.16. Hammond, Brean and Shaun Regan. Making the Novel. Fiction and Society in

Britain, 1660–1789. Houndsmills: Palgrave, 2006, p. 151.17. Warner, pp. 42, 43.18. Female Quixote, Introduction, p. xv.

10 Jane Austen’s Emma, the Arch-Imaginist

1. The OED cites Emma as the first use of this word in 1816. Vol. 7. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1989.

2. Waldron, Mary. Jane Austen and the Fiction of Her Time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 1.

3. Watt, Ian. The Rise of the Novel. 1957. London: Pimlico, 2000. 4. Greenfield, Susan C. Mothering Daughters. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University

Press, 2003, pp. 31–2. 5. Greenfield, 2003, p. 152. 6. Austen, Jane. Emma. 1816. Ed. James Kinsley. Oxford: Oxford University Press,

2003. Parenthetical references are to this edition. 7. Johnson, Claudia L. Jane Austen. Women, Politics and the Novel. Chicago: University

of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 122. 8. Greenfield, 2003, p. 147. 9. Dated 7 January 1807. Austen, Jane. Selected Letters. Ed. Vivien Jones. Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 79.10. Ragland-Sullivan, Ellie. ‘Narcissism’. Wright, Elizabeth, ed. Feminism and

Psychoanalysis. A Critical Dictionary. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993, p. 273.11. Wright, 1993, pp. 272–3.12. Johnson, 1988, p. 132.13. Johnson, 1988, p. 133.14. See the chapter ‘The importance of aunts’ in Perry, Ruth. Novel Relations.15. Looser, Devoney. ‘“The Duty of Woman by Woman”: Reforming Feminism in

Emma’. Emma. By Jane Austen. Ed. Alistair M. Duckworth. New York: Palgrave, 2002. 577–93, p. 581.

Notes 255

16. See Staves, Susan. ‘British Seduced Maidens’. Eighteenth-Century Studies, 14 (1980–81): 109–34.

17. Austen, Selected Letters, p. 176.18. Austen, Selected Letters, p. 172.19. Austen, Selected Letters, p. 178.20. Tobin, Beth Fowkes. ‘The Moral and Political Economy of Property in Austen’s

Emma’. Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 2 (1990): 229–54, p. 252.21. Cronin, Richard and Dorothy McMillan. Introduction. Emma. By Jane Austen.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. xxi–lxiv, p. lxviii.22. Tobin, 1990, p. 237.

11 Introduction to Part III

1. Perry, Ruth. Novel Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 2. 2. Perry, pp. 34–40. 3. Perry, p. 76. 4. Bowers, Toni. The Politics of Motherhood: British Writing and Culture, 1680–1760.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 14. 5. Bronfen, Elisabeth. ‘Castration complex’, and Grosz, Elizabeth. ‘The subject’. In

Wright, Elizabeth, ed. Feminism and Psychoanalysis. A Critical Dictionary. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993, pp. 41, 43, 414.

6. Grosz, Elizabeth. Jacques Lacan. A Feminist Introduction. London: Routledge, 1990, p. 150.

7. Wright, 1993, p. 41. 8. Babcock, Barbara A. Ed. The Reversible World: Symbolic Inversion in Art and Society.

Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978, p. 32. 9. Žižek, Slavoj. Looking Awry. An Introduction to Jacques Lacan through Popular Culture.

Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992, p. 23.10. Grosz, 1990, p. 69.11. Perry, p. 336.12. Sprengnether, Madelon. The Spectral Mother. Freud, Feminism, and Psychoanalysis.

Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990, pp. x–xi.13. Sprengnether, pp. 4, 5.14. Sprengnether, p. 6.15. Žižek, 1992, p. 23.16. Žižek, 1992, p. 44.17. Irigaray, Luce. Speculum of the Other Woman. 1974. Trans. Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca,

NY: Cornell University Press, 1985, p. 141.18. Žižek, 1992, p. 44.19. Žižek, 1992, p. 44.

12 The Name of the Father: Burney’s Evelina

1. Burney, Frances. Evelina. 1778. Ed. Margaret Anne Doody. London: Penguin, 2004. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

2. Cope, Virginia H. ‘Evelina’s Peculiar Circumstances and Tender Relations’. Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 16 (2003): 59–78, pp. 71–2.

3. Epstein, Julia. The Iron Pen. Frances Burney and the Politics of Women’s Writing. Maddison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989, p. 3.

256 Notes

4. Žižek, Slavoj. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London: Verso, 2008, pp. 125–6. 5. Žižek, 2008, p. 120. 6. ‘Anville’. Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language.

1989. 7. Greenfield, Susan C. ‘“Oh Dear Resemblance of Thy Murdered Mother”: Female

Authorship in Evelina’. Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 3 (1991): 301–20, p, 312. 8. Greenfield, 1991, p. 310. 9. Perry, Ruth. Novel Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 74.10. Žižek, Slavoj. How to Read Lacan. London: Granta, 2006, p. 45.11. Boose, Lynda E. ‘The Father’s House and the Daughter in It: The Structures of

Western Culture’s Daughter–Father Relationship’. Daughters and Fathers. Ed. Lynda E. Boose and Betty S. Flowers. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. 19–74, p. 67.

12. Boose, p. 67.13. Grosz, Elizabeth. Jacques Lacan. A Feminist Introduction. London: Routledge, 1990,

p. 150.14. Žižek, 2006, p. 49.15. Žižek, 2006, p. 41.16. Žižek, 2006, pp. 41–2.17. Greenfield, 1991, p. 311.18. Doody, Margaret Anne. Introduction. Evelina. By Frances Burney. London:

Penguin, 2004. vii–xxxix, pp. vii–viii.19. Pawl, Amy J. ‘“And What Other Name May I Claim?”: Names and Their Owners

in Frances Burney’s Evelina’. Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 3 (1991): 283–99, p. 284.20. Schellenberg, Betty A. ‘From Propensity to Profession: Authorship and the Early

Career of Frances Burney’. Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 14 (2002): 345–70, pp. 368–9.

