Notes

INTRODUCTION

1. The term 'English Channel' has been in use since the late sixteenth century, when English naval superiority was established with the defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588). During the eighteenth century, and to a lesser extent in the nineteenth, 'English Channel' and 'British Channel' seem to have been used interchangeably. In the twentieth century, 'English Channel' was almost in­variably used.

2. The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to Great Britain and Ireland (1981), 2nd edn, ed. by Dorothy Eagle and Meic Stephens (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992); Margaret Drabble, A Writer's Britain: Landscape in Literature (London: Thames and Hudson, 1979); Guide litteraire de la France, ed. by Raymonde Bonnefous, Bibliotheque des Guides bleus (Paris: Hachette, 1964); La France des ecrivains (Paris: Gallimard, 1997).

3. Franco Moretti, Atlas of the European Novel 1800-1900 (first published in Italian, 1997; London: Verso, 1998), p. 3.

4. 'The Narrow Seas', as a term for the Channel, can be traced back to the six­teenth century in literary texts, but may well have been in use much earlier.

5. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections of the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (1983), rev. edn (London: Verso, 1991); Nation and Narration, ed. by Homi K. Bhabha (London: Routledge, 1990); Homi K. Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994).

6. Bernard Crick, foreword to The Idea of Europe in Literature, ed. by Susanne Fendler and Ruth Wittlinger (Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's -now Palgrave; in association with the University of Durham, 1999), pp. ix-xiv (p. xii). This interesting collection seeks to 'give literature, as an important con­stituent part of a culture, a more prominent place in the discussion on European integration' (editors' introduction, pp. xix-xxi [p. xxi]).

7. For a lucid discussion of the fifteenth-century 'destruction of all the dreams of Anglo-French family unity and the creation of two separate nations' see Robert Gibson, Best of Enemies: Anglo-French Relations Since the Norman Conquest (Lon­don: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1995), p. 31 ff. This very readable book, by a historian who is also a literary scholar, is probably the best single-volume introduction to cultural interactions (in the broadest sense) between Britain and France, from William the Conqueror to Jacques Delors.

8. Aubrey de Selincourt, The Channel Shore, The Regional Books Series (London:

169

170 Literature, Identity and the English Channel

Hale, 1953), p. 2. 9. Ernie Bradford's Wall of Empire: The Channel's 2000 Years of History (New York:

Barnes, 1966) is actually cooler in its assessment of Britain's status in post-war Europe than its title might suggest, but still concludes with a stirring evocation of the Channel as symbol of English independence and resilience; Hillas Smith's The English Channel: A Celebration of the Channel's Role in England's History (Up-ton-upon-Severn: Images, 1994) places a good deal of emphasis on military he­roics.

10. Christophe Campos, The View of France: From Arnold to Bloomsbury (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), pp. 170-1.

1 ROMANTIC PROMONTORIES

1. For the detailed historical background, see Clive Emsley, British Society and the French Wars 1793-1815 (London: Macmillan - now Palgrave, 1979) and Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (1992; London: Pimlico, 1994).

2. Le Voyage outre-Manche: anthologie de voyageurs frangiis de Voltaire a Mac Orlan, du XVUIe au XXe siecle, ed. by Jacques Gury (Paris: Laffont, 1999), p. 2.

3. See Rupert Croft-Cooke and Peter Cotes, Circus: A World History (London: Elek, 1976), pp. 46-9.

4. Luc Robene, L'Homme a la conquete de lair: des aristocrates edaires aux sportifs bourgeois, 2 vols (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998), I: La regne des aeronautes 18e et 19e siecles, p. 248.

5. Quoted in Leon Coutil, jean-Pierre Blanchard, aeronaute, Les Andelys, 4 juillet 1753-Paris, 7 mars 1809: biographie et iconographie, 2nd edn (Evreux: Herissey, 1911),p.7,n.l.

6. ibid., p. 8. 7. Doctor [John] Jeffries, A Narrative of the Two Aerial Voyages of Doctor Jeffries with

Mons. Blanchard; with Meteorological Observations and Remarks (London, 1786), pp. 47-8.

8. Coutil, p . 9. 9. Marie-Emile-Guillaume Duchosal, Blanchard: poeme en cjuatre chants, dedie a

messieurs les maire et citoyens de Calais (Brussels, 1786), p. xviii. 10. Coutil, p. 10. 11. Quoted in Coutil, p. 56. 12. Jeffries, p. 48. The reference is to the meeting between Kings Henry and Francis

at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520. 13. Quoted in Gury, p. 4. 14. Duchosal, p. 23. 15. ibid., p. 43. 16. ibid., pp. 46-7. 'Architas' is presumably Archytas of Tarentum (fl. 400-350 BCE),

Notes 171

a Pythagorean mathematician and engineer whose inventions are said to have included a steam-powered mechanical pigeon (Encyclopaedia Britannica).

17. Simon Schama, Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1989), pp. 129 and 131.

18. An English print published ca. 1801 shows French troops invading by means of a squadron of balloons (as well as through a tunnel and, more conventionally, by boat). The print is reproduced in Keith Wilson, Channel Tunnel Visions 1850-1945: Dreams and Nightmares (London: Hambledon Press, 1994), pi. 1.

19. For the facts of Smith's life see Loraine Fletcher, Charlotte Smith: A Critical Biography (Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's - now Palgrave, 1998).

20. The Poems of Charlotte Smith, ed. by Stuart Curran (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 217 (11.1-10).

21. Fletcher, p. 332. 22. Poems of Charlotte Smith, p. 61. 23. See the statistical tables in John Surtees, Beachy Head (Seaford: S. B. Publications,

1997; rev. 1999), pp. 126-7.

24. Louis de Bernieres, 'Legends of the Fall: The Short Way Down an English Cliff, Harper's Magazine, January 1996, pp. 78-82 (pp. 79-80).

25. Jonathan Raban, Coasting (1986; London: Picador, 1987), p. 220. 26. De Bernieres, p. 80. 27. Poems of Charlotte Smith, p. 219 (11.50-60). 28. Fletcher notes that Smith's 'passion for Shakespeare [...] was as strong as' that of

any of the Romantics, and that Lear was 'the play she quoted most often' (p. 241).

29. King Lear, ed. by Kenneth Muir, The Arden Edition of the Works of William Shakespeare, corrected reprint (London: Methuen, 1972), IV. 6.11-15.

30. See Jonathan Bate, Shakespeare and the English Romantic Imagination (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986) - although he says nothing about Smith.

31. Timon of Athens, ed. by H. J. Oliver, The Arden Edition of the Works of William Shakespeare, corrected reprint (London: Methuen, 1963), IV. 3.380-3. See also V. 1.213-17.

32. ibid., V. 1.204-11. 33. ibid., v. 4.75-9. 34. A. D. Nuttall, 'Timon of Athens', Harvester New Critical Guides to Shakespeare

(Hemel Hempstead: Harvester, 1989), p. 135. 35. Poems of Charlotte Smith, pp. 245-6 (11.671-91). 36. ibid., pp. 245, n., and 246-7 (11.697-731). 37. Charlotte Smith, A Narrative of the Loss of the Catharine, Venus and Piedmont

Transports, and the Thomas, Golden Grove and Aeolus Merchant Ships, Near

172 Literature, Identity and the English Channel

Weymouth on Wednesday the 18th of November Last: Drawn Up from Information Taken on the Spot by Charlotte Smith, and Published for the Benefit of an Unfortunate Survivor from One of the Wrecks, and Her Infant Child (London, 1796). See Fletcher, pp. 248-50.

38. Poems of Charlotte Smith, p.72. 39. ibid., p. 133. 40. ibid., p. 138 (1.90). 41. ibid., p. 141 (1.157-61). 42. ibid., p. 147 (1.345-6 and n.). 43. ibid., p. 148 (1.366 and 382). 44. ibid., pp. 149-50 (II. 7-10). 45. ibid., p. 156 (II. 210). 46. ibid., p. 163 (II. 434-4). 47. Opinions differ widely over the precise nature of Smith's political views, and

must continue to do so, since she never set them out systematically like a Burke or a Paine. Matthew Bray, for example, performs a rather selective reading of several of her works, including Beachy Head, in order to argue that she might have favoured a reunification of the English with their Norman cousins, brought about, if necessary, by a French invasion ('Removing the Anglo-Saxon Yoke: The Francocentric Vision of Charlotte Smith's Later Works', Wordsworth Circle, 24.3 [1993], 155-8). Daniela Carpi Sertori, on the other hand, analyses some of Smith's novels, and concludes that she passed through a series of re­actions to the French Revolution that was fairly typical for an English radical, before turning to a belief in freedom through solitary self-expression, away from politics altogether ('Charlotte Smith: una scrittrice impegnata nei fermenti rivoluzionari', Lingua e stile, 27.1 [1992], 125-38).

48. The Remains of Robert Bloomfield, 2 vols (London, 1824), 1,74; Literature Online, 21 June 2000 <http://lion.chadwyck.co.uk>.

49. For a similar insight in relation to a more recent conflict, see Ernie Bradford, Wall of Empire: The Channels 2000 Years of History (New York: Barnes, 1966): 'It was fortunate, indeed, for the continent of Europe in 1940 that Britain happened to be an island, but it would be a great mistake if the British expected any thanks for this accident of nature' (p. 87).

50. William Wordsworth, 'Poems, in Two Volumes', and Other poems, 1800-1807, ed. by Jared Curtis, The Cornell Wordsworth (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983), p. 170.

51. Poems of Charlotte Smith, p. 218 (11.40-2). 52. Wordsworth, 'Poems, in Two Volumes', p. 155. 53. ibid., p. 155 n. 54. journals of Dorothy Wordsworth, ed. E. de Selincourt, 2 vols (London: Macmillan,

Notes 173

1941; repr. 1959), 1,174-5. 55. Wordsworth, 'Poems, in Two Volumes', pp. 161-2 and nn. 56. Anon. [Jakob Heinrich Meister], Souvenirs d'un voyage en Angleterre (Paris, 1791),

pp. 8-10. 57. See Bernard Williams, 'Moral Luck', in Moral Luck Philosophical Papers 1973-

1980 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pp. 20-39. 58. For a discussion of an earlier English poet's significant interfusion of geogra­

phy, politics and private melancholy, in relation to that other channel, the Irish Sea, see Lawrence Lipking, 'The Genius of the Shore: Lycidas, Adamastor, and the Poetics of Nationalism', PMLA, 111 (1996), 205-21. Milton's political designs are much more rigidly nationalistic than Wordsworth's, on this account, but Lipking draws attention to a nostalgic literary-geographical emphasis on boundaries that links these two poets, and many others mentioned in this book. 'The role of maps, and of some poems as well, can be to establish a sphere of protection - indeed, to look homeward' (p. 207).

59. Jean d'Ormesson, Une autre histoire de la litterature frangaise, 2 vols (Paris: Nil, 1997), 1,154.

60. John Ardagh, France in the New Century: Portrait of a Changing Society (Harmondsworth: Viking-Penguin, 1999), p. 331.

61. For a full discussion of what it means to be Breton in our own time, see Maryon McDonald, 'We are not French!' Language, Culture and Identity in Brittany (Lon­don: Routledge, 1989). McDonald's vivid discussion of her own 'problem of being English' when trying to communicate with Breton militants underlines especially clearly that there is more cultural conflict going on beside the Chan­nel than simply the English-French interactions that I am concerned with in this book (pp. 119-21).

62. Quoted in Shirley Harrison, The Channel (Glasgow: Collins, 1986), p. 200. 63. [Francois Rene, Vicomte de] Chateaubriand, Memoires d'outre-tombe, Edition du

Centenaire, ed. by Maurice Levaillant, 2nd edn, 4 vols (Paris: Flammarion, 1949), 1,28-9.

64. See Levaillant's note, Chateaubriand, I, 29, n. 10, and George D. Painter's description in Chateaubriand: A Biography, I: The Longed-For Tempests (New YorkKnopf, 1978), p. 3.

65. Chateaubriand, 1,45-6. 66. Jean-Paul Clement, Chateaubriand: Biographie morale et intellectuelle (Paris:

Flammarion, 1998), p. 157. 67. Chateaubriand, II, 680. 68. ibid., 1,96-7. 69. See the discussion of this scene, and of Chateaubriand's relationship with the

Breton coast, in Merete Grevlund, Paysage interim et paysage exterieur dans les

174 Literature, Identity and the English Channel

'Memoires d'outre-tombe' (Paris: Nizet, 1968), pp. 37-44. "The sea thus appears as the only constant in Chateaubriand's turbulent life, and it serves to link to­gether the many diverse episodes of which the Memoires consist' (p. 38).

70. Chateaubriand, 1,357-9. 71. ibid., 1,453-4 72. ibid., 1,519,531. 73. ibid., 1,508-9. 74. When I visited the tomb in March 2001, the injunction, on a nearby plaque, that

visitors should let this great writer contemplate the sea in silence, was being ignored - but in a way that Chateaubriand would probably have liked. An eld­erly couple were sitting there, reading to one another - and to Chateaubriand's ghost - the works of Chateaubriand.

75. Chateaubriand, 1,60 and n. 14. 76. Poems of Charlotte Smith, p. 42. 77. ibid., pp. 103-4. 78. ibid., pp. 104-5. 79. See Stuart Morris, Portland: An Illustrated History (Stanbridge: Dovecote Press,

1985; corr. 1996), pp. 70,93-8 and 125. 80. ibid., p. 103 n. 81. Aubrey de Selincourt, The Channel Shore, The Regional Books Series (London:

Hale, 1953), p. 129.

2 ALL AT SEA

1. Le Voyage outre-Manche: anthologie de voyageurs frangais de Voltaire a Mac Orlan, du XVUleau XXe siecle, ed. by Jacques Gury (Paris: Laffont, 1999), pp. 66-7.