13 The Law of the Father: Inchbald’s A Simple Story

1. Ty, Eleanor. Unsex’d Revolutionaries. Five Women Novelists of the 1790s. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press, 1993, p. 97.

2. Spencer, Jane. Introduction. A Simple Story. By Elizabeth Inchbald. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. vii–xx, p, xi.

3. Inchbald, Elizabeth. A Simple Story. 1791. Ed. J. M. S. Tompkins. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988, pp. 337–8. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

4. Cope, Virginia H. Property, Education, and Identity in Late Eighteenth-Century Fiction. The Heroine of Disinterest. Houndmills: Palgrave, 2009, p. 68.

5. Wahrman, Dror. The Making of the Modern Self. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006.

6. Cope, p. 69. 7. Cope, p. 70. 8. Spacks, Patricia Meyer. ‘Novels of the 1790s: Action and Impasse’. The Columbia

History of the British Novel. Ed. John Richetti. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. 247–74, p. 264.

9. Craft-Fairchild, Catherine. Masquerade and Gender. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993, p. 76.

10. For instance Castle, Terry. Masquerade and Civilization. London: Methuen, 1986; Craft-Fairchild; Haggerty, George E.. ‘Female Abjection in Inchbald’s A Simple Story’. Studies in English Literature, 36 (1996): 655–71.

11. Castle, p. 326.

Notes 257

12. Craft-Fairchild, pp. 107–8.13. Irigaray, Luce. Speculum of the Other Woman. 1974. Trans. Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca,

NY: Cornell University Press, 1985, p. 31.14. Irigaray, p. 32.15. Boose, Lynda E. ‘The Father’s House and the Daughter in It: The Structures of

Western Culture’s Daughter–Father Relationship’. Daughters and Fathers. Ed. Lynda E. Boose and Betty S. Flowers. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. 19–74, p. 36.

16. Boose, p. 46.17. Gonda, Caroline. Reading Daughters’ Fictions 1709–1834. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1996, p. 28.18. Cope, pp. 84–5.19. Gonda, p. 30.20. Žižek, Slavoj. How to Read Lacan. London: Granta, 2006, p. 80.21. Bronfen, Elisabeth. The Knotted Subject. Hysteria and Its Discontents. Princeton, NJ:

Princeton University Press, 1998, p. xi.22. Žižek, 2006, p. 35.23. Bronfen, p. xiv.24. Bronfen, p. 34.25. Bronfen, p. 120.

14 Doomed: Mary Hays’ The Victim of Prejudice

1. Ty, Eleanor. Introduction. The Victim of Prejudice. By Mary Hays. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 1998. ix–xxxix, p. xi.

2. Hays, Mary. The Victim of Prejudice. 1799. Ed. Eleanor Ty. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 1998. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

3. Remarkably, Moll is a nickname for Mary. Thus, they share a first name. 4. Bowers, Toni. ‘Representing Resistance: British Seduction Stories, 1660–1800.

A Companion to the Eighteenth-Century English Novel and Culture. Ed. Paula R. Backscheider and Catherine Ingrassia. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009, 140–64, p. 154.

5. Bowers, p. 155. 6. Ty, Eleanor. Unsex’d Revolutionaries. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993, p. 65. 7. Ty, 1993, p. 64. 8. Ty, 1993, p. 64. 9. Sprengnether, Madelon. The Spectral Mother. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,

1990, p. 215.10. Gevirtz, Karen Bloom. Life after Death. Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press,

2005, p. 127.11. Qtd. in the Broadview edition, p. 234.12. Perry, Ruth. Novel Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004,

pp. 69–70.13. Žižek, Slavoj. How to Read Lacan. London: Granta, 2006, p. 80.14. Žižek, Slavoj. Looking Awry. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992, pp. 24–5.15. Ty, 1993, p. 62.16. Bowers, p. 157.17. Qtd. in the Broadview edition, pp. 247–8.18. Qtd. in the Broadview edition, pp. 250–51.19. Qtd. in the Broadview edition, p. 254.

258 Notes

15 Liberating Daughters: Charlotte Smith’s Emmeline

1. Grosz, Elizabeth. Jacques Lacan. A Feminist Introduction. London: Routledge, 1990, pp. 127–8.

2. Smith, Charlotte. Emmeline, the Orphan of the Castle. 1788. Ed. Loraine Fletcher. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2003. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

3. Punter, David, and Glennis Byron. The Gothic. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2004, p. 261. See also Norman N. Holland and Leona F. Sherman. ‘Gothic Possibilities’. Gender and Reading. Essays on Readers, Texts, and Contexts. Ed. Elizabeth A. Flynn and Patrocinio P. Schweickart. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. 215–33.

4. Ty, Eleanor. Unsex’d Revolutionaries. Five Women Novelists of the 1790s. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993, p. 127.

5. Fletcher, Lorraine. Introduction. Emmeline, the Orphan of the Castle. By Charlotte Smith. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2003. 9–35, pp. 21–2.

6. See Emmeline, pp. 50, 212, 222. 7. Pazicky, Diana Loercher. Cultural Orphans in America. Jackson: University Press of

Mississippi, 1998, p. 51. 8. Pazicky, pp. 52, 43, 54. 9. Pazicky, p. 56.10. Žižek, Slavoj. How to Read Lacan. London: Granta Books, 2006, p. 10.11. Rivière, Joan. ‘Womanliness as Masquerade’. 1929. Formations of Fantasy. Ed.

Victor Burgin, James Donald and Cora Kaplan. London: Routledge, 1986, p. 35.12. Rivière, p. 38.13. Rivière, pp. 40, 42.14. Spencer, Jane. ‘Women Writers and the Eighteenth-Century Novel’. The Cambridge

Companion to the Eighteenth-Century Novel. Ed. John Richetti. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 212–35, p. 227.