2. The painting is at the National Gallery, London. It is reproduced in colour in William Gaunt, Marine Painting: An Historical Survey (London: Seeker & War­burg, 1975), pi. 123.

3. [Rene-Joseph-Hyacinthe] Bertin, Quelques observations critiques, philosophiques et medicales, sur l'Angleterre, les anglais, et les frangais detenus dans les prisons de Ply­mouth (Paris, 1801), pp. 6-7.

4. Anon. [Mary Shelley], History of a Six Weeks' Tour through a Part of France, Switzerland, Germany, and Holland; With Letters Descriptive of a Sail Round the Lake of Geneva, and of the Glaciers ofChamouni (1817), in The Novels and Selected Works of Mary Shelley, ed. by Nora Crook and others, 8 vols (London: Pickering, 1996), VIII: Travel Writing, ed. by Jeanne Moskal, p. 15.

5. For evidence of this fact see a good navigational chart of the Channel, such as La Manche, 7040/INT1070,3rd edn (Paris: Service Hydrographique et Oceanogra-phique de la Marine, 1992). Shirley Harrison provides a vivid description of one of the more famous nineteenth-century wrecks, that of the steamer Victoria in

Notes 175

1887, off Dieppe, in The Channel (Glasgow: Collins, 1986), pp. 215-16. Other nineteenth-century losses include those of the Southampton-Le Havre steamer Camilla, which struck the Casquets (close to Alderney) in 1842, with the loss of all hands except the mate; the Mary, sunk in a collision in 1870, en route from Southampton to Jersey, with the loss of 33 lives; and the Stella, in 1899, another victim of the Casquets, with many lives lost (C. Grasemann and G. W. P. McLachlan, English Channel Packet Boats [London: Syren & Shipping, 1939], pp. 23, 53 and 87). For references to many more accounts of rough crossings en­dured by travellers from Britain to France earlier in the eighteenth century see Jeremy Black, The British and the Grand Tour (London: Croom Helm, 1985), pp. 6-8.

6. Maria Edgeworth in France and Switzerland: Selections from the Edgeworth Family Letters, ed. by Christina Colvin (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), pp. xiv and 18.

7. Le Citoyen [Pierre-Nicolas] Chantreau, Voyage dans les trois royaumes d'Angleterre, d'Ecosse et d'lrlande,fait en 1788 et 1789,3 vols (Paris, 1792), 1,3.

8. G[eorge] M[usgrave] Musgrave, The Parson, Pen, and Pencil; Or, Reminiscences and Illustrations of an Excursion to Paris, Tours, and Rouen, in the Summer of 1847, With a Few Memoranda on French Farming, 3 vols (London, 1848), 1,11-13 and 15.

9. Musgrave, Parson, Pen, and Pencil, I, v. 10. None of Musgrave's works appears to be listed in The Cambridge Bibliography of

English Literature, 3rd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999-), IV: 1800-1900, ed. by Joanne Shattock (1999), despite this edition's newly expanded coverage of travel writing, books on cookery and sport, and other hitherto ne­glected genres.

11. Smollett, as a traveller on the Continent in the 1760s, is a great predecessor who is likely to have influenced most of the late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century British travellers mentioned in this chapter. See Tobias Smollett, Travels through France and Italy, ed. by Frank Felsenstein (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979). Smollett's views often show an exuberantly fierce prejudice that later, more self-consciously responsible writers, such as Dickens, tend to lack. For example, 'If a Frenchman is admitted to your family, and distinguished by repeated marks of friendship and regard, the first return he makes for your ci­vilities is to make love to your wife, if she is handsome; if not, to your sister, or daughter, or niece' (p. 59).

12. Musgrave, Parson, Pen, and Pencil, 1,24. Musgrave is not making this up: see, for example, Harrison, p. 170. The misquotation in the middle of the extract is from Trinculo's description of Caliban in the Tempest, II. 2. 'Matthews', however, has not been traced.

13. Bertin, pp. 12-13. 14. ibid., p. 13. For the reasonableness of this expectation, on the basis of earlier

176 Literature, Identity and the English Channel

travel narratives, see, for example, Samuel Sorbiere, Relation d'un voyage en An­gleterre (1667), quoted in Robert Gibson, Best of Enemies: Anglo-French Relations Since the Norman Conquest (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1995), p. 75.

15. Anon. [Louis Simond], Voyage d'un frangais en Angleterre pendant les annees 1810 et 1811; avec des observations sur letat politique et moral, les arts et la litterature de ce pays, et sur les mceurs et les usages de ses habitans, 2 vols (Paris and Strasbourg, 1816), p. 2.

16. Bertin, p. xv. 17. Simond, p. 3. 18. Maria Edgeworth in France and Switzerland, p. 1. 19. Journal for 15-19 April 1802, in The Journals and Letters of Fanny Burney (Madame

D'Arblay), ed. by Joyce Hemlow and others, 12 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972-84), V: West Humble and Paris 1801-1803 (1975), p. 232.

20. Chloe Chard explores this subject, taking her starting point in Laurence Sterne's Sentimental Journey through France and Italy (1768), in Pleasure and Guilt on the Grand Tour: Travel Writing and Imaginative Geography 1600-1830 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999). 'Women's resistance to understanding is implicitly defined as a characteristic that must positively invite investigation, and excite an eager curiosity on the part of the reader. Female traveller-narra­tors, when commenting on the behaviour and desires of foreign women, are able to claim an additional authority by reference to their gender: the authority of someone who, having firmly established that foreign women are not easily understood, can nevertheless claim to enjoy privileged opportunities to enquire into female manners' (p. 129).

21. Simond, pp. vi-vii. 22. ibid., p. 4. 23. Simond's narrative, like many others of its kind, ceases to have relevance for the

present study after the first few pages, when he leaves the Channel coast and ventures deeper into England. As a general account of early-nineteenth-century England seen through French eyes, however, it is well worth reading as a whole, being peppered with eccentric but memorable observations. Plymouth, for example, reminds Simond of Philadelphia, except that it is full of soldiers and sailors instead of Quakers; Bath is a city 'qui a l'air d'avoir ete jetee au moule d'un seule coup, et qui vient d'en sortir toute jeune et toute fratche' ('looks as though it has been cast in a mould all at once, and has just come out, all fresh and new'); Stourhead is all very well in its way, but has too many lau­rels, and there is weed in the lake (pp. 9,22 and 267).

24. See Norman Page, A Dickens Chronology (Basingstoke: Macmillan - now Pal-grave, 1988).

25. See Claire Tomalin, The Invisible Woman: The Story of Nelly Ternan and Charles

Notes 177

Dickens (1990; rev. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991). 26. The Letters of Charles Dickens, ed. by Madeline House, Graham Storey and

others, The Pilgrim Edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965-), V, 30. 27. 'Our French Watering-Place', Household Words, 4 November 1854, repr. in

Dickens' Journalism, ed. by Michael Slater, The Dent Uniform Edition, 4 vols (London: Dent; Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1994-2000), III: 'Gone Astray' and Other Papers from 'Household Words' (1998), pp. 229-11 (pp. 230-1).

28. 'Travelling Abroad', All the Year Round, 7 April 1860, repr. in Dickens' Journalism, ed. by Michael Slater, The Dent Uniform Edition, 4 vols (London: Dent; Colum­bus: Ohio State University Press, 1994-2000), IV: 'The Uncommercial Traveller' and Other Papers 1859-70 (2000), ed. by Michael Slater and John Drew, pp. 83-96 (pp. 86-7).

29. See Martin Chuzzlewit, Chapter IX, David Copperfield, Chapter XXIV, and Dorothy Van Ghent's famous essay, 'The Dickens World: A View from Todgers's', Se-wanee Review, 58 (1950), 419-38.

30. 'The Calais Night Mail', All the Year Round, 2 May 1863, repr. in Dickens' Journalism, IV, 209-18 (p. 212).

31. As John M. L. Drew has remarked, the 'effects of motion on the mental proc­esses, and the fundamental similarity between physical displacement or trajec­tory and wanderings or flights of the imagination, seem to be concepts under­lying many of Dickens's sketches and essays about traveling and travelers' ('Voyages Extraordinaires: Dickens's "travelling essays" and The Uncommer­cial Traveller (Part One)', Dickens Quarterly, 13 [1996], 76-96 [pp. 86-7]). The cross-Channel disorientation which I discuss here should thus be seen as a po­litically significant special case of a much wider Dickensian tendency.

32. Letters of Dickens, 1,281. 33. ibid., V, 5. 34. ibid., VII, 100. 35. Dickens' Journalism, in, 231. 36. For more on the many ways in which fearful responses to the French Revolu­

tion emerged in literature on the other side of the Channel, see The French Revolution and British Culture, ed. by Ceri Crossley and Ian Small (Oxford: Ox­ford University Press, 1989), especially David Lodge's essay 'The French Revo­lution and the Condition of England: Crowds and Power in the Early Victorian Novel' (pp. 123-40).

37. 'A Flight', Household Words, 30 August 1851, repr. in Dickens' Journalism, ill, 26-35 (p. 31).

38. Christopher Johnson, In with the Euro, Out with the Pound: The Single Currency for Britain (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996), p. 193.

39. Dickens' Journalism, ill, 32-3.

178 Literature, Identity and the English Channel

40. The apparent exchange of attributes between the old and the young is some­thing of a general obsession in Dickens, cropping up in a wide range of differ­ent social and geographical circumstances. But Dickens does not seem to be aware of this fact about himself, and rejoices in the discovery that France shows him something that he always wants to see.

41. Dickens' Journalism, III, 33-4. The narrator's reverie here discloses Dickens's sympathetic knowledge of French literature: specifically, Alexandre Dumas, Le Comte de Monte Cristo (1844-5). See Andrew Sanders, The Companion to A Tale of Two Cities', The Dickens Companions, 4 (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988), p. 155.

42. Dickens' Journalism, IV, 88. 43. ibid., IV, 214. 44. ibid., IV, 215. 45. ibid, IV, 216. 46. Charles Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities, ed. by George Woodcock (Harmonds­

worth: Penguin, 1990), pp. 50-1. 47. 'Our Watering Place', Household Words, 2 August 1851; repr. in Dickens' Journal­

ism, III, 9-18 (pp. 14-15). 48. Dickens'Journalism, ill, 234-5. 49. ibid., Ill, 238. 50. ibid., Ill, 240. 51. 'The Function of Criticism at the Present Time', in The Complete Prose Works of

Matthew Arnold, ed. R. H. Super, 11 vols (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1960-77), III: Lectures and Essays in Criticism (1964), pp. 258-85.

52. 'On Going a Journey', in The Complete Works of William Hazlitt, ed. by P. P. Howe, 21 vols (London: Dent, 1930-34), vili: Table Talk; or, Original Essays (1931), pp. 180-9 (pp. 188-9).

53. Dickens' journalism, III, 240. 54. 'A Monument of French Folly', Household Words, 8 March 1851, repr. in Dickens'

Journalism, ed. by Michael Slater, The Dent Uniform Edition, 4 vols (London: Dent; Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1994-2000), II: 'The Amusements of the People' and Other Papers: Reports, Essays and Reviews 1834-51 (1996), pp. 327-38 (p. 331).

55. Guardian, 28 November 1996, p. 24. The representation of the Channel in political cartoons is a large field of study in itself, beyond the scope of this book. It has been taken up by Jeremy Price, who is currently completing a PhD thesis at the University of Poitiers, with the title 'La Traversee de la Manche: Britannia et Britanite en danger dans les dessins humoristiques de la presse britannique de 1945-2000'.

56. Letters of Dickens, VII, 523 and 606. 57. ibid., VII, 103-4.

Notes 179

58. For a vivid indication of the ubiquity of French or Frenchified villains in British nineteenth-century fiction (including novels by Dickens), see the map and commentary in Franco Moretti, Atlas of the European Novel 1800-1900 (London: Verso, 1998), p. 30. France, as Moretti says, 'is clearly the epicentre of the world's evils': which is why the attitudes expressed in Dickens's journalism are so remarkable.

59. Dickens' Journalism, ill, 241. 60. Charles Dickens, David Copperfield, ed. by Nina Burgis, The Clarendon Dickens

(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 11. 61. Dickens's treatment of the French provides a favourable contrast, on the whole,

to the attitudes of another major Victorian novelist, William Makepeace Thack­eray. See, for example, The Yellowplush Papers (1837-38) and The Paris Sketch Book (1840). Christophe Campos discusses Thackeray in The View of France: From Arnold to Bloomsbury (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), pp. 69-89.

62. Musgrave, Parson, Pen, and Pencil, 1,27. 63. Dickens, Dombey and Son, ed. by Alan Horsman, The Clarendon Dickens

(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), p. 561. 64. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, ed. Adrian Poole (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1997),

p. 128. 65. Flora Fraser, Beloved Emma: The Life of Emma Lady Hamilton (London: Wei-

denfeld and Nicolson, 1986), pp. 366-71; Lewis Melville, Beau Brummell: His Life and Letters (London: Hutchinson, 1924), pp. 261-9; Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde (1987; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1988), pp. 502-14.

66. Robin Gilmour, The Victorian Period: The Intellectual and Cultural Context of English Literature, 1830-1890 (London: Longman, 1993), pp. 26-7. For a similar but more extensive analysis of the painting see Marcia Pointon, 'The Represen­tation of Time in Painting: A Study of William Dyce's Pegwell Bay', Art History, 1 (1978), 93-103, and William Dyce 1806-1864: A Critical Biography (Oxford: Clar­endon Press, 1979), pp. 169-73. 'The effectiveness of William Dyce's portrayal of a concept of universal human time in opposition to human daily time is equalled in its period only, perhaps, by Matthew Arnold's "Dover Beach"' (William Dyce, p. 173). The canvas itself is at Tate Britain.