16 The Gothic of Family Romance

1. Freud, Sigmund. ‘Family Romances’. 1909. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. Trans. James Strachey. Vol. 9. London: Hogarth Press, 1959, pp. 237–41.

2. Laplanche, J. and J.-B. Pontalis. The Language of Psychoanalysis. 1967. Trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith. London: Karnac Books, 1973, 2006, p. 160.

3. Freud, SE, Vol. 9, p. 240. 4. Freud, SE, Vol. 9, p. 241. 5. Miles, Robert. Gothic Writing 1750–1820. A Genealogy. London: Routledge, 1993,

p. 31. 6. Freud, SE, Vol. 9, p. 239. 7. Hogle, Jerrold E. ‘Introduction: The Gothic in Western Culture’. The Cambridge

Companion to Gothic Fiction. Ed. Jerrold E. Hogle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 1–20, p. 3.

8. Hogle, p. 4. 9. Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious. London: Routledge, 2002, p. 64.10. Garnai, Amy. Revolutionary Imaginings in the 1790s. Charlotte Smith, Mary Robinson,

Elizabeth Inchbald. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, p. 6.

Notes 259

11. Qtd. in Miles, Robert. ‘The 1790s: The Effulgence of Gothic’. The Cambridge Companion to Gothic Fiction. Ed. Jerrold E. Hogle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 41–62, p. 48.

12. Hogle, p. 3.

17 Legitimacy in Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto

1. Clery, E. J. Introduction. The Castle of Otranto. A Gothic Story. By Horace Walpole. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, p. viii.

2. Walpole, Horace. The Castle of Otranto. A Gothic Story. 1764. Ed. W. S. Lewis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

3. Eagleton, Terry. ‘Form and Ideology in the Anglo-Irish Novel’. Heathcliff and the Great Hunger: Studies in Irish Culture. London: Verso, 1995. 145–225, p. 194.

4. Freud, Sigmund. ‘Family Romances’. 1909. SE, Vol. 9, pp. 237–41, p. 238. 5. Wein, Toni. British Identities, Heroic Nationalisms, and the Gothic Novel, 1764–1824.

Houndmills: Palgrave, 2002, p. 52. 6. Wein, p. 54. 7. Szechi, Daniel. ‘The Jacobite Movement’. A Companion to Eighteenth-Century

Britain. Ed. H. T. Dickinson. Oxford: Blackwell, 2002. 81–97, p. 83. 8. The Protestant succession is as follows: William III and Mary II jointly (1689–94),

then William III alone (1694–1702), Anne (1702–14), George I (1714–27). 9. Morgan, Kenneth O. Ed. The Oxford Illustrated History of Britain. Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2009, p. 661.10. Pollak, Ellen. Incest and the English Novel, 1684–1814. Baltimore, MD: Johns

Hopkins University Press, 2003, pp. 143–4.11. Eagleton, p. 194.12. Pollak, 2003, p. 130.13. Richetti, John. Introduction. The Cambridge Companion to the Eighteenth-Century

Novel. Ed. John Richett. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 1–8, p. 3.14. Clery, 1996, p. xxix.

18 Dis/Harmony in Clara Reeve’s The Old English Baron

1. Reeve, Clara. The Old English Baron. 1778. Ed. James Trainer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

2. ‘History is what hurts, it is what refuses desire and sets inexorable limits to indi-vidual as well as collective praxis.’ Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious. London: Routledge, 2002, p. 88.

3. Kelly, Gary. ‘Clara Reeve, Provincial Bluestocking: From the Old Whigs to the Modern Liberal State’. Huntington Library Quarterly, 65 (2005): 105–25, p. 124.

4. Kelly, p. 121.5. Staves, Susan. A Literary History of Women’s Writing in Britain, 1660–1789.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 381.6. Punter, David, and Glennis Byron. The Gothic. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004, p. 278.7. Kelly, p. 105.8. Watt, James. Introduction. The Old English Baron. By Clara Reeve. Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 2003. vii–xxvii, p. viii.9. Staves, 2006, p. 383.

260 Notes

19 Avenged: Ann Radcliffe’s The Romance of the Forest

1. Radcliffe, Ann. The Romance of the Forest. 1791. Ed. Chloe Chard. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

2. Freud, Sigmund. ‘Family Romances’. 1909. SE, Vol. 9, pp. 237–41, p. 237. 3. Chiu, Frances A. ‘From Nobodaddies to Noble Daddies: Writing Political and

Paternal Authority in English Fiction of the 1780s and 1790s’. Eighteenth-Century Life, 26 (2002): 1–22, pp. 17, 18.

4. Hoeveler, Diane Long. Gothic Feminism. The Professionalization of Gender from Charlotte Smith to the Brontës. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998, pp. xv, xii.

5. ‘Chevalier. Fr. Hist. the lowest title of rank in the old [French] nobility’. Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. 1989.

6. Hoeveler, p. 19. 7. Qtd. in Miles, Robert. Ann Radcliffe. The Great Enchantress. Manchester: Manchester

University Press, 1995, p. 46. 8. Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious. London: Routledge, 2002, p. 135. 9. Žižek, Slavoj. How to Read Lacan. London: Granta, 2006, p. 41.10. Žižek, 2006, p. 42.11. Žižek, 2006, p. 42.12. Žižek, 2006, p. 47.13. Žižek, Slavoj. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London: Verso, 2008, p. 128.14. Žižek, 2006, p. 49.15. Žižek, 2008, p. 116.16. Hoeveler, p. 54.17. Johnson, Claudia L. Equivocal Beings. Politics, Gender and Sentimentality in the

1790s: Wollstonecraft, Radcliffe, Burney, Austen. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1995, p. 78.