67. William Shakespeare, The Sonnets, ed. M. R. Ridley (London: Dent, 1976), LX, 1-4.

68. John Kenyon, Poems: For the Most Part Occasional (London, 1838), p. I l l ; Litera­ture Online, 6 May 2001 <http://lion.chadwyck.co.uk>. Anning was a cabinet­maker's daughter with little education, but her discoveries at Lyme included the first ichthyosaur (1811) and the first British pterodactyl (1828). See Horace B. Woodward, The History of Geology (London: Watts, 1911).

69. In fact, this particular La Vague (also known as La Mer orageuse) is one of a long

180 Literature, Identity and the English Channel

series of similar paintings, dating from 1868-70. See nos. 676-710 and 743-57 in Robert Fernier, La Vie et Iceuvre de Gustave Courbet: Catalogue raisonne, 2 vols (Geneva: Fondation Wildenstein, 1977).

70. James H. Rubin, Courbet (London: Phaidon, 1997), p. 266. The Courbet painting (no. 755 in Fernier) is at the Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen, Berlin, and the Hugo at the Maison de Victor Hugo, Paris. Colour reproductions of the two works may be viewed side by side in Rubin's book, pis 167 and 168.

71. One might compare James Joyce's rather Victorian reflections, through Stephen Dedalus, on the relationships between the sea, art, and human suffering, in Ulysses. I discuss these briefly in Authorship, Ethics and the Reader: Blake, Dickens, Joyce (Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's - now Palgrave, 1997), p. 208.

72. Jules Michelet, La Mer, ed. by Jean Borie (Paris: Gallimard, 1983), p. 56. 73. E. de Saint-Denis, 'Michelet et la Mer de la Manche', Revue d'histoire litteraire de

la France, 61 (1961), 36-47 (p. 38). 74. Michelet, La Mer, pp. 48-9. 75. Saint-Denis, p. 46. 76. Michelet, La Mer, p. 60. 77. Journal for 5 August 1831, in Jules Michelet, Journal, ed. by Paul Viallaneix, 4

vols (Paris: Gallimard, 1959-76), I (1959), 82. 78. Michelet, La Mer, p. 96. 79. ibid., p. 104. 80. ibid., p. 281. 81. ibid., pp. 290-1. 82. ibid., p. 320. 83. ibid., pp. 320-1. 84. The Poems of Matthew Arnold, ed. by Kenneth Allott (1965), 2nd edn, rev. by

Miriam Allott (London: Longman, 1979), p. 254. 85. ibid., p. 256. 86. ibid., p. 254. 87. For a wide-ranging discussion of Arnold's attitudes to France, especially in the

field of education, see Campos, pp. 13-48. 88. Michelet, La Mer, pp. 101-2. 89. Poems of Matthew Arnold, pp. 247-8. For a straightforwardly biographical

reading of this poem see Nicholas Murray, A Life of Matthew Arnold (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1996), pp. 108-9.

90. Poems of Matthew Arnold, pp. 129-31.

3 LES FLEURS DU MAL DE MER

1. Walter Pater, for example, gave precedence to France as a fount of art and

Notes 181

culture in his Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873). 2. Le Voyage outre-Manche: anthologie de voyageurs frangais de Voltaire a Mac Orlan, du

xvmeau xxe siecle, ed. by Jacques Gury (Paris: Laffont, 1999), p. 12. 3. See Dee Reynolds, Symbolist Aesthetics and Early Abstract Art: Sites of Imaginary

Space (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), for Mallarme's con­ception of poetry as '"music" in its purest form' (p. 89).

4. Victor Hugo, Les Travailleurs de la mer, ed. by Yves Gohin, in 'Notre-Dame de Paris 1482'; 'Les Travailleurs de la mer', Bibliotheque de la Pleiade (Paris: Galli­mard, 1975), p. 759.

5. See Rene Peter, Claude Debussy: vues prises de son intimite (Paris: Gallimard, 1944), pp. 112-25.

6. For more on Debussy's relation to literature see Arthur B. Wenk, Claude Debussy and the Poets (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976).

7. Theophile Gautier, 'Marine: flots verts, yeux verts', Caprices et Zigzags (1852), repr. in Le Voyage outre-Manche, pp. 90-1. The textual history of this poem is complicated: see Theophile Gautier, Emaux et camees, texte definitif (1872), suivi de poesies choisies, ed. by Adolphe Boschot, rev. edn (Paris: Gamier, 1954), pp. 34-6,50-2 and 326-9.

8. For a wide-ranging account of negative associations between femininity and the sea in late-nineteenth-century literature and art (especially as embodied in de­pictions of sirens and mermaids), see Bram Dijkstra, Idols of Perversity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 258-71.

9. Arthur Symons, 'Dieppe 1895', The Savoy, 1 (January 1896); repr. in Cities and Sea-Coasts and Islands (New York: Brentano, 1919), pp. 227-48 (p. 227). See also the fairly sharp parody of this essay, attributed to 'Simple Symons', in Punch, 1 Feb­ruary 1896.

10. Symons, p. 228. 11. ibid., pp. 228,245. 12. For vivid descriptions of the artistic social life in Dieppe in the 1890s, which was

centred on the painter Jacques Emile Blanche, and included Symons, Beardsley, and, towards the end of the decade, the declining Oscar Wilde (post-Reading Gaol), see Simona Pakenham, 60 Miles from England: The English at Dieppe 1814-1914 (London: Macmillan, 1967); Anna Gruetzner Robins, 'No Ordinary Visi­tors: Dieppe at the fin de siecle', in The Dieppe Connection: The Town and Its Artists from Turner to Braque, ed. by Caroline Collier and Julia MacKenzie (London: Herbert Press, in association with The Royal Pavilion, Art Gallery and Muse­ums, Brighton, 1992), pp. 33-43; and Matthew Sturgis, Aubrey Beardsley: A Biog­raphy (London: Harper Collins, 1998), pp. 254-63 and 331-7.

13. Symons, pp. 247-8. 14. A mode of recreation personally familiar to me (and not unmissed), from early

182 Literature, Identity and the English Channel

excursions with my Aunt Joan to Mudeford quay. 15. Paul Theroux, The Kingdom by the Sea: A Journey around the Coast of Great Britain

(1983; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), p. 47. 16. Julian Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot (London: Cape, 1984), pp. 41-2. 17. Appendix I: 'Flaubert's Skeleton Diary in Garnet de Voyage 13', in Hermia Oliver,

Flaubert and an English Governess: The Quest for Juliet Herbert (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 148-50 (p. 149).

18. 'Different Forms of Self-Consciousness', Punch, 7 September 1889; reproduced in The Dieppe Connection, p. 86.

19. Symons, p. 245. 20. Quoted in Mark Longaker, Ernest Dowson, 3rd edn (Philadelphia: University of

Pennsylvania Press, 1967), p. 291. 21. For an account of Wilde's and Whistler's visits to Mallarme's Parisian salon, see

Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde (1987; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1988), pp. 316-19.

22. Christophe Campos, The View of France: From Arnold to Bloomsbury (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 186.

23. See Philip Henderson, Swinburne: The Portrait of a Poet (London: Routledge and KeganPaul,1970),p.l2.

24. Quoted in Henderson, p. 24. 25. The Complete Works of Algernon Charles Swinburne, ed. by Edmund Gosse and

Thomas James Wise, The Bonchurch Edition (London: Heinemann; New York: Wells, 1925), VI, 195.

26. For a taste of the Swinburne revival see Rikky Rooksby, 'Swinburne Without Tears: A Guide to the Later Poetry', Victorian Poetry, 26 (1988), 413-30, and The Whole Music of Passion: New Essays on Swinburne, ed. by Rikky Rooksby and Nicholas Shrimpton (Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1993).

27. The Swinburne Letters, ed. by Cecil Y. Lang, 6 vols (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1959-62), IV, 296.

28. Murray G. H. Pittock, 'Swinburne and the 'Nineties', in The Whole Music of Passion, pp. 120-35 (p. 133).

29. Hugo, Les Travailleurs de la mer, pp. 772,773. 30. Henderson, pp. 144-5. 31. 'L'Homme qui rit' (1869), Complete Works of Swinburne, xin, 206-19 (p. 207). 32. Complete Works of Swinburne, VI, 198. 33. ibid., VI, 199. 34. ibid., VI, 248-9. 35. ibid., xin, 210. 36. Campos, p. 53. 37. Complete Works of Swinburne, VI, 199.

Notes 183

38. Victor Hugo, CEuvres completes, ed. by Jacques Seebacher and others (Paris: Laffont, 1985-), III: Roman III, ed. Rene Journet (1985), pp. 14,33.

39. Hugo, Les Travailleurs de la mer, p. 672. 40. For further historical information about Anglo-French tensions over the

Channel Islands in the nineteenth century, see John Uttley, The Story of the Channel Islands (London: Faber, 1966), pp. 164-90.

41. As a semi-fantastical creature, Hugo's octopus derives in part from the large body of French (and especially Breton) folklore about the sea, most of which predates the period covered by this book. For an introduction to this subject see Paul Sebillot, La Mer, Le Folklore de France (1904-06; repr. Paris: Imago, 1983).

42. Hugo, Les Travailleurs de la mer, pp. 847-8. 43. ibid., p. 974. 44. ibid., pp. 953,846. 45. ibid., p. 653. 46. ibid., p. 843. 47. Paul Verlaine, CEuvres poetiques completes, ed. by Y.-G. le Dantec, rev. by Jacques

Borel, Bibliotheque de la Pleiade (Paris: Gallimard, 1962), p. 1005. This poem was originally published as 'Mal de Mer' in La Revue blanche in April 1894; a somewhat different version, entitled 'Conquistador', was published in the Pall Mall Magazine in November 1894 (ibid., pp. 1003-4).

48. ibid., pp. 1009-10. 49. V. P. Underwood, Verlaine et l'Angleterre (Paris: Nizet, 1956), p. 434. 50. Rupert Brooke, The Poetical Works, ed. by Geoffrey Keynes (London: Faber,

1970). 51. Keith Wilson, Channel Tunnel Visions 1850-1945: Dreams and Nightmares (Lon­

don: Hambledon Press, 1994), p. 27. Other valuable books on the history of the Channel Tunnel and related projects include Jules Moch, Le Pont sur la Manche (Paris: Laffont, 1962), Thomas Whiteside, The Tunnel under the Channel (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1962), Michael R. Bonavia, The Channel Tunnel Story (New­ton Abbot: David & Charles, 1987), Christophe Bouchet, Le Chantier du siecle: le tunnel sous la Manche (n.p.: Solar, 1991), and Bernard Sasso, Le Tunnel sous la Manche: les medias et levenement (Paris: Documentation frangaise, 1994).

52. Gathered Poems of Ernest Myers (London and New York: Macmillan, 1904); Literature Online, 2 August 2000 <http://lion.chadwyck.co.uk>.

53. Michel Jules Verne, 'Zigzags a travers la science', Le Figaro, Supplement Litteraire, 14.24(16 June 1888), p. 94.

54. An American perspective on the complexity of European identities in the late nineteenth century may be traced further in the novels of sometime Rye resi­dent Henry James. The eponymous child-heroine of What Maisie Knew (1897), for example, revels in Boulogne in a way that exposes the uncomfortable

184 Literature, Identity and the English Channel

displacement of the more irredeemably English adults who accompany her. 'She was "abroad" and she gave herself up to it, responded to it, in the bright air, before the pink houses, among the bare-legged fishwives and the red-legged soldiers, with the instant certitude of a vocation' (Henry James, What Maisie Knew, ed. by Douglas Jefferson and Douglas Grant [Oxford: Oxford Uni­versity Press, 1966; repr. 1980], p. 173).

4 MODERNITY IN TRANSIT

1. For a concise, agreeable history of cross-Channel swimming, see Margaret A. Jarvis, Captain Webb and 100 Years of Channel Swimming (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1975). Webb was congratulated by the Mayor of Dover for doing what 'probably will never be done again' (p. 14). The thirteen-year-old was the Egyptian Abla Khairi (p. 61).

2. Julian Barnes, 'Froggy! Froggy! Froggy!' (1994), in Letters from London 1990-1995 (London: Picador, 1995), pp. 312-27 (p. 327).

3. The Complete Poems and Fragments of Wilfred Owen, ed. by Jon Stallworthy, 2 vols (London: Chatto & Windus, 1983), I: The Poems, p. 82.

4. Les Heures longues, in CEuvres completes de Colette, 15 vols (Paris: Flammarion, 1949-50), V, 321-86 (pp. 325-7).

5. Translation by Herma Briffault, in Colette, Earthly Paradise, ed. by Robert Phelps (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1966), repr. in The Penguin Book of First World War Prose, ed. by Jon Glover and Jon Silkin (1989; repr. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1990), pp. 33-5.

6. See Rene Blemus, Les Derniers corsaires de la Manche (Rennes: Ouest-France, 1994).

7. Surcouf was also an enthusiastic slave-trader (like Chateaubriand's father) -even after the trade had supposedly been abolished.

8. Charles Hamilton Soriey, letter to A. E. Hutchinson, 14 November 1914, in The Penguin Book of First World War Prose, p. 25.

9. See Robert Gibson, Best of Enemies: Anglo-French Relations Since the Norman Conquest (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1995), pp. 247-52.

10. Dorothy L. Sayers, 'The English War', Times Literary Supplement (1941); repr. in Brian Gardner, ed., The Terrible Rain: The War Poets 1939-1945 (1966; repr. Lon­don: Magnum-Methuen, 1977), pp. 45-7.

11. Significantly, Hargreaves's book is dedicated 'to my friends in the Armed Forces of Britain and America, of two world wars' (Reginald Hargreaves, The Narrow Seas [London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1959], p. v).