18. For instance, Miles, Robert. Gothic Writing, 1750–1820. A Genealogy. London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 131–3; or Hoeveler, p. 77.

19. Bronfen, Elisabeth. The Knotted Subject. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998, p. 160.

20. Bronfen, 1998, p. 146.21. Žižek, 2006, p. 47.22. Žižek, 2006, p. 57.23. Freud, Sigmund. ‘The Uncanny’. SE, Vol. 17, 217–56, p. 240.24. Spencer, Jane. The Rise of the Woman Novelist. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986,

p. 207.

20 Introduction to Part IV

1. Grosz, Elizabeth. ‘Phallic mother’. Wright, Elizabeth, ed. Feminism and Psychoanalysis. A Critical Dictionary. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993, p. 315.

2. Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious. London: Routledge, 2002, p. 135.3. Marilyn Butler qtd in Garnai, Amy. Revolutionary Imaginings in the 1790s. Charlotte

Smith, Mary Robinson, Elizabeth Inchbald. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009, pp. 6–7.

4. Carson, James P. ‘Enlightenment, popular culture, and Gothic fiction’. The Cambridge Companion to the Eighteenth-Century Novel. Ed. John Richetti. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 255–76, p. 263.

Notes 261

5. Irigaray, Luce. This Sex Which Is Not One. 1977. Trans. Catherine Porter. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985, p. 76.

6. Irigaray, This Sex, p. 165. 7. Sprengnether, Madelon. The Spectral Mother. Freud, Feminism, and Psychoanalysis.

Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990, p. 227. 8. Sprengnether, p. 227. 9. Whitford, Margaret. ‘Mother–daughter relationship’. Wright, Elizabeth, ed.

Feminism and Psychoanalysis. A Critical Dictionary. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993, p. 263.10. Sprengnether, p. xi.11. Sprengnether, p. 3.12. Benjamin, Jessica. Like Subjects, Love Objects. Essays on Recognition and Sexual

Difference. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995, p. 31.13. Benjamin, p. 34.

21 Escaped: Ann Radcliffe’s A Sicilian Romance

1. Irigaray, Luce. This Sex Which Is Not One. 1977. Trans. Catherine Porter. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985, p. 69.

2. Irigaray, This Sex, p. 212. 3. Radcliffe, Ann. A Sicilian Romance. 1790. Ed. Alison Milbank. Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1993. Parenthetical references are to this edition. 4. Milbank, Alison. Introduction. A Sicilian Romance. By Ann Radcliffe. Oxford:

Oxford University Prses, 1993. ix–xxix, p. xxiv. 5. Milbank, 1993, p. xxvi. 6. Irigaray, This Sex, pp. 123, 73. 7. Freud, Sigmund. ‘The Unconscious’. 1915. The Freud Reader. Ed. Peter Gay.

New York: W. W. Norton, 1989. 572–84, p. 573. 8. Freud, ‘The Unconscious’, p. 570. 9. Freud, ‘The Unconscious’, p. 577.10. Freud, ‘The Unconscious’, p. 572.11. Irigaray, This Sex, p. 65.12. Irigaray, This Sex, p. 188.13. Irigaray, This Sex, pp. 138, 124.14. Perry, Ruth. Novel Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 344.15. Irigaray, This Sex, p. 143.16. Oliver, Kelly, ed. The Portable Kristeva. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997,

p. 232.17. Kahane, Claire. ‘The Gothic mirror’. The (M)other Tongue. Essays in Feminist

Psychoanalytic Interpretation. Ed. Shirley Nelson Garner, Claire Kahane and Madelon Sprengnether. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985. 334–51, p. 340.

18. Irigaray, This Sex, p. 85.19. Irigaray, This Sex, pp. 160–61.20. Irigaray, This Sex, p. 161.

22 Sanctuary in Ann Radcliffe’s The Italian

1. Irigaray, Luce. This Sex Which Is Not One. 1977. Trans. Catherine Porter. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985, p. 124. Emphasis in the original.

2. Radcliffe, Ann. The Italian. 1797. Ed. Robert Miles. London: Penguin, 2004. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

262 Notes

3. Boose, Lynda E. ‘The Father’s House and the Daughter in It: The Structures of Western Culture’s Daughter–Father Relationship’. Daughters and Fathers. Ed. Lynda E. Boose and Betty S. Flowers. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. 19–74, p. 34.

4. Pohl, Nicole and Brenda Tooley. Introduction. Gender and Utopia in the Eighteenth Century. Ed. Nicole Pohl and Brenda Tooley. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007. 1–16, p. 12.

5. Foucault, Michel. ‘Of Other Spaces’. Diacritics, 16.1 (1986): 22–7, p. 24. 6. Foucault, 1986, p. 27. 7. Irigaray, This Sex, p. 33. 8. Johnson, Claudia L. Equivocal Beings. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press,

1995, pp. 135–6. 9. Foucault, 1986, p. 24.10. Pohl and Tooley, p. 2. 11. Eger, Elizabeth and Lucy Peltz. Brilliant Women. 18th-Century Bluestockings. New

Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008, p. 32.12. Eger and Peltz, p. 32.13. Eger and Peltz, p. 32.14. Greenfield, Susan C. Mothering Daughters. Novels and the Politics of Family Romance.

Frances Burney to Jane Austen. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 2003, p. 65.15. Henderson, Andrea. ‘“An embarrassing subject.” Use value and exchange value

in early Gothic characterization’. Gothic. Critical Concepts in Literary and Cultural Studies. Ed. Fred Botting and Dale Townshend. Vol. 2. London: Routledge, 2004. 28–49, p. 37.

16. Henderson, pp. 38, 39.17. Henderson, p. 41.18. Irigaray, Luce. Speculum of the Other Woman. 1974. Trans. Gillian C. Gill. Ithaca,

NY: Cornell University Press, 1985, pp. 98, 32.19. Benjamin, Jessica. Like Subjects, Love Objects. New Haven, CT: Yale University

Press, 1995, p. 30.20. Perry, Ruth. Novel Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 341.21. Perry, p. 342.22. Irigaray, This Sex, p. 143.23. Irigaray, Speculum, p. 140.

23 Taking Farewell: Jane Austen’s Persuasion

1. Austen, Jane. Persuasion. 1818. Ed. James Kinsley. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Parenthetical references are to this edition.

2. Lynch, Deidre Shauna. Introduction. Persuasion. By Jane Austen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. vii–xxxiii, p. xxxii.

3. Doyle, William. Aristocracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 1.4. Doyle, p. 1.5. Poovey, Mary. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer. Ideology as Style in the Works

of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1984, p. 234.

6. Freud, Sigmund. ‘Mourning and Melancholia’. 1917. SE, Vol. 14, 1957. 239–58, p. 244.7. Freud, SE, Vol. 14, p. 243.8. Schiesari, Juliana. The Gendering of Melancholia. Feminism, Psychoanalysis, and the

Symbolics of Loss in Renaissance Literature. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992, p. 14. This chapter is greatly indebted to Schiesari’s research on melancholia.

Notes 263

9. Freud, SE, Vol. 14, pp. 244, 252.10. Freud, SE, Vol. 14, p. 246.11. Freud, SE, Vol. 14, pp. 244–5.12. Freud, SE, Vol. 14, p. 245.13. Wright, Elizabeth. Speaking Desires Can Be Dangerous. The Poetics of the Unconscious.

Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999, p. 43.14. Freud, SE, Vol. 14, p. 255.15. Waldron, Mary. Jane Austen and the Fiction of Her Time. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1999, p. 146.16. Schiesari, pp. 5–6.17. Schiesari, p. xi.18. Schiesari, p. 3.19. Schiesari, p. x.20. Freud, SE, Vol. 14, p. 245.21. Schiesari, p. 17.22. Freud, SE, Vol. 14, pp. 246, 247.23. Freud, SE, Vol. 14, p. 243.24. Žižek, Slavoj. Looking Awry. An Introduction to Jacque Lacan through Popular Culture.

Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992, p. 44.25. Harris, Jocelyn. ‘“Domestic Virtues and National Importance”: Lord Nelson,

Captain Wentworth, and the English Napoleonic War Hero’. Eighteenth-Century Fiction, 19 (2006): 181–205, p. 201.

26. Johnson, Claudia L. Jane Austen. Women, Politics and the Novel. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 152.

27. Two of Austen’s brothers were in the navy. ‘Captain’s wives did not routinely accompany their husbands to sea, ... although Mrs. Charles Austen went on many of her husband’s tours of duty ... Wives of officers and petty officers often went to sea’ (Harris, 2006, p. 193).

24 Conclusion

1. Culler, Jonathan. Structuralist Poetics. Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature. London: Routledge, 2002, p. 221.

2. Freud, Sigmund. Civilization and Its Discontents. 1930. The Freud Reader. Ed. Peter Gay. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989. 722–72, pp. 741, 729.

3. Freud, Civilization, p. 730. 4. Freud, Civilization, p. 740. 5. Freud, Civilization, p. 742. 6. Furniss, Tom and Michael Bath: Reading Poetry. An Introduction. Harlow: Longman,

1996, p. 125. 7. Freud, Sigmund. ‘Formulations on the Two Principles of Mental Functioning’.

1911. The Freud Reader. Ed. Peter Gay. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989. 301–6, pp. 304–5.

8. Bronfen, Elisabeth. Over Her Dead Body. Death, Femininity and the Aesthetic. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992, pp. 213, 217.

9. Bronfen, 1992, p. 212.10. Bronfen, 1992, pp. 217–18.11. Jameson, Fredric. The Political Unconscious. London: Routledge, 2002, p. 138.

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272

Index

abjection, 5, 6, 12, 99, 135, 141, 165–6, 209

agencyfemale, 21, 53, 54, 56–8, 79–83, 85,

87–9, 153, 195, 203, 218–19, 244–5loss of, see loss of power; loss of

autonomyagent of charity, see benefactressallegory, 19, 87, 169, 171–2, 184, 228, 244amatory fiction, 21–3, 60American Revolution, the, 157anxiety

cultural, see social anxietysocial, 4, 6, 11, 17, 19, 23, 26, 31, 34,

41, 53–4, 58, 92, 108, 123, 167, 173, 243, 247

Armstrong, Nancy, 9, 77, 119, 246Astell, Mary, 68, 217Austen, Jane, 3, 13, 14, 25, 89, 156, 241,

245Emma, 55, 89, 101–12, 225, 227Northanger Abbey, 102Persuasion, 3, 13, 225–41, 245Pride and Prejudice, 156, 158Selected Letters, 104

authoritycultural, 14, 120–1, 238maternal, 94, 103, 116–18, 120–3,

131, 133, 208, 213, see also maternal power

narrative, 40paternal, 7, 61, 72, 77, 93–5, 107, 117,

120–4, 131, 133, 140, 157, 186–8, 190, 203, 213, 221–2, 225, see also paternal power

autonomy, female, 4, 8, 11, 33, 55–6, 80, 157, 201

Barthes, Roland, 4benefactress, 79, 81–3, 88Benjamin, Jessica, 201, 218Blackstone, William, 43

Bluestocking Circle, the, 217Bowers, Toni, 116, 151Bronfen, Elsabeth, 140, 194, 246Burke, Edmund, 150–1, 166, 200Burney, Frances, 13, 25, 54, 102, 131,