12. J. A. Williamson, The English Channel: A History (London: Collins, 1959), p. 106. 13. ibid., p. 370. 14. Hargreaves, pp. 494-5.

Notes 185

15. See Peter Sahlins, 'Natural Frontiers Revisited: France's Boundaries since the Seventeenth Century', The American Historical Review, 95 (1990), 1423-51.

16. Paul Theroux, The Kingdom by the Sea: A Journey around the Coast of Great Britain (1983; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), pp. 28-9.

17. Jonathan Raban, Coasting (1986; London: Picador, 1987), p. 196. 18. Theroux, pp. 53-4. 19. Raban, p. 208. 20. ibid., p. 209. 21. ibid., p. 149. 22. ibid., p. 101. 23. For an admirable and much more extensive discussion of Raban, Theroux and

the Falklands, see David Monaghan, The Falklands War: Myth and Countermyth (Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's - now Palgrave, 1998), pp. 117-49.

24. Raban, p. 41. 25. Julian Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot (London: Cape, 1984), p. 83. 26. ibid., p. 83. 27. ibid., p. 85. 28. Gustave Flaubert, Correspondance, ed. Jean Bruneau, Bibliotheque de la Pleiade

(Paris: Gallimard, 1973-), II (1980), 5-6. 29. Barnes, Flaubert's Parrot, p. 89. 30. ibid., p. 101. 31. ibid., pp. 101-02. 32. Julian Barnes, Cross Channel (London: Cape, 1996), p. 192. 33. ibid., p. 199. 34. ibid., p. 191. 35. Cf. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Hamish

Hamilton, 1992). 36. Graham Greene, 'An Old Man's Memory' (1989), in 'The Last Word' and Other

Stories (Harmondsworth: Viking-Reinhardt, 1990). 37. Unless you think that the twentieth century ended at the beginning of the year

2000. 38. Julian Barnes, England, England (London: Cape, 1998), p. 55. 39. Paxton & Whitfield, 10 Sept. 2000 <http://www.cheesemongers.co.uk>. 40. Christopher Norris, What's Wrong with Postmodernism: Critical Theory and the

Ends of Philosophy (New York: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1994). 41. Jacques Derrida, L'Autre cap; suivi de La Democratic ajournee (Paris: Minuit, 1991),

p. 12. 42. Jacques Derrida, The Other Heading: Reflections on Today's Europe, trans. Pascale-

Anne Brault and Michael B. Naas (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,

186 Literature, Identity and the English Channel

1992), p. 5. 43. Derrida, VAutre cap, pp. 19-22. 44. Derrida, The Other Heading, pp. 13-16. 45. Derrida, LAutre cap, pp. 24-5. 46. Derrida, The Other Heading, pp. 19-20. 47. Paul Valery, La Crise de I esprit, Note (or L'Europeen), in CEuvres (Paris: Galli­

mard, 1957), 1,995, quoted in Derrida, lAutre cap, p. 27. 48. Paul Valery, 'The European', trans, by Denise FoUiot and Jackson Mathews, in

History and Politics (New York: Bollingen, 1962), p. 31, quoted in Derrida, The Other Heading, p. 22.

49. Jules Michelet, CEuvres completes, ed. by Paul Viallaneix, 21 vols (Paris: Flam­marion, 1971-87), IV: Histoire de France, ill, 336.

50. Translated in Gibson, p. 190. 51. Jacques Derrida, Glas (Paris: Galilee, 1974). 52. Conversation with Jacques Derrida, Southern Danish University, Kolding, 26

May 2001. 53. Raban, p. 219.

CONCLUSION: IN BETWEEN

1. As this book goes to press, a new collection of essays on France by Julian Barnes has just appeared: Something to Declare (London: Picador, 2002).

2. Eve Darian-Smith, Bridging Divides: The Channel Tunnel and English Legal Identity in the New Europe (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), p. 193. This is probably the most substantial book yet written on the cultural consequences of the Channel Tunnel, although it neither deals with the Tunnel in literature nor addresses the French half of the trans-Manche equation. Darian-Smith is par­ticularly illuminating on the identity politics of England's front-line county, Kent.

3. See '58 Dead in Port Lorry', BBC News Online, 19 June 2000; accessed 22 Septem­ber 2001 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/uk/newsidJ526000/1526592. stm>.

4. See 'Port in a Storm', The Economist, 19 August 1999. 5. See Burhan Wazir, 'How I Walked into Squalid Asylum Camp', Guardian

Unlimited, 9 September 2001; accessed 24 September 2001 <http://www. guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4253416,00.html> and Jonathan Duffy, 'Fortress Europe's Most Notorious Town', BBC News Online, 5 September 2001; accessed 22 September 2001 <http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/uk/newsid_ 1526000/1526592.stm>. 'Sangatte grew up as a smart little resort town for the well-heeled folk of Pas de Calais. But most of the people pacing its main streets today seem at odds with the surroundings' (Duffy).

Notes 187

6. As Ruth Wittiinger remarks, 'the creation/construction of a common European identity that transcends the nation-state [...] would first require the establish­ment or construction of difference [...]. This is no doubt a dubious aim to pursue because it would merely shift the border of exclusion to a different level, with a still very artificial and restricted division of the world into "us" and "them", the binary opposition still being intact' ('Englishness from the Outside', in The Idea of Europe in Literature, ed. by Susanne Fendler and Ruth Wittiinger [Basingstoke: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's - now Palgrave; in association with the Uni­versity of Durham, 1999], pp. 192-206 [p. 204]).

7. The Translatability of Cultures: Figurations of the Space Between, ed. by Sandford Budick and Wolfgang Iser (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996), p. 302.