142Cecilia, 54, 101, 79–89 Evelina, 13, 116–17, 120–31, 132–4,

137, 142, 144–6, 148–50, 156, 164, 199, 203, 212, 221–2

capitalism, 11, 32–5, 56, 60, 82, 88, 105, 112, 115, 149, 151, 216, 247

castration, symbolic, 5, 11, 12, 37, 49, 57–8, 93, 98, 116, 153, 186, 247

claims for power, of middle class, 3, 7, 33, 38, 86, 167, 173, 230, 238, 243–5

classas category of identity, 23, 144ideology, 4, 188lower, 18–19, 123, 180–1, 187middle, 6, 7, 18, 27, 32–3, 55, 77, 119,

121, 150, 167, 174, 179, 187–8, 230, 233, 238, 241–5

ruling, 4, 182, 200upper or landed, 13–4, 56, 77, 111,

228, 236–8, 244Clery, E. J., 175community, ideal female, 212–15, 217conduct books, 9, 67–8, 77, 137, 246Cope, Virginia, H., 79, 89coquette, 58, 59–61, 63, 65–6, 69, 71–2,

132coverture, 53–4Culler, Jonathan, 242

daughterin anthropology, 128, 137–8disinheritance of, 78, 101, 107, 112,

115–16, 118–20, 132–4, 138, 243Day, Gary, 27, 34

Note: Page references in bold refer to main page references.

Index 273

Defoe, Daniel, 8, 21–2, 25–6, 34, 38, 40Moll Flanders, 2–3, 6, 8–10, 17–21, 23,

25–38, 39–40, 144–5, 149, 242–5desire

cause of, 90feminine, 59–60, 74, 77–8, 84, 136,

164oedipalized, 119, 129, 136signifier of, 90

discoursefree-indirect, 104of melancholia, 234–5novel as, 7, 242patriarchal, 200, 202, 206, 210

disempowerment, see power, loss ofdispossession, 12, 54, 115–16, 128, 155,

195

Eagleton, Terry, 169, 174economy

in Cecilia, 79, 82–5changes in, 3, 116and the coquette, 60credit, 17, 34–5libidinal, 61, 63–6in Moll Flanders, 33–5patriarchal, 56, 83, 88, 92, 109–11,

138–9, 149, 151women and, 33–4, 53, 56, 79, 82–3,

88, 138–9, 142, 149–51, 213, 217Edgeworth, Maria, 102, 240education

Freud on, 245of men, 143, 159, 178novels as, 2, 9, 177romances as, 94, see also chapter 9upper-class, 28, 32, 39, 44, 77, 156–7,

178–80Wollstonecraft on, 142–3, 217of women, 13, 59, 73, 76, 93–4, 101,

120–1, 126, 135, 142–5, 150, 157–8, 245–6

egodepletion of, 230formation of, 9–10, 20, 65, 84, 90, 201ideal, 83, 124masculine identification, 84, 89narcissistic, 65, 67, 71, 78, 105relational, 201

Ego-Ideal, 139–40, 150

Enlightenment, the, 2, 91, 144, 167, 194, 200, 234

exchange value, 6, 217

fantasy, 164–5, 168, 173, 179, 190, 193–5, 231, 243, see also power

fatheroedipal, 151primal, 1, 116–17substitute, 72–4, 128, 181, 189tyrannical, 12, 132, 136, 139, 158,

199–200, 202, 205–6, 209, 244femininity, 13, 77, 129, 140, 142–5, 154,

159, 162, 186, 193, 217, 244–5as masquerade, 13, 162

Fielding, Henry, 19, 21–2, 23–4, 99, 102, 243, 244

Joseph Andrews, 2Tom Jones, 9, 17–22, 39–49

Fletcher, Lorraine, 155Foucault, Michel, 5, 14, 165, 213,

215–16Foundling Hospital, the, 42, 45, 46, 82franchise, the, 55, 155, 245French Revolution, the, 132, 139, 244Freud, Sigmund

Civilization and its Discontents, 242–3, 245

‘Family Romances’, 12, 45, 164–7, 168–71, 173, 175–7, 179–83, 185–6, 189–90, 192, 195, 241, 243

‘Mourning and Melancholia’, 229, 231, 235, 236; in Persuasion, 13, 225–6, 228–36

‘On Narcissism’, 62, 65, 67, 83‘Totem and Taboo’, 1‘The Uncanny’, 195‘The Unconscious’, 66, 207

Gilbert, Sandra, and Susan Gubar, 96Godwin, William, 72, 142Gonda, Caroline, 94, 138Greenfield, Susan, 102–3, 217Grosz, Elizabeth, 117guardian, 55, 59, 75, 85, 145–6, 150,

157husband as, 58more than one, 61–2, 64, 80–1, 85mother as, 121, 219single, 71–3, 75

274 Index

Hardwicke Marriage Act (1753), 45Hays, Mary, The Victim of Prejudice,

142–52, 225, 244–6Haywood, Eliza, 21, 54, 60

Betsy Thoughtless, 9, 59–70, 135, 145heiress, 11, 53–8, 168–9, 225, 243, 245

see also A Simple Story; Betsy Thoughtless; Cecilia; Emma; The Female Quixote

heterotopia, (Foucault), 213, 215–16Hoeveler, Diane Long, 186Hunter, Paul, Before Novels, 2hysteria, 12, 56, 133, 140–1, 194, 245

identitycategories of, 9, 12, 23, 25, 133, 144family, 5, 21, 29, 120, 124fluid/flexible, 8, 23, 25, 27, 29,

see also chapter 3gendered, 27, 37, 58, 84–5, 89, 116–17and the infant, 10, 12, 20, 57, 92–3,

100, 138inter-subjective, 65, 124, 201of married women, 31, 53, 138of the novel genre, 10, 18, 23, 99and orphans, 5, 6, 10, 20–1, 31, 80, 138symbolic/social, 31, 38, 86, 120, 124,