8. Michel MoUat du Jourdin, L'Europe et la mer, Faire l'Europe (Paris: Seuil, 1993), p. 310.

Index

Adye, John, 114

Anderson, Benedict, 4

Arming, Mary, 70-1,179

Ardagh, John, 36

Arnold, Matthew, 65,82-7,91,92,133

Astley, Philip, 11

Barnes, Julian, 3,95,120,136-47,155

Baudelaire, Charles, 45,89,95

Baudrillard, Jean, 146

Beachy Head, 17-26,42,44,74

Beardsley, Aubrey, 92

Beaumarchais, Pierre Augustin Caron

de,14

Bell, Steve, 66

Bertin, Rene-Joseph-Hyacinthe, 48-9,

50,52-3,54,56

Bhabha, Homi K., 4

Blair, Tony, 8

Blake, William, 25

Blanchard, Jean-Pierre-Francois, 11-17,

42,120

Bleriot, Louis, 121

Bloomfield, Robert, 27-9,34

Bonington, Richard Parkes, 71,138

Boudin, Louis-Eugene, 71

Boulogne, 52,58,59-60,64-5,67,68,

115,119

Bradford, Ernie, 170,172

Brest, 38-40,79,133

Brighton, 17,26,29,68,72,132-3

Brittany, 35-6,41-2,132,173,183

Broadstairs, 64

Brooke, Rupert, 112-13,121

Brummell, Beau, 69

Burney, Fanny, 55

Caen, 69

Caesar, Gaius Julius, 7

Calais, 12-13,29-33,40,41,49,55,58-9,

64,69,83-5,119,156

Campos, Christophe, 6-7,97,105

Channel Islands, 36,40,89,99-100,105-

6,146

Channel Tunnel, 6,13-14,46,113-15,

119,120,132,141-5,155-7,158

Chantreau, Pierre-Nicolas, 50,56

Chard, Chloe, 176

Chateaubriand, Frangois-Rene de, 1,

35-43,54,68,75-6,79,89,97,125,

133,139,155

Chesil Beach, 25

Chichester, 17

Churchill, Winston, 129

Clement, Jean-Paul, 38,40

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 131

Colette, 123-6,133

Conder, Charles, 96

Constable, John, 71,72,73,138

Corneille, Pierre, 14

Cornwall, 36

Courbet, Gustave, 71,72-3

Cowper, William, 26

Crick, Bernard, 4

Croy, Due de, 14

Darian-Smith, Eve, 186

188

Index 189

Darwin, Charles, 69,87

Darwin, Erasmus, 18

Davey, Michael, 20

De Bernieres, Louis, 19-20

Debussy, Claude, 89

Delacroix, Eugene, 71

Derrida, Jacques, 147-53

De Selincourt, Aubrey, 5-6,44-5

Dickens, Catherine, 58

Dickens, Charles, 1,50,57-69,70,87,

93,97,105,140,141,142,143,146,

155

Dieppe, 89,92-4,95-7,99,110,137

D'Ormesson, Jean, 35

Dorset, 44

Dover, 11,31,33,41,48,52-3,58,64,

82-3,133,144,156

Drabble, Margaret, 1

Duchosal, Marie-Emile-Guillaume, 14-

16

Du Jourdin, Michel MoUat, 158

Dungeness, 130

Dyce, William, 69,70,71

Eastbourne, 89

Edgeworth, Charlotte, 49-50

Edgeworth, Maria, 55

Etretat, 79-82,133

European Union, 8,60,148,157

Exmouth, 17

Falkland Islands (Las Malvinas), 134-5

Falmouth,53,54,56-7

Flaubert, Gustave, 95,137,138-40

Folkestone, 114,115

Forster, John, 59,66

Francis 1,14

Gamond, Thome de, 113

Gautier, Theophile, 89-92,95,110, 111,

112

Genet, Jean, 153

George III, 10

Gibson, Robert, 169

Gilmour, Robin, 69

Grand Be, 41-2

Gravelines, 48,53,55

Greene, Graham, 144-5

Guernsey, 106-7

Gury, Jacques, 10,46-8,57,88

Hague, William, 8

Hamilton, Emma, 69

Hargreaves, Reginald, 129,131-2,136

Hastings, 44

Havre, see Le Havre

Hawkshaw, John, 113

Hazlitt, William, 65

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 153

Henry VIII, 14

Hitler, Adolf, 128

Homer, 108

Hugo, Victor, 3,36,72-3,89,99-102,

104-10,113,146,155,157

Hutchinson, Mary, 29

Huysmans, Joris-Karl, 89

Isle of Wight, see Wight, Isle of

James, Henry, 183-4

Jeffries, John, 11-15,120

Jersey, 89

Johnson, Christopher, 61

Joyce, James, 180

Keats, John, 42,86

Kent, 132,156

Kenyon, John, 70-1

Laforgue, Jules, 89

Le Havre, 74-5

Louis XIV, 128

Louis XVI, 13

Lyell, Charles, 69

190 Index

Lyme Regis, 70

Lynn, Vera, 129,132

Major, John, 66

Mallarme, Stephane, 96

Manet, Edouard, 71

Marie Antoinette, 27

Michelet, Jules, 73-82,87,108,133,151-

2,155

Middleton, 43

Milton, John, 68,173

Monaghan, David, 185

Monet, Claude, 71

Montesquieu, Baron de la Brede et de, 7

Mont Saint Michel, 89

Moore, Thomas, 63

Moretti, Franco, 2

Morisot, Berthe, 71

Musgrave, George Musgrave, 50-2,55,

62,68

Myers, Ernest James, 114-15

Napoleon 1,10,15,28,65,113,128

Nelson, Horatio, 103-4,105

Newhaven, 110,137

Nord-Pas-de-Calais, 132

Normandy, 17,36,69,73-6,105,132

Norris, Christopher, 147

Nuttall, A. D., 23

Ostend,97

Owen, Wilfred, 121-3

Pater, Walter, 180-1

Patton, George Smith, 125

Philip II, 128

Picardy, 132

Pittock, Murray, 100

Pliny, 42

Plymouth, 48,135

Portland, 43-5,135

Portsmouth, 125,135

Prince Regent, 26

Raban, Jonathan, 20,132-6,146,153-4

Racine, Jean Baptiste, 14

Rainsford, Dorothy Joan, 181-2

Rimbaud, Arthur, 110

Rozier, Francois Pilatre de, 11

Rubin, James H., 72

Rye, 129-30,133-4

Saint-Denis, E. de, 75

Saint-Malo, 36-7,42,100,106,123-6,

133

Sangatte, 156

Sayers, Dorothy L, 126-9,131,132,156

Schama, Simon, 16

Shakespeare, William, 21-4,40,42,100,

104

Shanklin, 68

Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, 49

Sickert, Walter, 71

Simond, Louis, 53,54,55-7,176

Smith, Charlotte, 3,17-27,29,30,31,36,

40,42-4,68,74,91-2

Smith, Hillas, 170

Smollett, Tobias, 50,51,175

Soriey, Charles Hamilton, 126

Southampton, 135

Sterne, Laurence, 50,176

Surcouf, Robert, 125

Sussex, 17

Swinburne, Algernon Charles, 3,45,89,

97-100,101-5,106,109,112,113,

146,155

Symons, Arthur, 92-4,95-7,99,104

Ternan, Ellen, 57-8

Thackeray, William Makepeace, 179

Thatcher, Margaret, 144-5

Theroux, Paul, 94-5,96,132-4,135,136,

146

TroUope, Thomas Adolphus, 36

Turner, J.M.W., 47,71,138

Underwood, V. P., 112

Valery, Paul, 150-2,153

Vallon, Annette, 29

Verlaine, Paul, 1,89,96,110-12

Verne, Michel, 115-18,120

Verne, Jules, 115

Voltaire (Frangois Marie Arouet), 7,155

Washington, George, 15

Webb, Matthew, 120

Weymouth,17,44

Whistler, James McNeill, 71,96

Wight, Isle of, 68,145-6

Wilde, Oscar, 69,89,92,96

Williams, Bernard, 34

Williamson, J. A., 129-31,132,133,136

Wilson, Keith, 114

Wittiinger, Ruth, 187

Wolseley, Garnet, 114

Wordsworth, Dorothy, 31,47

Wordsworth, William, 1,29-33,35,36,

40,47,91-2,155,157

0resund, 158