140, 187, 221, 243of women, 6, 31, 57, 73, 75, 79, 83–4,

87, 124, 187, 201, 210ideology

aristocratic, 78, 110, 173, 181class, 4domestic, 3, 7, 78 108, 213of gender difference, 3, 137, 149, 159middle-class, 33,77, 89, 173, 188, 214

illegitimacy, 17, 18, 41–2, 45, 154–5, 165, 170, 173

imaginary, the cultural, 9, 58, 247Imaginary, the, 7, 10–2, 37, 49, 57, 89–90,

93, 99–100, 104, 112, 147, 231imagination, cultural, 2, 4, 101, 246incest, 6, 28, 31, 43–4, 74, 138, 165–6,

168Inchbald, Elizabeth, A Simple Story, 60,

71–8, 132–41inheritance law, 3, 54, 56, 115, 134,

155–6Irigaray, Luce, 117–18, 137, 200–2, 206,

208–11, 212, 215, 218, 221–2

Jameson, Fredric, 8, 166, 177, 189, 200, 247

Johnson, Claudia, 192jouissance (Lacan), 38, 58, 79, 84, 89,

103, 149

Kahane, Claire, 209kinship system, change in, 3, 115Kristeva, Julia, 89, 149, 154, 209

abject, 209chora, 20semiotic, 154

lack (Lacan), 10, 19–20, 37, 57, 90, 109–10, 134, 140, 202, 246

Laqueur, Thomas, 3, 244legitimacy, 2, 5, 10, 12, 17–9, 42, 46,

115, 122, 134, 156, 164, 168–9, 171–3, 201, 244

of the monarchy, 17, 19, 169, 171–3, 244

Lennox, Charlotte, The Female Quixote, 12, 55, 89, 90–100, 104, 168, 245

libido, 59, 61, 63, 65–6, 83, 218, 229–31, 235

liminality, 7, 87, 128, 242, 247Lotman, Yuri, semiosphere, 22

marriageendogamous, 138, 169, 172exogamous, 137–8, 169market, 34–5, 60, 122, 125, 217

masquerade, 23, 35, see also femininity as masquerade

matriarchy, 117, 199, 200–1, 210, 216, 221–2, 225, 245

matricide, 117–18, 208McGirr, Elaine, 60melancholia

female, 229, 235in Freud, 229–31, 235male, 229, 234–5and morality, 235–6

mentor, female, 96, 107mirror image (Lacan), 10, 57, 93,

98–100Mirror stage, 7, 9–11, 19, 38, 49, 57, 65,

89, 92–3, 97, 109, 242misrecognition (Lacan), 10–11, 57, 92,

99, 105

Index 275

mobilityin Cecilia, 79, 87class, 6, 17, 21, 25–6, 32–3, 38–9, 44,

87, 177, 181, 183, 233, 238–9, 241, 243

female, 33, 241gender, 7in The Italian, 219middle class male, 4physical, 3, 21, 25, 31, 37, 243social, see class mobility

Moglen, Helen, 4morality

bourgeois, 2, 9, see also middle class morality

middle-class, 14, 18, 33, 77, 80, 121, 243–5

motherabsent, 6, 89, 94, 97, 102, 112, 117dead, 6, 94, 102, 118, 124, 137, 199,

231mourning for, 13, 225, 229, 231murder of, see matricidephallic, 11, 89, 112, 209pre-oedipal, 117, 148, 199, 201, 209rejection of, 12, 13, 23, 94, 136return of the, 13, 94, 117–18, 130–1,

137, 199–200spectral, 117, 130–1, 137, 148, 199,

222substitute, 28, 37, 62–4, 69, 103, 104,

232mother-child dyad, 37, 62, 89, 93–4,

148, 199, 218mother-daughter bond, 102, 199, 201,

208, 210, 212, 218, 221mourning, see Freud, ‘Mourning and

Melancholia’

namearistocratic, 5–6, 86in Cecilia, 80, 84–7in Evelina, 120, 122–5, 131lack of, 5–6, 30, 115, 124in Moll Flanders, 29–32, 145paternal, 5–6, 12, 117, 159, 166in The Victim of Prejudice, 145–6for woman, 6, 12, 30, 31, 80, 125,

208, 222name clause, in Cecilia, 80, 85–6

Name-of-the-Father, the, 5, 12, 79, 91, 93, 116, 123–4, 128–9

narcissism, 11, 59, 62–3, 65–7, 69, 71, 76, 83, 103, 104

male, 67, 77, 86, 227nobility, notion of, 44–5, 178, 182, 243nostalgia, 165, 174–5novel

as a bastard, 10, 23, 41development of, 2, 4, 8, 10, 20–23, 93and fairy tales, 1–2and gender, 4, 7, 12, 14, 22–3, 89, 91,

93, 99, 131, 200–1, 244–7as masculine genre, 12, 22–3, 91, 93,

99and the middle class, 4–5, 10, 23–4,

55, 173, 174–5, 236, 241, 243and the orphan, 1, 4–5, 6–7, 8, 10, 24,

78, 107, 118, 225, 242–4, 247picaresque, 3, 6, 20, 21, 25–6, 41and representation, 7, 8, 14, 24, 54,

118, 200, 208, 210, 241, 242, 243–5and verisimilitude, 2, 99–100, 108,

166, 174–5, 177, 241

objectof desire, 11, 57–60, 90, 102, 107, 130,

137, 154lost, 11, 57, 89, 229–31

object (a), 57, 90, 105, 230, 233object choice

anaclitic, 62, 69, 71, 78narcissistic, 62, 66, 71

Oedipus complexof daughters, 11, 116, 129, 136–7,

212, 217, 221, 227of sons, 116, 117, 201

origins, lost, 1, 5, 8, 43, 94, 115, 161–2, 164, 217

orphanbastard/foundling, 6, 8–10, 15–24,

25–49, 107, 144, 164, 166, 180dispossessed, 12, 78, 101, 107, 112,

115–20, 243, 245–6, see also Part III, Part IV

in fairy tales, 1–2fatherless, 6, 12female, 3, 6–7, 14, 30, 86, 107, 115,

243–7full, 103, 146, 228

276 Index

orphan – continuedheiress, 11, 53–8, 168–9, 225, 243, 245motherless, 36, 11, 102, 227–8in mythology, 1in 19th century fiction, 2–3and the novel, 1, 4–8, 10, 24, 78, 107,

118, 225, 242–4, 247psychic function of, 56–8, 246–7

orphanage, 27–8Other, the big (Lacan), 129, 150, 159,

189

Perry, Ruth, 3, 115, 125, 155, 170Novel Relations, 3, 115, 125

phallic function, 37, 58phallus, the, 58, 90, 116, 153, 162pleasure principle, the, 242, 245plenitude, 9, 19–20, 48–9, 185

lack of, 140, 185Pollak, Ellen, 10Poovey, Mary, 228power

fantasy of, 8, 11, 55, 57, 93, 107, 162female, 8, 11, 53–7, 59, 66, 86–7, 89,

90–1, 96–8, 107, 112, 163, 246loss of, 11, 54, 56–8, 78–9, 86, 99,

110, 112, 115–16, 119, 125, 135, 141, 162, 220, 246

maternal, 6, 11, 89, 93–4, 97, 112, 118, 123, 201, 203, 209, 220

usurpation of, 12, 53, 116–17, 166, 169

pre-imaginary, 7, 9, 37, 48–9, 242primogeniture, 115–16, 139, 155, 157–60,

166, 169, 171, 195

Radcliffe, Ann, 13, 102, 132, 161, 167, 183, 199–201, 225, 231, 244–5

The Italian, 199, 208, 212–22The Mysteries of Udolpho, 199The Romance of the Forest, 13, 132,

167, 185–95, 199A Sicilian Romance, 199, 202–11

Real, the, 7, 9–10, 19–20, 37, 98, 105, 194

realism, 99–100, 108, 177, 241reality principle, the, 242, 245, 246recognition

maternal, 19, 201, 208, 217–18, 220paternal, 6, 118, 124, 129–31, 149

Reeve, Clara, 167The Old English Baron, 176–84, 243

repetition compulsion, 35, 53, 106, 160repression

of desires, 137, 166, 177, 186, 193, 200, 243

of mother, 94–5, 112, 116–9, 124, 130–1, 171, 206–7, 220, 225

political/ideological, 12, 167, 177, 200, 225

and return, 13, 94, 99–100, 117–8, 130, 137, 167, 168, 175, 207 see also Part IV

of the romance, 99–100Richetti, John, 174rivalry

oedipal, 138, 227between romance and novel, 12, 22–3sibling, 165–6, 168, 171, 180, 195

romance, 5, 12, 22, 90–102, 111, 168–9, 174–5, 176–7, 187, 189

as feminine genre, 12, 22, 91, 93, 97, 99, 102

Gothic, 23, 102, 164–7, 174–5, 176–7, 179

Schellenberg, Betty, 131Schiesari, Juliana, 229, 234, 235Scott, Sarah, A Description of Millenium

Hall, 217self-image, 11, 66, 83self-made man, 5, 7, 18, 32, 233self-orphaning, 1, 180, 186, 239, 244self-regard, 67, 73, 83, 89, 230Shakespeare, William, 13, 54, 118, 195,

222Smith, Charlotte, 13, 132, 153, 157,

163, 245Celestina, 13, 132Emmeline, 153–63, 164, 186, 195, 225,

228, 244–5Spencer, Jane, 59, 195Sprengnether, Madelon, 117, 200, 201Staves, Susan, 184subject

bourgeois, 4–5, 247, see also middle class subject

of desire, 153–4female, 7, 78, 131, 140, 244–6gendered, 4, 7, 116, 140, 244

Index 277

Lacan’s theory of, 7male, 7, 161, 201, 246middle-class, 119

subjection, of women, 3, 12, 77, 89, 128, 135, 139–40, 142, 213, 225, 245

subjectivity, 5, 7–9, 38, 97, 116, 140, 201, 208, 242, 244

successionfemale, 173male, 134, 169–71matrilineal, 173, 205patriarchal, 2, 80, 205

superego, 116, 139–40, 150–1, 235–6

supernatural, the, 165, 167, 169–72, 174, 177–8, 193, 199, 207

Symbolic, the, 7, 10–12, 37–8, 49, 57–8, 89, 91, 93–5, 99, 110, 116, 119, 120, 128–9, 140–1, 147–9, 153, 189, 242, 246–7

Szechi, Daniel, 172

Tobin, Beth Fawkes, 111Turner, Victor, 128Ty, Eleanor, 147, 151, 154tyranny, 72, 132, 136, 139, 202, 244

uncanny, the, 189, 195, see also Freudunconscious

the Freudian, 116, 118–19, 130, 166–7, 193, 200, 202, 206–7, 212

male, 119, 202, 206–7political, 7, 9, 97, 111, 167, 180, 247

unheimlich, 189, see also uncannyutopia, 13, 200, 210–1 1, 214, 217

verisimilitude, 2, 26, 40, 99, 100, 108, 165–6, 174, 177, 179, 241

Wahrman, Dror, 9, 12, 23, 25, 27, 32, 38, 133, 144

Walpole, Horace, 100The Castle of Otranto, 167, 168–75,

176–8, 244Warner, William, 21, 99Wein, Toni, 172woman

aristocratic, 55, 77as commodity, 149–50, 215, 217domestic, 7, 77as property, 31, 34, 56, 58, 80–1,

154–5, 209women

and business, 25, 28, 33, 38, 56, 82, 240

and madness, 56, 79, 87–8, 91, 99, 149

and work, 56, 81–3, 106, 112, 149–50, 209, 216, 245

women writers, 9, 22–4, 95, 96, 108, 131, 151, 163, 245

Zunshine, Lisa, 17